1

2007 20.4.6 30.2 -49 , 5 31.10.2006 .: ..., . (. 1-3); ..., . (. 4); . . (. 5 ); . . (. 6); . . (. 5).

: . ... .. ; . ..., .. . ..

..

..

.. .. 1 , 1.1 ...1.2 1.3 , .1.4 ...............1.5 .1.5.1 ..1.5.2 .1.5.3 1.6 , -

2 2.1 ..2.2 .. 3 ..3.1 .3.2 .3.3 .3.4 . .3.5 ...3.6 ..3.7 ... 4 ......4.1 . 4.2 ...4.3 . ..4.4 ......4.5 .. 5 . 6 .......6.1 ...6.2 ..6.3 - .6.4 6.4.1 - ......6.4.2 .

4

6

6

9

12

17

24

24

26

32

38

54

54

55

59

59

61

68

70

75

82

88

102

102

106

112

117

128

135

150

150

159

169

178

178

189

196

197

, , . - . . . - : ; ; . : - . , . ; , . . - . , , , , , , . , ; , : , , . , , . , , . , ..., , .. . [12] .

1 , 1.1 . , , , , , . , . 2.10168 : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) . , , : 1) () ; 2) ( , , ) . : , (), . , , . , , , ( , , ..). , - (, , , , .). , - , ( , ..). , - , ( , ..). , , , . . , . : , , . , (, , ..) . (), , , , .. -, . , , .. (, ). , , , . () . -

(), , , . (), . , , . , , . , . , , . : ; ; , ; , . . , ( : , , ..). , , .. (), ( , , ..). () , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , ..

1 .

2 ?

3 , ?

4 ?

1.2 : , , , , , , , , . 27.00289 , , ,, . , , , , , . , ( ). : ; (, ) (, ); ; , . , . , . , . , , . , , (, , , .) . : a (), ; () () . , : P(t) + Q(t) = 1, (1.1) Q(t) t. , . . . (, , ) . : , , - . . . () . , . , () . (, , , ), , - . : , , , , . .

1 .2 3 ?

1.3 , , , , .., , , . : ; , , ;

; ; , - ;

;

. , . . , . . . . , .. . , , , , . , , . . .

. , , , .. . : ; ; ; . , . - . ( , , ) . , , , . , , . . , , . , . , . , , . , . , . , , , . , . , , , , , . , , , , , , , . , , . , , , , .- , , . , . - . , . , . , (, , , ). ( ) , . . , . . . , , , . , .3 25 , 510 ; 25 , 210 . , , , , . , . , - , , , - . , . , , .

1 , .2 ?3 ?

4 ?1.4

. , . (). ( , , ), ( , ). , , . ( , ). , . , . ( ) ( ). , , . . , , , . : , - -. (), , . : ; , . () ( , ) (, .), . ( ).- , ( ), . , . 100200 . ( , ), . , .- - . ( , ).- , , (), -. , , , , , , . . , , , () . , . ( , , ) . , . - , . . ., , , , , . . , , , , . . : . . , , . , , . . , () . . , () . , () . . . , . . , . , . , . . , . , . . , . . (8590%) - . 6 , 5 , 8 . , , 6080% . () () , , , , . . , . , , , . (, ), , .

1 .2 ?3 ?4 .5 ?1.5 1.5.1 , : , , , (. 1.1), , . 1.1 , , . = 3000 -1, = 1500 -1, = 1000 -1 = 750 -1. . . . , . , : , , (, ), , , . , . (), () . , , . , ( ), : ) ; ) , - ; ) , , ; ) ; ) - , . , (, , , , , , ) (, , ); ; ( ); ; , , - . , , , , . , , , , .1.5.2 1.2 (. 1.2) (1) (2) . : (), (1) (-1), T(), () . , , ( ) ( ) . , 1 2, :

(1.2) >1 , , , . , , : u12 = 1 / 2 = n1 / n2 = d2 / d1 = z2 / z1 (1.3) , . . , . (). . (. . 1.1). , . , . . 1.2. , 2, ( ). : = 2 / P1 (1.5)

P = T = (n ) / 30,

= P2 / P1 = T2.2 / T1 1 = T2 n2 / T1 n1 = T2 / T1 u12. (1.6)

. . 1.1. ()

, T2T1, T2=T1 u12

1.1

,

,

:

6,30,97.... 111

6,30,9597400021,211,7...2,2

31h390,950,9750000,710,930,731,5 1,25

31h7160,940,9650000,81,10,950,81,6 ...1,3

u 2h1803150,70,91500,50,60,050,151,7 1,5

:

Z1 = 48140,80,9

Z1 = 214300,750,85 0,856011,61,041,551,4

Z1=130800,70,8

100,920,9512011,60,250,350,2

() 80,940,96 0,9650540,40,50,30,2

- 120,960,981002,530,30,80,2

70,850,95201,521,508

0,98

( )0,99

1. , .2. ( 4%): 1, 1,12; 1,25, 1,4; 1,6, 1,8; 2; 2,24; 2,5, 2,8; 3,15, 3,55; 4, 4,5; 5; 5,6, 6,3; 7,1; 8; 9; 10; 11,2; 12,5; 14; 16; 18, 20; 22,4; 25; 28; 31,5; 35,5; 40; 45; 50; 56, 63; 71, 80; 90; 100, 112, 125; 140, 160; 180; 200; 224; 250; 280; 315, 355; ( ) . v (/)v = d / 2 v = dn /60, (1.7) , -1; d , , , (); , / (-1). (H): = P/v = 2T/ d, (1.8)

P (). ()

T = Ft d /2 =P /. (1.9) 1 . 2 , . , . , () v (/) D () ():

. (1.10) t () z, : d = t / sin (180/z) , (1.11) (1.10) .

P = PT / , (1.12)

, , :

= 12 23 n

(1.13) 1.2

:

,

.

-

( 0,9)

, F v , :PT = F (1.14) P ; F ; v /. :

1) (-1) (-1): = n /30, (1.15)2) () () (-1): T = 9,55P/n, (1.16)3) T T :

= u. (1.17) :

u = u u (1.18) u u ( ). u , . 1.3.

1.3

/

/

/

/

:

25

63

634

/6,3

10/4

6,3

0,1

1.5.3

, . : , , . : cos ; , . . . () n . . , P, . /, /T. (n = 0) T. TMAX ( nKP), T ( n). = 0 ( ) T , .. , . n, -1, , , . (n T), , . T T. , T , . , . , ( / ) (/T). , , , , , . , , . , , , , .. . , .0 , , 20%. .

1- , , , , , .

11 , , , , .

111 , , , , .

1V , , , , .

V , , , , . ( 4) . 1.4. 1.4 KHEKFE

EMBED Equation.3

0

1

2

3

4

51

0,500

0,250

0,180

0,125

0,0631

0,300/0,200

0,143/0,100

0,065/0,036

0,038/0,016

0,013/0,004

, , . , .

, : , ; .. , , , . . n () n. n (), , n . () . (T = const = const), P : P = BM / , (1.19) ; .

4 (. .1). . , , . , , , , , . = 750 -1 . , 8% 12% ; - 20%.. (. 1.3), . = 1,5 , = 30 -1, n = 3000 -1, 5 (). 1.3 :1 , 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 . 1 .

= 12 23 n3 = 0,780,940,980,993 = 0,71. . 1.1; ( ) 12 = 0,78; 23 = 0,94; = 0,98; = 0,99 ( ).2 ': P=P / = 1,5 / 0,71 = 2,1 .

. .1, (n = 3000 -1), A4 8023 P = 2,2 , n = 2850 -1; d1 = 22 ( ).3 :

u = n / np=2850/30 = 95

u = 12 u23, ( 214476), , (. 5.4) u12 = 28, :u23 =u/u12 = 94/28 = 3,36.

4 ( ) :n1 =n = 2850 -1; 1 = n1 / 30 =3,142850/30 = 298,3 c-1;

n2 =n1 / 12 = 2850/20 =142,5 -1; =n2/30=3,14100,7/30=10,54c-1;

n3 =n2/23=100,7/3,36 = 29,97 -1; =n3/30=3,1429,97/30=3,14c-1.5

T1 =P1/1= 2,1103/ 298,3 = 7,04 ; P2 = P112=2,10,98 0,780,992 = 1,57 ; T2 = 2 /2 =1,57103/10,5 = 149,52 ; 3 = 3 /3 =2,1103/3,13 = 668,79 . 1 . 1.3.2 .3 ? 4 .5 , .6 .1.6 , - . . . , , . , , - : , , . (, , .), , . 2907691 - :2 , , 3 ( ),1 ( , / );2 (, , ) .

2037394 , . , , . , aw , r , de2 , d2 . () 1 1000. R20 ( 803284). T, () . Y = /, , ; , . , , , , . : , , , , , - ( , , ). , , , , , , ( ). (. 1.5). 1.5

u 9563-60

2185-66

w

u

ba

m 1486-84

25022-81

d

u

Rh

12289-76

de2

u

b

19672-74

m

q

aw

z1 z2

(. 1.3) , 6,3. 1.3 . (. 1.4, ) . , . , . (. 1.4, ) . 1.4 : ; ( ); . , . , , , . ; (. 1.5). , - . , . . 1.5, . , . ; , , . 1.5 : ; , , , 90 (. 1.6). 1.6 : , , : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ( ) , .. - (. 1.7). 1.7 - - (. 1.8) , .

1.8 : ; .

. , , (, , ..). (. 1.9) 1 2. - 4 3 5, . 5 10. 3 . 3 9, 7, 6, , 3. , 9, 7, 6 3 , 10 4, 3 5 9, 8, . 8 9 . - 4 3 5, 3 6 9 . 8, 9 3 5 8 , 9 8. = 35,51,4 /, , . , . 1.9 , . 3 . , - , , .

) ) 1.9 - : ; ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 . , (. 1.10): 2 , 3, , 1, . 1.10 : ; ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 . , . 1.10 . ( = 60315), , . . . (u = 1080), , . (. 1.11): (1) ; (2); (3, 4); , (5, 6) .

1.11 :1 ; 2 ; 3, 4 ; 5 ; 6 (. 1.12), . (. . 1.12, ) , , . (. . 1.12, ) .

1.12

(. . 1.12) . . .-. -. : , , .. . , . , , , . , , .. : , 2in . , , , , . (. 1.13, ). :u1= 1 /2min= D2 /d1(1) u2 = 1 / 2max= d2 /D1(1), (1.20)

D1, d1 D2, d2 ;

, . , .

, . (. 1.13) , . 1284.289, (. 1.14, ). , . =1,31,7. , , . . 1.13, 2 1. . -> Cm, Am, Cm () , ; Am . (Am), (E), (Cm) . , () , . : ; , ; ; ; ; ; ; . . , , , . , , , . ( ) . , :1) ;2) ;3) ;4) . : ; . . () . , , () , , . () . , , , , . . , . . . , . . . , , . . : : , , , - , , .; - : , , , . , , ;

: , , , , ; - ; , , - , , , , . . - . .1) ,2) ;3) ;4) ;5) ;6) . , . . ( ), . , , , , , . . . . - . , . . () , () , , . ( ) , . , , . , - , . - , . - . - () ?1) ?2) , . : 1) , , , ; 2) , ; 3) , . : , , , , - . ( , , , , ) . . () . , . , . , . . , . . , , , , , . , , ( ), , . . , . , . ( ) , , . . - ( ), . , , , ( ). () , , , , , - , . () , . , . ( , ) - . , , , , . , ; . , , , . . . , , . , , ( ) . , , , (). . , , . . : , . . , , . . , . , . , , , . . , . , :- (, , );- ( );- ( ).

1 , , .2 , ?3 , ?4 ?5 - ?6 ?7 ? 4 . ( ) , , , . ( ), ( N 4106).

. , , , . , 2135487, , .

4.1 .

, , , . , , - .

. : 350 , 350 ( 45 HRC) , , , . 350 .

, , , . , . , .

, . , . .

. 350 1 (1015) 2.

350400 , 1 2 4050 , 1 2 . 2530% 1 400 , 2 320 , 1 2 .

. .

. 4.1 ( 105088 454371), , (, , , , . .). , , (. 4.1).

, .

, .

:

1) 35, 45, 35;

2) 45, 40, 35, 40, 45, 40;

3) -35, 40, 50, 45 ;

4) 35, 40;

5) 45, 40, 35, 40;

6) 202, 18, 12;

7) 25;

8) () 402.

4.1 ,

D, S,

(HB)

(HRC)

(

(

35163192550270

45 179207600320

4512580235262780540

458050269302890650

40X200125235262790640''

40X12580269302900750''

40X125802693024550900750 +

35XM315200235262800670

35XM200125269302920790

35XM2001252693024853920790 +

40XH315200235262800630

40XH200125269302920750

40XH2001252693024853920750 +

50XH20012526930250561100900

20XH2M20012530040056631000800 + +

1820012530040056631000800

12320012530040056631000800''

2520012530040056631000800''

402125802693025056980780 +

35163207550270

45315200207235680440

50315200235262850600

S = b2.

4.1 4.2 [H] [F] . , 2135487, , .

, :

, (4.1)

, ; H. , . 4.2, (. ) . 4.2

H. 200 250 300 350 40RC50RC60RC

101725364484140

( = 1,1 ( , ), = 1,2 ( ));

, :

, (4.2)

2,6 1,8 ;

, (4.2, )

0,75.

, , . . 36 000 , ZN =1. NK :

EMBED Equation.3 , (4.3)

n , , -1;

( ), :

EMBED Equation.3 , (4.4)

, ;

;

;

, .

, , , :

( 1 , 2 )

,

(4.5)

[] < 1,25 []2,

[] =0,45 ([]1 + []2) . []2,., (4.6)[] < 1,15 []2,.

.

:

, (4.7)

, ( . 4.3);

(. 4.3) , , 1,75, 2,3);

, , 1 0,70,8 ( 350 ).

350 HB ( , , , ):

, (4.8)

350 ( , ):

, (4.8, )

(=);

.

(4.3). ( 36 000 ) .

, (. 4.2) ( 2135487).

4.2 :0 ; 1 ; 2 ;

3 ; 4 ; 5 (4.2) (4.2, ) NK NNE =KNE NK; (4.8) (4.8,) NK NFE =KFE NK, KNE KFE .

4.3

**

limb,

sHmin0**

F limb,

sFmin[H]max,

[F]max,

180350 40, 45, 40, 40, 45, 35, .2 + 701,11,8 1,752,82,7

4454 HRC40, 40, 45, 35, .18 HRC + 1501,15001,752,81400

( mn > 3)*5663253555, 6, 3517 HRC*+ 2001.290040 HRC1260

6501260

4555425040, 40, 35, .

40, 35, 40 .5501430

5567

50592440

244035, 38, 40, 40, 40 .1050

105012 HRC* +

+30040 HRC30 HRC1000

1000

55633045 23 HRC7501,5540 HRC1200

57633045 25, 2523 HRC1,21000

1,5540 HRC1520

25, 30, 35 .23 HRC75040 HRC1520

* .

** . HRC . HRC . 4.4

FE

( 4.1)

-m/2KHEmKFEmKFE

0

1

2

3

4

531

0,5

0,25

0,18

0,125

0,063,

,

61

0,3

0,143

0,065

0,038

0,013 , , 91

0,2

0,1

0,036

0,016

0,004

, , , .

, ; max = 2,8 T , ; max = 3HV .

. 4.3.

4.3

4.3 . , , , , , . . K, , , : K = K K K. H F .

K .

= 1; .4.5 164381 .

. 4.5:

4.5

KH KF , / KHKF

57

8

91,03

1,07

1,131,07

1,22

1,35

5 107

81,05

1,101,2

1,3

10 157

81,08

1,151,25

1,40

. 4.6.

4.6

max, /,

6 20/40 , , . .

14/25

720/30

10/16

88/12 ,

5/8

93/6

2/4

, . F .

, , , , , , , . , .

, ( ). . (. 4.2).

4.7

012345

1,00,770,50,50,380,31

(1 2 40 HRC) . ( 2135487). (. 4.4) (. 4.5) . 4.4 , F: , ; 1 ; 2 ; , F . 3 2135487

4.5 , F : 1 I ( ); 2 I ( ); 3 II, . 2350

1,021,001,041,001,071,021,11,021,151,031,181,04

7

350

1,041,021,071,031,141,051,211,061,201,071,361,08

>350

1,031,001,051,011,091,021,141,031,191,031,241,04

8

350

1,041,011,081,021,161,041,241,061,321,071,41,08

>350

1,031,011,061,011,11,021,161,031,221,041,261,05

9

350

1,051,011,11,031,21,051,31,071,41,091,51,12

>350 1,041,011,071,011,131,021,21,031,261,041,321,05

4.9

KF. ( , )

1

2

4

6

8

10

6

350

1,061,021,131,051,261,101,40

1,151,58

1,201,67

1,25

>350

1,021,011,041,021,081,031,111,041,141,061,171,07

7

350

1,081,031,161,061,331,111,501,161,671,221,801,27

>350

1,031,011,051,021,091,031,131,051,171,071,221,08

8

350

1,101,031,201,061,381,111,581,171,781,231,961,29

>350

1,041,011,061,021,121,031,161,051,211,071,261,08

9

350

1,131,041,281,071,501,141,771,211,981,282,251,35

>350 1,041,011,071,021,141,041,211,061,271,081,341,09

4.4 , , . , , ().

.

1. () :

, (4.9)

( = 49,5, = 43); ; , , , (. . 4.4); ;

: ( . 4.8 );

, ;

+ , ; 103 . 4.10

(. . 4.4)

( 6, 7) 0,315; 0,4; 0,5

( 3, 4, 5)

350

40 RC30,315; 0,40,25; 0,315

( 1, 2)

350 HB

40 HRC30,250,2

0,40,63

45 HRC 350 B: mn=(0,0160,0315) aw H 45 HRC.

. . , , .

, . .

,

(4.12) ( =1400, = 1100, > 1 = 850. YF 3,8 4,2. , (4.12) 1, ; aw b2, ; , . , . 4.13: 4.13

( )1-

2- 0,50,550,6

0,70,8

0,91,0

1,1251,25

1,3751,5

1,752,0

2,252,5

2,75

1- 2- 3,03,54,0

4,55,0

5,56,0

7,08,0

9,010,0

11,012,0

14,016,0

18,0

1- 2-.

, 1,5 .4. .

. (4.13) . , . .

= 4 aw = 120 . aw=125. (4.12) = 2,68. = 2,75. (4.13) :

. = 2,5, :

. . . :

, , ( ) .

, . , .

,

, . = 12 (s 12 = 0,9781), = 30 (s 30 = 0,8660).

:

, (4.14) 0,0001.

: 818, 2540.

, . , . (4.15)

,

.

(4.16)

. (4.17)5. : , (4.18)

,

0,001 . ,

, , :

, (4.19) (4.20)6. (/) :

, (4.21)

. 4.6.7. , (. 4.7):

(4.22)

4.6 , , , . , (4.22), .

8. .

(4.23)

, , = 192;

, , ; , ( ); ;

,

,

(4.24) 2135487. , ;

; ;

tw , 1, 2 ( );x = 0; tw = t = =20

;

(. 4.3).

5%.

9. .

:

, (4.25) , . 4.7 ; , ;

, ; ; 350 .

4.5

, . , , 15 % .

2 /. , , ( 1,45 , ). , .

, ( ) . = 35 ( = 0,819) :

1. () ,

(4.26)

= 165 ; , ; , , 4.5 (. 4.3); , , . 4.11; , (4.1) 4.2; : =0,85, 4.15. 4.14 ( 1228976)

de2 , b2, ,

1,6(1,8)2,0(2,24)2,5(2,8)3,15(3,55)4,0(4,5)5,0

6310,51010

(71)1211,511,5

801313131212

(90)1515141414

10017161616151515

(112)19181817171717

125212020191919191918

(140)2422222221212121212020

1602826252525242424242424

(180)3030282828282626262626

2003432323230303030303030

(225)3836363634343434323232

2504240404038383838363636

(280)4845454542424242424040

3155252505048484848454545

3556060555555555552525252

4007065636360606060606060

4507575707070706565656565

5008580808075757575757575

1. , , ;

2. 1228976 , 1600 .

4.15

, F, C

2 3,+,

FC1,22 + 0,21u0,94 + 0,08u18,01,13 + 0,13u0,85 + 0,043u14,00,81 + 0,15u0,65 + 0,11u11,2

: ; ; ; ; 1 2 , .

(. 4.14). . + (24) .

, (4.26), , :

, (4.27)

.

2. :

, , . 4.15. . .

. 4%, . .

0,0001, , 10".3. : ,

(4.28) . 1,5 .

te : , (4.29) , (. 4.5);

, =0,85, 4.15;

, (4.7).

, (4.28), .4. (. 4.8).

:

(4.30) :

: (4.31) :

:

(4.32) :

(4.33)

(4.33, a)

:

(4.34)

= 0,250,3 . 4.8 5. , (.4.9).

(4.35)

, :

(= 20):

, (4.36)

:

. (4.36, ) , :

:

(4.37) .

(4.37, )6.

,(4.38)

/;

/;

.

(. 4.6).

4.9 ,

7. :

. (4.39) 4.3. (4.39) . , 4.1:

:

, :

. , .

8. :

. (4.40)

(4.39) (4.40) ; ,b , ; . 4.3.

. (. 4.6): , (4.41)

. (4.42)

0,85, 4.15. (4.7).

:

. (4.43) . 5 , , , . , , . : , , , , .- (101 .) , - ( = 525 /). = 25 / (, 9), (, ), . < 2 /. , (20, 18) HRC 5863, - (45; 40) HRC3 5055. . , Ra 0,2, . . 4.1. , - . , . , , . (. 5.1). 5.1 1 (/)

(5.1)

1 , -1; 2 , .2 .2.1 , .2.2

(5.2)

N = 5732Lh, 2 , -1;

, -1; Lh , . 2.3 () , , :

HP = HlimZN ,

(5.3) , . 5.1 , ; ZN :

ZN = .

(5.4) ZN 25107, (5.4) NH = 25107, ZN = 0,67. ZN 1,15 . :

. , , N . 5.2 .3 = 1,11,4. , .

5.1

() , HRC3 45 HlimFlim-1Flim

101 101 1011

180230

26055708038

50

56

5.2

HP, , , /

0,5123468

9 1044 15

182 196 180179 192 140173 187 167181161175150164138152108 130 60839850

4 () :

(5.5)

aw . 5.3 ( 214493): 5.3

1- 80100125160200250315400

2- 140180225280355

1- 2-

5 z1 :u8141430 30

z1421

z1

z2 =uz1 (5.6) (. 5.5). z1 z2 = z2/z1, 4%. . 5.4 ( 2144-93): 5.4 1- 1012.516202531.5405063

2- 14018022528035571

1- 2-

5.5 , ( 214493)aw, m, qz2: z1=u

I II

502,5832:4;32:2;32:1

21040:4;40:2;40:1

633,15832:4;32:2;32:1

804832:4;32:2;32:1

1005832:4;32:2;32:1

41040:4;40:2;40:1

12551040:4;40:2;40:1

412,550:4;50:2;50:1

14051640:4;40:2;40:1

51046:4;46:2;46:1

1608832:4;32:2;32:1

20010832:4;32:2;32:1

81040:4;40:2;40:1

25012,5832:4;32:2;32:1

101040:4;40:2;40:1

812,550:4;50:2;50:1

280101640:4;40:2;40:1

101046:4;46:2;46:1

40020832:4;32:2;32:1

161040:4;40:2;40:1

500201040:4;40:2;40:1

1612,550:4;50:2;50:1

6

,(5.7) (. 5.6).7 z1 q = 2aw /m z2(5.8) q (. . 5.6). q , . q Y , , , . , , ., u = 16 , z1 =2, z2 =32 z1 = 4, z2 = 64 ( z1= 3 z2 = 48). qmin = 0,212z2.8 aw = 0,5m(z2 + q). (5.9) aw , q x = (aw / m) 0,5(z2 + q). (5.10) | x | > 1, z2 q (. 5.6) | x | 1. z2 q x, .9 (. . 3) .9.1 :

d1 = qm, (5.11) d2 = z2m.

(5.12)9.2 . 5.7. 5.6 q ( 2144-93)qqq

3,158,010,012,516,020,08,008,010,012,516,020,0

4,008,010,012,516,020,010,008,010,012,516,020,0

2,008,010,012,516,020,05,008,010,012,516,020,012,508,010,012,516,020,0

2,508,010,012,516,020,06,308,010,012,514,016,0

20,016,008,0

10,012,516,0

20,008,010,0

5.7 Z1 q

81012,5141620

1234707' 1402' 2033' 2634'543' 1149' 1642' 2148'435'905' 133' 1745'405' 807' 1206' 1557'335' 707' 1037' 1402'252'543' 835' 1119'

9.3 :

.

(5.13) . 5.8 KH .

3675-81 , /

1,51,5337,57,5121218

67891,01,151,251,01,251,01,11,41,11,21,3

5.8 KH9.4 Kh :

(5.14) Kf , q z1 . 5.9; Kp (. 5.10). 5.9 Kfz1 q

81012,5141620

12347257514710886767015412110698176140132122225171148137248197170157

5.10 Kp ,

K

0,5210240,800,901,001,250,901,001,251,501,001,251,501,75

0,5210240,901,001,251,501,001,251,501,751,251,501,752,00

9.5 H, :

(5.15) 10 : (5.16) dwl = (q + 2) ( ). Hlim HP 15%, , Hlim HP, Hlim.11 :

(5.17)

, . 5.11 vCK : , .12 : 1 = 2 /u.

(5.18)13 , : Fr2 = Fa1 = 2T2/d2, Fr2 = Fr1 = Fr2tg,

(5.19)

Fa2 = Fn = 2T1/dw1. . 5.12. 5.11 / ,/f ,

//f

0,1

0,5

1

1,5

20,0800,090

0,0550,065

0,0450,055

0,0400,050

0,0350,045

434'509'

309'343'

235'309'

217'252'

200'235' 2,5

3,0

4,0

7,0

10,00,0300,0400,0280,035

0,0230,030

0,0180,026

0,0160,024

143'217'

136'200'

126'143'

102'129'

055'122'

.

1 - .;2 30-50%.

5.12,

14 .

14.1 ( ):

(5.20) ( ):

(5.21) . 5.1 5.2 , . :

(5.22) , , 0,54 YN 1, N = 1

14.2.

(5.23) YF2 . 5.13:

5.13 YF2

z220242628303235374045506080100150300

YF21,981,881,851,801,761,771,641,641,551,481,451,401,341,301,271,24

14.3 :

. (5.24) F2 > FP . .15 , . 5.14.

16 . 10.6.

, ; .

5.14

(. . 5.1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 z1 1 2

47 z1 1 2 4da1 = d1 + 2m (5.25)df1= d1 2,4m (5.26)da2 = (z2 + 2 + 2x)m (5.27)df2= (z2 2,4 + 2x)m (5 28)da2 < da2 + 6m/( z2 + 2) (5.29)

(5 30)

(5.30)

b1 < 10 25 , = 1016 3540 > 16 50

; -; . . 7, . 8. , . , , . . , , t.:

(5.32)

t , ; t=20 ; 1 , ; ; Kt , [ Kt = 817 /(2) , ( )]; ( , , . .), 2, (. 5.2, ); , . 5.2, . 5.2 .

5.15

aw, 80100125140160180200225250280

, 20,190,240,360,430,540,670,81,01,21,4

t. . t. = 8090 , t. = 100120 . t > t., .. , . ( ) () ; , . 70o . 5.16. 5.16 v vCK 50 ( 100) ()

1*450 (55)

2,5*300 (35)

5**180 (20)

510120 (12)

101580

152560

. 2545

*

**

, . 5.17 .

5.17, vt10-6, 2/, t C

405060708090100

24 () 52 () ( ) , -15 ( 18) -10 -6550 1400 850850 230 6837270

680

400

400

115

44

28140360220220 70302176 200 959543221548 120 6565 28 16 1335 78 4747 22 13 1124 56 3232 16 95

6 6.1 ( ) , , , . , . .

6.1 . . ( 2383179), -, . . ( 17969 1721598). , 6 -40 ( 1 . 6.1) . ( 38105514, II . 6.1) , 40 /.

. :

, (6.1) (Ft , ;

Ft , , ; b ( , ;

[(Ft] .

6.1

, : ( )20500*

(36)10100

(0,50,7)3060

(2,24)

, /3010040

, , ,

1500224

< 4040

1840080

>130180

6.12 ( (1

180170160150140130120

1,001,000,98 0,970,95 0,940,92 0,910,89 0,880,86 0,840,83 0,80

6.13 CLLp/Lo

0,40,60,811,2

,21,4

,4

1,00

1,000,98

0,970,95

0,940,92

0,910,89

0,880,86

0,84

12. :F0 = [850 PCL/( C(Cpz)] + q 2

(6.19)

, ,

Fr = 2F0 z sin ((l/2),

(6.20)

q 1

m, F0 = [850 PCL/(vC(Cp)] +q10 zv2/10

(6.21)

ql0 1 (. . 6.8).

6.2. 6.1.

. 1. . 6.11 1 = 69,8 ( () (6.2), Kd = 34:

d1 = Kd = (34) =124165 . , . 6.8, d1 =140 .

2.

=140152,8 / 54,2 ( 395 .

d2 = 400 .

3. ,

( = 0,015/(2 = d1(1(1()/d2 =140152,8(10,015)/400(52,7-1 .4.

u = (1/(2=152,8/52,7 = 2,90,

:

5. :

=152,8140/2000 = 10,7 /.

6. :

amin = 0,55(d1 + d2) + h = 0,55(140 + 400) + 11 = 308 ,

h . 6.6.

7. (6.6) :

. 6.6 Lp =1600 .

8. (6.16) :

a = 0,25 [(Lp w) +]= 0,25 [(1600 847,8) + +] = 352 .

w = 0,5((d2 + d1) = 0,53,14(400 + 140) =847,8 ; = 0,25(d2 d1)2 = 0,25 (400 140)2 = 16900 2.

9. . 6.8 =2,81 , : ( = 0,88 (1 = 180 57 (d2 d1)/a = 180 57(400 140)/352 = 138; =1; CL =0,965 Lp/L0= 1600/2240 = 0,71; z = 0,9 .

, (6.18),

P= P0C(CpCLCz = 2,810,8819650,9 =2,15 .

10. (6.15) :

z = P/Pon= 10,66/2,15 = 4,96,

1 = T1(1 = 69,8152,8 = 10 660 = 10,66 . z = 5.

11. (6.19) :F0==[85010,660,965/(10,70,8815)]+0,1810,72 = 206 H q 0,18 / . 6.6, (6.20) , Fr = 2F0 zsin((1/2) = 22065sin(138/ 2) = 1820 H. 6.3 6.1.

. 1. . 6.11 1 = 69,8 () (6.2), kd = 2,53:

, . 6.10, d1=112 .2.

d2 = 315

3. , = 0,015:

4.

. :

5. (6.4) :

6. :

7. (6.6) :

. 6.6 .

8. (6.16) :

,

.9. . 6.10 P0 = 6,16 , .

:

. . 6.13 ;

12. (6.18)

11. :

, . z = 21.12. (6.21)

( . 6.7). (6.20) , :

.6.3 - - (. 6.2) : , , (u 12) ( 0,5 80 /), ( 0,2 500 ), (( = 0,950,99). .

, (. 6.14) (. 6.15). , , 40%.I 6.2 -

. , , .

- m =t/( , t (. 6.14 6.15). :

1. 1 n1 :

, (6.22)

= 35 = 25 ;

1 , ;

n1 , -1;

:

= 1,31,7 ,

= 1,51,9 , ;

= 1,82,2 , ;

= 2,02,5 , .

, < 400%.

(. 6.14 6.15).

2. z1 . 6.16.

()

z2 = z1u. .3. () , .

4. , /:

= (1(d1/(21000).5. () a()

a < 0,5(d2 + d1).

6. 6.6.

.

(6.23)

. 6.17.

, :

(6.24)

6.14 3805114

m,

1,01,52,03,04,05,07,010,0

t, 3,144,716,289,4212,5715,7121,9931,42

h, 0,81,21,52,02,53,56,09,0

H, 1,62,23,04,05,06,511,015,0

S, 1,01,51,83,24,45,08,012,0

(, 0,40,40,60,60,80,80,80,8

dT, 0,360,650,75

2(,50(40(

, 1(10-4 , 2/78914681116

1 q(10-3, /(2,02,53,04,06,07,08,011,0

W0, H/3,03,55,09,025,030,042,060

7. 6.16.

8. (1( 180(57((d2 d1)/a .

9. , :

z0 = z1(1/360 > [z0].

(6.25)

[z0] ( 6. z0 < [z0] .

10. W0 . 6.14.11. , , /:

,

(6.26)

Cp , , . 6.5;

CF , ( CF = 0,85); 6.15

38905560

m, tp, R1, h, , (, ((10-4, 2/

3

4

59,420,05 12,570,06 15,710,072,50,1 3,501

4,50,14,00,1 5,00,1

6,00,16,00,2 7,50,2 9,60,20,60,08 0,80,1 0,80,19

4

5

6.16

z1 n1 m n1, min-1 m,

1,01,5 2,03,04,0 5,07,0 10,0

750

1000

1500

3000-

13

14

15-

10

11

12-

12

14

16-

15

18

2022

24

26

-

12. , :

Ft = P1/q.

(6.27)

13. , :

,

(6.28) q2 , ; q 1 1 , /(() (. . 6.14). b (. 6.17). 6.17

z2 umax, zp b ( 3805114) m, 11,52345710

z2 10011512085

umax7,71011,512886,674,7

zp4016048250482005614056100

b, 312,532052012,510020100251254015050200

1. zp : 40, 42, 45, 48, 50, 53, 56, 60, 63, 67, 71, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 112, 115, 125, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 235, 250.2. b . 3; 4; 5; 8; 10; 12,5; 16; 20, 25, 32; 40, 50; 63; 80; 100, 125; 160, 200.

14. (H) :

Fo=1,2bq2

(6.29)

15. Fr :

Fr= (11,2)Ft

(6.30)

16. : :da = d+2( +

(6.31)

( , ( = 0,6 m = 24 ( = 1,3 m = 510 ; , , = 0,080,18 da = 50500 ;

()

df = d 2h,

(6.32)

h , . 6.14 6.15. , :

= b + m.

. 6.17. .

0,050,2 ( ).

: f = (0,250,4) m = (0,250,35) m ( ).

Lp ( ) , .

dp :

60( ( =1,25); p ( K = 1, K = 1,25, K = 1,5); ( = 1, = 1,15, = 1,25).

(6.33) t . 6.18.2. (6.33) , :

(6.35) Fp , (. . 6.18); Ft , ; K , ( ); , (6.34);

F = q2 . q 1 , ; , /); Ff , :Ff =9,81kf qa,

(6.36) f = 1 + 5 (90 () / 90( (f = 1 f = 6 ), ( = 40( f = 3. S [S] (. 6.20). 6.18 ( 1356875).

tb1d2d1d4h*, b7 , b, , , 1

,

-15,875-2315,8759,655,0810,1614,8241354,823,01,00

-19,05-31,819,0512,705,9411,9118,23318105,831,81,90

-25,4-6025,415,887,9215,8824,23922179,760,02,60

-31,75-8931,7519,059,5319,0530,2462426289,03,80

-38,1-12738,125,4011,1022,2336,25830394127,05,50

-44,45-172,444,4525,4012,7025,7042,46234473172,47,50

2-15,875-5,415,8759,655,0810,1614,80411314045,41,9

2-19,05-6419,0512,705,9611,9118,0853,417,7521164,02,9

2-25,4-11425,415,887,9215,8824,206822359114,05,0

2-31,75-17731,7519,059,5319,0530,208224524177,07,3

2-38,1-25438,125,4011,1022,2336,2010430788254,011,0

2-44,45-34444,4525,4012,7025,4042,2411034946344,814,4

*h 2

6.19 , , () t,

[], , n1, -1

50200400600800100012001600

12,715,875 19,0525,4

31,7538,135352531,5302928,526242623,521242118,522,51916,52117,51518,515

: < 7 /, (. . 6.21) : = z1tn1(601000)

(6.37)

z1 ; t , ; n1 , -1. 6.20 [S] ( z1 = 17)

t, n1 , -1

501002003004005006008001000

12,77,17,37,67,98,28,58,89,410,0

15,8757,27,47,88,28,68,99,310,110,8

19,057,27,47,88,28,68,99,310,110,8

25,47,37,68,38,99,510,210,812,013,3

31,757,47,88,69,410,211,01213,015,0

38,17,58,08,99,810,811,812,914

44,457,68,19,210,311,412,513,6

6.21 , -1 z1 n1, -1, t,

12,715,87519,0525,431,7538,144,4550,8

2025302780 2900 30002000 2070 21501520 1580 16401000 1030 1070725750780540560580430445460350365375

, , . ( ) .

3. (), :

= (3050)t

(6.38)

(6.39)

Lt = L/t ; t = a/t;z( = z1 + z2;( = (z2 z1)2( Lt , , .

() :

.

(6.40)

f ( 0,01, , .. 0,20,4 %.

4. Ft (H) ,

Ft = P/,

(6.41)

, ; V , /.

5.

Fr =1,15Ft.

(6.42)

6. ()

p=FtK/S [p],

(6.43)

S = mA ; = d2b1=(0,250,28)t2 (d2 b1 . . 6.18); (6.34); [] . 6.19.

7. , . 6.22. . (. 6.23). 6.22

(,

24, 28,

321429550650 (z2 > 50) c = 3 /

45 170210500600 (z2 >50) 5 /

45

45, 50, 50,

HRC 4550800900 (z1(2)) < 40),

15

20, 20,

,

HRC 55609301030 (z1(2)) 19)

. .

. f . ( = 40 f 0,02, ( > 40 f 0,015, . . . , . . . .

, .

, , . . , . , .

6.23 , ,

d = t/sin(180(/z)

De = t(ctg(180(/z)+0,7)0,31dg

Di=d2r

r = 0,5025 d+0,05

r1 = 1,7 d ( d )

h1=0,8d

Do = t(ctg(180/z)1,3h

:

> 35

< 35r2=2,5

r2=1,6

:

b1=0,93B0,15

b2=0,9B0,15

B2=A+b2

l=(1,53)d, d

d=d+2b, b

bc=(0,82,5)t

- , .

. < 2 / . = 24 /, (515 ) -. >4/ .

6.5. , , .

1.

,

.2. (6.33) :

, (6.34)

, , , , , . 1925 -1 . 6.19.

. 6.18 -25,4-60 , 1 2,60 , 2.

1. :

) . 6.21 25,4 -1, ;

) . 6.19; -1 .

(6.43)

,

-

- /

. .2. (6.38) :

. (6.39) :

, (6.40):

0,4% .. . .4. (6.42)

.5. (6.35) :

,

,

, . . (6.20) ., .

6. :

,

.6.4.2 . 6.24. (6.40).

6.24 ( 1355281).

tb, b1, b2, hh1S , ,

l , ,

12,722,5

28,5

34,5

40,5

46,5

52,528,5

34,5

40,5

46,5

52,5

58,531,5

37,5

43,5

49,5

55,5

61,513,47,01,54,7626

31

36

42

49

561,31

1,60

2,00

2,31

2,70

3,00

15,87530,0

38,0

46,0

54,0

62,0

70,038,0

46,0

54,0

62,0

70,0

78,041,0

49,0

57,0

65,0

73,0

81,016,78,72,05,9541

50

58

69

80

912,21

2,71

3,30

3,90

4,41

5,00

19,0545,0

57,0

69,0

81,0

93,054,0

66,0

78,0

90,0

102,056,0

68,0

80,0

92,0

104,020,110,53,07,1474

89

105

124

1433,90

4,90

5,91

7,00

8,00

25,457,0

75,0

93,0

111,066,0

84,0

102,0

120,068,0

86,0

104,0

122,026,713,353,09,52101

132

164

1968,40

10,80

13,20

15,40

31,7575,0

93,0

111,0

129,085,0

103,0

121,0

139.088,0

106,0

124,0

142,033,416,7311,91166

206

246

28614,35

16,55

18,80

21,00

1357681. z1 17. z1 = 35 2u. , .

Lt, , (6.39).

n1 , -1,

.

(6.44)

w ( ) [w]:

.

(6.45) , :

,

(6.46)

, ; , , (6.34); [10] , , 10 ; [10] . 6.25.

, , t = z1tn1/(60103). b (6.46) . 6.24 (6.44) (6.45). , (6.35), [S], . 6.26.

, . 6.4.1.

. 6.27.

= 360/z. 2 = . ( = 30 . b3 = b+2s, b .

6.25 [P10], , 10 , , /

12346810

12,7

15,875

19,05

25,4

31,750,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,20,8

1,0

1,2

1,6

2,01,0

1,3

1,62

2,1

2,61,3

1,6

1,9

2,6

3,21,6

2,1

2,5

3,4

4,22,0

2,5

3,0

4,0

5,12,35

3,0

3,5

4,6

5,9

6.26 [S] ( z1 > 17) , , -1

501002003004005006008001000

12,7 15,875 19,05

25,4

31,7520

20

21

21

2121

21

22

22

2222

22

23

24

2523

24

24

26

2624

25

26

28

3025

26

28

30

3226

27

29

32

3528

30

32

36

4030

32

35

40

1(0,4t. h3 = 0,75t, s1 = 2s, s (.. 6.24). r ( t.

6.27 () ( 1357681)

t,

12,715,87519,0525,431,75

h28,310,312,415,919,9

1,31,61,92,53,2

T =6014,1117,7321,2228,3335,35

20,5225,6530,7641,0351,34

r1 1,52,02,02,53,5

1 d = t/sin (180/z) 2 De = t/tg (180/z) 3 Di = d 2h2 / cos (180/z)

6.6. 6.5.

1.

u = n1 / n2 = 451,9 /225,9 ( 2.2. ()

z1 = 35 2u= 35 22=31;

()

z2 = z1u = 312 = 62. z2 = 63. u = z2/z 1= 63/31 = 2,03, :

3. . 6.24 t = 15,875 (6.37):

/.4. . 6.25 [10] =1,51 , 10 .5. (6.34) , = 1 , a = 1 = (3050)t, = 0,8 , ( = 1 ( 60, = 1,25 , K = 1,25 :

= ( = 110,811,251,25 = 1,25.6. (6.46)

, = 1(1 = 21847,32 = 10316 = 10,316 . t = 15,875 70 . t = 19,05 :

/. [10] = 2,04 ,

. 6.24 b = 69 Fp = 105 , q 5,91 /.

7. (6.38) :

= (30...50)t = (3050) 19,05 = 571,5952,5 .

= 600 .

8. (6.39) :

Lt = 2at + 0,5z( + (2/at, = 231,496 + 0,594 + 5,0932/31,496 = 110,8;

z( = z1 + z2 = 31 + 63 = 94; at = a/t = 600/19,05 = 31,496; ( = (Z2 Z1)/2( = (6331)/23,14 = 5,093. Lt = 110. L=Ltt =11019,05 = 2095 = 2,095 , m = Lq = 2,0955,91 = 12,38 .

9. (6.40) :

= 0,2519,05[110-0,594+ +] = 592,12 . 0,2 0,4 %, . . 592(0,002...0,004) = 1,18...2,37 .

= 590 .

10. (6.44) :

n1< [n1] .

11. w [w] (6.45):

w < [w] .

12. (6.41) , :

Ft =P/ = 10316/4,448 = 2319 ; (6.42) :

Fr ( 1,15Ft = 1,152319 = 2667 .

13. (6.35) :

,

F = q2 = 5,914,4482 = 116,9 ;

Ff = 9,81 kf q a = 9,813,55,910,59 = 119,7 ,

Kf = 1 + 5 (90( ()/90 = 1 + 5(90 45)/90 = 3,5.

. 6.26 [S] = 27,0., S > [S] .

14. (. . 6.23).

, d1 = t/sin (180(/z1)= 19,05/sin (180/31) = 188,30 ;

:d2 = t/sin(180(/z2) = 19,05/sin (180/63) = 382,22 .

:

F2, 22962667

, 796590

, 25,419,5

,

, 218,8

436,8188,3

382,22

, /5,174,45

1

4

, , -1

300015001000750

, 4n (d) , 4n (d) , 4n (d) , 4n (d)

0,251030,371030,55103

0,75103

1,101031,501032,21033,01034,01035,51037,510311,010315,01035623

6323

6323

7123

7123

8023

8023

90L23

100S23

100L23

112M23

132M23

160S232760(11)

2740(14)

2710(14)

2840(19)

2810(19)

2850(22)

2850(22)

2840(24)

2880(28)

2880(28)

2900(32)

2930(36)

2930(42)6343

6343

47143

7143

8043

8043

90L43

100S43100L4311243

132S43

1243

160S431370(14)

1365(14)

1390(19)

1390(19)

1420(19)

1415(22)

1425(22)

1435(24)

1430(28)

1445(28)

1455(32)

1450(36)

1460(42)6363

7163

7163

8063

8063

90L63

100L63

112M63

112MB63

132S63

132M63

160S63

160M63890(14)

910(19)

900(19)

915(22)

920(22)

935(24)

950(28)

955(32)

950(32)

965(36)

970(36)

970(42)

970(42)M71B83

8083

8083

90LA83

90L83

100L83

11283

11283

132S8313283

160S83

16083

18083680(19)

675(22)

700(22)

700(24)

700(24)

700(28)

700(32)

700(32)

720(36)

720(36)

730(42)

730(42)

730(42)

1. ; 2 ; ; ( , ); ; - ; , ; L, S, M ; 2, 4, 6, 8 ; 3 ( ).

1 , .. - / ... , 1999.

2 / . . .. . , 1981.

3 , .. / .. , .. . , 2000.

4 , .. / .. . , 1984.

5 , .. / .. . , 1988.

6 : 2 . / K.B. [ .]. , 1994.

7 , .. / .., .., .. . , 1986.

8 : 2 . / .. [ .]. , 1982.

9 / .. [ .]. , 1984.

10 , .. / .. , .. , .. . , 2006.

11 / .. [ .]. , 1984.

12 , .. . / .. , 2002.PAGE 2

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