136 lb¿ sk°‚dn

BapJw Ç

kmln-Xy-c-N-\-Isf Ah-bpsS D≈n-te-

°n-d-ßn-s®∂v Bg-Øn¬ a\-n-em-

°pI F∂ Dt±-iy-tØm-sSm-bmWv D≈-

dnhv F∂ bqWn‰v Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. Bkzm-Z-\-Øns‚ Db¿∂-Xew

tXSn-bp≈ bmX-bm-Wn-Xv. kq£va-hm-

b-\bpw ]e-X-e-Øn-ep≈ kmln-X-y-Ir-

Xn -Iƒ hmbn®v Bk-z -Zn -°p-Ibpw

Bkzm-Z-\-°p-dn∏pIƒ Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ Hcp L -Øn-eqsS hnZ-ym¿∞n-

Iƒ IS-∂p-t]m-bn-´p-≠v. tIh-e-amb

Bk-zm-Z-\-Øn-ep-]cn hni-I-e-\hpw

Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ `mKw.

cN-\-I-fpsS kq£vam-]-K-Y-\-Øn-

te°pw hna¿i-\-Nn-¥-bn-te°pw hf-

cp∂ kmln-Xy-]-T-\-amWv D≈-dn-hns‚

e£-yw. ]mT -Øns‚ [z\n -]mTw

(Subtext) Is≠-ØpI F∂Xv ][m-

\-am-Wv. AXn\v sdmfmMvv v _m¿Øv

(Roland Barthes) ]d-™-Xp-t]mse

hmb-\-°m¿ shdpw D]-t`m-‡m-°-fmbn

amdmsX A¿∞-Øns‚ D¬]m-Z-I-cm-

bn-Øo-c-Ww.hmb\ krjvSyp∑pJamb

]h¿Ø-\-amIWw.

bqWn‰v aq∂v

D≈-dnhv

cN-bn-Xmhv \nd®psh®Xv \pI-cp-I-am-

X-amWv hmb-\-°m-cpsS [¿Ω-sa∂

]gb [mcW amdn -bn -cn -°p -∂p.

IrXnbn¬ \n∂v ]pXnb A¿∞-ßfpw

Bi-b-ßfpw D≠m-°n-sb-Sp -°p∂

as‰mcp kjvSm-hm-bmWv C∂v hmb-\-

°m-cs\ IW-°m-°p-∂Xv. hmb-\°m-

cpsS Adn-hv, A\p-`-hw, kwkvIm-cw,

Pohn-X-km-l-N-cyw, \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ XpS-

ßn-b-hsbms° A¿t∞m¬]m-Z-\-

Øn¬ \n¿Wm-bI kzm[o\w sNep-

Øp-∂p. Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ Dt±-in-°p-

Itbm \n¿t±-in-°p-Itbm sNøp∂

A¿∞-߃ amX-a√ hmb-\-°m-c\v

e`n-°p-∂Xv. hmb-\-°m¿ Fgp-Øp-

Im¿°v Xpey-cm-bn-Øo-cp∂ P\m-[n-]-

Xy-]-In-b-bmbn hmb-\-am-dp-IbmWv.

IrXnsb kq£va-ambn A]-K-Yn-°p-∂-

Xn\v ]e D]-I-c-W-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-

t°-≠n-hcpw. kmln-Xy-kn-≤m-¥-ßfpw

Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw hmb-\-°m¿ Bh-

iym-\p-k-cWw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

]pcm--hr-Ø-߃ apX¬ B[p-\nI

imkvX-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS hnI-kn-

X-temIw hsc ]e \nebv°v IrXn-I-

fn¬ ]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm

km∂n -[y -am -bn -´p -≠m-Imw. Ch-

So®¿ sSIvÃv 137

Is≠Øn hni-Z-am-°m-\p≈ tijn

Bkzm-Z-\-Øns‚ Db¿∂-X-e-Øn¬

ssIh-cp-∂p.

Ihn-Xm-kzm-Z-\-Øn¬ Hcp ImeØv

hrØw, Ae-¶mcw F∂n-h-bv°mWv

apJy-]-cn-K-W\ \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ihn-

X-bpsS Xe-s°- n-s\m∏w Xs∂ hrØ-

ta-sX∂v kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ]Xnhpw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. CØcw kmt¶-Xn-I-X-I-fnepw

N´-°q-Sp-I-fnepw Xf-™p-\n¬°msX

IrXn -bpsS D≈n -te°v IS∂v

`mhm¿∞-ß-fpsS hnim-e-temIw

Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-te°v C∂v hmb\ hf-

cp-∂p. khn-ti-j-amb kwkvIm-c-L-S\

Ihn-X-bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-am-b-Xn-

\m¬ B kwkvIm-csØ a\-n-em-

°msX Bkzm-Z\w ]q¿W-am-In-√.

h¿W\m ][m-\ -amb Ae-¶m -c -

߃°p ]Icw A\p-`-h-]-[m-\-amb

_nw_-߃ ]n¬°m-eØv Ihn-X-bn¬

][m-\-am-bn. B A\p-`-h-tem-I-sa-

s¥∂ At\z-j-Whpw hmb-\-bn¬

Bh-iy-am-Wv. ]Z-ß-fpsS \m\m¿∞

km[y-X-bmWv hmb-\-°m¿ Xncn-®-dn-

tb≠ as‰m-cp-L-S-Iw.

Ihn-Xsb Fß-s\-sbms° hmbn-s®-

Sp -°m-sa-∂-Xns‚ DZm-l-c-W-amWv

Fw.F≥.-hn-P-bs‚ teJ-\w. NcnXw

kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn -I-fpsS cq]-in -ev]-

sØbpw ]ta-b-sØbpw \n¿W-bn-°p-

∂-Xn¬ apJy-]-¶p-h-ln-°p-∂-Xmbn

CXn¬ ]d-bp-∂p.

Ihn-X-sb-∂-t]mse IYbpw t\mh-ep-

sa√mw D≈n-te-°n-d-ßn-s®∂v Adn-tb-

≠h Xs∂-bm-Wv. sshtem-∏n-≈n-bpsS

Du™m-en¬ F∂ Ihn-X-bvs°m∏w

ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo-dns‚ A\¿L-

\n-an -jw, efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P-\-

Øns‚ A·n-km-£n-bnse Hc-[ymbw

F∂n-hbpw tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv Cu

Dt±-iy-Øn-em-Wv.

]thiI ]h¿Ø\w

Hcp ]g-s©m√pw IS-¶-Ybpw Ip´n-I-

fpsS i≤-bn¬ s]Sp-Øn-s°m≠v

bqWn-‰n-te°v ]th-in-°mw.

$ s]m∂pw IpS-Øn\v s]m´p th≠

$ BSn-bmSn \n∂Xpw Rm≥

Ag-Is\ s]‰Xpw Rm≥

Ag-I\nXm Ad-bnepw apdn-bnepw

Rm\nXm tN‰nepw sNfn-bn-epw.

Ch Fs¥√mw A¿∞-ß-fmWv

\n߃°p \¬Ip-∂Xv?

-˛ kz-Xth kuµ-c-y-ap-≈-Xn\v A[n-I-

ambn Ae-¶m-c-߃ Bh-i-y-an-√.

˛ Rm\mWv ku-µ-c-y-ap-≈-Xn\v P∑w

\¬In -b-Xv . F∂m¬ Rm≥

tN‰nepw sNfn-bnepw Xs∂. Rm≥

P∑w \¬In-b-bmƒ ho´n-\-IØv

Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Ch ]X-y-£-amb hmNym¿∞-am-Wv

]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xv. at‰-sX-¶nepw

A¿∞-hn-h-£-I-fn-te°v Cu DZm-

l-c -W-߃ \sΩ \bn -°p -

∂pt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ Fs¥√mw

A¿∞-ß-fmWv ta¬sIm-SpØ ]g-

s©m-√n¬ \n∂p e`n-°pI?

$ s]m∂n≥ IpSw F∂-Xns‚ tIh-

em¿∞w s]m∂p sIm≠p≈

]mXw F∂m-sW-¶nepw B

138 lb¿ sk°‚dn

Øn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p-∂Xv?

-˛ Ihn Btcm-sSm-s°-bmWv klm-

bm- -y-¿∞\ \S-Øp-∂Xv?

˛ F¥p-sIm-≠mhmw CXv?

Ip´n-Iƒ IhnX hmbn-°s´ \nK-a-\-

߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.

Ihn-X-bn¬ \n∂pw Is≠-Øm-hp∂

Bi-b-߃

$ Ihn Zp:JnX-\m -Wv. Fhn -

sSbpamibw Is≠-Øm-\m-hm-Ø-

bmƒ, X\n°v Iq´mbpw Bi-b-hp-

am-bpam-cp-an-sö thZ-\-tbmsS

Pohn-Xw Hcp A-e-®n-embn t]mbn-

cn-°p-∂p.

$ HSp-hn¬ Ihn Bibw Is≠-Øn-

bXv ]Ir-Xn-bn-emW.v Xs‚ thZ-

\-I-sf-bpƒs°m-≈m\pw a\-n¬

kam-[m-\-a-cp-fm\pw \ncp-]m-[n-I-

amb B\-µ-Øn-te°v \bn-°m\pw

Cu at\m-l-c -]-Ir-Xnt° Ign-bp-

I-bp-≈qsh∂v Ihn Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

C∏-d-™-sXms° Ihn-X-bn¬ \n∂p

e`n-°p∂ hkvXp-X-Itfm Bi-b-

ßtfm amX-am-Wv. Cu Bi-b-߃

shdpw Bi-b-߃ Xs∂-bmtWm

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv?

EXp-°ƒ amdn-h-cp∂p F∂ Bibw

Ihn-X-bn-seØp-tºmƒ Xma-c-°p-f-

߃°-cn-Inse hgnbn-epsS t]a-th-

Z-\-Iƒ ]mSn-s°m≠v EXp-°ƒ ad-™p-

t]m-Ip-∂p F∂ at\m-l-c- k-¶-ev]-am-

Ip∂p. EXp-°ƒ GIm-¥-]-Yn-I-cmb

k©m-cn-I-fmbn amdp-∂p. a\p-j-y-]-

IrXw ssIh-cn-°p-∂p.

A¿∞Øn¬ Hcn-°epw Cu hm°v

]tbm-Kn-°n-√. kµ¿`m-\p-k-c-W-

ambn ]Xo-I-`wKn ssIh-cn®v

kuµ-cyw, hm’-eyw, ]Wbw XpS-

ßn-b-h-bpsS kqN-I-ambn ]cn-W-

an -°p-∂p. s]m´v F∂ ]Zhpw

AXns‚ hmNym¿∞hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v

[z\n kuµ-cyw ssIh-cn-°p-∂p.

$ s\¬s®-Snbpw s\¬°-Xncpw F∂v

A¿∞w e`n -°p∂ ISwIY

t\m°q. Ht´sd A¿∞-am-\-ß-fn-

te°v hnI-kn®v ]pXn-sbmcp

Imhym-\p- -h-Øns‚ hnkva-b-Øn-

te°v \mw FØn-t®-cp-∂nt√?

Fs¥√mw hnh-£-I-fmWv CXnse

hcn-Iƒ ]I-cp-∂Xv?

˛ s\¬-s®Sn ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp

∂p \nk-z-h¿§w.

˛ \nk-z-h¿§-amWv `qan-bnse F√m

\∑-bp-sSbpw kjvSm-°ƒ

˛ F∂m¬ F∂pw thZ-\bpw Zpcn-

Xhpw Xn∂v Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏ v Ign-

bm-\mWv Cu h¿§-Øns‚ hn[n.

CØ-c -Øn -ep≈ ]mcm -b -W-߃

kmln-X-y-c-N-\-I-fpsS kuµ-c-ym-\p- q-Xn-

bn-te°mWv hmb-\-°m-cs\ \bn-°pI

F∂ Imcyw ]Tn-Xm-°sf Hm¿Ωn-∏n-

°mw. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]n. bpsS

Ihn-Xbpw CØ-c-Øn¬ Bi-bm-hn-

jvIm-c-Øns‚tbm A\p-`-hm-J-ym-\-

Øns‚tbm A∏p-d-Øp≈ hyw-K-y- w-Kn-

bm¿∂ hnXm-\-Øn-te°v hmb-\-°m-

cs\ \bn-°p-∂p.

˛ Ihn-bpsS (BJ-ym-Xm-hns‚) am\-

kn -Im -h -ÿ-sb-°p -dn®v F¥v

kqN\-I-fmWv Imh-y -`m -K -

So®¿ sSIvÃv 139

˛ ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v A\-y-\m-Ip∂

a\p-j-ys‚ thZ\ CXn¬ ImWmw.

˛ EXp-°ƒ t]a-th-Z\ ]mIn ad-bp-

∂Xv Xma-c-°p-f-ß-fpsS h°nse

tXm∏n¬°qSn-bm-Wv.

˛ tXm∏n¬ ac-ß-fpsS hnØv ]mIp-

∂-Xp-t]mse EXp-°ƒ ]mIp-∂Xv

t]a-thZ\bm-Wv.

˛ EXp-°ƒ amdn-bmepw thZ\ C√m-

Xm-hn-√. ]Icw apf®v hf-cp-sa-

∂¿∞w.

-˛ sNSn-Ifpw ac-ßfpw Xfn¿°p-Ibpw

]q°p-Ibpw Ce sImgn-bp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wt√m EXp-°-

fn¬ hcp∂ am‰w \ap°v ]I-S-am-

Ip-∂-Xv. EXp-°ƒ tXm∏n¬°qSn ad-

bp-∂p F∂v ]d-™Xv AXn-\m-em-

Imw.

˛ ]£n-°q-´-߃ ]d-°p-I-bmWv

sNøpI ChnsS ]t£- Xp-g™p

t]mIp∂ F∂v ]d-bp-∂p.

-˛ ]m´p-]m-Sn-∏-d-°p∂ Ahsb Km\-

\uI Xpg™v GIm¥ h\-\-Zo-Xo-

c -߃ tXSnt∏mIp -∂-h-cmbn

k¶¬]n-°p-∂p.

-˛ ae-Iƒ kam-[n-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

˛ a\p-j-y-a-\-n-ep-≠m-Im-dp≈ Akz-

ÿ-I-sfm∂pw Ah-bv°n-√.

˛ kt¥m-j-Øns‚ AarXw tXSn-

bmWv Ihn-Xm-k-am-[n-bn¬ Cf-°-

an-√msX Dd®p \n¬°p-∂-Xv.

tij-ap≈ hcn-I-fpsS mh-ku-µc-yhpw

Is≠-Øm≥ ian-°-s´.

˛ ]£n-Iƒ Cßs\ ]d-∂p-t]m-

Ip∂Xv ˛ ]m´ns‚ tXmWn-bn-tedn

GIm-¥-h-\-\-Zo- Xo-c-tØ°v sas√-

Øp-g™p t]mhp-∂p.

˛ Kw`o-c-ß-fmb ae-Iƒ bZp:Jß-

sfm-∂p-ta-imsX ]c-am-\-µ-Øns‚

AarXw tXSn Ihn-Xm-k-am-[n-bn-en-

cn-°p-∂p.

Bib-߃ Ihn-X-I-fm-Ip-tºmƒ Ah-

bn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp shfn®w hogp-∂p.

k¶-ev]-ß-fpsS ]pXn-b Xew Ah

ssIh-cn-°p-∂p. ]pgp ]qºm-‰-bm-Ipw

t]mse-sbmcp Poh-kv]¿iw Bi-b-

߃°v ssIh-cp-∂p.

hnZ-ym¿∞n-Iƒ Ihn-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈

G‰hpw kmch-Ømb Cusbmcp

[mcW t\Sp -∂p. AXn -\p -tijw

hkvXp-\n-jvT-`m-j-bn¬ \n∂v Imh-y-

`mj Fßs\ hyXykvX-am-Ip-∂p-

sh∂ Hcp N¿® \S-°-s´.

]k‡-ß-fmb \nK-a-\-ß-tf-sX∂v

hnZ-ym¿∞n-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bs´.

˛ ]pd-Øm°s∏´ Hcm-fmWv CXnse

BJ-ym-Xmhv.

˛ Ign-™-sX√mw ad∂v Xs∂ hnf°v

sImfpØn kzo-I-cn-°m≥ Abmƒ

A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p.

˛ apºp-\-S∂ kw -h-ß-fn-ep≈ ]›m-

Øm]w AXn¬ ]I-Sw.

˛ EXp-°-fn¬ \n∂pw ]d-h-∏-‰-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw ae-I-fn¬ \n∂p -amWv

Abmƒ ]pd-Øm-b-Xv.

140 lb¿ sk°‚dn

˛ Ihn-X-bn¬ apgp-I¬ Hcp-Xcw kam-

[n-X-s∂-bm-Wv. IhnX Xpfp-ºp∂

A¥-co-£-amWv ae-I-fn-te-Xv F∂

Bi-b-amWv Cßs\ A\p-`q-Xn-

bm°n am‰n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

˛ ]Ir-Xn-_nw_ßfn-eqsS, ]tX-y-

In®v Zri-y-_nw-_-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv

Akm-[m-c-W-amb A\p- qXn Ihn

krjvSn-°p-∂-Xv.

F¶n¬ IhnX F¥m-sW∂v \n¿h-Nn-

°mtam? Ihn-Xsb kw_‘n® Nne

]kvXm-h-\-Itfm \n¿h-N-\-ßtfm Ip´n-

Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. XpS¿∂v ]›m-

X-yhpw ]uckvX-y-hp-amb Nne Imh-y-

\n¿h-N-\-߃ Ip´n -I-fpsS i≤-

bn¬s]-Sp-Ømw.

Ihn-Xsb°pdn-®p≈ IqSp-X¬ [mc-W-

Iƒ°mbn Ip´n-Iƒ Imh-y-I-e-sb-°p-

dn®v Nne \nco -£-W-߃ F∂

teJ\w hmbn-°-s´.

Imhy-I-e -sb-°p -dn®v Nne

\nco-£-W-߃

]mTm-]-K-Y\w

Ihn-Xm-\n-cq-]-W-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]mcm-b-

W-sØ-°p-dn®pap≈ ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb

[mc-W-Iƒ s]mfn-s®-gp-Xp∂ teJ-\-

amWv Fw.F≥. hnP-bt‚Xv. XØ-z-

Nn¥, a\ximkvXw, NcnXw XpS-ßn-

bh \¬Ip∂ ]pXnb Dƒ°m-gvN-I-fp-

]-tbm-Kn-®mWv amdn-b-Im-eØv Ihn-X-

Iƒ hmbn-t°-≠-Xv F∂v teJ-I≥ ]d-

bp-∂p. Ihn-X-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-

´n-cn-°p∂ Hmtcm kµ¿`Øns‚bpw

]Xo-I-Øns‚bpw A¿∞w Ncn-X-]-

c -ambn \n¿W-bn -°-s∏-´n -cn -°p∂p

"hm°p-I-fpsS \rØ-amWv IhnX'

F∂v ^©v kmln-Xy-Im-c≥ t]mƒ

hte-dn A`n-]m-b-s∏- n- p-≠v. KZyw Hcm-

i-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw as‰m-∂n-te-°p≈

\S-Ø-am-sW-¶n¬ IhnX \rØ-amWv

(Poetry is to prose as dancing is to

walking) F∂t±lw ]d-™p. Xncn®v

\rØw Imep-I-fpsS Ihn-X-bm-sW∂v

tPm¨ ssUU\pw ]d-bp -∂p.

(Dancing is the poetry of foot - John

Dryden)

hm°p-I-fpsS eb-amWv Ihn-X, kzc-

ß-fpsS eb-amWv kwKoXw ˛ tPm¨

ssUU≥ (As poetry is the harmony of

words, so music is that of notes - John

Dryden)

kwKo-XØn\pw KZy-Øn\pw at[y-

bmWv Ihn-X-bpsS ÿm\w. Nnet∏mƒ

AXv ]q¿W-ambpw Dcn-bm-SmØ ]nb-

¶-c-amb kw`m-jWw t]mse-bm-Wv,

Nnet∏mƒ \rØw t]msebpw ]Z-c-ln-

X-amb kwKoXw t]msebpamWv.

Poetry is halfway between Prose and

music. It is sometimes like an intimate

conversation which need not be fully

uttered and some times like dancing and

wordless music - Gilbert Highet.

`mc-Xob Imhy-\n¿h-N-\-߃

hmIyw ckm-flIw Imhyw

(hniz-\m-Y≥)

hIamb D‡n-bmWv Ihn-X.

(Ip¥-I≥)

ca-Wo-bm¿∞ ]Xn-]m-ZI i_vZw

Imhyw

(]-finXcm-P≥)

Nne Imh-y-\n¿h-N-\-߃

So®¿ sSIvÃv 141

F∂mWv At±lw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂-

Xv. hm°p-I-fpsS tIh-e-amb A¿∞-

Øn-\-∏p-dØv At\Iw kqNn-Xm¿∞-

߃ k∂n-ln-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kmaq-

ln-I-k-µ¿ -ß-fmWv kmln-X-y-Ønse

]Z-ß-fpsS A¿∞w \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv

F∂pw Hmtcm hmb-\-°m-c\pw hy-X-y-

kvX-amb A¿∞-߃ \njv]m-Zn-∏n-®p-

sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p F∂p-w \ncq-]-W-

Øns‚ ]pXp-km[yXI-fm-Wv. Fw.F≥.

hnP-b≥ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. kmam-\-y-hy-

h-lm-c-Øn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂`mjsb

]cm-a¿i-]-c-amb `mj (referential

language) F∂pw kmln-X-y-Ir-Xn-I-fn-

eq-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ `mjsb `mh-\m-fl-

I-amb `mj (emotive language)

F∂pw sF.F. dn®m¿Uv hni-Z-am-°p-

∂p-≠v. `mh-\m-fl-I-amb `mjm]-tbm-

K-߃ Imh-ym-\p-`q-Xn°v klm-b-I-

ambnØocp-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂ At\-z-

j-W-amWv Fw.F≥. hnP-b≥ \S-Øp-

∂-Xv. hm°p-I-fpsS \rØw Xs∂-bmWv

Ihn-X. F∂m¬ hm°nt‚Xnt\-°mƒ

A¿∞-Øns‚ \rØ-amWv Ihn-X-bn¬

kw -hn-°p-∂-Xv. ]d-bm-\p-≈Xv t\sc-

sNmt∆ ]d-bp-∂Xv Ihn-X-bm-hp-I-bn-√.

]pXnb ssh⁄m-\nI apt∂-‰-ß-fpsS

ImeØv ]g-b-a- n-ep≈ Imh-ym-k-zm-Z-\-

Øn\v ]kvIvXn \jvS-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ah-y-h-ÿn-X-Xzw (Ambiguity) F∂

Imh-y-k-z-`m-h-sØ-°p-dn®v teJI≥

kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. hneyw Fw]vk¨s‚

Cu k¶¬]w Hcp-Im-eØv Imh-y-tZm-

j-ambn IW-°m-°n-bn -cps∂¶n¬

hm°p-I-fpsS \m\m¿t∞m-Xvv]m-Z-\-

tijn C∂v Ihn-X-bpsS KpW-am-bmWv

hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv.

Hmtcm Ime-L´Øn-sebpw Ihn--Iƒ

sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ ]Z-߃, D]-tbm-Kn-

°p∂ ]XoI-߃ -F-∂n-h-bpsS

A¿∞w \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv hy-XykvX-

amb NcnX kw`-h-ß-fm-Wv. DZm-l-c-

W-Øn\v Ie-ym-W-ku-K-‘nIw F∂

IrXn-bn¬ hmg-tØm-´sØ h¿Wn

°p∂ Ip©≥\-ºym¿ hmg-∏-g-ßsf

tKmta-Z-Ihpw sshUqcyhpw ac-X-I-hp-

sam -s°-bm -bn Iev]n -°p -∂p -≠v.

F∂m¬ Nß-ºp-g-bpsS hmg-°pe

bnse-Øp-tºmƒ, amdnb NcnX kml-

N-c -y -Øn¬ hmg-∏-g -sØ- C-ßs\

k¶¬]n -°m≥ km[n -°p -∂n -√.

taLsØ FXtbm Ihn-Iƒ ]e-Xn-

t\mSpw D]-an-®n- p-≠v.F∂m¬ tZio-b-

]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ ImeØv \q¬\q¬

°m-\p≈ ]cp -Øn-bmbmWv h≈-

tØmƒ taLsØ k¶¬]n-°p-∂-Xv.

Hmtcm Ihnbpw X∂njvSw t]mse

]pXnb temI-߃ \n¿Ωn-®p-sIm-t≠-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. A\p- -h-ß-fpsS \hw \h-

ß-fmb ]pXp-tem-I-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂-

h-cmWv alm-I-hn-Iƒ F∂ Imcyw Fw.

F≥.hnP-b≥ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

ssh-tem -∏n -≈n -bpsS "amºgw'

"klys‚ aI≥' XpS-ßnb IrXn-Isf

a\x-im-kvXØns‚ ssk≤m-¥nI \ne-

]m-Sn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Fw.F≥.-hn-P-b≥

hmbn-s®-Sp-Øn- p-≠v. (Ihn-Xbpw a\-»m-

kvX-hpw) CXp-t]mse \h hna¿i\w

(New criticism) kmaqln-I-im-kvX-

hna¿i\w (Sociological criticism),

kvXo]£ hna¿i\w ( feminist

cri t icism) A]\n¿amWw

(deconstruction) XpS-ßnb \ncq-]W

]≤-Xn-Ifpw hn⁄m-\-ta-J-e-Ifpw

142 lb¿ sk°‚dn

\¬Ip∂ ]pXnb -shfn -® -Øn¬

kmln-X-y-c-N-\-Isf hymJy\n°p∂

coXnhym-]-I-am-bn- p≠v. Hcp IrXn-bpsS

B¥ccl-ky-ß-fn-te°v hmXn¬ Xpd-

∂n-Sm≥ Ign-bp∂ hmb-\m-co-Xn-bmWv

Ch-sb-√mw.

Ihn-X-bp-sS `wKn

Fw.F≥.-hn-P-bs‚ A`n-]m-bsØ

]n.Ip-™n-cm-a≥ \mb-cpsS Ihn-X-bp-

ambn Xmc-X-ayw sNbvXv Ihn-X-bpsS

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw

Fw.F≥. hnP-b≥ kqNn-∏n -°p∂

Bibw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-I-

bmWv ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS \S-t°-≠-

Xv.

Fw.F≥. hnPb≥ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Bi-

b-Øns‚ hnhn[ Xe-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ

Xncn-®-dn-b-s´.

˛ \rØw, Km\w, inev]w Ch-tbm-Sv

Ihn-X-°p≈ ASp∏w F¥mWv?

˛ "hm°p-Iƒ sIm≠p≈ \rØ-amWv

IhnX' F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-

∂Xv F¥mWv?

\rØw, Km\w, inev]w, kmln-Xyw XpS-

ßnb kpIp-amc Ie-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈

_‘w F¥m-sW-∂mWv Fw.F≥. hnP-

b≥ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv?

$ tIh-e-amb \ΩpsS Ne-\-߃

\rØ-Øn-se-Øp-tºmƒ IrX-y-amb

ebhpw Xmfhpw Zo£n-°p-∂p.

At∏mƒ Ah kuµ-c-ym-\p- -h-am-Ip-

∂p.

$ tIh-e-amb i_vZ -߃ eb-

tØmsS ]c-kv]cw tNcp-tºmƒ,

AXn\v cmKhpw mhhpw hcp-tºmƒ

AXv kwKo-X-am-Ip-∂p.

˛ I√v inev]-am -Ip -∂-Xnepw Cu

AXv`q-X-I-c-amb ]cn-h¿Ø\w

D≠v. I√n¬ \n∂v inev]w sImØn-

sb-Sp-°p∂ inev]n-bpsS D≈nepw,

]Wn-sX-Sp-t°-≠p∂ inev]-sØ-

°p-dn-®p≈ `mhm-fl-I-amb NnX-am-

Wp-≈-Xv.

˛ kmln-X-yhpw a‰v kpIp-amc Ie-I-

sf-t∏mse Hcp am[-yaw D]-tbm-Kn-

°p-∂p. kmlnXy-Øns‚ am[-yaw

`mj-bm-Wv. `mj-bnse hm°p-Iƒ

]c-kv]cw tN¿∂p \n∂v \rØw

Nhn- p∂ khn-ti-j-amb A\p- hw

Imh-ym-¥-co-£-Øn¬ ]nd-hn-sIm-

≈p-∂p. tIh-e-amb Bi-b-ßsf

hm°ns‚ A\-\-y-km-[m-c-W-amb

tN¿®-sIm≠v, imi-zX inev]-am-

°n-am-‰p-I-bmWv Ihn.

XpS¿∂v Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-cpsS Ihn-

X-bn¬ hfsc ]cn-an-X-amb hm°pIƒ-

sIm≠v kuµ-c-y -Øns‚ tKm]pcw

Xs∂ Xo¿°m≥ Ihn°v km[n®-

Xns‚ sXfn-hp-I-fn-te°v t]mImw.

]th-iI ]h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-

s∏ v hni-Zo-I-cn® Bi-b-߃ Fß-

s\-bmWv Nne sNdp]Z-t®-cp-h-Iƒ

sIm≠v Ihn-kr-jvSn-®-sX∂v hniZo-I-

cn-°mw.

Ihn-X-bn¬ hm°p-Iƒ t\Sp∂ ebhpw

`mhhpw Xmfhpw [z-\-ym-fl-I-Xbpw DZm-

l-cW klnXw hni-Zo -I-cn°m≥

i≤n-°-Ww.

So®¿ sSIvÃv 143

DZm-:

(IÆn-am-ß-Iƒ I≠-t∏mƒ ]g-b-Imew

Hm¿Ω-h-cp-∂Xv)

"FÆw sX‰nb Hm¿Ω-Iƒ ho≠pw/

Ip∂n≥ Ncn-hn¬ amhn≥ sImºn¬/

DÆn-I-fmbn Dd-ßn-sb-Wos°

(IS-Ω-\n´/IS-Ω-\n´ cma-Ir-jvW≥)

Imhy-c-N\m X¥-߃

GXp km[m-c-W-amb Ah-ÿ-bn¬

\n∂pw Akm-[m-c-W-X-zsØ krjvSn-

°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-bm-fm-Wv Ihn F∂

Bibw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw.

Ihn ]Xn- -bpsS ][m\ kz- m-h-߃

Is≠-Ø-s´.

$ thdn´ Nn¥-Iƒ

$ `mh\

$ km[m-c-W-am-b-Xn-s\bpw kuµcym-

fl-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈

Ign-hv.

Htc hkvXp Xs∂ hy-X-ykvX Ihn-

Iƒ hy-XykvX A¿∞-Øn¬ Ah-X-

cn-∏n-®Xv teJ-\-Øn¬ \n∂p Xs∂

DZm-l-cn-°mw.

taLw ˛ Imfn-Zm-k≥,

h≈-tØmƒ

Im‰v ˛ Pn.i¶-c-°p-dp∏v

sshtem-∏n≈n

ag ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn

(cmXn-a-g)

d^o°v Al-ΩZv

(tXmcmag)

hni-Zo-I-cWw

1. sF. F. dn®m¿Uvkv (1893 ˛ 1978)sFh¿ BwkvtSmßv dn®m¿UvCw•ojv kmln-X-y -\n-cq-]-I≥. \hhna¿i-\-Øns‚ h‡mhpw ]tbm-‡m-hpw. ][m-\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ. ˛ TheFoundation of Aesthetics, ThePrinciples of Literacy Criticism,Science and poetry, Practicalcriticism.

2. Ah-y-h-ÿn-X-Xzw (Ambiguity): ktµ-lm-fl-IX, ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞-Øn-ep≈ Ak-]vjvSX, A\n-›n-X-XzwFs∂-√m-amWv BZ-y-L- -Øn¬ Bw_n-Kp-‰nIv A¿∞w \¬In-bn-cp∂-Xv. ]Z-Øn\v H∂n-e-[nIw A¿∞-ß-fp-≠m-Im-\p≈ km[-y-Xbpw hym-J-ym-\-t -Z-ß-fp-≠m-Imhp∂ ]kvXm-h-\I-fn-ep-amWvBw_n-Kp-‰n-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. 1930 ˛ ¬hneyw Fw]vk¨ cNn® Seven typesof Ambiguity F∂ KŸ-Øn-emWvHcp ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞-Øn\v \nc-h[nASp-°p-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-sa∂v ka¿∞n-°p-∂-Xv. ]Z-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \nc-h[nASp-°p-I-fn-embn A¿∞-߃ Dd-™p-In-S-°p-∂p. tIƒ°p-tºmƒØs∂ a\-n -em -Ip∂ Hc¿∞-hpw (hmNyw)AXn\p ]n∂n-ep≈ A¿∞-k-ap-®-b-hp-ap≠v (hywKyw) Hcp ]Z -Øn\vGX¿∞amWv D±njvSsa∂v kwibwhcp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Bw_n-Kp‰nF∂ ]Zw Xs∂ Fw]vk¨ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. `mc-Xob Imh-y-k-¶¬]-ØnseA`n[, e£W, hyRvP\ F∂oA¿∞-t -Z-I-ev]-\-Ifpw Hm¿°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

3. kq∏¿ CutKm : knKva≠vt^mbnUv F∂ a\x-im-kvX-⁄≥Bhn-jvIcn® a\-»mkvX XØ-z-ß-fnse Hcp k¶¬]w. a\-ns\

144 lb¿ sk°‚dn

CZv,CutKm, kq∏¿ CutKm, F∂vaq∂p-X-e-ß-fmbn At±lw Xncn-®p.CZv ]cn-]q¿Æ-ambpw At_m[ a\-n¬ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. CutKm t_m[-a-\-nepw At_m-[-a-\-nepw amdn-amdn s]cp-am-dp-∂p. kq∏¿ CutKmamX-amWv t_m[-X-e-Øn¬s]Sp-∂-Xv.hy-‡n°v kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w\nb-¥n-°p-∂Xpw Btcm-K-y-I-c-am-°p-∂Xpw kq∏¿ CutKm BWv.

4. DØn-jvT-am\ ]Xn- -∑m¿ : DØn-jvT-am\amb ]Xn-`-bp≈-h¿. DØn-jvTam\w = Db¿∂p hcp∂, h¿≤n®phcp∂

kqNnX cN-\-Iƒ

taL-k-tµiw ˛ Imfn-Zm-k≥

Ie-ym-W-ku-K-‘nIw˛

Ip©≥\-º-ym¿

hmg-°pe ˛ Nß-ºpg

At\-z-jWw ˛ Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp-∏v

amºgw ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n

kl-ys‚ aI≥ ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n

""Ing°p Zn°nse sNs¥-ßn¬Icn°p s]m¥nb t\cØvapcn-°n≥ Xtø \n∂psS tNm´n¬apdp-°n-Øp-∏n-b-Xm-cmWv''

cN\ : ]n. `mkvI-c≥kwKoXw : sI. cmL-h≥Bem-]\w : F. ]n. tImafNnXw : BZ-y-In-c-W-߃ (1964)

""cm°-cn-°n≥ IÆp-IpØnØ≈pw sh≈w sXdn-°thNncn®p sIms≠m∂p IÆp˛NnΩn-t∏mbv ]pe¿Xm-cI '']n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb≥

(kuµ-c-y-]q-P)

$ ap≥¢m-p-I-fn¬ ]Tn® Ihn-X-I-

fn¬ \n∂p≈ kam-\-amb hcn-Iƒ

Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Øs´. IqSp-X¬ DZm-

l-c -W-߃ Is≠Øn Hcp

teJ\w Fgp-Xm≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Smw.

Xmc-X-ay-°p-dn∏v

$ ae-bm-f-Ønse BZ-y-Ime Ihn-X-

I-fpsS Nne khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ip´n-

I-tfmSv Bh-i-y-s∏-Smw.

$ hrØw/Xmfw

$ ]mkw

$ Ae-¶m-c-߃

$

]pXnb Ihn-X-I-fn¬ Ch ImWp-

∂pt≠m? Fs¥√mw ]tX-y-I-X-I-

fmWv ]pXnb ImesØ Ihn-X-I-fn¬

ImWp-∂Xv? Ip´n-Iƒ A`n-]m-b-߃

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. a’yw F∂ Ihn-

Xsb DZm-l-c-W-ambn kqNn-∏n-°mw.

$ KZ-ym-fl-IX

$ Ae-¶m-c-߃°v ]Icw ]Xo-I-

߃

Is≠-Ønb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xmc-X-

a-y-°p-dn-∏p-I-fmbn Fgp-X-s´.

Du™m-en¬ ]mTm-]-K-Y\w

Zmº-Xy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ km¿∞-I-X-

sbbpw \nc¿∞-I-X-sbbpw Ipdn®v

Htc t]mse ]mSnb Ihn -bmWv

sshtem-∏n-≈n. (Zº-Xn-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈

sshcp-[yhpw kwL¿jhpw i‡-

ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ IÆo¿∏m-S-

So®¿ sSIvÃv 145

Ønepw ]t£ Hcp-an®v apt∂-dm-\p≈

hgnsbs¥∂v Ihn Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p-≠v).

ZmºXy-kp-Jhpw A\p-cmK-hp-sa√mw

Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ A\p- -hn-°m-\p-≈-

X√ kvacn -°-s∏Sm -\p -≈-Xm -Wv

F∂mWv sshtem-∏n≈n Icp-Xn-b-

sX∂v Fw.F≥.-hn-P-b≥ \nco-£n-®n- p-

≠v. (sshtem-∏n≈n/Fw.F≥.-hn-P-

b≥). Cßs\ buh-\-Ønse A\p-

cm-K-sØ-°p-dn®v hm¿≤-Iy-Im-eØv

Hm¿Ωn-°p∂ a´n-ep≈ IhnXbmWv

"Du™m-en¬.'

1944 ¬ 33˛mw hb-n-emWv sshtem-

∏n≈n CsX-gp -Xp -∂-Xv. A\p-cm -K-

sØbpw hm¿[-Iy-sØbpw Htct]mse

`mh-\ -sN-øp -I -bm -bn -cp∂p Ihn.

sshtem-∏n-≈n-bpsS IpSpw-_-k-¶¬∏-

Øns‚ D]-\n-j-ØmWv Cu Ihn-X-

sb∂v ]^.sI.]n.-i-¶-c≥ ]d-bp-∂p.

(Ipfncpw XW-epw). ]n.Ip-™n-cm-a≥

\mb-cp-sSbpw Pn.i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏n-s‚bpw

Ihn-X-Isf tIc-f-Øns‚ ]Ir-Xn-

bmWv kzm[o -\n -® -sX-¶n¬

sshtem∏n≈nsb kzm[o-\n-®Xv tIc-

f-Øns‚ kwkvImc-am-Wv (HmW-∏m- v,

Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°fn, D’-h-߃ XpS-ßn-

bh) F∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-Iq-Sn-bmWv

"Du™m-en¬.' Hcp ImeØv \ΩpsS

KmaoW kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Ahn- m-Py-

L-S -I -am -bn -cp -∂ Xncp -hm -Xn -

cbmtLmjamWv Cu Ihn -Xsb

km[y-am-°n-b-Xp-X-s∂. _me-tKm-]m-

es\ ¿Øm-hm-bn-°n- m≥ tKm]-kvXo-

Iƒ Im¿Øym-b-\o-]qP \S-Ønb Znh-

k-sa-∂pw, Ima-tZ-h≥ Zln-®-t∏mƒ hne-

]n®p XpS-ßnb cXn°v ANn-tcW

`¿Ør-k-am -Kaw D≠m-Is´ F∂v

]m¿h-Xn-hcw sImSpØ Znh-k-sa∂pw

[\p-am-k-Ønse Xncp-hm-Xncbv°p

]n∂n¬ IY-bp-≠v. D√m-k-]-Z-amb Cu

Znhkw ssIsIm- n-°-fn, ]mXn-cm-∏q-Nq-

S¬, apßn -°pfn F∂n-h-bn -epsS

kvXoIƒ BtLm-jn-°p-∂p.

shfp-Ø-hmhp \mfm-bn-cn°pw an°-

t∏mgpw Xncp-hm-Xn-c. taL-sam-gn™

BIm-i-am-b-Xn-\m¬ [\p-amk \nem-

hn\v sh¨a-IqSpw. hr›n-I-Øn-em-cw-

`n-°p∂ ]gb a™p-Imew [\p-am-k-

Øn¬ i‡-am-Ip-∂p. amhp ]q°p∂Xv

C°m-e-ØmWv. Cßs\ a™pw

\nemhpw amºq-a-Whpw tN¿∂ cmXn-

sb-bmWv kvXoIƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.

Xncp-hm-Xn-c-bpsS apJy-N-S-ßp-I-fn-sem-

∂mWv sh‰ne apdp-°¬. apdp°v ioe-

an-√mØ kvXoIƒ t]mepw A∂v apdp-

°p-∂p. ]pecpw apºv \qdv sh‰ne apdp-

°n-bm¬ Kw`o-c-am-bn. kvt\lw, BXn-

Yyw, _lp-am\w XpS-ßn-bh ]I-Sn-∏n-

°p-∂-Xn¬ H-cp-Im-eØv sh‰nebv°v

henb ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sh‰ne

sh®v sXmgp-∂Xpw BtLm-j-ap≈

hoSp-I-fn¬ apdp-°m≥ Xøm-dm-°n-sh-°p-

∂Xpw km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ihp-

ßn≥taemWv an°-bn -SØpw

sh‰neh≈n-]-S¿Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv. hntZ-in-

Isf AS-°bpw sh‰n-ebpw \¬In

kzoI-cn® tIc-fs-Ø-°p-dn®v Dam-tI-c-

f-Øn¬ D≈q¿ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. (Acn-In-

e-W-bp-thmsc ]qI, Xmw_q-e-taIn

XzcnXapNn-XatΩ k¬°-cn-°m-\n-cn-

∏q). \ΩpsS kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ sh‰ne

apdp -°ns‚ ÿm\w Fs¥-∂-dn -

™mte "Du™m-en¬' F∂ Ihn-X-

bpsS Bkzm-Z\w ]q¿W-am-Iq.

146 lb¿ sk°‚dn

hm¿[-Iy-Im-esØ Hcp Xncp-hm-Xn-c-

\mƒ `mcy-tbmSv `¿Ømhv kwkm-cn-

°p∂ a´n -em -Wn -Xns‚ XpS -°w.

"Xmw_q-e-]n -b-bmb Xncp -hm-Xn -c -

\mfn¬' Hcp sh‰ne \qdp-tX-®p-X-cm≥

`mcy-tbmSv ]d-bp-∂p. a™p-sIm≠v

Nqfp-I-bm-sW-¶nepw `qan a[p-c-ambn

Nncn-°p-I-bm-Wv. \c-Nq-gp∂ \ap°pw

AXpt]mse Nncn°mw. shfpØ a™v

Xe-bn¬ ]pc≠ a∂n-Shpw shfpØ

\c-]q≠ hr≤-Z-º-Xn-Ifpw Hcpt]mse

Nncn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]Ir-Xn-bpsS kuµ-

cyw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ kuµ-cy-hp-

ambn IqSn-t®-cp-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS.

]Ir-Xn -sIm≠pw Ihn-X-sIm≠pw

hm¿≤-IysØ adn-I-S-°m≥ Ft∏mgpw

Ihn-i-an-°p-∂p.

Iep-jn-X-sa≥ Pohn-X-aq-dn˛

°hn-X-I-fmbXp tImcn

]mgv\-c-sbm-Sp-]-I-cw-ho-´n˛

∏m\w sNbvXp ckn-t∏≥

(Hm¿Ω-Iƒ ˛ hnØpw ssIt°m- pw)

\c-bpsS a™p-Iƒ Nn∂nb RßsS

Xe-I-fn¬ aßn ab-ßn-bn-cn∏q

\nc-h[n ]pcp-jm-bp-n-∂-∏pd˛

amfn-sbm-tcm-W-s∏m≥ Inc-W-߃

(HmW-∏m-´p-Im¿)

amºqhns‚ aWw \mb-Is\ ho≠pw

Pohn-X-Øns‚ a[p-am-k-Øn-te°v \bn-

°p-I-bm-Wv. sshtem-∏n-≈n-bpsS CjvS-

h-kvXp-°-fnsem∂mWv amºq. Ima-tZ-

hs‚ A©v kuK-‘n-I-_m-W-ß-fn¬

H∂mb amºq-hn-s\-°p-dn®v a‰mcpw

CXbpw Xohm-\p- q-Xn-tbmsS ]mSn-bn-

´n-s√∂v Fw.F≥.-hn-P-b≥ \nco-£n-°p-

∂p (sshtem-∏n-≈n, t]Pv 47). ChnsS

amºq-hn≥ aWsØ Im‰mbn k¶¬]n-

°p -tºmƒ "IpSn -sbm -gn -°-'en¬

XobmbmWv h¿Wn-°p-∂Xv. Ima-_m-

W-ß-fn-sem-∂mb amºqhv ]W-b-

sØbpw cXn-sbbpw DW¿Øp-∂Xv

kzm`m-hn-Iw.

ap∏-Xp-h¿jw apºsØ BXn-c \m-fn-

te-°mWv Hm¿Ω sNs∂-Øp-∂-Xv.

aµkvanXØm¬ at\m-l-cn -bmb

BXnc t]mse-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v t]b-

kn. a™pw \nem-sh-fn-®hpw a[phpw

C‰n hoWn-cp∂ B cmXn Zº-Xn-Iƒ

Bcpw ImWmsX ]pecpw hsc

Du™m-em-Sn-bn- p-≠v. Xncp-hm-Xn-c-\mƒ

Du™m-em-Sepw ][m\ hnt\m-Z-am-bn-

cp∂p ]≠v kvXoIƒ°v. a\p-jy- mhw

]Ir-Xn-bn-em-tcm-]n-°p∂ X¥w Chn-

sSbpw ImWmw. Nph∂ ]pe-cnsb \qdp-

sh-‰ne (\qdp-tX® sh‰n-e-sb∂pw)

Xn∂-h-fm-bn h¿Wn-°p-∂p.

B amhn\v C∂pw ]q°m≥ Hm¿Ω-bp-

≠m-bn. Hm¿a a\p-jy\v amX-a√ ]Ir-

Xn°pw D≈-Xmbn kqNn -∏n®v

Hm¿Ωbv°v ASn-h-c-bn-Sp-∂p, Ihn. DÆn-

bpsS Ifnºw ImcWw C∂pw BXvam-

hn¬ Hcp Du™m¬ sI´n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Ah≥ ]t£ AXn¬ BSmsX

t\ctØ Dd-ßp-I-bm-Wv.

aIs\ Dd-°n -°n -SØn amt©m-

´nseØnb-t∏mƒ `¿Øm-hn\v Hcm-i-

tXm-∂p-∂p. Im‰p-t]mse hoip∂

\nem-hns‚ hiy-i-‡n-Im-c-W-amWv

Bi-bp-W-cp-∂-Xv. ]≠-sØ-t∏mse

Du™m-en¬ Ccn-°q, Xncsb Ims‰-

∂-t]mse Rm≥ B´n-Øcmw F∂-

So®¿ sSIvÃv 147

bmƒ ]d-bp-∂p. AXp tI v Ahƒ Nncn-

°p-tºmƒ buh-\-Øns‚ as‰√mw ad-

™mepw B Nncn C∂pw tijn-°p-∂-

Xm-bn- I-hn°p tXm∂p-∂p.

amwK-ey -Nn -”-amb sh≈n-Ømen

t]mse-bmWm Ccn∏v. ]g-b-Im-eØv

Xmen sh≈n-sIm-≠m-I-W-sa-∂m-bn-

cp∂p k¶¬]w. h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-

Øns‚ ÿqe-X-bn¬ \n∂v `qX-Im-e-

Øns‚ Irikuµ-cy-Øn-te-°p≈

Du™m-em-´-am-Wn-hnsS \S-°p-∂-Xv.

Zqsc alm-\-K-c-Øn¬ IpSpw-_n-\n-bm-

bn-°-gn-bp∂ aIƒ BXn-c-s∏-Æn\v

Du™m-em-Sm≥ Aºn-fn-hn-f-t°-¥p∂

Bbn-cw-I¬a-fi-]-amb Cu \m´n≥

]pdsØ kz]v\w ImWp∂p≠mhmw

F∂-bmƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂p. ZpxJØnepw

thcp-d-t∏msS \n¬°p∂ Pohn-tXm-

√mkw \m´n≥]p-d-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-

X-b-tX.

"Rm≥ tIc-f-Øn-semcp \m´p-ºp-dØp

P\n-®p-h-f¿∂-XmWv Fs‚ Ihn-X-bpsS

G‰hpw henb `mKy-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂p.

Rm≥ I≠ \m´n≥]pdw \mƒtXmdpw

\nd-ß-fp-sSbpw \mZ-ß-fp-sSbpw K‘-

ß-fp--sSbpw \hw-\-h-ß-fmb AXv q-X-

߃ DZvLm-S\w sNøp∂ AΩ-sb-

t∏mse kvt\lw \nd™ Hcp sIm®p-

tem-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. (Fs‚ IhnX Bap-

Jw, hnØpw ssIt°m- pw)

$ GXp [qk-c-k-¶¬∏-ß-fn¬

hf¿∂mepw

GXp b¥-h¬IrX temI-Øn¬

]pe¿∂mepw

a\-n-ep-≠m-hs´ Kma-Øn≥

shfn-®hpw

aWhpw aa-Xbpw CØncn-sIm-∂-

∏qhpw

(hnjp-°-Wn)

$ [ocw hmbv°p∂p IÆp-\o¿°p-

Øn¬

t\c-tºm-°ns‚ sh≈n-ao≥Nm´w

(I∂n-s°m-bvØv)

$ hcs´ Zpcn-X-߃, tIc-f-Øn\p

taepw

Nncn-°m≥ ad-°m-sX-bn-cn-°m≥

Ign-s™-¶n¬ (Bmw ]Wn-°¿)

`£-Whpw hkvX-hp -an -s√-¶nepw

Ab¬]°sØ kvXoIƒ Xncp-hm-Xn-

c-∏m v ]mSm≥ aSn-°p-∂n-√. c≠mw-tem-

I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øns‚ A¥-co-£-Øn-em-

Wn-sX∂pw Ihn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. bp≤-

hn-am-\-߃ th -∏-£n-t]mse ]d-°p-

I-bm-Wv. kwlm-c-Øns‚ Cu AS-bm-

f-ß-sfms° Zpxkz]v\w t]mse am™p-

t]m-Ip-sa∂pw Xnf-ßp∂ Xncp-hm-Xnc

\£Xw F∂pw Pzen®p \n¬°p-

∂psa∂pw Ihn ]d-bp-∂p. amhp-Iƒ

]q°p-Ibpw a\p-jy≥ kvt\ln-°p-

Ibpw sNøpw. Bfl-l-Xy-°pw h[-in-

£°pw D]-I-c-W-am-°m≥ Ign-bp∂

Ib-dp-sIm≠v Du™m-ep-≠m-°m≥ ]‰n-

bm¬ AXmWv Pbw. kwlm-c-Øn-\p-

X-Ip∂ hkvXp-°sf Fßs\ krjvSn-

°p≈ D]-I-c-W-am°mw F∂ ]Xym-

im-`-cn-X-amb Nn¥-bm-Wn-Xv.

a‰p kvXoIƒ ]mSpw t]mse ssIsIm-

´n-°fn-∏m v ]mSm≥ \mb-I≥ Bh-iy-

s∏-Sp∂p. IWvT-\m-fsØ kz¿Æ-

°ºnbm°n Ah-fXv ]mSp-∂p. hoW-

148 lb¿ sk°‚dn

t]m-setbm Xw_p-cp-t]m-setbm Km\-

ap-W-cp∂ H∂mbn ChnsS IWvT\mfw

amdp-∂p. `mcy Du™m-en-em-Sp-tºmƒ

`¿Ømhns‚ Icƒ ]m´ns‚ Du™m¬

h≈n-bn-em-Sp-∂p.

buh-\-Im-esØ Hm¿Ω-I-fn¬ \n∂v

]pcm-W-I-Y-bpsS Hm¿Ω-I-fn-te-°mWv

XpS¿∂v Ah¿ k©-cn -°p -∂-Xv .

AXn\v Imc -W-am -Ip -∂-Xm -Is´

"IeymWo If-hmWo' F∂ ssIsIm-

´n-°fn∏m v. a®m- n-f-b-Xns‚ ]i-kvX-

amb Cu ]m v Zpjy-¥- -i-Ip-¥-f-am-cpsS

IY-]-d-bp-∂-XmWv:

""HmSpw arK-ßsf tXSo \c-]Xn

ImSIw ]ps°m-cp-t\-c-Øn-¶¬

t]Sn-s®mcp arKw NmSn-°p-Xn-t®mSn

IqsS \r]-Xnbpw IqSn ]ntº...''

""IeymWo If-hmWo sNm√p \obm

sc-∂Xpw

Itey \obm-cp-Sb ]pXnsb∂Xpw

a∂-hm, iIp-¥-f-sb∂p t]sc-\n-

s°tSm

IWz-am-ap-\n-bpsS aI-ft√m Rm≥''

AtXmsS Xm≥ Zpjy-¥\pw mcy iIp-

¥-fbpw BIp-∂- at\m-lc `pX-Im-e-

Øn-te°v \mb-I≥ k©-cn-°p-∂p.

ap‰w amen\o \Zo-X-S-am-Ip-∂p. -Xm-c-߃

\nd™ BImiw h\-tPym’v\

]qØp-\n¬°p∂ CS--am-Ip-∂p. \nem-

hnse ac-ß-fpsS \ng¬ Zo¿Lmw-]mw-

K≥ F∂ ]p≈n-am-\m-bn amdp-∂p.

hm¿≤Iyw buh-\-am -Ip∂tXmsS

\miw krjvSn-bm-Ip-∂p. AXn-\m¬

]m v ]mSns°m≠ncn-°p-I. Xncp-hm-Xnc

bmX-]-d-bp-Ibpw h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚

ip -cm-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v `mhn-bpsS \msf-

bn-se-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ ho≠pw

hnc-k-amb tPmen mcw Npa-en¬ hcpw.

cmXn-bnse Imcy-tam¿Øv At∏mƒ

e÷ tXm∂n-tb-°mw. ]I¬ apgp-h≥

tPmen sNøp-Ibpw cmXn-bn¬ Ddßp-

Ibpw sNøp∂ Zo¿L-Po-hnXØn¬

Hcp Xncp-hm-Xn-c-bn¬ amX-amWv \mw

Dd-ßmXn-cp∂v kt¥m-jn-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-

jym-bp-nse ap¥nb kµ¿`tam al-

Ømb amX-Itfm BWv Ah. ap¥nb

kµ¿ -ßsf kw_-‘n®v At\z-j-W-

ßtfm hni-I-e-\-ßtfm \n¿h-N-\-

ßtfm BWv sshtem-∏n-≈n-°-hn-X-

Iƒ (sshtem-∏n≈n io[-c-ta-t\m≥/

tUm.Fkv.-cm-P-ti-J-c≥).

C√ \ap -°msbmcp k‘y,

cm∏mXn˛

b√msX as‰m-∂p-an-s∂n-cn-°nepw

hnkvabw t]mse e`n°pw \nan-j-

Øn-

\¿∞w sImSp-Øp-s]m-en-∏n-s®-

Sp° \mw

F∂v IS-Ω-\n´ cma-Ir-jvW≥

Fgp-Xp-∂p-≠-t√m.

Hcp-Xcw BJym\w (\mS-Iob kzK-Xm-

Jym\w) Xs∂-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ GsXm-cm-

Jym-\-Øns‚bpw Ah-iy-L-S-I-ß-fmb

ÿehpw Imehpw CXn¬ ][m-\-ambn

hcp-∂p. Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°m-ehpw c≠mw

temI-a-lm-bp-≤hpw amX-a√ h¿Ø-am-

\-Im-ehpw 30 h¿jw apºsØ `qX-Im-

ehpw imIp-¥-f-Ønse ]pcm-W-Im-

ehpw CXn¬ ka-\-z-bn-°p∂p. `qX-Im-

So®¿ sSIvÃv 149

ehpw h¿Ø-am-\-Im-ehpw Ccp-Nn-√-I-

fm-hp-∂p. AXn-emWv Ihn-X-bpsS

Du™m¬ sI´p-∂-Xv. Ime-Øns‚

hcp≤ Zni-Iƒ°p Xs∂ ]c-kv]cw

_‘tam ]c-kv]c ]qc -I -Xztam

Ds≠∂pw Hcp Ime-Øn¬ F√m Ime-

ßfpw A¶p-cm-h-ÿ-bn¬ IpSn-sIm-≈p-

∂p-s≠∂pw Hcp a\p-jym-hÿ a‰v

Ah-ÿ-I-fpsS A\p-_-‘tam ]qc-

Wtam BsW∂pw Cu Ime-Z¿i\w

shfn-hm-°p∂p.

]Xn-I-c-W-°p-dn∏v

Rß-f¬]≥am¿

Ime-a-g-tb-s‰mtc Im°n˛

aß-embv R߃°p≈

Pohn-X-°p-∏m-b-߃

(F≥.-hn.-Ir-jvW-hm-cy¿)

˛ Imew Ign-bp-tºmƒ Pohn-X-°p-∏m-

b-Øns‚ \ndw aßp-∂-Xmbn Ihn-

]d-™n- p-≠v.

˛ "Du™m-en¬' F∂ Ihn-X-bnse

\mbnIm\mb-I-∑m-cpsS Zmº-Xy-

Øn\pw CXp-X-s∂-bmtWm kw`-

hn-°p∂Xv? hnc-k-am-Im-\n-S-bp≈

hm¿≤-I-ysØ Fß-s\-bmWv

Ah¿ adn-I-S-°p-∂Xv? Ip´n-Iƒ

]Xn-I-cn-°s´.

˛ buh-\-Im-e-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-Iƒ

sIm≠v hm¿≤-Iy-Ønse hnc-k-

Xsb adn-I-S-°p∂p.

˛ ]≠-sØ-t∏mse ]mSp-Ibpw BSp-

-Ibpw (Du™m-en¬) sNbvXv

PohnXw A¿∞-ap-≈-Xm°p∂p.

˛ hm¿≤-Iy-Ønepw Zpjy-¥\pw iIp-

¥-fbpambnØocm≥ ian-°p-I-bm-

W-h¿.

]mT-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ Bi-b-

߃ IqSn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn ]Xn-

I-c-W-°p-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-te°v

Ip´n-Isf \bn-°mw.

XmcXayw sNøpI

"Du™m-en¬' F∂ Ihn -Xbv°v

t\¿hn-]-co-X-amWv "IÆo¿∏m-S'-Ønse

Zmº-Xy-Øns‚ \ne. Zº-Xn-Iƒ XΩn-

ep≈ s]mcp-Ø-t°-SmWv CXn¬ \nd-

™p-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. ioX-k-a-c-Øn¬

G¿s∏-Sp∂ Ah¿°v apdn®p IS-°m-

\m-hmØ IÆo¿∏m-S-ambn PohnXw

A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂p.

\mS≥am¿°tX Krl˛

OnZ-Øn¬ hmKm-tSm]w

\mK-cn-I¿t°m aqI˛

ioX-kw-Kcw amXw

\nbaw \nd-th‰

seX-bo-Zm-º-Xy-Øn¬

\b-sa-X-bm-W`n\b

saX-bm-sWt∂m

Ipgn®p Ipgn®p \m˛

a\njvS kvarXn-Iƒ X˛

∂gp°p ]c-Xn-s®˛

s∂Øp∂q \c-I-Øn¬

\n¿±b temI-Øn¬ \m˛

ancp-t]scm‰s∏t´m¿

AX-bp-a√ XΩn¬

XΩn-ep-sam-‰-s∏-t´m¿

150 lb¿ sk°‚dn

"IÆo-¿∏m-S-Ønse' ]tabw A[-ym-

]nI Npcp°n hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

$ ZmºXyw Bsctbm t_m[n-∏n-°m-

\p≈ NS-ßm-hp-∂p.

$ A`n-\-b-]-[m-\-am-hp-∂p.

$ Zº-Xn-Iƒ H∂n®v Pohn-°p-tºmgpw

H‰-s∏-t´m¿.

$ ]t£, "IÆo¿∏m-S"-Ønepw Ah-

km\w H∂n®v apt∂-dm -\p -≈,

ap¥nb A\p- -h-߃ D≠m-°n-sb-

Sp-°m-\p≈ am¿§w Zº-Xn-Iƒ Is≠-

Øp-∂p-≠v.

$ Ab¬]--°sØ ]mhs∏´ kvXoI-

fpsS ]m´mWv "Du™m-ense' Zº-

Xn-Isf buh-\m-\p-cm-K-Øn-te°v

Xncn-®p-sIm≠pt]mIp-∂-sX-¶n¬

KmaoWanYp -\ -ß-fmWv ssI

tIm¿Øp ]nSn®v tXmSp IS-°m-

\p≈ amXrI Im´p-∂-Xv.

$ Ie-ln-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw H∂n®p

ssI]n-Sn®v \oßn-bm¬ Pohn-X-

Øns‚ hnja]Z-]iv\w Ffp∏w

]cn-l-cn -°m-sa∂ Z¿i-\-Øn¬

"IÆo¿∏mS'hpw FØp∂p.

$ "Du™m-en¬' F∂ Ihn-X-bnse

Zmº-X-ysØ "IÆo¿∏m-S'-Ønse

Zmº-X-y -hp -ambn kmZr-i-y -s∏-Sp -

Ømtam F∂ tNmZyw D∂-bn -

°p∂p.

Xmc-X-a-y-°p-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°m≥ Bh-iy-

s∏-Smw.

A¿∞-Xe߃

Htc-am-\Øv ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ hnam-

\hpw Xncp -hm -Xnc \£-Xhpw

GsX√mw A¿∞-km-[y-X-IfmWv

\¬Ip-∂-Xv?

$ Xncp-hm-Xnc \£Xw kvt\l-Øn-

s‚bpw ]Xym-i-bp-sSbpw AS-bm-

f-am-Wv.

$ bp≤-hn -am\w hn\m -i -Øns‚

Nn”w.

$ ]t£, hn\m-i-a√ krjvSn-bpsS

kvt\l-amWv A¥n-a-ambn \ne-

\n¬°p-I.

$ bp≤-hn-am\w t]mbva-d-bpw, Xncp-hm-

Xnc _m°n-bm-Ipw.

$ Xncp-hm-Xn-c-∏m-´p-Iƒ ]ns∂bpw

Dbcpw

˛ sIme-°p-Sp-°mIm≥ t]m∂ Ib¿

Du™m-em°n a\p-jy¿ AXn-en-cp-

∂m-Spw.

˛ Ime-sØbpw ac-W-sØbpw a\p-

jy¿ kvt\l-Øn-eqsS Pbn-°pw.

$ sIme-°p-Sp -°m-hp∂ Ib-dns\

Du™m-em-°n-Øo¿°m≥ Ignbpw

F∂ Z¿i-\-Øns‚ ]k-‡n.

N¿®bneqsS Bi-b-ß-fn -se-Øn-

t®¿∂ tijw Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°mw.

hcm-hp∂ ][m-\m-i-b-߃

˛ GXv hkvXp-hn\pw c≠v D]-tbm-K-

ß-fp-≠v. krjvSn-°epw \in-∏n-

°epw

˛ Ib¿sIm≠v Du™m¬ sI´n-bm-

Smw, Xqßn-a-cn-°mw.

˛ BW-h-i-‡n-sIm≠v AWp-t_mw-

_p-≠m-°mw, sshZyp-Xn-bp-≠m-

°mw.

So®¿ sSIvÃv 151

hni-I-e-\-w

$ hk-¥-hm-bp-hn¬ hkq-cn-tcm-Km-

Wp-°-sfbpw ]p≈n-am-\n\p ]pdsI

]p≈n∏pen-tbbpw ImWp∂ Z¿i-\-

amWv Xt‚Xv F∂ sshtem-∏n≈n-

bpsS hm°pIƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-sX¥v

F∂ tNmZyw A[-ym-]nI D∂-bn-°p-

∂p. sshtem-∏n-≈n-bpsS Imh-y-Z¿i-\-

sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kqN-\-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ°v

\¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ ]\n-\o¿∏qth \ns∂ Rm≥ shdp-

°p-∂p. \n≥ ap-\-Iq¿sØm-cm-ap-

≈n≥ I≈n-bn-∂-dn™p Rm≥.

$ Pohn-X-]p-jv]-Øns‚ kuc- -y-atX

Zp:Jw.

$ [ocw hmbv°p∂p IÆp-\o-¿-°p-

Øn¬ t\cw t]m°ns‚ sh≈n-ao≥

Nm´w

$ Cu hcn-I-fnse Z¿i-\-hp-ambn

sIme-°p-Sp-°m°m-hp∂ Ib-dns\

Du™m-em-°pI F∂ k¶-ev]-

Øn\v _‘-apt≠m?

˛ Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°-s´. kam-\-

ambh Ah¿ Is≠-Ø-s´.

A\¿L-\n-anjw

]mTm-]-K-Y\w

emfn-X-yhpw \∑bpw \¿Ωhpw \nd-

™p-\n∂ Ht´sd cN-\-Iƒ sIm≠v

aebm-fn-bpsS Nn¥-Isf Xc-fn-X-am-

°nb hy‡n-bmWv ssh°w apl-ΩZv

_jo¿. Pohn-Xm-\p- -h-ß-fpsS Bghpw

A]m-c-amb Imcp-W-y-Øns‚ \\hpw

At±lØns‚ cN-\-Isf ae-bm-fn°p

]nb-s∏- -Xm°n. ]pXn-sbmcp `mjbpw

BJ-ym\ ssienbpwsIm≠v CXc

Fgp-Øp-Im-cn¬ \n∂v At±lw thdn´p

\n∂p.

kX-y-k‘amb A\p- hm-hn-jvIm-chpw

k¶o¿Æ-X-I-fn-√mØ BJ-ym-\-ssi-

enbpw ]km-Z-]q¿Æ-amb \¿Ω-c-kn-

I-Xbpw _jo¿ IrXn-I-fpsS apJ-ap-Z-

I-fmbn \mw Xncn-®-dn-™n- p-≠v. _jo¿

ae-bm-fn-bpsS G‰hpw ]nb-s∏´ Fgp-

Øp-Im-c-\mbn amdm-\p-≠mb ImcWw

CXm-bn -cn -°mw. F∂m¬ ]cs°

hmgvØ-s∏´ Cu KpW-hn -ti-j-

߃°∏p-dØv, Hcp Ah-[q-X-s\-t∏m-

se -Po-hn-X-Øns‚ A⁄m-Xhpw A\-

¥-hp-amb cl-k-y-ß-fn-te°v t\m -a-b-

°m≥ ian® Hcp Zm¿i-\nI a\v

_jo-dn -\p-≠m-bn-cp -∂p. AXp-sIm-

≠mWv "_me-y-Im-e-k-Jn'bpw "]mØp-

Ω-bpsS BSpw' "A\¿L-\n-an-j'hpw

Fgp-Xnb _jo¿ Hcm-f√ F∂v Fw.

F≥. hnP-b≥ ]d-™X.v(acp-`q-an-Iƒ

]p°p-tºmƒ)

Pohn-XsØ XØ-z-Nn-¥m-]-c-amb \n¿a-

X-tbmsS ho£n-°m≥ Ign™ Hcp

kq^n-lr-Zbw _jo-dn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ At±-l-Øns‚

Nncn Hcp k∂-ym-kn-bpsS Nncn-bm-bn-

cp-∂p. `uXn-I-tem-I-Øns‚ kpJ-t`m-

K-ß-fn¬ A`ncan-°p-tºmgpw At⁄-

b-amb A]-c-tem-I-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

hnNm-c-߃ _jo-dn-se XØ-z-Nn-¥-

Is\ ]n¥p-S¿∂ncp∂p. "lpØn\n

lmen´ enØmt∏m' F∂ A¿∞-cln-

X-amb ]tbm-K-Øn-eqsS \nd™p Nncn-

°p-tºmgpw "shfn-®-Øn\v Fs¥mcp

shfn®w' F∂v Zm¿i-\n-I-am-\-ß-fp≈

152 lb¿ sk°‚dn

hmN-I-ß-sf-gp-Xp-hm≥ _jo-dn\p km-

[n®p. "CΩnWn _ey H∂v' F∂

]tbmK-Øns‚ ]X-y-£-amb \¿Ω-

Øn-\-∏p-dØv kqNn-X-am-Ip∂ AssZ-z-

X-t_m[w \mw Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-XmWv.

_jo¿ IrXn-I-fpsS apJ-y-k-z-`m-h-ß-

fn¬ \n∂v hy-X-y-kvX-amb cN-\-bmWv

"A\¿L \nanjw'. ]Xnhv IYm-J-ym-

\ -ssien hn´ v Ihn -X-tbm-S -SpØv

\n¬°p∂ cq]-amWv _jo¿ kzo-I-cn-

®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]ta-b-Øn\\p-tbm-P-y-

amb mjbpw cq]hpw ChnsS ka-RvP-

k-ambn tafn-°p-∂p. hm°p-I-fpsS

kqIvjva -amb sXc-s™-Sp∏pw

lkzamb hm°pIfpw hmI-y-ßfpw

khn-tij kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ Ahbv°p

h∂p tNcp∂ `mh-Ku-c-hhpw ]pXnb

Nn¥-I-fn-te°v hmb-\-°m-cs\ \bn-

°p∂p. KZy-I-hn-X-Iƒ hym]-I-am-bn- n-

√mØ ImeØv KZ-y -`m -j-bpsS

Imhymfl-IX A\p-`-hn-∏n-°p-hm≥

_jo-dn\p km[n-®p. `mh-cq-]-ß-fpsS-

hnkva-b-I-c-amb taf\w sNdp-IYbpsS

cq]sØ kw_-‘n® ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb

[mc-W-Isf am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂p-≠v. Bkzm-

Z-\-Øns‚ ]mY-an-I-Xew hn´v, cN-\-

bpsS A¥¿[-z-\n-I-fn-te°v \bn-°p∂

cN-\m-Iu-i-e-amWv IYm-Im-c≥ Ah-ew-

_n-°p-∂-Xv. hm°p-I-fn-eSßn-bn-cn-

°p∂ Zm¿i-\n-I-am-\-߃ At\-z-jn-

°m≥ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv Cu cN-\m-

co-Xn.

BJ-ym\w, `mj, Z¿i\w, XpS-ßn-b-h-

bn-se√mw thdn-´p-\n¬°p∂ cN-\-

bmWv "A\¿L \nanjw' IY-bp-sSbpw

Ihn-X-bp-sSbpw AXn-cp-Iƒ ambv®p-I-

f-bp∂ cN-\. ac-WsØ apJm-apJw

ImWp∂ Hcp hy-‡n-bpsS Ah-km-

\sØ ]nS-®n¬ Cu IY-bn¬ A\p- -

hn-°mw. A\-¥-amb iq\-y-X-bn¬ ebn-

°m≥ t]mIp∂ Poh-_n-µp-hns‚ Nn¥-

I-fm-Wn-h. Fw.F≥. hnP-b≥ Fgp-

Xp∂p: ""Cu temIhpw a\p-j-y\pw

XΩn-ep≈ _‘w, A]m-c-Xbpw a\p-

j-y\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w ˛ CXp

c≠pw _jo-dns‚ IrXn-I-fpsS apJ-ap-

Z -bmWv.Fs‚ Ime-Sn -∏m -Sp -Iƒ

BcmWv ambv®p-I-f-bp-∂Xv F∂mWv

_jo¿ Ft∏mgpw tNmZn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv

A\-i-z-c-X-bpsS ]iv\-am-Wv. ac-W-hp-

am-bp≈ kwhm-Z-amWv G‰hpw henb

Zm¿i-\nI ]iv\w. ac-W-`-b-Øn¬

\n∂mWv "ItTm-]-\n-jØpw' "A\¿L-

\n-an-jhpw' ]nd∂p hogp-∂Xv?

P\-\-Øns‚bpw ac-W-Øns‚bpw CS-

bn-ep≈ A\¿L \nan-j-amWv Pohn-

Xw. A\-¥-amb iq\-y-X-bm-Ip∂p ac-

Ww. ac-W-tØmsS Cu temIw C√m-

Xm-Ip-∂n√. F∂m¬ acn-°p-∂-bmsf

kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw F√mw iq\-y-X-

bn¬ ebn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CXn-s\-°p-dn-

®p≈ hnNm-c-߃ `bm-\-I-amb am\-

kn-Im-h-ÿ-bn-te°v IY-bnse \mb-

Is\ \bn-°p-∂p. A\-i-z -c -Xsb

]p¬Im-\p≈ bmX-bmWv a\pj-ys‚

Pohn-Xw. F∂m¬ Pohn-X-am-Is´

\iz-c-hpw. P\\ ac-W-ßsf Bflob-

amb Hcp Xe-Øn¬ sh®p ]cn-tim-[n-

°p-I-bmWv IYm-Im-c≥. SmtKmdpw Pn.

i¶-c-°p-dp∏pw CØcw anÃnIv A\p-

`q-Xn-I-sf Ihn-X-I-fn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-

´p-≠v. ac-W-Øns‚ Ccp≠ Kplm-apJw

Z¿in-°p∂ a\p-j-ys‚ Ahm-N-y-amb

am\-knI hn`-a-amWv "A\¿L \nan-

j-'Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. IYm-\m-

So®¿ sSIvÃv 153

b-Is‚ kzK-Xm-J-ym-\-amWv Cu IY.

\o F∂ hy-‡nsb/Ah-ÿsb/k¶-

ev]-sØ-bmWv \mb-I≥ A`n-kwt_m-

[\ sNøp-∂-Xv. \o hkvXp-]-]-©tam,

]Ir-Xntbm, ssZhtam, a‰m-sc-¶n-

eptam Bhmw. ]]-©-sa-∂Xv Hcp

IqSp-am-X-am-sW∂pw a\p-j-y≥ B

Iq´nse Xm¬°m-enI Xma-k-°m-c-\m-

sW∂pw k¶-ev]-ap-≠v. ac-W-sa-∂Xv

B IqSpshSn-b-em-Wv. ac-W-Øn-\p-

tijw Hcp ]c-tem-I-Po-hn-X-ap-≠v

F∂pw Nne hni- zm -k-ß-fp -≠v.

AØcw kqN-\-I-sfm∂pw Cu IY

\¬Ip-∂n-√. ac-W-`bw \¬Ip∂

ISpØ GIm-InXbpw iq\-yXm-t_m-

[hpw IY-bn¬ \ng¬ hoip -∂p.

F∂m¬ Pohn-X-sa∂ A\¿L \nan-

jsØ am\n-°p-∂p-ap≠v \mb-I≥.

hm°p-Iƒ°pw A¿∞-߃°p-a-∏pdw

kmln-X-y-c-N-\-Iƒ kΩm-\n-°p∂

kuµ-c-ym-\p- qXn FX-amXw hnkva-b-

I -c -amsW∂v "A\¿L \nanjw'

km£-y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

XmcXayw sNøpI

"kµ¿i\w' "A\-¿L \nanjw' F∂o

cN-\-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ ]Tn®p Ign-™t√m,

Ch-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ `mh-

߃°v Fs¥-¶nepw kam-\Xbp≈-

Xmbn tXm∂n-bn- p-t≠m F∂ tNmZyw

D∂-bn-°mw. Ip´n-Iƒ ]d-bp∂ Imc-y-

߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

$ hnS ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ thZ\ c≠p

cN-\-Ifnepw Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-

∂p.

$ Zp:Jw apJ-y- m-h-ambn IS∂p hcp-

∂p.

$ kz-K-Xm-J-ym\ cq]-Øn-ep≈ Bhn-

jv°mcw

$

$

IqSp-X¬ DZm-l-c-W-߃ N¿®-bn-eqsS

Dcp-Øn-cn™p h∂-tijw Ipdn-∏m-sb-

gpXm≥ Bh-i-y-s∏Smw.

hni-I-e-\-w

"hm°p-I-fpsS \rØ- wKn' F∂ ]ta-

b-Øns‚ A¿∞w Ip´n-Iƒ a\-n-em-

°n-bn-´p-≠v. Ihn-X-bn¬ am-X-amtWm

CXv ImWm≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xv? Imh-ym-

flIamb Zriyw "A\¿L \nanj'

sØ Ihn-X-tbm-S-Sp -∏n -°p∂Xmbn

tXm∂p-∂p-t≠m A[-ym-]nI Ip´n-I-

fpsS A`n - ]m -b -߃ tXSs´?

"A\¿L \nan-j-'Ønse KZ-y-`m-j-

bpsS Fs¥√mw khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv

\n߃ \nco -£n-®n -´p -≈-Xv F∂

tNmZy-ap-∂-bn-°-Ww.

$ [z-\n-km-µ-amb ]Z-߃

$ sXc-s™-SpØ ]Z-ß-fpsS at\m-

l-camb hn\-ymkw

$ Ae-¶mc Iev]-\-Iƒ

IqSp-X¬ ]tX-y-I-X-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ

Is≠-Ø-s´. Is≠-ج Ipdn-∏mbn

Fgp-Xmw.

154 lb¿ sk°‚dn

A¿∞-Xe߃

Ic-sf-cn-™mepw Xe-]p-I-™mepw

Nncn-°-W-atX hnZq-j-I- [-¿Ωw

F∂ kRvPbs‚ hcn-Iƒ Ip´n-Isf

]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw. hcn-I-fpsS A¿∞-

kq-N-\-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ]d-

bm≥ Ip´n-I-tfmSv Bh-i-y-s∏-Smw.

Is≠-Ø-ep-Isf a\p-j-y-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn

_‘n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bptam? A`n-]m-

b-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

$ AIta Ic-bp-∂p-sh-¶nepw ]pdØv

Nncn-]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ Blvfm-Z-hm-≥-am-cmbn ImWp-∂-h-

cpsS D≈nepw ISpØ ZpJ-ß-fp-

≠m-hmw.

$ ZpJw Hfn-∏n-°m≥ ian-°p-∂-h-

cmWv IqSp-X¬.

"au\-tcm-Z-\-Øns‚ aµ-lmkw' F∂

_jo-dns\°p-dn-®p≈ F≥.-]n. apl-Ω-

Zns‚ hnti-j-Whpw "Nncn-°-I-Øp≈

Zp-J-Øns‚ apg°w' F∂ _jo-dns‚

]tbmKhpw Xmc-X-ayw sNbvXv Ip´n-

I-fpsS Is≠-Øepw IqSn Dƒs∏-SpØn

Ch-bpsS Zm¿i-\n-I-Xew hni-I-e\w

sNbvXv D]-\-ymkw cNn-°m≥ Bh-i-y-

s∏Smw.

A]-K-Y\w

H. F≥. hn. Ipdp-∏ns‚ "`qan-s°mcp Nc-

a -KoX' Ønse hcn -Iƒ ]cn -N -

bs∏SpØmw.

Nnd-Ip-I-fn¬ kwKo-X-ap≈

If-lw-kta

Acnb \n-≥Nn-d-Ins‚

Xqh-en≥ Xpºn˛

semcp amX-sb-¶n-sem-cp-am-X-sb≥

hmgvsh∂ a[p-camw kXyw Pz-en∏q'

PohnXw F∂ a[p-camb kXyw Hcp

amX-tbm-fta Ah-ti-jn°q. F¶nepw

AXv Aaq-e-y-am-Wv, Pz-en®p \n¬°p-∂-

Xp-am-Wv. Nß-ºp-g-bpsS hcn-Ifpw

Ip´nIsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

"F¥mWnhnsS PohnXw

kpµ-c-amb hf-In-ep°w

kwKo-X-Xp-µnew ss\anjntIm-

÷-zew

]ns∂sbm iq\yw ]c-a-iq-\yw

iq\-y-X-bn¬ hne-bn-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw

kwKo-X-km-µhpw ss\an-tjm-÷-z-e-hp-

amb Pohn-XsØ DZm-Øo-I-cn-°p-I-

bmWv Ihn.

˛ "ap¥nb kµ¿`-߃' F∂

sshtem-∏n -≈n-bpsS ]tbm-Khpw

"A\¿L \nanjw' F∂ _jo-dns‚

k¶-ev]hpw ta¬s°m-SpØ hcn-I-

fnse Bi-b-hp-ambn tN¿® ]pe¿Øp-

∂pt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ Fs¥√mw kqN-

\-I-fmWv e`n-°p-∂Xv? Ip´n-Iƒ ]d-b-

s´.

$ PohnXw \ap°v e`n -°p∂

A]q¿∆hpw D÷-z-ehpw F∂m¬

lk-z-hp-amb hc-Zm-\-am-Wv.

$ Pohn -X -Ønse Blvfm -Z -߃

Aev]m-bp-p-I-fmW.v

$ kpZo¿L-amb a¿X-ym-bp-n¬ ZpJw

\o≠p-\n¬°p-∂Xpw kt¥m-j-

\nan-j-߃ lk-z-hp-amWv.

So®¿ sSIvÃv 155

N¿®-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ \nco-£-W-

߃ tImUo-I-cn®v D]-\ym-k-c-N\ \S-

Øm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Smw.

emØnbpw shSn-bp-≠bpw

tZiob ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ktµ-ihpw

kzmX-¥y-k-a-cm-th-ihpw Ae-X-√p∂

Imew. _o´ojv ta¬t°mbva t]meo-

kns‚ tX¿hm-gvN-bn¬ IqSn ]pe¿∂p

t]mcp∂ kµ¿`w. temI-a-lm-bp-≤-

Øns‚ `oI-cm-¥-co -£w. ]´n -Wn,

sXmgn-en-√m-bva, A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw

A\m-Nm-c-ßfpw \nd™ kap-Zm-b-

Iaw. Cu kml-N-cy-ß-fn-emWv efn-

Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷\Øns‚ IY-I-fp-

sSbpw t\mh-en-s‚bpw thcp-Iƒ.

XnI™ e£y-t_m-[-tØm-sS-bmWv

Ah¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. \ºp-Xncn kap-

Zm-b-Ønse Zpcm-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw A‘-

hn-izm-k-Po¿Æ-X-I-sfbpw hna¿in-°p-

Ibpw ]cn-jv°-c-W-߃°v t]cW

\evIp-Ibpw A¥¿P-\-Øns‚ e£y-

ambn-cp-∂p. apØn-cn-tßm-´n-s‚bpw

hn.Sn. -` -´ -Xn -cn -∏m-Sn -s‚bpw IY-Iƒ

kz¥w kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Xs∂

\nev°p∂ aq¿®-bp≈ Bbp-[-ß-fm-bn-

cp-∂p. \thm-∞m\ bpK-Øns‚ ]Xn-

\n-[n-bmb A¥¿÷\w kmaq-ly-Po-

hn -X -sØ-∏-‰n -bp≈ \n›n -X -amb

t_m[-tØm-sSm∏w a\p-jy-a-\-ns‚

\nKq-V-X-I-sf-°p-dn®pw hy‡-amb [mc-

W-Iƒ ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. kzk-ap-Zm-b-

Øn¬ Xs∂ HXpßn \nev°m≥

A¥¿÷\w ian-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]tab

kzoI-c-W-Ønepw Ah-X-c-W-ssi-en-

bnepw hyXykvXX ]pe¿Ønb amWn-

°≥, ]km-Zw, a\p-jy-]p-Xn, AΩ,

Ip‰-k-ΩXw XpS-ßnb IY-Ifpw A·n-

km£n F∂ t\mhepw efn-Xmw-_nI

A¥¿÷\w F∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bpsS

anIhv km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

Bfl-I-Ym-]-c-sa∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´

"]kmZw' F∂ IY-bn¬ kmap-Zm-bnI

]cn-jvI-cW thZn-bn-ep≈ Hcp bph-

Xn-bpsS ]kw-K-ap-≠v. ""bph-c-‡-

Øns‚ hnPrw`n-X-amb hoc-]-hm-l-

Øn¬, apc-Sn® F√p-I-fpsS Cu AW

Xmt\ XI¿∂p-sIm-≈pw... ]g-a-bpsS

]´-S-°p-≠n-te°v hnπ-h-Øns‚ Cu

]¥w CXm R߃ hen-s®-dn-bp-∂p.''

bmYm -ÿn-Xn -I¿°pw A\m-Nm -c -

߃°p-sa -Xn -sc -bp≈ t]mcm -´ -

߃°p-tijw Bflob ]mX-bn-se-

Øp-I-bm-W-h¿. h¿j-߃°p-tijw

Ah¿°p ]d-bp-hm-\p-≈Xv CXmWv:

""Rm≥ tkhn-°-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXp-hsc

Fs‚ kap-Zm-b-sØ, ktlm-Z-cn-am-sc...

C\n Ipsd \mƒ Cu tkhbpw ]km-

Z-hp-am-I-s´...'' Cu IY-bn¬ \n∂mhmw

A·n-km£n (1976) F∂ t\mh-ep-≠m-

Ip-∂-Xv. tIc-fob \thm-∞m\ apt∂-

‰-Øn¬ kvXohy‡n-XzsØ AS-bm-f-

s∏-Sp-Øp∂ i‡-amb t\mh-emWv

A·n-km-£n. "kmaq-ly-\o-Xn'-°p-th-

≠n-bp≈ ]t£m- -ß-fpsS Hcp \o≠-

Im-e-b-f-hn¬ (1850 ˛ 1950). hy‡n-\n-

jvT-kzm-X-¥yhpw kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-

Xnbpw ssIh-cn-®p-sh-∂Xv \thm-∞m-

\-Øns‚ hnP-b-am-Wv. "A·n-km-£n'-

bnse 12˛mw A[ym-b-amWv emØnbpw

shSn-bp-≠-bpw. "hnZym- ym-khpw kmaq-

ly-Po-hn-Xhpw icn-bmb IpSpw-_-Po-hn-

X-hp-sa√mw Hcp ImeØv \ºq-Xncn

kvXoIƒ°v \ntj-[n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.

"ASp -°-f-bp -sSbpw AI-Ø-f-Øn-

s‚bpw Ccp-´n¬ IpSp-ßn-°n-S-°p∂

156 lb¿ sk°‚dn

Ahsc shfn-®-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-∂-

Xn\v \mµn-Ip-dn® hn.Sn. bpsS ASp-°-

f-bn¬ \n∂v Ac-ß-tØ-°ns‚ \nc-

bn -emWv "A·n-km-£n' -bp -sSbpw

ÿm\w. kvXo km£-c-X, ad-°p-S-bn¬

\n∂p≈ tamN-\w, hr≤-∑m-cpsS `mcy-

bm-Ip-∂-Xn¬ \n∂p≈ tamN-\w, hn[-

hm-hn-hmlw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ \S-]-

Sn-I-fn-te°v \ºq-Xncn kvXoIsf \bn-

°p-∂-Xn\p ]n∂n¬ tZiob ]ÿm-

\-Øns‚ henb kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-

∂p. 1920˛1940 Ifn¬ tIcfw s]mXp-

hmbpw \ºq-Xncn kap-Zmbw hnti-

jn®pw A\p- -hn® kwL¿j-ß-fmWv

"A·n-km-£n'°p cq]w \¬In-b-Xv.

]mc-º-cy-\n-jvT-amb BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-

߃ kvXohn-cp-≤hpw a\p-jy-Xz-hn-cp-

≤-hp-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv. Fß-s\-sb-

∂mWv Cu IrXn At\z-jn-°p-∂-Xv.

tXXn-°p- n, tZhIn am\-º-≈n, tZho

_l≥ F∂n-ßs\ ]e t]cp-I-fnepw

\ne-I-fn-ep-sa-Øn-t®-cp∂ t\mh-ense

\mbn-I-bpsS PohnXw kl-\-k-a-c-ß-

fn-eqsSbp≈ bmX-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]ptcm-

K-a\ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-c-\mb ktlm-Z-c-

\p-≠m-bn´pw A‘-hn-izmkw \nd™

]›m-Ø-e-Øn-te°v hnhm-ln-X-bm-sb-

Øn-b-t∏mƒ tXXn-°p-≠m-Ip∂ Akzm-

ÿy-߃, `¿Øm-hns‚ Ah-K-W-\,

kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ hne-°p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-

bh ItaW kzmX-¥y-Øn-\m-bp≈

t]mcm-´-ho-cy-Øn-te°v Db-cp-I-bm-Wv.

kvXoim-‡o-I-c-W-Øns‚ DZm-Ø-am-

Xr-I-bmbpw "A·n-km-£n'sb hne-bn-

cp-Ømw. kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Øns‚ Bth-

i- -cn-X-amb Hcp D÷z-e-ap-lq¿Ø-amWv

emØnbpw shSn-bp-≠bpw. kmaq-lnI

Pohn-Xhpw hy‡n-Po-hn-Xhpw XΩn-

ep≈ kwL¿jw ]mT-`m -KØp

\nd™p \n¬°p-∂p.

X¶w \mb-cpsS Hm¿a -I -fmWv

"emØnbpw shSn -bp -≠bpw' F∂

A[ym-bw. X¶-Øns‚ tXXn-tb-SØn

tZhIn am\-º≈n F∂ kzmX-¥y-k-

ac tk\m-\nbmbpw tZho _l≥ F∂

k\ym-kn-\n-bmbpw cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-∂-

XmWv t\mh-ens‚ ]ta-bw. kzmX-¥y-

k-a -c -Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬,

Izn‰n¥ym-k-acw ]Jym-]n® ImesØ

hnImc \n¿`-c-amb A\p-`-h-Øn-eqsS

tZho-_-l-\n-te-s°-Øp∂ Hm¿a-I-

fmWv ]mTw. kzmX-¥yØn\p≈ AS-

ßmØ tamlhpw C—m-i-‡nbpw

amXw ssIap-X-emb \ncm-bp-[-cmb

P\-ßfpw tXm°pw emØnbpw

Rm≥ alm-flm-Km-‘nsb I≠n- p-≠v.

]kwKw tI´n- p-≠v. F∂n´v At±-l-

Øns‚ ]pdsI IS-∏m-°-S-t∏m-bn.

lcn-P\tIµ-Øn¬ t]mbn Xncn®v

F.Un.-tIm- ¨ an√n¬ h∂v Xf¿∂-

e™ alm-flm-hns‚ k∂n-[n-bn¬

GXm≠v BI-a-W-]-c-am-bn-Øs∂

D]-lmcw ka¿∏n®v ]mZ-Øn¬ sXm´v

\a-kv°-cn-®n- p-≠v. ]ns∂, "aXn, aXn

Rm≥ Cuiz-c-\√ Ip´o, F\n°v

`£Ww thWw' F∂ iIm-c-cq-]-Øn-

ep≈ A\p-K-l-h-N-p-tI´v Ncn-

Xm¿Y-bmbn aS-ßn-bn- p-≠v.

(Bfl-I-Ybv°v Hcm-apJw ˛ efn-Xmw-

_nI A¥¿P-\w)

alm-flm-hns‚ k∂n-[n-bn¬

So®¿ sSIvÃv 157

IÆo¿hm-X-I-hp-ambn \c-th-´-°n-d-

ßnb ]´m-f-°mcpw XΩn-ep≈ kwL-

´\w \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cns° Db¿∂

vfm‰n-en-cp∂v AXv t\cn´p I≠ X¶w

\mb-cn-eq-sS-bmWv ka-c-Øns‚ Hcp

Xo£vW-ap-lq¿Øw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-

Xv. ^vfm‰n\p ap∂n-ep≈ aWn-am-fn-

Ibv°p ap∂n¬ Izn‰v C¥ym ka-c- -S-

∑m-cpsS Xnh¿Æ-]-Xm-I-tb-¥n-bp≈

]I-S\w hcp-∂p. Ip´n-I-fpsS hnπ-h-

kw-L-amb hoc -hm -\c tk\bpw

kvXoI-fpsS kwL-S-\-bmb \mco-tk-

hm-k-an -Xnbpw bphm-°-fpsS c‡-

km£n kwLhpw tN¿∂p≈ henb

P\m-h -ensb ]´mfw XS-™p -

\n¿Øp∂ i_vZ-ap-J-cn-X-amb A¥-co-

£-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ Hcp _me≥ aWn-am-

fn-I-bpsS apI-fn-te°v Xnh¿W-]-Xm-

I-bp-ambn Ib-dn. cmPy-Øns‚ A`n-

am\w AhnsS Db¿Øm≥ Ah\p

km[n-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw ]´m-f-°m-cpsS

shSn-bp-≠-Iƒ Ahs\ hogvØn. c‡-

I-W-ß-fp-Xn¿Øp-sIm≠v Hcp sh≈

∏d-h-t]mse B hoc-Ip-am-c≥ Xmsg

h∂p hoW-t∏mƒ tkhm-k-an-Xn-bnse

Hcp bphXn h∂v Ah-s\-sb-SpØp

amtdm-S-W-®p. ]´m-f-hp-ambn Gsd t\cw

G‰p-ap-´nb Ah¿ Ahibmbn-cp-s∂-

¶nepw IÆp-I-fn¬ kzmX-¥y-Øns‚

Pzme-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IÆp-Iƒ, t\m´w

X¶w \mbsc tXXn-tb-S-Øn-bn-te°pw

tZhIn am\-º-≈n-bn-te°pw ]ns∂

tZho _l-\n-te°pw sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-

∂p. Bƒ°q´w tZi-kzm-X-¥y-Øn\p

th≠n t]mcn-\n-d-ßp-tºmƒ lo\bpw

Zp¿_-e-bp-amb X\n°v H∂pw sNøm-

\m-Im-Ø-Xv, Xm\pw C¥ym-°m-cn-bm-

sW∂p ]d-bm≥ Ign-bm-ØXv F¥p-

sIm-≠m-sW∂ Nn¥bpw Ahsc th -

bm-Sp-∂p-≠v. kzmX-¥y-e-_v[n-°p-ti-j-

ap≈ tZho-_-ls‚ kmaq-ly- -B-flob

]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw X¶-Øns‚ Hm¿a-I-

fn-ep≠v. tZhIn am\-º-≈n°v X¶w

\mb-cn¬ \n∂p tamN-\-an-s√∂pw Hcp

Ime-L- -Øns‚ Xs∂ c≠p apJ-ß-

fmWv Xß-sf∂pw ]pXnb Xe-ap-d°v

c≠v AΩ-am-cp -s≠∂pw Ah¿°p

tXm∂p-∂p, kmaq-ly-am-‰-Øn-\mbn

\nkzm¿Y-tk-h -\ -a -\p -j vTn -°p∂

XymKnbpw H∂nepw CS-s]-SmsX

hy‡n Pohn-X-Øn¬ HXpßn IqSp-∂-

h-fpw.

D]-\ymk cN\

$ "A·n-km£n' F∂ IrXn-bn¬

][m-\-ambpw \S-°p∂ kwL¿jw

hy‡n a\pw kaq-l-a-\pw XΩn-

ep-≈-XmWv. Htc IYm-]m-X-Øns‚

hyXykvX \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ°p ]n∂nse

bp‡n N¿®-sN-tø≠ hnj-b-am-Wv.

anknkv X¶w \mb-cpsS Hm¿a-I-fn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ ka-chpw Ah-cpsS

\ne-]mSpw ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

$ NcnXw Cf-In -a -dn -bp -tºmƒ

H∂nepw CS-s]-SmsX Ah-\-h-\n-

te°v HXp-ßp-∂-h-cpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-

bmWv X¶w \mb¿.

$ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ZrIvkm-£n-

Xzhpw hy‡n Pohn-X-Øn-te-°p≈

Hfn-t®m-´hpw

$ tZho _l≥ F∂ amXrI

\nco-£-W-߃°p-tijw D]-\ymkw

Xbm-dm-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Smw.

158 lb¿ sk°‚dn

hni-I-e-\-w

$ t¢m°v Sh-dn¬ aqh¿W ]XmI

sI´p∂ _me≥ ]S-°-f-Ønse A`n-a-

\yp-hm-sW∂ h¿W-\bpw shSn-tb‰p

hoW _mes\ amtdm-S-W®v A`n-am-\-

tØmsS Nncn-°p-Ibpw th¿]m-Sn¬ Ic-

bp-Ibpw sNøp∂ tZho-_-ls\ `mc-

X-am-Xm-hmbn NnXo-I-cn-®ncn-°p-∂-Xn-

ep≈ kmZr-iy-I¬]\bpw IYm-k-µ¿ -

Øn\p \¬Ip∂ Kmw`ocyw N¿® sNøp-

∂p.

$ alm-`m-c-X-Ønse A`n-a-\yp-hns‚

IY

$ ]fl-hyqlw t`Zn® A`n-a-\yp-sh-

t∏mse H‰bv°p sImSn-a-c-Øn¬

Ib-dp∂ Ip´n

$ Ah-s\-tbm¿Øp≈ bph-Xn-bpsS

A`n-am-\hpw k¶-Shpw

$ kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ hoc-arXyp

hcn-°p∂ a°sftbm¿Øv A`n-

am\w sIm≈p-∂, k¶-S-s∏-Sp∂ mc-

Xmw-_.

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ BJym-\-߃ Is≠-

Øp-hm≥ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v Ah-kcw

\¬Imw. kmZr-iy-h¿Æ-\-Iƒ IYm-k-

µ¿ -Øn\p ssIh-cpØp∂ angn-hn-s\-

°p-dn®v hni-I-e-\-°p-dn∏v Bh-iy-s∏-

Smw.

skan-\m¿

$ F√m-°m-eØpw kaq-lsØ

am‰m≥ XymK-]q¿W-ambn Cd-ßn-Øn-

cn-®-hcpw Ah-\-h-\n-te°v HXp-ßp-∂-

h-cp-ap-≠v. tZho-_-l\pw X¶w \mbcpw

Htc Ime-Øns‚ c≠p apJ-ß-fm-Wv.

Pohn-X-Øns‚ c≠p am¿§-ß-fmWv

Ch¿. ]Tn-Xm-°-tfmSv CXn¬ GXp

am¿Kw kzoI-cn-°p-sa∂v tNmZn-°mw.

$ cmPy -kvt\-lhpw kmaqly

\oXnbpw

$ A\p- -h-ß-tfm-Sp≈ am\p-jn-I-amb

kao-]\w

$ kzm¿Y -Xm¬] -c y -߃°mbn

hy‡n-Xm¬]-cy-ßsf _en-I-gn-

°pI

$ Np‰nepw \S-°p∂ ]iv\-ßsf

Ah-K-Wn-°pI

N¿®-Iƒ°p-tijw kmaq-ly-am-‰-Øn¬

bphm-°-fpsS ]¶v F∂ hnjbw ap≥

\n¿Øn skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw.

hne-bn-cp-ج kqN-I-߃

`mjmhni-I-e-\-w

˛ `mh-]-I-S-\-tijn

˛ FX Fs¥ms° F∂o ]tbm-

K-ß-fpƒt®-cp -∂p-s≠-¶nepw Ah

icn°pw tNmZy-hm-Iy-ß-fm-sW∂p Icp-

Xmtam?

tNmZn-°p-∂-bmƒ as‰m-cm-fn¬ \n∂v

DØcw ]Xo-£n-°p∂ ]XoXn Cu

hmIy-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂n-√. Rm≥

FX-t\-c-ambn ImØn-cn-°p∂p F∂

DZm-l-c-W-sa-Sp-°mw. AhnsS BcmWv

F¥p-Ø-c-amWv ]d-tb-≠Xv? DØ-c-

߃ ]Xo-£n-°p-∂n-√-t√m.

ImØn-cn-°p∂ BfpsS hnc-k-Xbpw

Akz-ÿ-X-bp-amWv B hmIy-߃

A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

c≠mw hmIyw P\n-∏n-°p∂ ]Xo-

So®¿ sSIvÃv 159

Xntbm hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-\m-hm-ØX thZ-

\-Iƒ Ah-f-\p- -hn-®n- p-s≠∂pw ]d-bp-

∂-bmƒ°v Ah-tfmSv A\p-`m-h-ap -

s≠∂pw B hmIyw \sΩ t_m[n-∏n-

°p-∂p.

aq∂pw \mepw hmIy-߃ A¿Y-]-c-am-

bn-Øs∂ tNmZy-hm-Iy-ß-fm-Wv. Ah

DØcw ]Xo-£n-°p-∂p-≠v.

Htc LS-\-bp-≈, ]Xy-£-Øn¬ Htc

kz`mhw ]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂ hmIy-߃

]e A¿Y-hn-Xm-\-ß-fn-te-°mWv IS-

∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv.

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tN¿Ø \mep-hm-

Iy-ßfpw hmbn®v Ah XΩn-ep≈ ]I-

S-amb kmZr-iy-sa-s¥∂v Ip´n-Iƒ

Is≠-Ø-s´. hmIykzcq-]-Øn-ep≈

s]mcp-Ø-am-Wm-cm-tb-≠-Xv.

Fs¥ms° FX t\cw F∂o ]tbm-

K-ß-fpsS Bh¿Ø\w Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-

Øp-∂p.

F¥,v FX F∂o ]tbm-K-߃

tNmZym¿Y kqN-I-ß-fm-Wt√m?

F¶n¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ as‰-s¥ms°

]tbm-K-߃ Is≠-Ømw.

˛ Fßs\

˛ FhnsS

\mep hmIy-ß-fnepw tNmZym¿Y kqN-

I-ß-fmb i_vZ-ß-fp-s≠∂v Ip´n-Iƒ

Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

aq∂m-a-tØbpw \mem-a-tØbpw hmIy-

߃ tNmZy Nn”-Øn-e-h-km-\n-°p-∂p.

BZysØ c≠p hmIy-ß-fn-ep-a-Xn-√.

F¥m-bn-cn°mw Imc-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ

A`n-]mbw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.

Ah-km\ hmIy-߃ A¿Y-]-c-am-bn-

Øs∂ tNmZy-hm-Iy-ß-fm-Wv.

BZy-hm-Iy-ßtfm?

kZr-i-ß-fmb ]tbm-K-cq-]-߃ a‰p

`mj-I-fn-ept≠m? Ip´nIƒ Is≠-Ø-

s´.

DZm-l-cWw: Cw•ojv `mj-bn¬

What a pity?

How dare you are?

`mj kqIvjva hni-I-e-\-am-h-iy-s∏-

Sp∂ Hcp LS-\-bm-sW∂pw Ah-bn¬

CØcw ]e IuXp-I-ß-fp-ap-s≠∂pw

hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-b-s´.

16

0l

b¿ sk

°‚

dn

bqWn‰v s^bnw

bqWn‰v ˛ 3 D≈-dnhv

Bi-bw/-[m-cW/ss\]pWn ]Inb/]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]T-\-t\ -߃

$ [z\ym-fl-I-am-hp-tºm-gmWv IhnX IqSp-

X¬ Bkzm-Zy-I-c-am-hp-∂-Xv.

$ Ihn-X-bpsS kq£va kuµ-cy-ßsf

Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ kmln-Xy-kn-≤m-¥-߃

klm-b-I-am-hpw.

$ `n∂-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]Z-߃°pw Imhy-

k-µ¿`-߃°pw kwPm-X-am-hp-∂Xv

hyXy-kvX-amb A¿∞-X-e-ß-fm-bn-cn-

°pw.

$ ]km-Zm-fl-I-amb Pohn-X-Z¿i\w

sshtem-∏n-≈n-°-hn-X-bpsS Hcp khn-

ti-j-X-bm-Wv.

$ Imhy- m-K-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøp-Ibpw

]tbm-K-ß-fnse [z\n-X-e-߃ Is≠-

Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

$ kmln-Xy-cq-]-W-ßfpw kuµ-cy-im-

kvX-kn-≤m-¥-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-

Ibpw k¿§m-flI IrXn-I-fp -ambn

tN¿Øp-sh®v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v ]Z-߃°pw

]tbm-K-߃°pw hyXy-kvX-Im-e-ß-

fn¬, tZi-ß-fn¬ kw -hn-°p∂ A¿∞-

am-‰-ß-sf-°p-dn®p N¿® sNøp-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-bn¬ sXfn-bp∂ Km¿l-ÿy-Po-

hn-X-Øns‚ kzmÿyw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

sshtem-∏n-≈n-bpsS CX-c-I-hn-X-I-fp-

ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Du™m-en¬

F∂ Ihn-X-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

Is≠-Øp-Ibpw Xmc-X-ay-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-bnse ]Z-ß-fp-sSbpw

]tbm-K-ß-fp-sSbpw [z\n-Xew

Is≠Øn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ kmln -Xy -kn -≤m -¥-ß-fpsS

]n≥_-e-Øn¬ Ihn -Xsb

hymJym-\n-°p-∂p.

$ Ihn -X -bnse ]Z-ß-sfbpw

]tbm -K -ß-sfbpw Ime-

tØmSpw Ncn - X -tØmSpw

tN¿Øp \n¿Øn kq£va-ambn

hymJym-\n-°p-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-Isf Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp-

sIm≠v kmay-hy-Xym-k-߃

Xncn-®-dn™v cN--\-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-

°p-∂p.

So®

¿ sSI

vÃv

16

1Bi-bw/-[m-cW/ss\]pWn ]Inb/]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]T-\-t\ -߃

$ Nne Pohn-X-Z¿i-\-߃ apt∂m-´p-sh-

°p-tºm-gmWv Ihn-X-Iƒ IqSp-X¬

Bg-ap-≈-Xm-Ip-∂-Xv.

$ Ihn-X-bm-bm-Øo-cm≥ shºp∂ IY-

Ifpw IY-I-fm-bn-Øo-cm≥ shºp∂

Ihn-X-Ifpw `mj-bn-ep-≠v.

$ Zm¿i-\n -I-amb Dƒ°m-gvN-I-fmWv

A\¿L-\n-anjw F∂ IYsb it≤-

b-am-°p-∂-Xv.

$ kmln-Xy-c-N-\-Iƒ°v Nne Bi-b-ß-

fn¬ kam-\-X-Iƒ D≠m-hm-dp-≠v.

$ Pohn-X-Z¿i-\-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂

hcn-Iƒ Is≠Øn hni-I-e\w sNøp-

∂p. Ihn-X-Iƒ hmbn®v Bkzm-Z-\-°p-

dn -∏p -Iƒ Xbm-dm -°p -∂p. [z\n,

HuNnXyw apX-em-bh N¿® sNøp-∂p.

$ IY hmbn®v AXnse Imhym-flI

kz`m-h-ap≈ hcn-Iƒ Is≠Øn N¿®

sNøp-∂p. IY-bp-sSbpw Ihn-X-bp-

sSbpw AXn-cp-Iƒ Fßn-s\-bmWv

A\¿L-\n-an-j-Øn¬ am™n-√m-Xm-hp-

∂Xv F∂Xv N¿® sNbvXv \ncq-]Ww

Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ IY-bnse Zm¿i-\n-I-am-\-߃ Xncn-®-

dn™v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ Cc cN-\-I-fn-sebpw kam-\-X-Iƒ

Is≠Øn hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Xmc-X-

ay-°p-dn∏v D≠m-°p-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-Iƒ hmbn®v Ihn-bpsS

Pohn-X-Z¿i\w Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw

DNn-X-amb cq]-Øn¬ Bhn-

jv°-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

$ Imhy-`m-j-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-

Iƒ IY-bn-te-°p-IqSn IS∂p

hcp-∂Xv Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw hni-

Zo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

$ IY-I-fn¬ \n∂v Ah-bpsS

Zm¿i-\n-I-kz-`mhw Is≠-Øp-

Ibpw hymJym -\n -°p -Ibpw

sNøp-∂p.

$ Nne Bi-b-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ cN-\-Isf Xmc-Xayw

sNøm\pw \nK-a-\-߃ s]mXp-

hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m\pw Ign-

bp∂p.

16

2l

b¿ sk

°‚

dn

Bi-bw/-[m-cW/ss\]pWn ]Inb/]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]T-\-t\m- -߃

$ kmaq-ln-Ihpw Ncn-X-]-c-hp-amb ]ta-

b-߃ kmln-Xy-Øn\p hnj-b-am-bn-

Øo-cm-dp-≠v.

$ kmln -Xy -Ir -Xn -I -fpsS B¥-cnI

A¿∞-X-e-ß-fn-te°v Cd-ßn-sN-√m≥

Ign-bp-tºmƒ hmb\ Hcp k¿Km-flI

A\p- -h-ambn amdp-∂-Xv.

$ A·n-km£n F∂ t\mh-ense Ncn-X-

]-c-amb LS-I-߃ Is≠Øn N¿®

sNøp-∂p. A·n-km-£n-bnse apJy-I-

Ym-]m-X-ß-fpsS kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-

Iƒ Is≠Øn IYm-]mX \ncq-]Ww

Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ hyXy-ÿ-Im-e-L-´-ß-fnse IrXn-Iƒ

Ah-bpsS B¥-cnI A¿∞-X-e-ß-fn-

te°p sNs∂Øpw hn[-Øn¬ Bkz-

Zn-°p-Ibpw hymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p.

$ IY-I-fn -se Ncn - X-]-c -amb

Awihpw Fgp -Øp -Im -cs‚

kmaq-ln-I-ho-£-Whpw Xncn-®-

dn™v cN-\-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-

∂p.

$ IrXn-Iƒ hmbn®v Ah-bpsS

B¥-cnI A¿∞-X-e-߃ Xncn-

®-dn-bp-Ibpw Ah s]mXp-hmbn

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.