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top 30 grootste stedelijke agglomeraties, geordend volgens grootte bevolking, bron: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social A!airs, Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision.1960198020002020
Kaart bevolkingsgroei
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De!ning the Metropolis
Association Deltametropolisjan 2011
2THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
What makes a big city a metropolis; its sublime location, its metro system, its inspir-ing history, its concentration of headquarters, its multicultural population, its exciting nightlife? "e Metropolitan Program is a design research that investigates the develop-ment of the metropolis. By examining several aspects of development a metropolis, at an international, regional and local scale, Association Deltametropolis in collaboration with the universities situated in the Randstad acquires more insight into the possible further development of the Randstad. More thinking about the further development of the Randstad, an urbanised area of 8 million inhabitants, form the appeal of a Metropolis is needed. "e population growth of the Randstad is expected to occur by the immigration and migration of youngsters out of the periphery towards the city. For these groups employment, education, acquaint-ances and kindred spirits are the main reasons for staying. If the Randstad is to compete with other urban agglomerations, employment, housing and facilities must be of top reputation.
‘De!ning the Metropolis’ researches the in#uence of global top urban programs on the development of urban agglomerations in the world. "is publication is an update of primarily results of the project.
"e research is based on the Index of Metropolitan Functions developed by the Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban A$airs and Spatial Development. "e Index of Metropolitan Functions de!nes !ve areas: politics, economy, science, transport and culture. "e !ve areas of metropolitan functions are supported by indicators: speci!c urban programs. When allowed by available data, the global top list of these di$erent urban programs are used.
De!ning the Metropolis exist on the one hand of a quickscan of the distribution of the top urban programs in the world and on the other hand of the thirty largest (by popula-tion) urban agglomerations in the world in 2010 and 2025, valued by the presence of top urban programs.
3THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
- national capitals,- o%ces of international organisations
2. Economy- heado%ces of the top 500 world largest corporations (2010, revenues), source: CNN, money- top 20 stock exchanges in the world (2009, Market Capitalization, USD billions), source: World Federation of Exchanges
3. Science- top 200 universities in the world (2010, overall score), source: Times Higher Education- top 20 international congress cities (2009), source: International Congress and Con-vention Association - top 20 international congress countries (2009), source: International Congress and Convention Association - top 50 countries with patent grants relative to the population
- top 30 airports by passenger tra%c (2008, passengers), source: Airports Council Inter-national- top 50 airroutes by passenger tra%c (2010 seats per month), source: Centre for Asia Paci!c Aviation- top 30 airports for cargo (2009, Metric Tonnes), source: Airports Council International- top 30 world ports by container tra%c (2008, TEUs - Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units), source: American Association of Port Authorities
5. Culture- top 100 most visited museums in the world, source: "e Art Newspaper Annual Re-ports (http://www.theartnewspaper.com/)- top 20 most visited cities by international tourist arrivals, (2007-2008), source: Wiki-pedia- number of Olympic Games, World Championship Football and World Exihibitions, source: Wikipedia
4THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
"ere is a clear north-south division in the transcontinental organisations. On the Sou-thern Hemisphere there is a group of 77, a loose coalition of developing nations, desig-ned to promote its members’ collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity within the United Nations.On the Northern Hemisphere there are the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the world’s largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), an intergovernmental military al-liance between North America and di$erent countries of Europe. Both organisations are a result of World war II and the Cold War. "eir head o%ces are situated in Europe.
Almost every country in the world is a member of the IMF, an organization formed with a stated objective of stabilizing international exchange rates and facilitating development through the enforcement of liberalising economic policies on other countries as a condi-tion for loans, restructuring or aid.Two third of all the countries in the world are a member of the World Trade Organisa-tion (WTO), which intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. "e G20 economies comprise 85% of global gross national product and 80% of world trade. Most of these countries also belong to the Bank of International Settlements, which “fosters international monetary and !nancial cooperation and serves as a bank for central banks.”Generally speaking, the Western World (North America, Europe, Japan and Australia) is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a plat-form to compare policy experiences, seeking answers to common problems, identifying good practices, and co-ordinating domestic and international policies of its members.Speci!c for oil, there is the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), of whom half of the participating countries also are part of the largest exporting coun-tries in the world (export relative to population). "e head o%ces of most of these orga-nizations are located in Europe.
5THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
Gro
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f 77
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th A
tlant
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ion
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6THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
WorldtradeSouth-America is mainly an exporting continent (export relative to population) and the United States is the main importer of the world. Asia, the Middle-East and Europe have a mix of importing and exporting countries. "e European Union is the biggest exporter of the world. East-Asia has the highest concentrations of harbours and cargo airports in the world. Northwest-Europe has a concentration of medium-sized harbours and cargo airports. America has mostly cargo airports, situated more inland, which form concentrated points of cargo transport. "e mainstock exchanges are located in the proximity of the big international cargo hubs.
"e head o%ces of the world largest corporations are in Northwest-Europe (concen-trated in Paris and London), North-America (concentrated in New York and San Fran-cisco) and Northwest-Asia (concentrated in Beijing and Tokio). "e 3 stock exchanges situated in New York, make New York the most important !nancial centre in the world. In Europe and East Asia the stock exchanges are spread over di$erent cities. Only New York, Tokio and Northwest-Europe have is a concentration of both the worlds largest corporations asndthe worlds most important stock exchanges. "e metropolitan economies in Northeast-Asia, India, East-Europe and North-Afri-ca are marked by a strong growth in income and employment during the crisis years between 2007 and 2010. "e metropolitan economies in Latin-America and Oceania performed average. "e metropolitan economies surrounding the high developed economies of New York and Northwest-Europe show a lesser decrease in income and unemployment than high developed economies.
"e Eurozone, as a large economic and monetary union, is unique in the world. In the coming decades more economical and monetary unions will be formed in Africa (the participating countries sometimes even overlap), South-America and Southwest-Asia. Potential economic and monetary Unions are located in North-America, the Middle-East and Oceania.
7THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
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8THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
3. Science
"e top 50 universities in the world are concentrated on the East and West Coast of the USA, around Chicago, in Northwest Europe (mainly London, Paris and Switzerland) and spread over East-Asia and Southeast-Oceania. "e countries where the most international congresses take place, are mainly countries with top universities. When speci!cally looking at cities with the highest concentration of international congresses, it shows that these are noth the cities with the top univer-sities.
"e 50 countries top with the highest amount of patent grants relative to the population are situated in North-America, the European Union, Russia and some East-European countries, Japan, South-Korea, Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand. Except China, all countries with top universities are also in the top 50 of countries with the highest amount of patent grants relative to population.
9THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
top
50 u
nive
rsiti
es in
the
wor
ld (2
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ove
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e),
sour
ce: T
imes
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her E
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tion
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nal c
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ce: T
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10THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
USA has many passenger airports, spread over the country. Between the big cities on the East and West Coast there is a strong air connection. In East-Asia and Oceania air traf-!c is concentrated between the big cities. "ese have the largest airports for passenger tra%c in Asia. "e largest airports for passenger tra%c in Europe are concentrated in Northwest-Eu-rope and in Madrid and Rome. London-New York is the only transcontinental #ight in the top 50 passenger #ights.
East-Asia has the highest concentrations of harbours and cargo airports in the world. Northwest-Europe has a concentration of medium-sized harbours and cargo airports. America has mostly cargo airports, situated more inland, which form concentrated points of cargo transport.
11THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
top
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12THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
5. Culture
A concentration of top museums, opera and concert halls are situated in the European Union and the East Coast of the USA. "ese facilities are strongly connected to Western Culture, so it is not surprising that there are no concentrations in Asia, except from Japan. "e cities, which are mostly visited by international visitors are located in Europe and the east coast of Asia.
Countries in North-, South-America and Europe have organised, some even more then once, the World Championship Football. Since 2002 the World Championship Football is heading East (Japan, South-Korea and Russia) and South (South-Africa). "e Olym-pic Summer and Winter Games have taken place in Europe, the USA, West-Russia, Nor-theast Asia and Australia.At times the World Championship, organised by a country, and the Olympic Games, organised by a city, take place in one country within a couple of years.
13THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
top
50 m
ost v
isite
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ms i
n th
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orld
, so
urce
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om/)
top
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ld,
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ce: h
ttp:
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azen
.com
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s/pe
rfor
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ikip
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ost v
isite
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tern
atio
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ouris
t arr
ival
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ce: W
orld
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rgan
izat
ion
(UN
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14THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
"e average annual growth of the top 30 urban agglomerations between 1950 and 2025 has an upward trend until 2000. Looking at the separate urban agglomerations there are two peaks visible, one in the period 1960-80 and one in the period 1990-2005."e period between 1960-80: Cities in Latin-America (Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Mexico City, Bogota), Northeast-Asia (Tokio, Osaka-Kobe en Seoul), West Coast of USA (Los Angelas-Long Beach-Sancta Ana) and Paris have the largest annu-al growth. A&er 1985 most of these cities have had an annual growth lower than the average growth. A&er 2015 all of these cities will have an annual growth lower than the average growth."e period between 1990-2005: Cities in East-China (Shangai, Bejing, Shenzen, Gu-angzhou, Hong Kong), West-America (New York-Newark and Chicago) and Europe (London and Moscow) have the largest annual growth. A&er 2025 these cities grow less strong and a&er 2025 they are all below the average of the top 30. Cities in West-Asia (New Delhi, Dhaka, Mumbai, Karachi and Calcutta) have had a strong growth since 1985. Around 2000 there is a peak, then a decline for a decade and from 2010 on their annual growth rises again far above the average annual growth.
"e top 30 urban agglomerations have know a distinctive geographical shi& between 1950 and 2025:
1950 2000 2025Africa 1 2 3Asia 7 16 15 Europe 11 4 3Latin-America 4 5 6North-America 7 3 3Highest population in top 30 12,34 million 34,45 million 37,09 millionLowest population in top 30 1,76 million. 6,67 million 9,94 million
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social A$airs, Population Divi-sion, World Urbanization Prospects: "e 2009 Revision.
15THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
Seoul
TokioOsaka-Kobe
New York- Newark
Cairo
Jakarta
LimaBuenos Aires
Rio de JaneiroSao Paulo
Mexico City
Chicago
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana
Parijs
Manila
Hong Kong
Shanghai
Moscow
BeijingShenzhenGuangzhou
London
Delhi
DhakaMumbai
Kinshasa
CalcuttaKarachi
-0,20
-0,10
—
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-00 00-05 05-10 10-15 15-20 20-25
-0,20
-0,10
—
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-00 00-05 05-10 10-15 15-20 20-25
-0,20
-0,10
—
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-00 00-05 05-10 10-15 15-20 20-25
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0,40
0,50
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50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-00 00-05 05-10 10-15 15-20 20-25
average of top 30
fase 1
fase 2
fase 3
fase 4
average of top 30
average of top 30
average of top 30
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
16THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
As a basis for further research, the 30 largest urban agglomerations in the world in 2010 and in 2025 were used. "is resulted in list of 33 urban agglomerations. Out of the an-nual growth of these 33 urban agglomerations, 4 types can be distinguished. "e 4 types each de!ne a di$erent phase of the growth (by population) of a city.
Type 1: "e annual growth of the urban agglomeration is increasing between 2000-25 and it is around the average annual growth of all the urban agglomerations.
Type 2: "e annual growth of the urban agglomeration is increasing between 2000-25 and it is higher then the average annual growth of all the urban agglomerations.
Type 3: "e annual growth of the urban agglomeration is decreasing between 2000-25 and it was at its peak between 1985-2000.
Type 4: "e annual growth of the urban agglomeration is decreasing between 2000-25 and it was at its peak between 1955-1985.
"e size of the population of the urban agglomeration (all the urban agglomerations have at least 6,7 million inhabitants) has no real in#uence on the presence of global top facilities, but there is a correlation between the growing phase of an urban agglomera-tion and the presence of global top facilities. Urban agglomerations in the !rst phase have a national or international political centre and have a top tra%c infrastructure. In the second phase top economic facilities are ad-ded. In phases 3 and 4 cities start to score on all the metropolitan functions. Science and culture mostly develop together.
17THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
1 2 30 4 5
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Long
Bea
ch -
Sank
ta A
na
Buen
os A
ires
Lim
a
Lago
sLa
hore
Ista
nbul
Bogo
ta
polit
ics
econ
omy
scie
nce
tran
spor
t
cultu
re
10 m
illio
n in
habi
tant
s20
mill
ion
inha
bita
nts
30 m
illio
n in
habi
tant
s
Chon
gqin
g
Type
1Ty
pe 2
Type
3Ty
pe 4
18THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
"e European urban agglomerations have a high rate of top facilities and a low number of inhabitants. "e North-American urban agglomerations have a high rate of top facilities and a me-dium to low number of inhabitants. "e Latin-American urban agglomerations have a low rate of top facilities and a mix of high and low number of inhabitants. "e East Asian urban agglomerations have a mix of low and medium rate of top facilities and a mix of low and high number of inhabitants. "e Southwest Asian urban agglomerations have a low rate of top facilities and a mix of medium and high number of inhabitants. "e African urban agglomerations have a low rate of top facilities and a low number of inhabitants.
19THE METROPOLITAN PROGRAM | DEFINING THE METROPOLIS
Nor
th-A
mer
ica
Latin
-Am
eric
a
Afric
aEuro
peAs
ia
Oce
ania
Jaka
rta
Man
ila
Kara
chi
Mum
bai
Cairo
New
Del
hi
Hon
g Ko
ng
Dha
ka
Kins
hasa
Lond
on
Mos
cow
Chic
ago
New
York
-New
ard
Gua
ngzh
ou, G
uang
dong
Shen
zhen
Beiji
ng
Calc
utta
Shan
gai
Seou
l
Osa
ka-K
obe
Toki
oPa
ris
Mex
ico
City
Sao
Paul
o
Rio
de Ja
neiro
Los A
ngel
es -
Long
Bea
ch -
Sant
a An
a
Buen
os A
ires
Lim
a
Lago
s
Laho
re
Ista
nbul
Bogo
ta
Chon
gqin
g
polit
ics
econ
omy
scie
nce
tran
spor
t
cultu
re
10 m
illio
n in
habi
tant
s20
mill
ion
inha
bita
nts
30 m
illio
n in
habi
tant
s
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top 30 grootste stedelijke agglomeraties, geordend volgens grootte bevolking, bron: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social A!airs, Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision.1960198020002020
Kaart bevolkingsgroei
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