Dich Quan Tri Mang VT

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Qun tr mng vin thng

MC LCCHNG I: S PHT TRIN TRONG QUN L MNG ................................... 2 1.1. Gii thiu v qun l mng ............................................................................ 2 nh ngha qun l mng ....................................................................... 2 Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng qun l mng ....................................... 3 Kin trc qun l mng .................................................................................. 9 Kin trc qun l TMN ................................................................................ 10 Kin trc chc nng .............................................................................. 11 Kin trc vt l ...................................................................................... 13 Kin trc thng tin ................................................................................ 14 Kin trc lp logic................................................................................. 14

1.1.1. 1.2.

CHNG II: KIN TRC QUN L MNG ........................................................ 9 2.1. 2.2.

2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.3. 2.2.4. 2.3.

Internet-Qun l da trn kin trc .............................................................. 16 M hnh SNMP cho qun l mng........................................................ 17 Thnh phn khung SNMP ..................................................................... 17 RMON: Gim st mng t xa ............................................................... 21 RMOM 1 ............................................................................................... 22 RMOM 2 ............................................................................................... 25

2.3.1. 2.3.2. 2.3.3. 2.3.4. 2.3.5.

GVHD:Ths. Hong Trng Minh

1

SVTH: Nhm 5 lp L10CQVT 7 &12

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Qun tr mng vin thng

CHNG I: S PHT TRIN TRONG QUN L MNG1.1. Gii thiu v qun l mng 1.1.1. nh ngha qun l mng nh ngha qun l mng c m t khc nhau, da trn quan im khc nhau. Thng thng, qun l mng c nh ngha l vic thc hin cc thit lp ca chc nng cn thit kim sot, lp k hoch, phn b, trin khai, phi hp, gim st cc ngun ti nguyn ca mt mng vin thng hoc mng my tnh, bao gm c chc nng thc hin nh quy hoch mng li ban u, phn b tn s, c xc nh trc lu lng truy cp nh tuyn h tr cn bng ti, y quyn phn phi kha mt m, qun l cu hnh, qun l li, qun l an ninh, qun l hiu qu, v qun l k ton. Ni chung, qun l mng khng bao gm thit b u cui ngi dng. Hegering [HAN99] nh ngha qun l mng nh tt c cc bin php m bo hot ng hiu qu v hiu qu ca mt h thng trong phm vi ngun lc ca mnh ph hp vi cc mc tiu ca cng ty. t c iu ny, qun l mng c giao nhim v kim sot ti nguyn mng, phi hp cc dch v mng, theo di trng thi mng, v bo co tnh trng mng v d thng. Mc tiu ca qun l mng l: Qun l ti nguyn h thng v dch v: iu ny bao gm kim sot, theo di, cp nht v bo co trng thi h thng, cu hnh thit b v dch v mng. n gin ha h thng qun l phc tp: l nhim v ca h thng qun l ngoi suy cc h thng thng tin qun l vo mt hnh thc qun l ca con ngi. Ngc li, h thng qun l cng cn phi c kh nng gii thch cc mc tiu qun l cp cao. Cung cp cc dch v ng tin cy: c ngha l cung cp cho mng li vi cht lng cao ca dch v v gim thiu thi gian cht h thng. H thng qun l phn phi nn pht hin v sa cha cc li mng v cc li. Mng li qun l phi bo v chng li tt c cc mi e da an ninh. Duy tr thc chi ph: yu cu theo di ti nguyn h thng v ngi s dng mng. Tt c cc ti nguyn mng v s dng dch v nn c theo di v bo co.


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Qun tr mng vin thng

Mt nh ngha c th chp nhn c xc nh qun l mng nh cc hot ng, phng php, th tc, v cc cng c lin quan n hot ng, qun l, bo tr, v d phng ca h thng mng [Cle06]. Hot ng giao dch vi vic gi cc mng (v cc dch v mng cung cp) ln v chy sut. N bao gm theo di mng pht hin cc vn cng sm cng tt, l tng nht l trc khi ngi dng b nh hng. Qun l giao dch theo di cc ngun ti nguyn trong mng v cch thc n c giao. N bao gm tt c cc housekeeping l cn thit gi cho mng li kim sot. Bo tr lin quan n vic thc hin sa cha v nng cp. V d khi thit b phi c thay th, khi mt router cn mt bn v cho mt hnh nh h iu hnh, khi mt chuyn i mi c thm vo mng. Bo tr cng lin quan n cc bin php khc phc v phng nga lm cho mng li qun l chy "tt hn", chng hn nh iu chnh cc thng s cu hnh thit b. Cung cp l c lin quan vi cu hnh ti nguyn trong mng h tr mt dch v nht nh. V d, iu ny c th bao gm thit lp mng li mt khch hng mi c th nhn c dch v thoi. Trong ngn hn, qun l mng lin quan n quy hoch, t chc gim st, k ton, kim sot cc hot ng v cc ngun lc v gi cho cc dch v mng c sn v chnh xc. 1.2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng qun l mng Mng li qun l c ba thnh phn chnh: mt trung tm qun l, mt thit b qun l, v giao thc qun l mt mng li. Trung tm qun l bao gm qun tr mng v c s vt cht hoc ca mnh. Mt thit b qun l cc thit b mng, bao gm c phn mm ca n, c iu khin bi trung tm qun l. Bt k trung tm, cu ni, router, my ch, my in, hoc modem c th l mt thit b qun l. Cc giao thc qun l mng l mt chnh sch gia trung tm qun l v cc thit b qun l. Cc giao thc trong bi cnh ny cho php trung tm qun l c c trng thi ca thit b qun l. Qun l mng h thng bao gm hai yu t chnh: mt ngi qun l v cc i l. GVHD:Ths. Hong Trng Minh 3 SVTH: Nhm 5 lp L10CQVT 7 &12

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Qun tr mng vin thng

Qun l l giao din iu khin thng qua cc qun tr mng thc hin chc nng qun l mng. Mt nh qun l c th l mt thit b mng hnh chnh, nh mt my ch qun l. i l l cc i tng giao din thit b thc t c qun l. Mt i l c th s dng giao thc qun l mng thng bo cho trung tm qun l ca mt s kin bt ng. Cu ni, trung tm, thit b nh tuyn hoc cc my ch mng l nhng v d ca cc thit b qun l c cha cc i tng qun l. Nhng i tng qun l c th l phn cng, cc thng s cu hnh, thng k hiu sut, v nh vy, lin quan trc tip n hot ng hin ti ca thit b trong cu hi. Nhng i tng ny c sp xp theo nhng g c bit n nh l mt c s d liu thng tin o, c gi l c s thng tin qun l, cn c gi l MIB. Giao thc qun l mng (chng hn nh SNMP, CMIP) cho php qun l v cc i l giao tip cho mc ch truy cp cc i tng ny. Theo quy nh ti RFC Internet v cc vn bn khc, mt phn phi h thng qun l in hnh bao gm: Phn t mng: Thit b giao tip vi mng, theo cc tiu chun c nh ngha bi ITU-T, vi mc ch ang c theo di hoc kim sot, c t tn l cc phn t mng. i khi, chng cn c gi l thit b qun l [ITU96]. Cc phn t mng l cc thit b phn cng nh my tnh, thit b nh tuyn, v cc my ch u cui c kt ni vi mng. Mt yu t mng l mt nt mng c cha mt tc nhn SNMP, c tr trn mt mng li qun l. Nh qun l: qun l to ra lnh v nhn c thng bo t i l. Thng ch c mt nh qun l trong mt h thng. i l: i l thu thp v lu tr qun l thng tin nh s lng cc gi tin li nhn c bi mt phn t mng. Mt i l c kin thc a phng thng tin qun l v bin i nhng thng tin vo cc hnh thc tng thch vi SNMP. Mt i l p ng cc lnh t ngi qun l v gi thng bo cho ngi qun l. C nhiu i l c kh nng trong mt h thng. Qun l i tng: Mt i tng qun l mt quan nim ca mt tnh nng ca mt mng, t im nhn ca h thng qun l [ITU92]. Tt c cc ti nguyn vt l v logic, chng hn nh tn hiu thit b u cui, cc tuyn ng, cc bn ghi s kin, bo co bo ng v d liu thu bao, c coi l GVHD:Ths. Hong Trng Minh 4 SVTH: Nhm 5 lp L10CQVT 7 &12

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Qun tr mng vin thng

i tng qun l. V d, trong cc mng IP, mt danh sch cc hot ng hin ti mch TCP trong mt my ch c th l mt i tng qun l. Qun l i tng khc nhau t cc bin, l trng hp i tng c th. i tng qun l c th l v hng (xc nh mt trng hp i tng duy nht) hoc dng bng (xc nh nhiu trng hp v lin quan). Trong vn hc, qun l i tng "i khi c dng ln ln vi" yu t qun l. " Trm qun l mng (NMSs): i khi NMSs l c gi l bn giao tip. Cc thit b ny thc hin cc ng dng qun l theo di v kim sot cc phn t mng. V mt vt l, NMSs thng l cc my tnh trm lm vic k thut tm c vi cc CPU nhanh, mega pixel, mu sc hin th, b nh ng k, v khng gian a phong ph. t nht 1 NMS phi c mt trong tng mi trng qun l. Qun l giao thc: giao thc qun l c s dng truyn ti thng tin qun l gia cc i l v cc trm qun l mng (NMSs). Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) ca cng ng Internet trn thc t giao thc qun l tiu chun. C cu qun l thng tin (SMI): Cu trc qun l thng tin (SMI) ngn ng c s dng xc nh cc quy tc t tn cho cc i tng v m ha cc i tng trong mt trung tm qun l mng. Ni cch khc, SMI l mt ngn ng c nh ngha mt trng hp c th ca cc d liu trong mt trung tm qun l mng. SMI chia nh thnh ba phn: nh ngha m-un, nh ngha i tng v nh ngha thng bo. nh ngha m-un c s dng khi m t cc m-un thng tin.Mt v m ASN.1, MODULE-IDENTITY, c s dng truyn t mt cch sc tch ng ngha ca mt m-un thng tin. nh ngha i tng m t cc i tng qun l.Mt v m ASN.1, OBJECTTYPE, c s dng truyn t mt cch ngn gn cc c php v ng ngha ca mt i tng qun l. nh ngha thng bo (cng c gi l "by") c s dng khi m t khng c yu cu truyn thng tin qun l.Mt v m ASN.1, THNG BOTYPE, truyn t mt cch ngn gn cc c php v ng ngha ca mt thng bo. GVHD:Ths. Hong Trng Minh 5 SVTH: Nhm 5 lp L10CQVT 7 &12

Bo co Qun l thng tin c s (MIB):

Qun tr mng vin thng

Mt c s thng tin qun l (MIB) bt ngun t m hnh OSI / ISO qun l mng v l mt loi c s d liu c s dng qun l cc thit b trong mt mng li thng tin lin lc. N bao gm mt b su tp ca cc i tng trong mt c s d liu (o) c s dng qun l cc thc th (chng hn nh cc b nh tuyn v chuyn mch) trong mt mng. i tng trong MIB c nh ngha bng cch s dng mt tp hp con ca K hiu c php tru tng Mt (ASN.1) c gi l "Cu trc ca bn thng tin qun l 2 (SMIv2)" RFC 2578. Cc phn mm thc hin cc phn tch c php l mt trnh bin dch MIB. C s d liu phn cp (cy cu trc) v cc mc c gii quyt thng qua nh danh i tng. Xem Hnh 1.1 [Mi07].

Hnh 1.1: ASN.1 i tng nhn dng t chc phn cp Ti th mc gc ca h thng phn cp nhn dng i tng l ba mc: ISO (T chc quc t Tiu chun), ITU-T (Lin minh Vin thng-Vin thng) tiu chun ha quc t khu vc, v ISO, ITU-T, chi nhnh chung ca hai t chc ny.Hnh 3.1 cho thy ch l mt phn ca h thng phn cp.Theo mc ISO l GVHD:Ths. Hong Trng Minh 6 SVTH: Nhm 5 lp L10CQVT 7 &12

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Qun tr mng vin thng

cc ngnh khc.V d, t chc (3) chi nhnh c dn nhn theo tun t t gc l 1,3.Nu chng ti tip tc theo cc mc chi nhnh ny, chng ta thy mt con ng qua B Quc phng (6), Internet (1), qun l (2), mib2 (1), v ip (4).Con ng ny c xc nh bi (1.3.6.1.2.1.4) ch tt c cc s c nhn gc ip (4) nhp cnh.Bn cnh mc , m-un MIB i din cho mt s cc giao din mng v cc giao thc Internet wellknown di cng ca cy ny.Con ng ny r rng cho thy tt c cc tiu chun ca "IP" lin quan "MIB-2" my tnh mng "qun l". Internet RFC ti liu tho lun MIBs, ng ch l RFC 1155, "Cu trc v Xc nh cc thng tin qun l cho TCP / internets da trn IP, v hai bn ng hnh, RFC 1213," thng tin qun l c s cho qun l mng ca TCP / IP da trn internets ", vRFC 1157, "A Simple Network Management Protocol." Cc yu t c bn nht ca mt m hnh qun l mng dng s i din trong kin trc c bn ca qun l mng trong hnh 1.2.

Hnh 1.2: Qun l kin trc mng in hnh Tng tc gia NMSs v cc thit b qun l c th c bt k ca bn loi khc nhau ca lnh: c, vit, i qua, v by. c: Theo di cc thit b qun l, NMSs c cc bin s c duy tr bi cc thit b.


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Qun tr mng vin thng

Vit: iu khin cc thit b c qun l, NMSs vit cc bin s c lu tr trong cc thit b qun l. i qua: NMSs s dng cc hot ng ny xc nh cc bin s mt thit b qun l h tr v lin tc thu thp thng tin t bng bin (chng hn nh cc bng nh tuyn IP) trong cc thit b qun l. By: Qun l cc thit b s dng by khng ng b bo co cc s kin nht nh NMSs.


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Qun tr mng vin thng

CHNG II: KIN TRC QUN L MNGKin trc qun l mng Hu ht cc kin trc qun l mng s dng cng mt cu trc c bn v thit lp cc mi quan h. Trm cui (qun l thit b), chng hn nh cc h thng my tnh v cc thit b mng khc, chy phn mm cho php h gi thng bo khi h nhn ra vn (v d, khi mt hoc nhiu ngi s dng xc nh ngng c vt qu). Khi nhn c cc thng bo ny, cc thc th qun l c lp trnh phn ng bng cch thc hin mt, mt s, hoc mt nhm cc hnh ng, bao gm c thng bo iu hnh, khai thc s kin, tt h thng, v c gng t ng sa cha h thng. Cc n v qun l cng c th thm d kin trm cui cng kim tra cc gi tr ca cc bin nht nh. B phiu c th c t ng hoc ngi dng khi xng, nhng cc i l trong cc thit b qun l p ng cho tt c cc cuc thm d. i l l m-un phn mm bin dch thng tin u tin v cc thit b qun l c tr, sau lu tr thng tin ny trong mt c s d liu qun l, v cui cng l cung cp n cho cc c quan qun l trong h thng qun l mng (NMSs) thng qua mt giao thc qun l mng. Giao thc qun l mng ni ting bao gm giao thc qun l mng n gin (SNMP) v giao thc qun l thng tin chung (CMIP). Proxy qun l cc n v cung cp thng tin qun l thay mt cho cc n v khc. Hnh 1.2 cng m t mt kin trc mng li qun l in hnh. Trong bn cht, c th c phn loi cc mng thnh cc mng vin thng v mng li IP. Theo , cc gii php qun l mng hin nay i theo hai hng k thut tng hp: ITU-T qun l mng vin thng (TMN) cho cc mng vin thng v giao thc qun l mng n gin IETF (SNMP) cho cc mng IP. Hai phng php tip cn p dng tiu chun khc nhau, cc giao thc, v trin khai thc hin. i vi vic qun l mng ca cc mng vin thng, n c ngun gc t ITU M.3000 lot khuyn ngh xy dng tiu chun h thng kt ni m (OSI) v c bit n l qun l mng vin thng (TMN). TMN c thit k cho cc mng cng cng v c hng n hai mc tiu quan trng : chc nng trong mt mi trng a nh cung cp. ti u ha cc chc nng mng.

2.1.


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V cho cc mng IP, n c h tr bi IETF v da trn giao thc qun l mng n gin (SNMP), m tr thnh tiu chun khng chnh thc trong cc lnh vc qun l ca cc mng IP. Hai m hnh ni chung nh vy, thng qua cc tiu chun khc nhau v phng php thc hin, v cng c thit k cho kin trc mng khc nhau [LS05]. Cc mng da trn SNMP qun l l ch yu cho vic x l ca thit b trong d liu c nhn v mng li, v mt mc no cho cc thit b truy cp truy cp.

Hnh 2.1: Mi quan h ca TMN vi mt mng vin thng 2.2. Kin trc qun l TMN Vn hnh v bo tr l mt thut ng c in kim sot v gim st ca cc mng vin thng. Tuy nhin, s pht trin ng k ca cc hot ng ny trong nhng nm gn y dn n tng cng s dng "qun l mng". Mc ch ca qun l mng cho mng li truyn thng l gp i: cho php cc mng vin thng cung cp cho khch hng vi cc dch v h yu cu, m l to ra s hi lng ca khch hng ln nht c th v cho php cc nh iu hnh c nhng dch v c cung cp vi chi ph thp nht c th. TMN c chp nhn rng ri qun l mng li vin thng, khong t mng xng sng truyn dn ti mng truy cp. TMN cung cp mt khun kh cu trc cho php kt ni lin thng v thng tin lin lc trn cc h iu hnh khng ng nht v mng li bu chnh, vin thng. TMN c nh ngha trong ITU lot khuyn ngh M.3000, trong bao gm mt tp hp cc tiu chun bao gm c giao


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thc ph bin thng tin qun l (CMIP), hng dn nh ngha ca cc i tng qun l (GDMO), v k hiu c php tru tng (ASN.1). Khuyn ngh M.3010 nh ngha cc khi nim TMN qun l ni chung v gii thiu mt s kin trc qun l cc cp khc nhau ca s tru tng: Mt kin trc chc nng, trong m t mt s chc nng qun l Mt kin trc thng tin, trong m t nhng khi nim c p dng t qun l OSI. Mt kin trc phn lp logic (LLA), trong bao gm mt trong nhng tng tt nht ca TMN: mt m hnh cho thy lm th no qun l c th c cu trc theo trch nhim khc nhau. 2.2.1. Kin trc chc nng Nm loi khc nhau ca cc khi chc nng c nh ngha bi kin trc chc nng TMN. N khng phi cn thit rng tt c cc loi c mt trong mi cu hnh TMN. Mt khc, hu ht cc cu hnh TMN s h tr nhiu cc khi chc nng ca cng mt loi. Hnh 2.2 cho thy tt c cc loi nm ca cc khi chc nng. Trong hnh ny, hai loi (OSF v MF) l hon ton rt ra trong hp c nhn"TMN." Bng cch ny ca hnh v ch ra rng cc khi chc nng chon ton theo quy nh ca cc khuyn ngh TMN. Cc phn sau y cung cp m t ngn, cng vi mi quan h gia cc nm cc khi chc nng ny.

Hnh 2.2: Khi chc nng TMN


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OSF: Operations System Functions : khi chc nng ca h thng MF: Mediation Functions WSF: Work Station Functions : khi chc nng trung gian : khi chc nng trm cng tc

NEF: Network Element Functions : khi chc nng phn t mng QAF: Q Adaptor Functions : khi tng thch Q

Kin trc chc nng TMN gii thiu cc khi nim ca im tham chiu khng nh cc khi chc nng. Nm lp khc nhau ca cc im tham chiu c xc nh. Ba trong s lp(q, f, x) l hon ton c m t bi cc khuyn ngh TMN, cc lp khc (g v m) c t bn ngoi TMN v ch mt phn m t:

Hnh 2.3: V d cc im tham chiu gia cc khi chc nng Hnh 2.3 cung cp mt v d v cc im tham chiu v cc khi chc nng. Hnh nh cho thy v d rng cc chc nng ha gii (MF) c th t c thng qua im tham chiu q v im tham chiu m c th c s dng t c cc chc nng Adaptor Q (QAF) t TMN bn ngoi.


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Bo co 2.2.2. Kin trc vt l

Qun tr mng vin thng

Kin trc vt l TMN c nh ngha mt mc tru tng thp hn so vi kin trc chc nng TMN. Xem hnh 2.4.

Hnh 2.4: TMN Xc nh nhiu kin trc lin quan Kin trc vt l cho thy cc khi chc nng nn c lp bn khi cc khi xy dng (thit b vt l) v cc im tham chiu khi giao tip. Trong thc t, cc kin trc vt l xc nh cc khi chc nng v cc im tham chiu c th c thc hin. Xem hnh 2.5. N nn c lu tuy nhin rng mt khi chc nng c th cha nhiu thnh phn chc nng v khi mt ta nh c th thc hin nhiu khi chc nng.

Hnh 2.5: Mi quan h gia kin trc TMN


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Bo co 2.2.3. Kin trc thng tin

Qun tr mng vin thng

Kin trc thng tin ca TMN s dng mt cch tip cn hng i tng v c da trn m hnh OSI qun l thng tin [ISO93. Theo m hnh ny, quan im qun l ca mt i tng qun l c th nhn thy ti ranh gii qun l i tng. Xem Hnh 2.6. Ti danh gii ny, quan im qun l c m t trong iu khon ca: Thuc tnh, l cc c tnh ca i tng. Cc hot ng, c thc hin khi i tng. Hot ng , c nhc trong phn ng hot ng. Thng bo, c pht ra bi i tng.

Hnh 2.6: Mt i tng qun l Cc i tng qun l c tr trong h thng qun l, trong bao gm cc chc nng i l giao tip vi ngi qun l. TMN s dng cc khi nim qun l trung tm ging nh OSI. 2.2.4. Kin trc lp logic i ph vi s phc tp ca qun l, trong khun kh ca TMN, lp logic c nh ngha: Cc thnh phn mng (NE): c tham gia vi cc chc nng qun l thnh phn mng chnh n h tr, c lp ca bt k h thng qun l. Lp mng l yu t rt quan trng n hiu qu ca h thng qun l. Qun l thnh phn Layer (EML): lin quan n vic qun l cc thit b c nhn trong mng v gi cho chng chy. iu ny bao gm cc chc nng xem v thay i cu hnh mt yu t mng, theo di cc tin nhn bo ng GVHD:Ths. Hong Trng Minh 14 SVTH: Nhm 5 lp L10CQVT 7 &12

Bo co pht ra t cc phn t trong mng,

Qun tr mng vin thngv hng dn cc phn t mng

chy t kim tra. Qun l mng Layer (NML): lin quan n qun l mi quan h ph thuc gia cc yu t mng, ni chung l cn thit duy tr kt ni end-toend ca mng. N c quan tm vi vic gi mng chy nh mt ton th. Ngc li, mc d yu t qun l cho php qun l mi phn t trong mng, n khng bao gm cc chc nng m i ph vi vic m bo tnh ton vn mng tng th. C th v d, c mt mng li vi cu hnh phn t c nhn l hon ton hp l nhng khng ph hp ng cch. Kt qu l, mng khng lm vic nh d nh. V d, cu hnh mt con ng tnh trn mng, mi phn t dc theo con ng phi c cu hnh ng. Nu khng, con ng b hng v d liu khng th t n ch ca n. Tng t nh vy, gi tr hn gi cn c iu chnh trnh outs thi gian qu nhiu v truyn li. Nhim v gim st ti cc lp qun l mng lin quan n vic m bo rng d liu chy trn mng v t n ch ca n vi thng v s chm tr chp nhn c. Chnh sch kim sot cc loi cuc gi tha nhn ti bt k im no nhp c vo mng cn phi c phi hp trn mng c hiu qu. Cc loi nhim v c cp lp qun l mng. N s a vo ti khon bi cnh kt ni mng ca cc thit b c nhn v lin quan n vic qun l cc kha cnh end-to-end ca mng. N cung cp cc khi nim v mt khu rng, nh tri ngc vi cy ring l. Mt v d v mt cng vic qun l mng l qun l ca mt kt ni mng nh mt ton th, v d ci t n ln v theo di n. Nh cp trc , iu ny lin quan n vic qun l nhiu thit b theo mt cch c phi hp. Qun l ny bao gm khng ch qun l cc thit b c cu hnh ring, nhng cng m bo rng cu hnh ca h c iu phi theo nhng cch nht nh v gim st qua mng kt ni, thay v v ngoi ch n gin l m bo yu t c nhn ang ln v chy. Lp qun l mng lm cho vic s dng cc chc nng c cung cp bi cc lp qun l phn t, cung cp cc chc nng b sung trn u trang. Dch v qun l Layer (SML): lin quan n vic qun l cc dch v mng cung cp v m bo rng nhng dch v ang chy n nh v hot ng GVHD:Ths. Hong Trng Minh 15 SVTH: Nhm 5 lp L10CQVT 7 &12

Bo co

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nh d nh. V d, khi mt n t hng ca khch hng mt dch v, dch v cn phi c bt ln. iu ny c th c yu cu cho mt nhn vin mi trong mt doanh nghip c nhu cu dch v in thoi. Chuyn ln dch v in thoi c th, ln lt, kt qu trong mt s hot ng cn c thc hin qua mng dch v c kch hot: Mt s in thoi phi c phn b. Cc th mc ca cng ty phi c cp nht .My ch th thoi v PBX IP cn phi c thc hin nhn thc ca phn m rng mi. Sau , ngi s dng c th gi bn tr gip dch v v phn nn rng dch v khng c lm vic ng cch. Vn c th bao gm cht lng m thanh ngho v cc cuc gi m b ngt kt ni bt ng. X l s c dch v l cn thit xc nh nguyn nhn gc r ca vn v gii quyt n. y l nhng v d v cc nhim v in hnh trong vic qun l mt dch v. Nhng nhim v xy dng chc nng c cung cp bi cc lp qun l mng bn di v cung cp gi tr b sung trn u trang, p dng chng vo bi cnh ca qun l mt dch v. Qun l kinh doanh Layer (BML): giao dch vi qun l kinh doanh lin quan n vic cung cp cc dch v v tt c cc chc nng h tr quan n vic cung cp cc dch v v tt c cc chc nng h tr v ha n, tr gip qun l, d bo kinh doanh, v nhiu hn na. Cc chc nng ca TMN c nh ngha bao gm 5 lnh vc chnh: qun l cu hnh, qun l li, qun l hot ng, qun l k ton, v qun l an ninh. Cc loi phn vng hai chiu nh vy cung cp mt khun kh cu trc pht trin h thng qun l mng (xem hnh 2.7). l l do ti sao khi nim "TMN" l rt ph bin v c th c nhn thy trong vic trin khai khc nhau ca cng ngh qun l mng. CMIP-v gii php qun l da trn CORBA l hai i din in hnh ca cc ng dng TMN. 2.3. Internet-Qun l da trn kin trc Mng IP hin ti thng c qun l thng qua Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), c thc y bi IETF nh c im k thut, ban u c trnh by cho Internet. Cho n nay, c mt s phin bn ca SNMP. Nhng ngi


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chung SNMPv1, SNMPv2, v SNMPv3.SNMP l mt giao thc lp ng dng v s dng User Datagram Protocol (UDP) qun l thng tin trao i gia cc thc th qun l.

Hnh 2.7: M hnh lp qun l v cc khu vc chc nng

2.3.1. M hnh SNMP cho qun l mng SNMP l mt phn ca mt kin trc ln hn, c gi l mng Internet Qun l Framework (NMF). Khung tiu chun qun l Internetbao gm tt c cc cng ngh bao gm cc gii php qun l mngTCP / IP. Khung SNMP bao gm mt s thnh phn kin trc xc nh thng tin qun l c cu trc nh th no, lm th no n c lu tr, v lm th no n c trao i bng cch s dng giao thc SNMP. Khung cng m t lm th no cc thnh phn khc nhau ph hp vi nhau, lm th no SNMP c thc hin trong cc thit b mng, v lm th no cc thit b tng tc. 2.3.2. Thnh phn khung SNMP Nh chng ta s tm hiu chi tit hn sau ny, khung tiu chun qun l Internet l hon ton thng tin theo nh hng. N bao gm cc thnh phn chnh sau y (xem hnh 1.10): C cu qun l thng tin (SMI) GVHD:Ths. Hong Trng Minh SVTH: Nhm 5 lp L10CQVT 7 &12

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Bo co Qun l Thng tin Cn c MIBs Giao thc qun l mng n gin (SNMP) An ninh v Qun tr

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Hnh 2.8: Cc thnh phn ca khung Internet TCP / IP tiu chun qun l Qun l h thng mng TCP / IP SNMP bao gm mt s thnh phn c bn: Cc loi thit b SNMP Nh chng ta thy trong ch tng quan cp cao trc, tng tng th ng sau SNMP l cho php cc thng tin cn thit cho qun l mng c trao i bng cch s dng giao thc TCP / IP. C th hn, giao thc cho php mt qun tr mng lm cho vic s dng mt thit b mng c bit m tng tc vi cc thit b mng khc thu thp thng tin t h v sa i cch h hot ng. Trong ngha n gin, sau , hai loi khc nhau c bn ca thit b phn cng c nh ngha: Qun l cc nt: cc nt thng xuyn trn mt mng c trang b phn mm cho php h c qun l bng cch s dng SNMP. Thng thng cc thit b TCP / IP, i khi c gi l thit b qun l. Trm qun l mng (NMS): Mt thit b mng chy phn mm c bit cho php n qun l qun l cc nt thng xuyn c cp ch trn. Mt hoc nhiu NMSes phi c mt trn mng, cc thit b ny nh l nhng ngi thc s "chy" SNMP.


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Mi thit b tham gia trong qun l mng bng cch s dng SNMP chy mt phn mm, tng qut c gi l mt thc th SNMP. Cc thc th SNMP c trch nhim thc hin tt c cc chc nng khc nhau ca giao thc SNMP. Mi thc th bao gm hai thnh phn phn mm chnh. Nhng thnh phn bao gm cc thc th SNMP trn mt thit b ph thuc vo kha hc v vic liu thit b l mt nt qun l hoc qun l mt mng li trm. Cc i tng nt qun l Mt nt qun l SNMP c th l kh nhiu bt k thit b mng c th giao tip bng cch s dng giao thc TCP / IP, min l n c lp trnh vi cc phn mm thc th thch hp SNMP. SNMP c thit k cho php my ch thng xuyn c qun l, cng nh cc thit b kt ni mng thng minh nh thit b nh tuyn, cu, trung tm, v thit b chuyn mch. Cc thit b khc "c o" cng c th c qun l tng t, min l h kt ni vi mt giao thc TCP / IP lin mng: my in, my qut, cc thit b in t tiu dng, thm ch cc thit b y t c bit v nhiu hn na. Thc th SNMP trn mt nt qun l bao gm cc phn mm sau y cc yu t v cu trc: SNMP Agent: Mt chng trnh phn mm thc hin cc SNMP giao thc v cho php mt nt qun l cung cp thng tin n mt NMS v chp nhn hng dn t n. SNMP c s thng tin qun l (MIB): Xc nh loi thng tin c lu tr v cc nt c th c thu thp v s dng kim sot cc nt qun l. Thng tin trao i bng cch s dng SNMP c dng ca cc i tng t MIB. Trm qun l i tng mng Trn mt mng ln hn, mt trm qun l mng c th l mt ring bit, h tr cao TCP / IP my tnh dnh ring cho qun l mng. Tuy nhin, n thc s l phn mm m lm cho mt thit b vo mt NMS, do , NMS khng c th l mt thit b phn cng ring bit. N c th hnh ng nh l mt NMS v cng thc hin cc chc nng khc trn mng.


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Thc th SNMP trn mt trm qun l mng bao gm: SNMP Manager: Mt chng trnh phn mm thc hin cc giao thc SNMP, cho php NMS thu thp thng tin t cc nt qun l v gi hng dn cho n. SNMP Applications: Mt hoc nhiu ng dng phn mm cho php qun tr mng ca con ngi s dng SNMP qun l mt mng li. SNMP bao gm mt s lng nh cc trm qun l mng (NMSs) tng tc vi cc thit b thng xuyn TCP / IP c gi l cc nt qun l. Qun l SNMP NMS v cc i l SNMP trn cc nt qun l thc hin cc giao thc SNMP v cho php qun l mng li thng tin c trao i.ng dng SNMP chy trn NMS v cung cp giao din qun tr ca con ngi, v cho php thng tin c thu thp t cc MIBs ti mi i l SNMP, nh th hin trong hnh 2.9 [Koz05].

Hnh 2.9: M hnh hot ng SNMP


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Trong cch s dng SNMP in hnh, c mt s h thng c qun l, v mt hoc nhiu h thng qun l. Mt thnh phn phn mm c gi l mt i l chy trn mi h thng qun l v thng tin bo co thng qua SNMP cho cc h thng qun l. V c bn, cc i l SNMP tip xc vi qun l d liu trn cc h thng qun l nh cc bin (chng hn nh min ph b nh, tn h thng ," s lng tin trnh ang chy, tuyn ng mc nh). Nhng giao thc ny cng cho php cc nhim v qun l hot ng, chng hn nh sa i v p dng mt cu hnh mi. H thng qun l c th ly thng tin thng qua GET, GETNEXT, v GETBULK giao thc hot ng hoc i l s gi d liu m khng c yu cu s dng Trap hoc Thng bo cho cc hot ng giao thc. H thng qun l cng c th gi thng tin cp nht cu hnh yu cu kim sot thng qua cc hot ng giao thc SET ch ng qun l mt h thng. Cu hnh v kim sot hot ng ch c s dng khi thay i l cn thit c s h tng mng. Cc hot ng gim st thng c thc hin mt cch thng xuyn. Cc bin truy cp thng qua SNMP c t chc trong h thng phn cp. Nhng h thng ny, v siu d liu khc (chng hn nh loi v m t ca bin), c m t bi Management Information Bases (MIBs). Mc d SNMP ch l mt trin khai nh cho qun l mng, cc tiu chun b sung c thm vo trong nhng nm gn y, chng hn nh SNMPv3 v RMON tng cng chc nng qun l ca mnh, c bit l trong bo mt v hiu sut.

2.3.3. RMON: Gim st mng t xa Vic b sung quan trng nht thit lp c bn ca tiu chun SNMP RMON (mng li gim st t xa) tiu chun, RFC 1271.RMON l mt bc tin quan trng trong lin mng qun l. N nh ngha mt MIB-gim st t xa b sung MIB-II v cung cp cho ngi qun l mng thng tin quan trng v lin mng. RMON MIB c pht trin bi IETF h tr gim st v phn tch giao thc ca mng LAN. Phin bn ban u (i khi c gi nh RMON1) tp trung vo OSI lp 1 v lp thng tin 2 trong mng Ethernet v Token Ring. N c m rng bi RMON2 c thm h tr cho mt mng v lp ng dng theo di v SMON


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(Oracle System MONitor), thm h tr cho cc mng chuyn mch. N l mt chun cng nghip c im k thut cung cp nhiu chc nng c cung cp bi cc phn tch mng li c quyn. Cc i l ca RMON ang c xy dng vo cc thit b chuyn mch v nh tuyn cao cp. 2.3.4. RMOM 1 Vi MIB RMON1, qun l mng c th thu thp thng tin t cc phn on mng t xa cho cc mc ch x l s c v theo di hiu sut. MIB RMON1 cung cp: Hin ti v lch s thng k lu lng truy cp cho mt phn on mng, cho mt my ch c th trn mt phn on, v gia cc host (ma trn). Mt bo ng linh hot v s kin c ch cho vic thit lp cc ngng v thng bo cho ngi qun l mng li cc thay i trong hnh vi mng. Mt b lc mnh m, linh hot v c s nm bt cc gi tin c th c s dng cung cp mt phn tch giao thc phn phi y . Hnh 2.10 cho thy mt danh sch cc nhm RMON1 v RMON ph hp vi bn trong T chc tiu chun quc t (ISO) v cc tiu chun IETF.

Hnh 2.10: S cy RMON MIB


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Vic thc hin RMON thng hot ng trong mt m hnh my khch / my ch. Thit b gim st (thng c gi l "thm d" trong bi cnh ny) c cha cc i l phn mm RMON thu thp thng tin v phn tch cc gi tin. Cc thit b thm d ny hot ng nh my ch v cc ng dng qun l mng m giao tip chng hot ng nh khch hng. Trong khi c hai cu hnh i l v s dng thu thp d liu SNMP, RMON c thit k hot ng khc nhau hn so vi cc h thng da trn SNMP: Thit b thm d c trch nhim nhiu hn cho thu thp d liu v ch bin, lm gim lu lng truy cp SNMP v ti x l ca khch hng. Thng tin ch c truyn n cc ng dng qun l khi cn thit, thay v kim sot vng lin tc. Trong ngn hn, RMON c thit k theo di da trn lu lng, trong khi SNMP thng c s dng cho qun l "da trn thit b". RMON tng t nh cng ngh gim st da trn lu lng khc nh NetFlow v SFlow bi v cc d liu thu thp ch yu l giao dch vi cc mu lu lng truy cp hn l tnh trng ca cc thit b c nhn. Mt bt li ca h thng ny l cc thit b t xa gnh vc thm gnh nng qun l v i hi nhiu ngun lc hn lm nh vy. Mt s thit b cn bng tha hip ny bng cch thc hin ch mt tp hp con ca cc nhm RMON MIB (xem di y). Mt RMON i l vic thc hin hin c th h tr ti thiu ch c s liu thng k, lch s, bo ng, v s kin. MIB RMON1 bao gm 10 nhm: 1. Thng k: s liu thng k thi gian thc LAN, v d nh, s dng, va chm, CRC li. 2. Lch s: lch s thng k c la chn. 3. Bo ng: nh ngha cho RMON SNMP by c gi i khi cc s liu thng k vt qu ngng quy nh. 4. Host: s liu thng k c th host LAN, v d, byte gi / nhn, khung c gi / nhn. 5. Hosts top N: h s ca N kt ni hot ng mnh nht trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. 6. Matrix: gi-nhn c lu lng truy cp ma trn gia cc h thng.


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7. B lc: xc nh gi d liu m hnh quan tm, v d, a ch MAC hoc cng TCP. 8. Capture: thu thp v chuyn tip cc gi tin ph hp vi b lc. 9. S kin: gi thng bo (by SNMP) cho nhm bo ng. 10. Token Ring: phn m rng c th cho Token Ring. Cc kh nng ca RMON1 Khng cn ri khi vn phng, mt ngi qun l mng c th xem lu lng trn mt on mng LAN, cho d on nm xung quanh gc hoc khp ni trn th gii. c trang b vi kin thc giao thng, ngi qun l mng c th xc nh xu hng, tc nghn, v cc im nng. Khi mt vn pht sinh, RMON1 cng bao gm mt phn tch giao thc mnh m ngi qun l mng phn phi cc cng c x l s c ngay lp tc trong tm tay. K t khi thit b RMON1 vnh vin gn lin vi cc phn on mng, n thu thp d liu v cc mng LAN t xa v sn sng truyn ti n n mt trm qun l trung tm mng bt c khi no cn thit. Tt c iu ny mng li gim st v x l s c c th c thc hin m khng cn tn thi gian i li cn thit gi cc chuyn gia mng t tin vi lug-able phn tch giao thc cc trang web t xa. Trin khai cc ngun lc mng li cn b qun l hiu qu hn c ngha l mt chuyn gia ti mt trang web trung tm c th lm vic trn mt s vn bng cch nhn c thng tin t thit b thm d mt s cc trang web t xa. Ngoi ra, mt s chuyn gia vi cc chuyn ngnh khc nhau c th c tp trung vo mt phn khc duy nht nhn c thng tin t mt thit b thm d. Qun l mng rt cn cc cng c m c th tn dng ngun lc ca h v tng phm vi kim sot ca h. RMON1 khng ch nh vy. Mt nghin cu gn y ca McConnell t vn cho thy rng bng cch s dng RMON1 phn phi mng LAN qun l v k thut gim st t xa, mt i ng qun l mng c th h tr l hai v mt na thi gian ngi s dng v phn on m khng cn thm nhn vin. S dng RMON1 v mng li mang li nhng vn chuyn gia l rt nhiu chi ph-hiu qu hn


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2.3.5. RMOM 2 Nhm lm vic RMON2 bt u nhng n lc ca h trong thng 7 nm 1994. Cng nh tiu chun RMON1, phng php tip cn to ra mt tp hp cc chuyn giao mang li li ch r rng qun l mng, l implementable bi nhiu nh cung cp, v iu s dn n kh nng tng tc thnh cng gia cc gii php pht trin c lp. Vi nhng mc tiu rng ln trong u, u tin hng u c xc nh bi cc nhm lm vic RMON2 l i ln cc chng giao thc v cung cp s liu thng k v lu lng truy cp mng v lp ng dng. Bng cch gim st ti cc lp giao thc cao hn, RMON2 cc thng tin m cc nh qun l mng cn phi nhn xa hn cc phn khc v nhn c mt lin mng hoc xem doanh nghip ca lu lng mng. MIB RMON2 b sung thm mi nhm: 1. Protocol Directory: danh sch cc giao thc thm d c th theo di. 2. Protocol Distribution: cc s liu thng k lu lng truy cp cho mi giao thc. 3. Address Map: bn lp mng (IP) a ch lp MAC . 4. Network-Layer Host: lp 3 s liu thng k lu lng truy cp, trung bnh mi my ch. 5. Network-Layer Matrix: lp 3 s liu thng k lu lng truy cp, mi cp ngun / ch ca my ch. 6. Application-Layer Host: s liu thng k lu lng truy cp bng giao thc ng dng, cho mi my ch. 7. Application-Layer Matrix: s liu thng k lu lng truy cp bng giao thc ng dng, cho mi cp ngun / ch ca my ch. 8. User History: ly mu nh k ca cc bin xc nh ngi s dng. 9. Probe Conguration: cu hnh t xa ca thit b thm d. 10. RMON Conformance: yu cu cho ph hp RMON2 MIB. Cc kh nng ca RMON2 Kh nng c th nhn thy nht v mang li li ch nht trong RMON2 c gim st trn lp MAC, h tr giao thc phn phi v cung cp mt ci nhn ca GVHD:Ths. Hong Trng Minh 25 SVTH: Nhm 5 lp L10CQVT 7 &12

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ton b mng li ch khng phi l mt phn khc duy nht. Mc d ni dung chnh xc ca RMON2 c th thay i trong qu trnh pht trin tiu chun, kh nng d kin s c phn phi bi RMON2 bao gm: Cao hn lp thng k. S liu thng k lu lng truy cp, my ch, ma trn, v ma trn cc bng topN ti lp mng v lp ng dng. Bng cch theo di cc s liu thng k, qun l mng c th nhn thy m khch hng ang ni chuyn m cc my ch, h thng c th c t v tr chnh xc trn cc phn on chnh xc ti u ha lung lu lng. hnh 2.11 biu th cc lp lm vic ca RMON1 v RMON2.

Hnh 2.11: Cc lp lm vic ca RMON1 v RMON2 a ch dch. Rng buc gia a ch MAC lp v a ch lp mng, d dng hn nhiu c v ghi nh. a ch dch khng ch gip ngi qun l mng, n h tr cc nn tng qun l SNMP v s dn n ci thin bn cu trc lin kt. Tnh nng ny cng cho bit thm pht hin trng lp a ch IP, gii quyt mt vn thng kh nm bt tn ph vi b nh tuyn mng v mng LAN o. Xc nh lch s.Vi tnh nng mi ny, ngi qun l mng c th cu hnh nghin cu lch s truy cp bt k trong h thng, chng hn nh l mt lch s c th trn mt my ch tp tin c th hoc kt ni mt router-to-router. Trong tiu chun RMON1, d liu lch s c thu thp trn mt tp hp c xc nh trc cc s liu thng k. GVHD:Ths. Hong Trng Minh SVTH: Nhm 5 lp L10CQVT 7 &12

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Qun tr mng vin thngCi thin B lc. Cc b lc c yu cu h tr kh nng giao thc higherlayer RMON2. B lc ny ci tin cho php ngi s dng cu hnh cc b lc linh hot v hiu qu hn, c bit l lin quan n cc giao thc lp cao hn. Thm d cu hnh. Vi RMON2, ng dng RMON ca mt nh cung cp s c th cu hnh thm d t xa RMON ca nh cung cp khc. Hin nay, tng nh cung cp cung cp mt phng tin c quyn thit lp v kim sot thit b thm d ca h. Cc c im k thut thm d cu hnh da trn MIB Aspen c pht trin chung ca si trc v Hewlett-Packard. MIB Aspen cung cp cu hnh thit b thm d, qun l by, v kim sot cc cng ni tip ca u d out-of-band.


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