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Decadal scale variation of Decadal scale variation of copepod community structure in the Oyashio copepod community structure in the Oyashio
based on the Odate Collectionbased on the Odate Collection
PIC
ES 1
3PI
CES
13t
hthA
nnua
l Mee
ting
Ann
ual M
eetin
g
Sanae CHIBASanae CHIBA11, H. Sugisaki, H. Sugisaki22, T. Saino, T. Saino1,31,3
1Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC/JAMSTEC)2Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute
3Nagoya University
[email protected]@jamstec.go.jp
Regime shiftIn
trod
uctio
nIn
trod
uctio
nOscillation
correlations
Climate EcosystemHow link?
mechanisms
Advantage of Detailed Zooplankton Analysis Advantage of Detailed Zooplankton Analysis for Climatefor Climate--Ecosystem Change StudiesEcosystem Change Studies
Intr
oduc
tion
Intr
oduc
tion
There are some historical zooplankton collections waiting to be analyzed
Their community structure and biological states preserve a state of past events
Their body may tell us...“how was the ambient environmental condition”
“where are they from”
Zooplankton samples taken in water adjacent to Japan 1950s - present
Odate collection station map(total # > 20,000)
Oyashio
Kuroshio
Transition area
Wet weight data were analyzed by Odate (1994) and archived by Tohoku Fisheries Research Institute.
Oda
te C
olle
ctio
nO
date
Col
lect
ion
Process study on longProcess study on long--term variation of term variation of lower trophic level ecosystemlower trophic level ecosystemin the western North Pacificin the western North Pacific
The ODATE projectThe ODATE project20032003--2005 (6?) 2005 (6?) FYFY
Funded by the Japanese Ministry of EnvironmentFunded by the Japanese Ministry of Environment
11H. Sugisaki, H. Sugisaki, 11H. Saito, I. H. Saito, I. 22Yasuda, Yasuda, 33M. Noto,M. Noto,44S. Chiba, S. Chiba, 44T. Tadokoro, T. Tadokoro, 55T. KobariT. Kobari
11Tohoku Fisheries Research InstituteTohoku Fisheries Research Institute22Tokyo UniversityTokyo University33National Fisheries Research Institute National Fisheries Research Institute 44Frontier Research Center for Global Change/JAMSTECFrontier Research Center for Global Change/JAMSTEC55Kagoshima UniversityKagoshima University
To elucidate mechanisms of basin scale, multiTo elucidate mechanisms of basin scale, multi--decadal decadal change in marine ecosystemschange in marine ecosystems
Subject 1establish
Zooplankton database
*insemination of results
Microscopic analysis
Subject 4Variability of
plankton community structure
*modeling ocean circulation *construct climate-ocean data set
feedback
feedback
zooplankton composition data
Subject 3Physical environments
&primary productivity
Subject 2Climate - Ocean interaction
Com
pone
nts
of th
e O
date
Pro
ject
Com
pone
nts
of th
e O
date
Pro
ject
1. 1. Copepods community analysis Copepods community analysis 2. 2. Quantitative and phenological changes of Target speciesQuantitative and phenological changes of Target species3. 3. δδ1515N analysis of target species for basin scale comparisonN analysis of target species for basin scale comparison
(Takahashi et al. 2002, DSR II, 49)(∆pCO2)bio = (pCO2 at T mean) max - (pCO2 at T mean) min
2003
2003
-- 200
420
04FY
Tar
get:
Oya
shio
Dom
ain
FY T
arge
t: O
yash
io D
omai
n
Extensive spring bloomEfficient BCP function
Criteria for OyashioT< 5C at 100m depth
Sele
ctio
n of
Dat
aSe
lect
ion
of D
ata
Temporal dis tibution of Data
0
50
100
150
200
250
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000year
Julia
n D
ay
Mar.Apr.MayJun.Jul.Aug.
Monthly mean abundance for each year for each species
Number of copepod species observed: 120
Number of samples analyzed: 578 (of >1300)
Year/Season1972-2001March – August (of Feb-Dec from 1960s)
Target area37-43N, 142-147EBottom depth > 500 m
3 4 5 6 7 8
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
3 4 5 6 7 8
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Total copepod abundance (log(inds/1000m3+1)) Normalized monthly anomalymonth
productive season: short
Time series of total copepods abundance [log (inds.m-3 + 1)]
March-August, 1972-2001
Spring production: small
productive season: elongated
1988/89 regime sift
1976/77 regime sift
1998 regime sift?R
egim
e Sh
ift &
Oya
shio
Cop
epod
sR
egim
e Sh
ift &
Oya
shio
Cop
epod
s
960 61 62 63 64 65 66 967 68 69 70 971 72 73 74 75 76 77 978 79 80 81 982 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 993 94 95 96 997 98 99 00 01 02
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
1
1
2
2PDO
PDO
3 4 5 6 7 8
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Neocalanus fremingeri3 4 5 6 7 8
Pesuedocalanus minutus3 4 5 6 7 8
Scolecithricella minor3 4 5 6 7 8Neocalanus cristatus
3 4 5 6 7 8
Pseudocalanus newmani3 4 5 6 7 8
Metridia okhotensis3 4 5 6 7 8
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Neocalanus plumchrus
3 4 5 6 7 8
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Eucalanus bungii
3 4 5 6 7 8
Oithona similis3 4 5 6 7 8
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Oithona atlantica
3 4 5 6 7 8Metridia pacifica
3 4 5 6 7 8
Mesocalanus tenuicornis
Time series of abundance of dominant copepod species [inds. 1000 m-3)]
species
Acartia omorii Calanus pacificus s.l.Clausocalanus parapergens Corycaeus affinis Ctenocalanus vanus Eucalanus bungii Mesocalanus tenuicornis Metridia okhotensis Metridia pacifica Neocalanus cristatus Neocalanus flemingeri Neocalanus plumchrus Oithona atlantica Oithona similis Paracalanus parvus Pseudocalanus minutus Pseudocalanus newmani Scolecithricella minor
Abundance correction for DVM influence was made
Dominant species list Community classificationC
omm
unity
Ana
lysi
s: M
etho
dsC
omm
unity
Ana
lysi
s: M
etho
ds > 1% abundance at any month
Cluster Dendrogram
Com
mun
ity A
naly
sis:
Res
ults
Com
mun
ity A
naly
sis:
Res
ults
Subarctic speciesTemperate specieswidely distributed speciesby Chihara & Murano (1994)
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-1 0 1 2
Ao
C p
ClP aCa
Cv
Eb
Mt Mo
Mp NcNf
Np
Oa
Os
Pp
P mP n
Sm
Gr o u p 1Gr o u p 3
Gr o u p 2
month of the peak abundance
AprilMayJuneJuly
R-m o d e 2 : y r -a n o m a ly (p e a k m o n t h a n a ly s is )
Group AGroup CGroup B
NMDS ordination plot of copepods cluster groups. C
omm
unity
Ana
lysi
s: R
esul
tsC
omm
unity
Ana
lysi
s: R
esul
ts SpringSummer
Group spp. code species
Group APm Pseudocalanus minutus Nc Neocalanus cristatus Nf Neocalanus flemingeri Os Oithona similis
Group BEb Eucalanus bungii Mo Metridia okhotensis Mp Metridia pacifica Pn Pseudocalanus newmani Np Neocalanus plumchrus
Group CCp Calanus pacificus s.l.Mt Mesocalanus tenuicornis Oa Oithona atlantica Pp Paracalanus parvus ClPa Clausocalanus parapergens Ca Corycaeus affinis Cv Ctenocalanus vanus Ao Acartia omorii
OutlierSm Scolecithricella minor
Species list for each cluster group
3 4 5 6 7 8
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
3 4 5 6 7 8
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
3 4 5 6 7 8
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Group 3Group 1 Group 2
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Spring Community
Time series of normalized anomaly of average copepods abundance [log(inds m-3)] for each cluster group (average = 0, SD = 1)
Com
mun
ity A
naly
sis:
Res
ults
Com
mun
ity A
naly
sis:
Res
ults Early Summer
CommunitySummer
Community
Timing of peak abundance
Com
mun
ity A
naly
sis:
Res
ults
Com
mun
ity A
naly
sis:
Res
ults
Spring Community
Early Summer Community
Summer Community
1971-1976
Mean monthly abundance of community groups
1977-1988
Productive seasonstart LATE, end EARLY
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Mar Apr May June July Aug
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Mar Apr May June July Aug
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Mar Apr May June July Aug
P<0.1, Man-Whitney U
Cold winter& light limited systemDeep wintertime mixing delayed spring bloom?
Com
mun
ity A
naly
sis:
Res
ults
Com
mun
ity A
naly
sis:
Res
ults
Spring Community
Early Summer Community
Summer Community
1971-1976
Mean monthly abundance of community groups
1977-19881989-1999
Sporadic abundance increase in summer
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Mar Apr May June July Aug
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
Mar Apr May June July Aug
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Mar Apr May June July AugP<0.1, Man-Whitney U
Spring abundance:small
Sum
mar
ySu
mm
ary
Copepods community in the Oyashio varied in decadal scale, both in abundance and phonology. Regime shifts related?
But..community structure differed between the early 1970s and 1990s.- Variation was “one-way” (not oscillation)
Decadal scale variation pattern differed among the 3 seasonal communities.
- Changes in the late 1970s were obvious only in the Spring Community and Early Summer Community: delayed and short productive season.
- Changes in the late 1980s - early 1990s) were obvious only in the Early Summer Community and Summer Community: low spring production, sporadic abundance increase in summer
Environmental variation from Winter to Spring was responsible for the changes in the late 1970s
Spring to Summer the late 1980s
Different mechanisms work for decadal scale variation of the lower trophic levels in Winter
and Summer
To be To be continuedcontinued
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5PDO
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5AO (Winter)
~1976 1976/77~1988/89 1988/89~1998?
Winter
Summer
PDO
AO
Decadal scale variation: winter vs. summer
AL weak AL strong AL strong
OH strong OH strongOH weak
Wind strong
WindstrongWind weak
7. 補足資料 仮説
冬の十年スケール変動と夏の十年スケール変動をもたらす気候変化とそれに伴うメカニズムは異なるものである
(Batcheder & Powell, 2000, Prog. Oceanog. 53: 105-114)
Ctenocalanus vanes
3 4 5 6 7 83 4 5 6 7 8
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Clausocalanus parapergens
3 4 5 6 7 8
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Paracalanus parvis
3 4 5 6 7 8
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Acartia omorii
Corychaeus afiinis
3 4 5 6 7 8
Calanus pacificus
3 4 5 6 7 8
Time series of abundance of dominant copepod species [inds. 1000 m-3)]
3 4 5 6 7 8
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
3 4 5 6 7 8
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
3 4 5 6 7 8
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
R-mode cluster group map (2) interannual variation of the month of peak abundance
Group A Group CGroup B
4月5月に個体群密度のピークが来る
仲間=春群集5月6月に個体群密度のピークが来る
仲間=初夏群集6~8月に個体群密度のピークが来る
仲間=夏群集
Variation in timing of peak abundance for each cluster group
Fig. 10 各カイアシ類群集の月毎に正規化したLog平均密度, 年ごとに3-8月の平均=0標準偏差が1とした)の時系列(オレンジが正偏差、緑が負偏差)
注)30年間の生物量のピーク時期のずれのみを示している。
high
low
密度のピーク