DIFERENŢE ÎN MANIFESTAREA ALEXITIMIEI LA PACIENŢII CU ULCER GASTRODUODENAL ŞI VALVULOPATIE

7/23/2019 DIFERENE N MANIFESTAREA ALEXITIMIEI LA PACIENII CU ULCER GASTRODUODENAL I VALVULOPATIE

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Jnonrs`ypf @cpbhn`n n Sno`y`spfpn cno Y`upifnbh Jkfck|h

Pon|`yrnshs`h c` Rshs cno Jkfck|h

Lhbpfshs`h c` Urnakfkdn` n snno` hf` @cpbhn`n

Bhs`cyh c` Urnakfkdn`

S`w c` jhrs`y o urnakfkdn`

CNL@Y@O@ O JHONL@RSHY@H HF@QNSNJN@N

FH UHBN@ONN BP PFB@Y DHRSYKCPKC@OHF

N \HF\PFKUHSN@

Bkocpbsky snnonlnb7

Ufhsko Bhykfnoh& cy/ ahi/ u`c/&

cy/ urnakf/& bkol/ pon|/ [[[[[[[[[[

Hpsky7 Uydhyn Jhynhoh

Jhrs`yhoc ho/ NN

Bannop 9588


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BPUYNOR

Hcokshy` 2

Fnrsh hiy`|n`ynfky 0

Fnrsh shi`f`fky n dyhlnbnfky 0

Nosykcpb`y` 4

Bhunskfpf N/ Lpochjòs` s`ky`snb` hf` jhonl`rsynn hf`qnsnjn`n fh uhbnònn bp pfb`y

dhrsykcpkcòhf n |hf|pfkuhsn` 85

N/8/ Hf`qnsnjnh 85

N/8/8/ Bkobùspf c` hf`qnsnjn` 85

N/8/9/ @snkfkdnh hf`qnsnjn`n 80

N/8/2/ S`kynn hf` hf`qnsnjn`n 81

N/8/3/ Hf`qnsnjnh bh lhbsky hf ikfnfky urnakrkjhsnb` 95N/9/ Pfb`ypf dhrsykcpkcòhf 92

N/9/8/ Hru`bs` dò`yhf` hf` pfb`ypfpn dhrsykcpkcòhf 92

N/9/9/ @snkfkdnh pfb`ypfpn dhrsykcpkcòhf 93

N/9/2/ Uyklnfpf u`yrkohfnsnn uhbnònfkybp pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf 94

N/2/ \hf|pfkuhsnh 28

N/2/8/ Hru`bs` dò`yhf` hf` ikfnfky bhycnk|hrbpfhy` 28

N/2/9/ @snkfkdnh |hf|pfkuhsn`n 22

N/2/2/ Uyklnfpf u`yrkohfnsnn uhbnònfky bp |hf|pfkuhsn` 20

Bkobfpwnn 21

Bhunskfpf NN/ B`yb`shy`h jhonl`rsynnhf`qnsnjn`n fh uhbnònn bp pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf

n |hf|pfkuhsn` 35

NN/8/ Nosykcpb`y` o uhys`h uyhbsnb 35

NN/2/ C`rbyn`y`h j`skc`n 38

NN/2/ C`rbyn`y`h fkspfpn 32

NN/3/ Hohfnwh y`wpfshs`fky 33

Bhunskfpf NNN/ Uykdyhjpf c` urnakbky`bn` h hf`qnsnjnbnfky 08

NNN/8/ Lpochjòs` s`ky`snb` hf` `qu`ynjòspfpn lkyjhsn| 08

NNN/9/ Y`hfnwhy`h uykdyhjpfpn cùrnakbky`bn` 09

NNN/2/ @|hfphy`h `lnbnò`n uykdyhjpfpn c` urnakbky`bn`


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HCOKSHY@

Uydhyn Jhynhoh/ Cnl`yò` o jhonl`rshy`h hf`qnsnjn`n fh uhbnònn bp pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf

n |hf|pfkuhsn`/ S`w c` jhrs`y o urnakfkdn`/ Bannop& 9588/

Rsypbspyh s`w`n7Uy`wòsh fpbyhy` bpuynoc` hcoksyn o fnjinf` ykjo n òdf`w& bpuynor&nosykcpb`y`& sy`n bhunskf`& bkobfpwnn n y`bkjhocyn& inifnkdyhln` !24 rpyr`.& ho`q` !3.& lndpyn !89.

n shi`f` !82./

Bp|nos`f`*ba`n`7 hf`qnsnjn`& pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf& |hf|pfkuhsn`/

Rbkupf fpbyynn bkors o no|`rsndhy`hcnl`yò`fky c` jhonl`rshy` h hf`qnsnjn`n fh uhbnònn

bp pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf n |hf|pfkuhsn`/ Kin`bsn|`f` c` b`yb`shy` uy`|c rspcn`y`h n hohfnwhfns`yhspynn c` ru`bnhfnshs` y`l`ynskhy` fh hf`qnsnjn`= hohfnwh bhpw`fky n bkor`bno`fky pfb`ypfpn

dhrsykcpkcòhf n h |hf|pfkuhsn`n= uy`fpbyhy`h n hohfnwh hss bhosnshsn|& bs n bhfnshsn| h chs`fky

`qu`ynjòshf`= `fhikyhy`h n hufnbhy`h uykdyhjpfpn c` urnakbky`bn` bp psnfnwhy`h sàonbnfky

urnakcyhjhsnb` h|oc cyùs rbku c`w|kfshy`h bhuhbnsnn c` ncòsnlnbhy` n |`yihfnwhy` h `jknnfky=

lkyjpfhy`h c` bkobfpwnn n y`bkjhocyn/

Okpshs`h n kyndnohfnshs`h snnonlnb7 Uòsyp uynjh chs h lkrs rspcnhs jhonl`rshy`h

hf`qnsnjn`n fh uhbnònn bp pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf n fh b`n bp |hf|pfkuhsn` o Y/ Jkfck|h/

\hfkhy`h s`ky`snb/ Bkobfpwnnf` s`ky`snb` hf` b`yb`synn |no r bkjuf`s`w` bpokhs`y`h

snnonlnb h hf`qnsnjn`n o b``h b` uyn|`s` jhonl`rshy`h hb`rs`n c`y`dfyn fh uhbnònn bp pfb`y

dhrsykcpkcòhf n |hf|pfkuhsn`/

\hfkhy`h uyhbsnb h b`yb`synn bkors o `fhikyhy`h popn uykdyhj c` urnakbky`bn` b` hy`

cyùs rbku c`w|kfshy`h bhuhbnsnfky c` ncòsnlnbhy` n |`yihfnwhy` h `jknnfky uòsyp u`yrkho`f` b`

rpl`y c` pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf n |hf|pfkuhsn`/ C` hr`jò`h y`wpfshs`f` b`yb`synn hy ups`h ln

nobfpr` o jhs`yhf`f` nolkyjhsn|` uòsyp ru`bnhfnsn n uhbnòn cnhdokrsnbhn bp pfb`y



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HOOKSHSNKO

Unydhyn Jhynhoh/ Cnll`yòb`r nosa` jhonl`rshsnko kl hf`qnsa~jnh hjkod dhrsykcpkcòhf

pfb`y hoc |hf|pfkuhsa~ uhbnòsr/ Jhrs`yr sa`rnr no ur~bakfkd~/ Banrnohp& 9588/

Sa`rnr rsypbspy`/ Sanr uhu`y nobfpc`r hccokshsnkor no @odfnra hoc Ykjhonho& bkosòsr&nosykcpbsnko& say`` bahus`yr& bkobfprnkor hoc y`bkjjòchsnkor& inifnkdyhua~ !24 rkpyb`r.&

hoo`q`r !3.& lndpy`r !89. hoc shif`r !82./

M`~ tkycr7 hf`qnsa~jnh& dhrsykcpkcòhf pfb`y& |hf|pfkuhsa~/

Sa` upyukr` kl sa` uhu`y sk no|`rsndhs` sa` cnll`yòb`r no sa` jhonl`rshsnko kl hf`qnsa~jnh

hjkod uhbnòsr tnsa dhrsykcpkcòhf pfb`y hoc |hf|pfkuhsa~/ Sa` kig`bsn|`r kl sa` y`r`hyba

uyk|nc` sa` rspc~nod hoc hohf~rnr kl ru`bnhfnw`c fns`yhspy` ko hf`qnsa~jnh= hohf~rnr kl sa` bhpr`r

hoc bkor`xpòb`r kl dhrsykcpkcòhf pfb`y hoc |hf|pfkuhsa~= uykb`rrnod hoc hohf~rnr kl iksa

xphosnshsn|` hoc xphfnshsn|` `qu`ynjòshf chsh= c`|`fkujòs hoc njuf`jòshsnko kl h bkpor`fnod

uykdyhj prnod ur~bakcyhjh s`baonxp`r hnj`c hs c`|`fkunod sa` bhuhbns~ sk ncòsnl~ hoc

|`yihfnw` jksnkor= bkobfprnkor hoc y`bkjjòchsnkor/

Rbnòsnlnb nok|hsnko hoc kyndnohfns~7 Nr nr sa` lnyrs snj` sahs sa` jhonl`rshsnko kl

hf`qnsa~jnh hjkod uhbnòsr tnsa dhrsykcpkcòhf pfb`y hoc |hf|pfkuhsa~ nr rspcn`c no sa`

Yùpifnb kl Jkfck|h/

Sa`ky`snbhf |hfp`/ Sa` sa`ky`snbhf bkobfprnkor kl sa` y`r`hyba lnff no sa` rbnòsnlnb

moktf`cd` y`dhycnod sa` jhonl`rshsnko kl sanr cnrkyc`y hjkod dhrsykcpkcòhf pfb`y hoc

|hf|pfkuhsa~ uhsnòsr/

Sa` uhbsnbhf |hfp` kl sa` y`r`hyba nr sk c`|`fku h bkpor`fnod uykdyhj sahs hnjr sk

njuyk|` sa` bhuhbns~ sk ncòsnl~ hoc |`yihfnw` `jksnkor lky sa` u`yrkor rpll`ynod lykj

dhrsykcpkcòhf pfb`y hoc |hf|pfkuhsa~/


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Fnrsh hiy`|n`ynfky

SHRRbhfh Skykosk c` Hf`qnsnjn`

I\HXBa`rsnkohypf c` Hf`qnsnjn` I`yjkoc*\kyrs

PRDpfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf

\|hf|pfkuhsn`@ * `jkn`

DBdypu c` bkosykf

jj`cnh

HRhihs`y`h rshochyc

@RJ`ykhy`h rshochyc h j`cn`n

RRrpjh usyhs`fky

cldyhc c` fni`yshs`JRj`cnh usyhs`fky

Fnrsh shi`f`fky n dyhlnbnfky

Shi`fpf 8/ Yùhysnwhy`h cpu dò 32

Shi`fpf 9/ Yùhysnwhy`h cpu |yrs` 32

Shi`fpf 2/ Uykukynh hf`qnsnjn` pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf n |hf|pfkuhsn` 33

Shi`fpf 3/ Uykukynh cnjòrnpon hf` hf`qnsnjn`n pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf n |hf|pfkuhsn` 33

Shi`fpf 0/ Yùy`wòshy`h |hfkynn j`cnn !pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf|hf|pfkuhsn`dypu c`

bkosykf. 3

Shi`fpf 88/ Jhonl`rshy`h hf`qnsnjn`n fh cnl`yns` |yrs` 3>

Shi`fpf 89/ \hfkhy`h j`cn` h jhonl`rsynn hf`qnsnjn`n fh cnl`yns` |yrs` 05

Shi`fpf 82/ \hfkhy`h nocnb`fpn s fh |hynhinf`f` nobfpr` o `qu`ynjòspf lkyjhsn|


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NOSYKCPB@Y@

Hbsphfnshs`h s`j`n c` b`yb`shy /

o uy`wòs by`s`y`h c`wkydhonwynfky urnakrkjhsnb` bkorsnspn` poh cno uynobnuhf`f`

uykif`j` j`cnbhf` n rkbnhf`/ Hb`rs fpbyp r` y`l`y hss fh o`|ykw` !ikfn urnakrkjhsnb` jnoky`.bykyh f` `rs` ru`bnlnb rkjhsnwhy`h shifkpynfky rhf` bfnonb` o bkocnnnf` uhskjkylkw`n

bkos`jukyho`& bs n fh ikfnf` urnakrkjhsnb` jhgky` anu`ysòrnpo`& hrsj iykonb& pfb`y

dhrsykcpkcòhf& ikhf bkykohynho n hfs`f`/

Hb`rs` ikfn hp lkrs n rpos hikychs` jhn jpfs cno u`yru`bsn| inkfkdnb/ Ykfpf lhbskynfky

urnakrkbnhfn o huhynnh n cnohjnbh fky o`b`rns b`yb`syn pfs`ynkhy /

o snjupf c` lh hsònh b`yb`sskynfky `rs` bkobòsyhs hrpuyh hh opjnspfpn yhcnbhf

hf`qnsnjnb o rsypbspyh u`yrkohfnsnn uy`jkyinc` hikychs bh popf cno ukrninfnn lhbskyn urnakfkdnbnc` ynrb h c`wkydhonwynfky urnakrkjhsnb` ]80Z/

Bkobùspf hf`qnsnjn`n h lkrs `fhikyhs o honn 45. lkfkr`rb s`yjòpf c`

`jksnko`f`y hohflhi`snrjpr hohflhi`snrj jknkohf/

@snjkfkdnb hf`qnsnjnh hy or`joh7 nobhuhbnshs`h c` h rupo` `jknnf` !cno dy`hb h

o`dhn`& f`qnr |kyiny`& sa~jkr ròsnjòs./

Hf`qnsnjnh op `rs` bfhrnlnbhs cyùs spfipyhy` jnoshf o CRJ*N\/

Uksyn|ns fpn Rnlo`kr hf`qnsnjnh `rs` k c`y`dfhy` h rl`y`n bkdonsn| hl`bsn|` bhy` y`cpb`

bhuhbnshs`h c` h |`yihfnwh hl`bspf& ruky`s` yruporpf lnwnkfkdnb fh nolfpò`f` o`dhsn|` hf`

j`cnpfpn bhpwoc hrsl`f huhynnh rnjuskjhsnbnn rkjhsnb` ]8


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bhy` syn`s` nocn|ncpf; Hb`hrs syrspy `rs` rshinf rhp `rs` k rshy` s`jukyhy& hchushsn| bhy`

r` ukhs` jhonl`rsh osy*k hopjns rnsphn`; Bhy` `rs` bky`fhnh hf`qnsnjn`n bp ikhfh7 `rs` uy`wòh

`n rplnbnòs uòsyp c`w|kfshy`h rnjuskjhskfkdn`n urnakrkjhsnb`; Hb`rs`h op rpos rnodpy`f`

osyìyn fh bhy` ob`hyb r yrupoc rh|honn bkos`jukyhon ]93Z/

o hb`hrs kycno` c` nc`n bkornc`yj kukyspo rspcn`y`h ykfpfpn hf`qnsnjn`n o c`bfhohy`hn+rhp jòno`y`h uhskfkdnnfky urnakrkjhsnb` n h b`fky bhy` op lhb uhys` cno bhs`dkynh ikfnfky

urnakrkjhsnb`/ Cno ru`bsypf fhyd c` ikfn urnakrkjhsnb` hf`d`j pfb`ypf dhrsykcpkcòhf& c`khy`b`

bkolkyj b`yb`synfky `jknnf` gkhb po ykf r`jonlnbhsn| o huhynnh hb`rsky hl`bnpon n hp k ohspy

bp skspf ru`bnlnb& nhy cno ru`bsypf ikfnfky bhy` op lhb uhys` cno dypupf b`fky urnakrkjhsnb` hf`d`j

|hf|pfkuhsnh uhskfkdn` bhy` hy` shifkp hr`josky bp ikhfh nrba`jnb h nonjnn n bp hynsjnh

bhycnhb& b`f` cno pyj lboc uhys` cno dypupf ikfnfky urnakrkjhsnb`/ Syrspynf` y`dy`rn|`

uykopohs` hf` uhbnònfky bp pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf còks upobs` bkjpo` bp |nbnpf n cùy`rnh&rsyn bhy` hp uy`wòshs k by`s`y` |nwninf o honn cno pyj/ Bp skhs` hb`rs`h& lkocpf `qu`ynò`fky

`jknkohf` o hl`bnponf` dhrsykcpkcòhf` n b`f` bhycnk|hrbpfhy` `rs` jhn jpfs jhrbhs c`bs

`qufnbnshs7 opjhn rnjuskjpf lnwnb yjo` |nwninf/ Ihwocp*o` u` hb`rs` hydpjòs` o` uykupo`j

r no|`rsndj cnl`yò`f` o jhonl`rshy`h hf`qnsnjn`n fh uhbnònn bp pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf n

|hf|pfkuhsn`& b``h b` uy`wnos rbkupf b`yb`synn/

Kin`bspf b`yb`synn f bkorsnspn`cnl`yò`f` o jhonl`rshy`h hf`qnsnjn`n fh uhbnònn bp pfb`y


Nuks`w`f` b`yb`synn7

8/ Uy`rpupo`j b u`yrkho`f` b` rpl`y c` pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf n |hf|pfkuhsn` uy`wnossòcno` hf`qnsnjnb` jhn hbbòsphs` o bkjuhyhn` bp u`yrkho`f` b` op rpl`y c` hb`rs`

uhskfkdnn/

9/ Uy`rpupo`j b `qnrs cnl`yò` o jhonl`rshy`h hf`qnsnjn`n o bhwpf uhbnònfky bp pfb`ydhrsykcpkcòhf n h b`fky bp |hf|pfkuhsn`/

2/ Uy`rpupo`j b psnfnwhy`h sàonbnfky urnakcyhjhsnb` hy cnjnoph rnjuskj`f` hf`qnsnjnb`/Kin`bsn|`f` b`yb`synn7

8/ Rspcn`y`h n hohfnwh fns`yhspynn c` ru`bnhfnshs` y`l`ynskhy` fh hf`qnsnjn`=9/ Hohfnwh bhpw`fky n bkor`bno`fky pfb`ypfpn dhrsykcpkcòhf n h |hf|pfkuhsn`n=2/ Uy`fpbyhy`h& hohfnwh bhosnshsn| n bhfnshsn| h chs`fky `qu`ynjòshf`=3/ @fhikyhy`h n hufnbhy`h uykdyhjpfpn c` urnakbky`bn`=0/ Lkyjpfhy`h bkobfpwnnfky n y`bkjhocynfky/

J`skc` c` no|`rsndhn`7

o bhcypf b`yb`synn hp lkrs hufnbhs` pyjskhy`f` j`skc`7

s`ky`snb`7


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* hohfnwh n rnos`wh fns`yhspynn c` ru`bnhfnshs`= `junynb`7* Rbhfh Skykosk c` Hf`qnsnjn` !SHR. `fhikyhs c` bsy` Dyh`j` G/ Sh~fky& Y/ Jnbah`f

Ihdi~ n Ghj`r C/ H/ Uhym`y=

* Ba`rsnkohypf c` hf`qnsnjn` I`yjkoc*\kyrs `fhikyhs c` bsy` I`yjkoc n \kyrs/ rshsnrsnb`7* s`rspf s*rspcòs uòsyp rshinfny`h cnl`yò`n cnosy` j`cnn o bhwpf `hosnkho`fky

nocùòcòs`=

* s`rspf s*rspcòs uòsyp rshinfny`h cnl`yò`n cnosy` j`cnn o bhwpf `hosnkho`fky u`y`ban=* hohfnwh c` |hynho Hok|h/

Ihwh bkobùsphf7

8/S`kynh rnocykjpfpn hf`qnsnjnb h fpn Rnlo`kr U/ @/

9/ S`kynh uyklnfpynfky c` u`yrkohfnshs` h h fpn L/ A/ Cpjihy/2/ S`kynh uyklnfpynfky c` u`yrkohfnshs` h fpn Hf`qhoc`y/

Ihwh `qu`ynjòshf h b`yb`synn7 95 u`yrkho` bp pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf n 95 u`yrkho` bp

|hf|pfkuhsn` bhy` bkorsnspn` dypupf `qu`ynjòshf n 95 u`yrkho` bhy` bkorsnspn` dypupf c` bkosykf/

\hfkhy`h s`ky`snb7

hohfnwh bkobùs`fky c` hf`qnsnjn`& pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf n |hf|pfkuhsn`=

rnrs`jhsnwhy`h s`kynnfky bp uyn|ny` fh hf`qnsnjn`& pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf n |hf|pfkuhsn`= uykupo`y`h popn jkc`f h uyklnfpfpn u`yrkohfnsnn u`yrkho`fky bp pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf n h

u`yrkho fky bp |hf|pfkuhsn`=

`|ncòn`y`h hf`qnsnjn`n bh rnjuskj o shifkpf bfnonb hf hl`bnponn pfb`ykhr`dhrsykcpkcòhf` n h |hf|pfkuhsn`n/

\hfkhy`h uyhbsnb h b`yb`synn bkors o `fhikyhy`h popn uykdyhj c` urnakbky`bn` b` hy`

cyùs rbku c`w|kfshy`h bhuhbnsnfky c` ncòsnlnbhy` n |`yihfnwhy` h `jknnfky uòsyp u`yrkho`f` b`

rpl`y c` pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf n |hf|pfkuhsn`/ C` hr`jò`h y`wpfshs`f` b`yb`synn hy ups`h ln

nobfpr` o jhs`yhf`f` nolkyjhsn|` uòsyp ru`bnhfnsn n uhbnòn cnhdokrsnbhn bp pfb`y


Bp|nos`*ba`n`7 Hf`qnsnjn`& pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf& |hf|pfkuhsn`/

BHUNSKFPF N/ Lpochjòs` s`ky`snb` hf` jhonl`rsynn hf`qnsnjn`n fh uhbnònn bp pfb`y


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dhrsykcpkcòhf n |hf|pfkuhsn`

N/8/ Hf`qnsnjnh

N/8/8/ Bkobùspf c` hf qnsnjn`

Hf`qnsnjnh r` bhyhbs`ynw`hw uyno cnlnbpfshs`h rhp nobhuhbnshs`h kjpfpn c` h c`rbyn` bp

`qhbsnshs` uykuynnf` synyn `jknkohf` n c` h o`f`d` ròsnjòs`f` hfskyh& uyno cnlnbpfshs`h c` hc`s`yjnoh c`krìnynf` cnosy` ròsnjòs` n ròwhnnf` bkyukyhf`& uyno lnqhy`h u` `| ònjòs`

`qs`ynkhy` o c`synjòspf synynfky nos`ynkhy`/ R` `|ncònhw n po hrsl`f c` lòkjò bh psnfnwhy`h

fnjnshs h rnjikfpynfky c`ruy` bhy` c ck|hc k njhdnohn` ryhb/ Fh u`yrkho`f` hf`qnsnjnb` uks

ln uy`wòs` skhs` hb`rs` bhyhbs`ynrsnbn y`jhybhs` hos`ynky o jrpy `dhf rhp ukhs` uy`ckjnoh

ckhy poh cno `f`/

R` bkornc`y b ihwh o rspcn`y`h hf`qnsnjn`n h lkrs upr c` bsy` U/ Rnlo`kr n G/ O`jnha o

honn


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urnakrkjhsnb`/ !O/ C/ R`j`kok|h& 8>>0= N/ R/ Mkykrs`f`k|h& \/ R/ Yksòi`yd& 8>>2./

Hf`qnsnjnh ukhs` ln hikychs bh lkyj ru`bnlnb h y`no`ynn uhynhf` h c`w|kfsynn urnanb`& n

hopj` c`y`dfhy`h c`w|kfsynn fh bkunf h bhuhbnsnn c` `quynjhy` |`yihf h `jknnfky/ Hf`qnsnjnh

huhy` o bhwpf o bhy` hb`hrs bhuhbnshs` op r*h lkyjhs o jrpy o`b`rhy/ Jhn jpfs c`bs hss&

norplnbnòh njhdnohn`n o bhwpf hf`qnsnjn`n cpb` fh c`wkydhonwhy`h uykb`rpfpn c` ncòsnlnbhy` bpb`nfhfn& n hopj` fh nobhuhbnshs`h c` h s` njhdnoh o fkbpf nos`yfkbpskypfpn n c` h *n obanupn b`

rnjs` `f/ Nhy hb`hrsh cpb` fh nobhuhbnshs`h c` h rnjn rnjuhsn` lh c` hfn khjòn n c` hnbn y`wpfs

c`y`dfhy`h bkoshbspfpn `jknkohf bp hfn khjòn/ Y`fhnnf` uhbnònfky b` rpl`y c` hf`qnsnjn` bp

b`nfhfn r` bhyhbs`ynw`hw uyno lkyjhfnshs`& nocnl`yò& anu`yokyjhsn|nshs` !Iyknsndhj n

bkf/&8>>>.& y`ru`bsn| uyno nobhuhbnshs`h c` h jòno` y`fhnn rshinf`& huykunhs` n c`rbanr`/ osy*k

khy`bhy` jrpy jhonl`rshy`h hf`qnsnjn`n& h obanc`ynn `jknkohf`& h sòcno`n c` h bhjplfh

uykuynnf` ròsnjòs` rhp b`f upno c` h op f` jhonl`rsh c`rbanr rpos y`hbnn ckiocns`& c`khy`b`r`y|`rb cyùs jkc`f uòsyp njnshy` !o|hy`h uyno njnshy` cpu jkc`fpf fpn H/ Ihocpyh./

Hc`r`h hb`rs bkjukyshjòs `rs` obpyhghs c` bsy` rkbn`shs` n hf`qnsnjnh o hb`rs bkos`qs

huhy` bh k ikhf rkbnhf/ @rs` o`b`rhy c` `|ncònhs rs`y`ksnupynf` syhcnnkohf` h rkbn`snn

kbbncòshf` h bkjukyshjòspfpn iyis`rb bp jhonl`rshy` jnonj h ròsnjòs`fky bpj hy ln c`

`q`jufp7 iyihnn op ufod/ o dò`yhf& rs`y`ksnupynf` y`l`ynskhy` fh bkjukyshjòspf kjpfpn o

rkbn`shs` !o uynjpf yoc b`f` b` no c` `quy`rnh `jknkohf.& bhy` bkosynipn` fh lkyjhy`h

hf`qnsnjn`n r` po`rb o yùy`wòshy`h c`ruy` rshochys`f` hh opjns`n rkbn`sn cùy`rn|` !G/ T/

@hsko& Y/ G/ T`nf& 8>00.7 `rs` nos`ywnr r*n jhonl`sn `jknnf` c`rbanr& uòsyp bh hb`rs fpbyp r op

ln` u`ybùps c` bsy` rkbn`shs` bh jhonl`rshy` h rfinbnponn !H/ I/ Akfjkdkyk|h& O/ D/ Dhyho`ho&

8>>>. ]25Z/

Hf`qnsnjnh `rs` uyn|ns bh bkor`bno h f`dspynn rfhi` cnosy` `jnrl`yh rsod !h

bkosnòspfpn& |`yihfpfpn& oko`jknkohfpfpn. n `jnrl`yh cy`hus !h nobkosnòspfpn& oko|`yihfpfpn&

`jknkohfpfpn. !Y/ M`ffo`y& 8>>5./ o hb`rs bhw kjpf uhyb syn`s` o rshy` c` bkolfnbs nosyhurnanb

u`yjhoòs n fh `f& ruy` c`krìny` c` khjònn kinopnn& uy`ckjno o jhy` jrpy `jnrl`yh

cy`hus h by``ypfpn/ @qnrs uy`y`h b c`y`dfhy`h nos`yy`fhnkoynn cnosy` `jnrl`y` `rs` bkocnnkohs

c` c`y`dfhy`h kydhonb h bkyupfpn bhfkr/ !C`l`bs`f` bkyupfpn bhfkr c`r`kyn rpos rshinfns` o

uyhbsnbh bfnonb fh uhbnònn bp c`wkydhonwyn urnakrkjhsnb` no|`rsndhn uyno skjkdyhln`./ Hb`rs`

rbanjiyn jkylkfkdnb` rpos oòr`johs` n op uyk|khb po c`lnbns o`pykfkdnb lpochjòshf/ Bp

hfs` bp|nos`& `f` op hl`bs`hw lpobnnf` |nshf` hf` kydhonrjpfpn& jhonl`rsocp*r` ckhy fh on|`f`f`

b`f` jhn ohfs` n b`f` jhn ròrninf` h kydhonwynn `jknkohf` ]919.& y`hbnnf` uhbnònfky hf`qnsnjnbn rpos o jhy` uhys` c`


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ohspy urnakrkjhsnb n yùy`wnos hru`bs`f` `quy`rn|` rhp lnwnkfkdnb` hf` hl`bs`fky o hiròh

|`yihfnwynn skshf`/ K |`yihfnwhy` o`hc`b|hs lhb` bh `jknnf` r cnl`y` uy`h upno po`f` c` hfs`f`&

nhy hiròh popn bkos`qs u`yrkohf by`hw njuy`rnh bkolpwnponn n o`cnl`yòn`ynn/ Po`kyn& or&

uhbnònn bp hf`qnsnjn` rpos bhuhinfn c` nwipbonyn `jknkohf` oùy`|wps` n nosòr`& b` bhus

lkyjh poky hbb`r` hbps` !O`jnha n bkf/& 8>4444. o pyjh kir`y|hnnfky

rprno` b hb`sn uhbnòn rshp osy*k ukwnn` yndnc& jnbynf` fky rpos y`w`y|hs`& o snjupfbko|`yrhnnfky uyhbsnb op d`rsnbpf`hw& nhy l``f` fky uyhbsnb rpos fnurns` c` `quy`rn`/ JbCkpdhff

!8>15. rprno` b hf`qnsnjnbnn r`hjo bp ons` ykikn& bhy` ob`hyb r *n cnyng`w` bkyupf bh u` k

jhno/ Inko !8>3>+8>01. còpj`s` uyno s`yjòpf

bhshfkdnwhy`/ Hh * opjnsh docny` ku`yhnkohf bhyhbs`ynrsnb hf`qnsnjnbnfky `rs` hirkfps fnurns

c` j`shlky`/ Cno hb`hs bhpw op `rs` c` jnyhy` lhuspf b hb`rsky uhbnòn f` fnur`s` k |nh

`jknkohf nos`ynkhy/

My~rshf !8>19. hlnyj b hrsl`f c` uhbnòn lkhys` yhy uk|`rs`rb uykuynnf` |nrpyn& nhy banhy

chb uk|`rs`rb& hspobn c`rbyn`y`h fky `rs` bkjupr cno huykqnjhsn| k lyhw/ Jhn jpfs c`bs hss&

onbn |nrpynf`& onbn hfs` `|ònjòs` op f` by`hw onbn po l`f c` hrkbnhnn/ Hb`fhn fpbyp ukhs` ln rupr

n c`ruy` njhdnohnnf`& nfpwnnf` n hbsn|nshs`h fky by`hsn| o dò`yhf/

K hrsl`f c` hirò rhp c`lnbns h |n`nn `jknkohf` n h njhdnohn`n fh uhbnònfky hf`qnsnjnbn

lhb` bh y`fhnnf` fky lh c` kin`bs r ln` fnurns` c` opho n bpfkhy`/ Y`fhnnf` fky bp khjònn o

jhy` uhys` rpos fnurns` c` `jknn/ Y`fhnnf` r`qphf` uks c`|òn uyhdjhsnb` n bkjupfrn|`& nhy


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orn hbspf r`qphf rpl`y c` k njhdnohn` ryhb !Jb Ckpdhff& 8>15./ C` JPwho !8>43. hlnyj

b uhbnònn hf`qnsnjnbn huy`bnhw khjònn bh lnnoc fnurnn c` bhyhbs`ynrsnbn u`yrkohf`/ Hb`rs fpbyp n

jun`cnb r*n by``w` k njhdno` c` rno` kin`bsnb/

My~rshf !8>19. jònko`hw lhuspf b uhbnònn hf`qnsnjnbn hp ukrninfnsnf` fnjnshs` c`

hpskbkorkfhy & hpskrprno`y` n rsnj c` rno` rbwps/Urnahohfnsnn ncòsnlnb cnjòrnpo`h urnanb fnur bh lkyj h kyinynn urnanb`& o uy`wòh

by`nh hrsl`f c` uhbnònop bkosnòsnw`hw `quy`rnnf` urnanb` h uykuynnfky njupfrpyn !Dyno& 8>40=

My~rshf& 8>19= Jb Ckpdhff& 8>15./ My~rshf hlnyj b hf`qnsnjnbnn r` bkjukys fh l`f bh uhbnònn

kyin bhy` r*hp o|hs r bkjuòr`w` c`y`dfhy`h u`ybùn`n uyno rnrs`jpf c` rpd`yyn & bp hgpskypf

bypnh `n ckioc`rb bhuhbnshs`h r gpc`b` c`ruy` hb`f` fpbypyn u` bhy` op f` uks cnl`yònh/ Hrsl`f

c` uhbnòn& ruy` `q`jufp& uks lkfkrn lhos`wnh cnosy*k bhys` bnsns rhp cnosy*po lnfj uyn|ns/ Hrsl`f

`n o|h r by``w` njuy`rnh okyjhfnsnn& bkjuòroc o`hgporpf rp uyno hd`ynj`h ròsnjòs`fkyb` r` ihw`hw u` y`hfnshs`h `qs`ynkhy ]83Z/

C`bfhyhnnf` hf`qnsnjnbnfky rpos hc`r`h ihohf`& c`hys`& `n op rpos bhuhinfn r*n c`w|kfs`

docpynf`& op rpos o rshy` r o`f`hd ròrpf lndpyhs hf `quy`rnnfky/ @rs` ncòsnlnbhs op ckhy

rybnh |`yihf& chy n nobhuhbnshs`h c` lhoshrjhy`/ o snjupf bkoshbspfpn& jhn hf`r o rnsphnnf`

bynsnb`& ikfoh|nfky f` `rs` ru`bnlnb r ofkbpnhrb `quy`rnnf` |`yihf` rhp yùy`wòsynf` njhdnohy`

uyno d`rspyn& hcnb `rs` c`bfhohs no`y|hnh bkyukyhf/ o hb`hrs rnsphn` rpin`bspf urnakrkjhsnb

`rs` rùhyhs c` nobkosnòspf rp n rsyor f`dhs c` fpj`h `qs`ynkhy/ Y`dy`rnh urnakrkjhsnb rs`

huy`bnhs cyùs y`dy`rn` h @pfpn fh on|`fpf uynjnsn| c` huyhy` bp sòcno` hdy`rn|` n

hpskcnrsypbsn|` o lkyj c` rkjhsnwhy`/

Nolkyjhnh hbpjpfhs o pyjh jpfsnuf`fky kir`y|hnn hp u`yjnr ob`ybhy`h c` h bhyhbs`ynwh

rsypbspyh c` u`yrkohfnshs` urnakrkjhsnb/ Hrswn o jhy` uhys` `h `rs` c`s`yjnohs c` bkobùspf

hf`qnsnjn`& bhy` r` bhyhbs`ynw`hw uyno uhsyp rnjuskj` snunb` bp cn|`yr` dyhc` c` r`|`ynshs` o

ln`bhy` bhw uhysnbpfhy7

8/ Bhuhbnshs` fnjnshs c` lhoshrjhy`/Uhbnòspf osjuno cnlnbpfsn rhp `rs` nobhuhinf c` hpsnfnwh rnjikfpynf` y`wpfshspf by`nh `rs` po snu huhys`c` docny` bhy` ukhs` ln ncòsnlnbhs

bh j`bhonb& psnfnshy& bkoby`s/ @rs` |kyih c`ruy` docny`h f`dhs bp jkjòspf

uy`wòs& kynòshs fh fpbypynf` bkoby`s` n y`hf`& fnurns c` `quy`rn`& bhy` huykhu` onbnkchs

op njufnb kin`bs`f` nos`ynkhy`& ufnbsnr`s` nos`yfkbpskypf n by`hw njuy`rnh c` fnjnshy`

nos`f`bsphf/ @h `rs` kydhonwhs uyhdjhsnbk*sàonb n `rs` kynòshs fh fhspyh j`bhonb

lpobnkohf h b`fky c`rbynr`/

9/ Nobhuhbnshs`h snunb c` h `quynjh ròsnjòs`f` syns`/Uhbnòspf op `rs` bhuhinf r po`hrbrnjikfpynf` |`yihf` rhp d`rsnbpfhy` bp ròsnjòs`f` !G/ Yp`rba& 8>31./ Ròsnjòs`f` rpos

syns`& o bhw b rpos uy`wòs`& bh b`|h o`rsypbspyhs bhy` op ukhs` ln syhorjnr |`yihf/ @f`


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hc`r`h rpos syhorjnr` uyno u`yrkho`f` cno hospyhg !rknh j`h h rupr j`cnbpf h rupr.

rhp o fkbpf ròsnjòs`fky rpos c`rbynr` y`hbnnf` rkjhsnb`/

2/ @rs` y`jhybhs lhuspf b uhbnònn urnakrkjhsnbn rpos lkhys` hchushn fh y`fhnnf` cùyn`sòn`& lhus bhy` hc`r`h `rs` ncòsnlnbhs cyùs anu`yokyjhf/ Y`fhnnf` fky bp k u`yrkho

bkoby`s rpos bhyhbs`ynwhs` cyùs y`fhnn dkhf`/ C`khy`b` `n op rpos bhuhinfn r o`f`hdrsypbspynf` urnakfkdnb` yjo fh on|`fpf psnfnwynn bkoby`s` h kin`bs`fky/

3/ Cno bhpwh y`no`ynn fh on|`fpf rnjinksnb n h c`lnbnspfpn c` c`lnyòn`y` rpin`bs kin`bsy`wpfs nobhuhbnshs`h uòsyp y`fhnn hc`|yhs` bp kin`bspf n uòsyp uykb`rpf c` syhorl`y/

Hy` fkb ncòsnlnbhy`h skshf bp kin`bspf= ikfoh|pf urnakrkjhsnb `qnrs bp hgpskypf n

chskyns uy`wò`n hfspn kj !lndpynn rhf` ba`n`./ C` hnbn c`|no` bfhy c` b` un`yc`y`h

!njhdnohy rhp y`hf. h hb`rs`n lndpyn*ba`n` !un`yc`y`h kin`bspfpn. hss c` c`r `rs`

ncòsnlnbhs bh rnspnhn` c`bfhohskhy` fh obùpspf !rhp o snjupf hbpsnwynn. ikfnn/Uòsyp`qufnbhy`h hb`rsky chs` hp lkrs ohnoshs` bnobn nuks`w` cnl`yns` cno upobs c` |`c`y`

`snkfkdnb/

8/Nuks`wh c`lnbnspfpn/ Fh ihw`f` hb`rs`n nuks`w` rs uy`y`h fpn G/ Yp`rba c`ruy` hb``h&uy`bpj b fh hb`sn ikfoh|n hy` fkb k ifkbhy` uynjhy fh po on|`f uynjnsn| c` c`w|kfshy &

chy op lnqhnh bp hfspyhy`h y`dy`rn`n bh o bhwpf o`|ykw`fky/ Hb`hrs nuks`w hy` k

njukysho jhgky n uòsyp s`yhunh bhy` nobfpc` hru`bspf c`w|kfsynn/

9/Nuks`wh y`dy`rn n bh y`wpfshs hf syhpjynn uy`rpupo` lkyjhy`h rnjuskj`fky urnakrkjhsnb`hohfkdnb nos`yuy`synn rnjuskj`fky o`|yksnb` bh bkor`bno h lnqhn`n fh lhbskypf

syhpjhsnwhos bp hfspyhy`h y`dy`rn`n fh po rshcnp snjupynp c` c`w|kfshy`/ Hb`rs jkc`f or

op ukhs` `qufnbh c` b` huhy` rnjuskjpf rkjhsnb n op b`f urnanb/

2/Nuks`wh jksònynn c`kbhjchs op ukhs` ln hikychs& c`khy`b` uòsyp hydpjòshy`h `n rposuy`h upno` chs` |hfnc`/

3/Nuks`wh c`|n`ynn o`pykhohskjnb` n o`pyklnwnkfkdnb / @qnrs jhn c`dyhi uy`rpupo`ynru`bpfhsn|` !bkjnrrkykskjnh lpobnkohf. !Akuu` , Ikdò& 8>44.& bhy` uhy upno

uykihinf`/ Hb`fhn fpbyp r` y`l`y n fh pyjskhy`h nuks`w/

0/Nuks`wh lkyjynn rkbnhf*urnakfkdnb h y`hbnnfky/ Cno u`yru`bsn|h hb`rs`n nuks`w` hf`qnsnjnh`rs` nos`yuy`shs bh lòkjò snunb hchusynn fh rkbn`shs`h nocprsynhf cno kbbncòs& o bhy`

`rs` o`|kn` c` bkjukyshjòs bkoby`s*y`hfnrsnb bp upno` jhonl`rsyn `jknkohf`/

C`n hf`qnsnjnh bh jhonl`rshy` h jkcpfpn c` h hbnkoh h nocn|ncpfpn `rs` po lòkjò bhy`

op ukhs` ln o`dhs n ukhs` ln kir`y|hs fh jpfn uhbnòn& nuks`wh uy`bpj b hb`hrsh `rs` k rsypbspy

urnakrkjhsnb snunb r` bnkbo`s` bp bkosyhhydpjòs` n uo hbpj uyk|khb c`wihs`yn/ B`h jhn

njukyshos kin`bn` `rs` uyk|kbhs c` o`ru`bnlnbnshs`h rh7 o uklnch lhuspfpn b hf`qnsnjnh `rs`

ncòsnlnbhs fh jpfs` u`yrkho` !c`n op fh skhs`. ikfoh|` urnakrkjhsnb& `h `rs` ncòsnlnbhs n fh


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844. ncòsnlnb on|`fpf hpsky`dfynn urnanb` bhy` bkosynipn` fh

jòno`y`h hbsn|nsnn urnanb` kusnjhf` o`b`rhy` uòsyp hbsn|nshs`h nocn|ncpfpn pjho/ K/ H/

Mkokumno !8>15. jònko`hw po hfs on|`f& n hopj` on|`fpf ku`yhnkohf sàonb hf hpsky`dfynn

bhy` hrndpy kydhonwhy`h n bky`bnh bkosnòs h hbsn|nsnn rpin`bspfpn/ I/ R/ Iyhsprn !8>18.& L/ @/

\hrnfnn !8>13.& I/ \/ W`ndhyonm !8>18. ncòsnlnb on|`fpf jksn|hnkohf hf hpsky`dfynn bhy` hrndpy

bkosnòsnwhy`h jksn|`fky uykuyn`n hbsn|nsn I/ \/ W`ndhyonm !8>1>. rprno` b chskyns

lpobnkoynn hb`rspn on|`f hf hpsky`dfynn r` c`rbanc y`w`y|`f` nos`yo` h nocn|ncpfpn pjho& bhy` n

bkol`y fni`yshs`h n*n hrndpy banhy n o bkocnnnf` b`f` jhn cnlnbnf` ukrninfnshs`h c`

hpskhbsphfnwhy`/ C` hr`jò`h I/ \/ W`ndhyonm !8>1>. rprno` b o bhfnshs` c` j`bhonrj hf

on|`fpfpn jksn|hnkohf hf hpsky`dfynn huhy` y`lf`bnh n f`dspynf` c` ròr/

Y`lf`bnh n hrndpy nocn|ncpfpn pjho ukrninfnshs`h c` h r` u yn|n cnosy*k uhys`& `h `rs`

kynòshs ruy` bkosnòsnwhy`h ròrpfpn uykuyn`n |n`n n hbsn|nsn/ @h n kl`y ukrninfnshs` kjpfpn r

bpuynoc uykuynh |nh o u`yru`bsn|h fhyd h snjupfpn& r rshinf`hrb k bko`qnpo` osy` sy`bps&

uy`wòs n |nnsky& byòc hrsl`f nos`dynshs`h n oòsy`ypu`y`h |n`nn& u`yjnoc rpin`bspfpn r

ursy`w` rhp r y`rshinf`hrb hyjkonh nos`yo !\/ U/ Wnobòmk& 8>>5./

Lnnoc po on|`f uhysnbpfhy hf on|`fpfpn jksn|hnkohf hf hpsky`dfynn& y`lf`bnh uy`wnos k rpyr

jhgky h y`wnrsò`n& fni`ysnn n hpskc`w|kfsynn u`yrkohfnsnn/ !I/ \/ W`ndhyonm& 8>1>& \/ U/

Wnobòmk& 8>>5./ o hb`hrsh n bkors c`krìny`h `n uynobnunhf c` lkyj`f` nobkosnòs` h y`dfynn

c` ròr !j`bhonrj` urnakfkdnb`. b` lpobnko`hw fh on|`fpf hpskjhsnrj`fky urnanb` hrnjnfhs`/


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O` |kj y`l`yn cno okp fh lòkjòpf hf`qnsnjn`n/ R o` hjnosnj b popf cnosy` rnjuskj`f`

njukyshos` hf` hf`qnsnjn`n `rs` cnlnbnspf c` y`lf`bn`& hcnb bkosnòsnwhy`h uykuyn`n ohspyn pjho`& h

o`b`rnsnfky n jksn|`fky hbsn|nsnfky n y`ru`bsn| nobhuhbnshs`h c` h cnyngh uykuynnf` njupfrpyn& c`

h f` jkcnlnbh lf`qninf o cùòcò c` b`yno`f` rnsphn`n rbanjioc chb ` o`b`rhy bkobùnh

c`ruy` |nh rhp drnoc y`rpyr` okn uòsyp jòno`y`h bkobùn`n uy`b`còs`/Bkosnòsnwoc cnlnbpfshs`h kin`bspfpn cnrbpshs& |kj ob`ybh r o`f`d`j bhy` ` ykfpf

j`bhonrj`fky jksn|hnkohf` o dò`wh hf`qnsnjn`n/ Jhn osn c` skhs` syìpn` jònkohs lhuspf b

uòsyp huhynnh hbsn|nsnn c` hpsky`dfhy` `rs` o`b`rhy uy`wòh kydhopfpn hpsky`dfhsky fh ihwh

bypnh r` hlf o`b`rnshs`h c` hpskc`w|kfshy`& hpskhbsphfnwhy`& c`w|kfshy` runynsphf/

Norshinfnshs`h rhp odprsnj`h n`yhyan`n jksn|hnkohf`& o`lkyjhy`h o`b`rnsnn c` hpsky`dfhy`&

cnlnbnspf c` y`lf`bn` uks ln uy`jnw` h huhynn`n hf`qnsnjn`n ]8>Z/

o bkobfpwn` ups`j rupo` pyjskhy`f`78/ Lòkjòpf hf`qnsnjn`n `rs` y`wpfshspf c`w|kfsynn urnanbpfpn o bkocnnn cnlnbnshy`=9/ Popf cnosy` j`bhonrj`f` urnakfkdnb` hf` hf`qnsnjn`n `rs` norplnbnòh rhp o`lkyjhy`h

hbsn|nsnn c` hpsky`dfhy`& bhy` hrndpy hsnspcno` by`hsn| hbsn| lh c` uykuynh |nh/

N/8/9/9/ Ohspyh inkfkdnb h hf`qnsnjn`n

S`kynh inkfkdnb uyn|`s` hf`qnsnjnh bh u` po uykb`r uynjhy& o bhy` ykfpf uynjkycnhf n

y`|no` j`bhonrj`fky dò`snb`& c`l`bs`fky rhp c`w|kfsynn c`krìns` h by``ypfpn !\/ \/ Mhfnono./

Hb`rs` bhyhbs`ynrsnbn o` u`yjns r rprno`j b bhpwh hf`qnsnjn`n `rs` poh bkorsnspnkohf]84Z/

N/8/9/2/ Ohspyh syhpjhsnb h hf`qnsnjn`n

Kynòshy`h bhy` rprno` ohspyh syhpjhsnb h hf`qnsnjn`n k uyn|`s` bh u` k c`y`dfhy`

r`bpochy& bhy` r` jhonl`rs o rnsphnh rskuynn dfkihf` h hl`bs`fky rhp hjkynynn b` rpy|no` o

pyjh po`n syhpj` urnakfkdnb` jhgky`/ o hb`rs bhw hf`qnsnjnh o lkyjh rh uhskfkdnb y`lf`bs

rpl`yno rhp cùy`rn` jhrbhs n `rs` hikychs bh j`bhonrj c`lòrn|& ly h ln j`bhonrj c`

huyhy` o o`f`r bfhrnb !\/ J/ Uyk|kyksk| n bkf/./ Hb`hrs ukwnn` `rs` rprnops n c` bsy`

yùy`wòshonn kynòsynn urnakcnohjnb`& bhy` hp c`rbku`yns hf`qnsnjnh o bhwpf cùy`rn`n jhrbhs`

n o`|ykw`n& b``h b` o`*h kl`yns hydpjòs uòsyp h hikych hf`qnsnjnh cno u`yru`bsn|h o`|ykw`n

]84Z/

N/8/9/3/ Ohspyh rkbnhf h hf`qnsnjn`n


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Kynòshy`h rkbnkfkdnb `qufnb huhynnh rnocykjpfpn hf`qnsnjn`n rpi hru`bspf lhbskynfky

rkbnhfn n bpfspyhfn/ Popf cnosy` yùy`wòshonn hb`rs`n kynòsyn& bhy` h `|ncònhs uynosy` bhpw`f`

hf`qnsnjn`n o|hy`h rkbnhf& A/ Mynrshf& uy`rpupo` b c`w|kfshy`h `jknkohf h nocn|ncpfpn pjho

n y`ru`bsn| uhskfkdnh rl`y`n `jknkohf` hp f`dspy cny`bs bp bhyhbs`ypf y`fhn`n jhj bkunf

cno bkunfynh snjupyn`/ o b`yb`synf` y`hfnwhs` c` hpskynn ghuko`wn& ykfpf `rònhf o lkyjhy`hhf`qnsnjn` n y`|no` lhbskynfky lhjnfnhfn ]84Z/

N/8/2/ S`kynn hf` hf`qnsnjn`n

o uy`wòs op `qnrs k s`kyn` ponb bhy` r `qufnb` c`w|kfshy`h hf`qnsnjn`n/ Cpu

uyk|ònòh rh `rs` hf`qnsnjn` uynjhy n r`bpochy/ Hf`qnsnjnh uynjhy `rs` uyn|ns bh uykb`r o

bhy` ykfpynf` uynobnuhf` f` y`|no pyjskhy`fky lòkjò`7

8/

Lhbskynn dò`snbn !Hy/ A`ni`yd& 8>41.=9/ C`l`bs`f` rhp rsypbspyh ru`bnlnb h by``ypfpn !M/ Akuu`& 8>11& R/ W`nsfno& 8>1>& T/

SòAkpsò& 8>10.=

2/ Fkbhfnwhy`h infhs`yhf rhp hokyjhf h bòsypfpn |kyinynn o `jnrl`yh o`ckjnohos !/ /& 8>>41.& ihwocp*r` u` rspcn`y`h d`jònfky& n

hsynipn` po ykf njukyshos o c`w|kfshy`h hf`qnsnjn`n lhbskypfpn dò`snb ]93Z/


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Hf`qnsnjnh r`bpochy r` c`w|kfs o y`wpfshspf po`n syhpj` urnakfkdnb` dyh|` rhp u` lkopf

poky ikfn hbps` bpj hy ln nolhybspf jnkbhycnb& nbsprpf b`yìyhf& `sb/ o hb`rs bkos`qs `h huhy` bh

j`bhonrj c`lòrnl n r` jhonl`rs uyno rshy`h c` noaninn` dfkihf rhp hjkyny` h hl`bs`fky ]99Z/

C`rbku`yny`h hf`qnsnjn`n o cùy`rnnf` jhrbhs` n o`|ykw` f`*h chs jksn| poky hpskyn hh bh

D/ Sh~fky !8>13. r k hikyc`w` cno u`yru`bsn|h o`|ykw`n/ Syrspynf` hf`qnsnjnb` c`r`kyn rpososfons` fh u`yrkho`f` b` rpl`y c` rsy`r ukrssyhpjhsnb/ osy*po ny c` c`y`dfyn urnanb` u`ynl`ynb`

r*h bkorshshs b `qnrs k bky`fhn` ukwnsn| osy` on|`fpf hf`qnsnjn`n& cùy`rn`n n hoqn`snn/

Y`ru`bsn| hp lkrs ohnoshs` uy`rpupo`yn bkolkyj bykyh syrspynf` hf`qnsnjnb` r` c`w|kfs o ihwh

cùy`rn`n n hoqn`snn uy`b`còs /

o 8>>< hp huyps fpbyynf` hpskynfky G/ Mhpahoò& D/ Mhufho& Y/ Bkaò o bhy` h lkrs

hikychs po okp hru`bs hf hf`qnsnjn`n n hopj` f`dspyh `n bp ynrbpf rpy|ònynn bhwpynfky c` c`b`r/

@rs` |kyih c` lhuspf b uy`wòh bhyhbs`ynrsnbnfky hf`qnsnjnb` o rsypbspyh u`yrkohfnsnn iyihnfkybp |yrsh bpuynor osy` 39 >4.& J/ Fpjf`~& B/ Jhc`y& G/

Dyhjwkt& M/ Uhuno`hp !8>>>2.& Y/ Fho`& F/ R`bay`rs& Y/ Yn`c`f !8>>1. o

pyjh b`yb`synn uy`cnrupo`ynn ruy` hf`qnsnjn` o cùòcò c` uhysnbpfhynsnf` c` dò& |yrs&

rspcnn& bpfspy rkbnhf hp kir`y|hs b hf`qnsnjnh `rs` jhn c`r uy`wòs fh u`yrkho`f` c` dò

jhrbpfno bp rshsps rkbnhf rbwps& |òns jnb n on|`f rbwps hf rspcnnfky/ J/ Gkpmhjhh& Y/

Rhfkmhodhr !8>>>>2. hp bkorshshs b cnlnbpfshs`h o c`lnyòn`y`h ròsnjòs`fky n

ròwhnnfky lnwnb` hp f`dspy bp opjypf honfky c` rspcnn& rshsps rkbnhf n cùy`rn`/


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U/ Lnoo& G/ Jhysno& Y/ Unaf !8>14. hp y`jhybhs b u`yrkho`f` b` rpl`y c` hf`qnsnjn` hp

sòcno ruy` hfbkkfnrj& nhy J/ Fpjf`~& M/ Yki~ !8>>0. hp y`jhybhs sòcnoh hb`rsky u`yrkho`

ruy` ohybkjhon`& c`n o bhwpf sòcno`n ruy` ohybkjhon` hf`qnsnjn`n n y`|no` po ykf oòr`johs/

Bkolkyj uy`ynn fpn G/ Rhfjnoò n bkf/& bhy` hp `l`bsphs snju c` po ho kir`y|yn hrpuyh

ikfoh|nfky urnanb cno rshnkohy`& hf`qnsnjnh `rs` k c`wkydhonwhy` bkorshos ]93Z/Cnhdokrsnbh cnl`yònhs h hf`qnsnjn`n uynjhy` n r`bpochy` uo o uy`wòs yjo` h ln rpi

r`jopf osyìynn/ Popf cnosy` byns`ynnf` hb`rs`n cnl`yòn`yn hy ln yruporpf uhbnònfky bp

hf`qnsnjn` fh urnaks`yhunh cnohjnb7 uhbnònn b` rpl`y c` hf`qnsnjn` uynjhy op rpos ròrninfn fh

hb`hrs urnakbky`bn`& nhy o po`f` bhwpyn o pyjh `n fn r` oyps`s` rshy`h rkjhsnb/ Chb

syrspynf` hf`qnsnjnb` ukhys po bhyhbs`y r`bpochy& hspobn `f` y`dy`r`hw yhunc rpi hbnpo`h

urnakbky`bn n ]99Z/

N/8/2/ Hf`qnsnjnh bh lhbsky hf ikfnfky urnakrkjhsnb`

R` uy`rpupo` `qnrsòh yhcnbhfpfpn c` u`yrkohfnshs` uyùrnakrkjhsnb h hb`fpn yhcnbhf c`

uhysnbpfhynsn c` u`yrkohfnshs` bhy` bkocpb ruy` jikfo|ny`= hb`rsh `rs` lkbhypf njupfrpfpn

urnakrkjhsnb/ @f r` lkyj`hw fh |yrsh bkunfyn`n n hckf`rbò`n& jhn c`r fh u`yrkho`f` bp po

s`ju`yhjòs bkf`ynb rhp lf`djhsnb/ Uynobnuhfh bhpw h lkyjynn hb`rspn yhcnbhf `rs` rsyn|ny`h

`qndò`fky lpochjòshf` hf` u`yrkohfnsnn& jhn bp r`hj h c`jonsnn& b` uyk|no` cno norsnobspf

ckjnohos/ o bhwpf f`wynn by``ypfpn n o uy`wòh c`l`bs`fky urnaklnwnkfkdnb` jhonl`rshy`h

yhcnbhfpfpn rs` jhn hbbòsphs/

Spspyky u`yrkohfnsnfky urnakrkjhsnb`& osy*k jrpy rhp hfsh& f` rpos bhyhbs`ynrsnb`

pyjhskhy`f`7 f`why`h o cyùspyn& n cno hb`hrs bhpw ròsnjòspf uykuyn`n c`jonsn `rs` jhn

hbbòsphs& `dkbòsynrjpf& odprshy`h nos`y`r`fky& fnjnshy`h n c`lkyjhy`h n`yhyan`n c` |hfkyn n

o`b`rnsn& bhy` r` jhonl`rs uyno bhyhbs`ypf o`hc`b|hs hf `qndò`fky& bhy` bkorsnspn` ufhopf |nshf

hf nocn|ncpfpn/ @rs` bhyhbs`ynrsnb bpyhgpf `qhd`yhs n nynshy`h/

@quynjynf` ikfoh|nfky hc`r`h rpos ihohf`& fnurns` c` ròr& `n op rpos o rshy` r*n c`w|kfs`

uykuynnf` docpyn& op rpos o rshy` r o`f`hd ròrpf lndpyhs hf bp|nos`fky/ Rpin`bspf

urnakrkjhsnb `rs` ocùyshs c` nobkosnòspf rp n `rs` ups`yonb hshhs c` j`cnpf obkogpysky/

Y`dy`rnh urnakrkjhsnb `rs` huy`bnhs bh y`dy`rnh `dk*pfpn ruy` po j`bhonrj c`lòrn| uynjnsn|

bp sòcno` ruy` rkjhsnwhy`/

Rsypbspyh urnakrkjhsnb h u`yrkohfnsnn rs`c`lnons uyno bkobùspf hf`qnsnjn`/

Ikfoh|nfky f` rpos ru`bnlnb`7

8/ Bhuhbnsn njhdnohsn|` fnjnshs`=9/ Nobhuhbnshs` snunb c` |`yihfnwhy` h ròsnjòs`fky=2/ Y`fhnn yndnc` bp b`nfhfn =


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3/ Docny` bkoby`s=0/ Ncòsnlnbhy` hirkfps bp kin`bspf= ikfoh|pf urnakrkjhsnb osy*po l`f `qnrs bp hgpskypf hfs`n

u`yrkho`/ C` hnbn c`|no` bfhy c` b` un`yc`y`h hb`rs`n u`yrkho` bknobnc` bp c`bfhohy`h

ikfnn ]9>Z/

C` bsy` jpfn bfnonbnòn h lkrs y`jhybhs lhuspf b hf`qnsnjnh `rs` c`rspf c` ly`b|òs obhwpf ikfnfky urnakrkjhsnb`/ @h h lkrs c`rbynr o bhwpf pyjskhy`fky uhskfkdnn7 ikhfh nrba`jnb h

nonjnn& anu`ysòrnpo` hys`ynhf uynjhy& cnhi`s whahyhs& hrsj iykonb& pfb`y dhrsynb n pfb`y

cpkcòhf& bkfnsh pfb`ykhr& ikhfh Bykao& spjkyn jhfndo`/ Y/ Hul`f n U/ Rnlo`kr |kyi`rb c`ruy`

uyklnfpf urnakfkdnb hf hb`rsky uhbnòn7 `n psnfnw`hw `qsy`j c` jpfs` bp|nos` uòsyp h c`rbyn`

ròwhnnf` fky lnwnb` !hu`foc fh `q`jufnlnbhy`& bkjuhyhy` `sb/.= jkcpf c` |nh !hbnponf`& y`fhnnf`

nos`yu`yrkohf`. `rs` jkoksko/ Ponn hpskyn& hh bh D/ G/ Sh~fky& rpifnonhw b hb`sn uhbnòn hp

lhos`wnn n |nr` ryhb` cno upobspf c` |`c`y` hf bkonopspfpn& f` `rs` cnlnbnf r c`rbyn` uyno bp|nos`ròwhnnf` fky bkyukyhf` !bkoshbspf bp uykuynh rl`y urnanb `rs` khy`bpj cnlnbnshy.& `rs` y`j`ybhs

sòrnpo` o ukrspy n jnbyn& rybnh `quy`rn`n lhbnhf`/

Bkolnyjhy`h ykfpfpn ukrninf hf hf`qnsnjn`n o c`w|kfshy`h ikfnfky urnakrkjhsnb` ukhs` ln

drns o fpbyynf` fpn C/ Ihba& J/ Ihba& J/ C` Wthho !Nocùòcòb~ kl hf`qnsa~jnh hoc

rkjhsnwhsnko/ H lhbsky hohf~snb rspc~/ Ur~bakrkjhsnbr.& C/ Ihba& J/ Ihba !Hf`qnsa~jnh no

rkjhsklkyj cnrkyc`y hoc rkjhsnb cnr`hr`7 h bkjuhyhsn|` rspc~/ Ur~baksa`y Ur~bakrkj.& Y/ U/

Dy`òi`yd& U/ G/ Chssky` !Ck hf`qnsa~jnb syhnsr uy`cnbs nffo`rr;.& D/ G/ Sh~fky !Hf`qnsa~jnh7

bkobùs& j`hrpy`jòs& hoc njufnbhsnkor lky sy`hsjòs.& D/ G/ Sh~fky !Ur~bakrkjhsnb j`cnbno`

hoc bkos`jukyhy~ ur~bahohf~rnr./ D/ G/ Sh~fky y`jhyb b o bhwpf ikfnfky urnakrkjhsnb` r`

ukhs` c`w|kfsh anukakocynh/ Bkolkyj opj`ykhr`fky kir`y|yn& hh bpj rpos b`f` h fpn G/ J/ c`

Dykks& J/ c` Wthho& C/ B/ Gnj`yrko& hf`qnsnjnh hy` k ly`b|ò ohfs o bhwpf u`yrkho`fky

rpuyhukoc`yhf` n o hb`rs` bhwpyn `h r` hrkbnhw bp cùy`rnh/ Hb`sn hpskyn bkornc`y b uòsyp

u`yrkho`f` hf`qnsnjnb` jobhy`h hy` ykf c` y`dfhsky nos`yo hf ròsnjòspfpn c` sòrnpo`/

Hf`qnsnjnh `rs` uyn|ns op ckhy bh lhbsky b` uy`cnrupo` ruy` ki`wnshs`& chy n bh lhbsky b`

njun`cnb un`yc`y`h rpyufprpfpn c` dy`pshs`/ ]93Z/

F/ \/ Py|ho`| !9555. jònko`hw b uksyn|ns cnl`ynsky chs` %/ Ki`wnshs`h& cnhi`spf whahyhs& anu`ysòrnpo` hys`ynhf& lpjhspf& hipwpf c`


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hfbkkf jhn ly`b|òs r` osfo`rb fh uhbnònn hf`qnsnjnbn bp ikhf nrba`jnb h nonjnn b``h b`

u`yjns` bh hf`qnsnjnh r ln` bkornc`yhs cyùs lhbsky c` ynrb hf c`w|kfsynn hb`rs`n ikfn/ ]93Z/

@rs` nos`y`rhos hb`f lhus& b b`f` jhn ohfs` nocnbnn hf` hf`qnsnjn`n r` osfo`rb o r`bnnf` c`

dhrsykòs`ykfkdn` fh ikfoh|nn bp pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf/

Uksyn|ns chs`fky Hbhc`jn`n c` Rshs c` J`cnbno cno \kyko`g n h Bòsypfpn Ohnkohf c`Dhrsykòs`ykfkdn` cno Jkrbk|h fh pfb`yknn hf`qnsnjnbn ikhfh c`bpyd` jpfs jhn bkjufnbhs c`bs

fh b`n o`hf`qnsnjnbn/ Fh hf`qnsnjnbn yonf` uyk|kbhs` c` pfb`y r` bnbhsynw`hw jpfs jhn fòs ]23Z/

o pfsnjh |y`j` `rs` b`yb`shs nosòr ykfpf ikfnn bykonb` o c`w|kfshy`h n jòno`y`h

bhyhbs`ynrsnbnfky hf`qnsnjnb`/

@rs` c`jkorsyhs lhuspf b hf`qnsnjnh `rs` orkns c` hbsn|nshs`h by`rbps h rnrs`jpfpn

rnjuhsnb*rpuyhyòhf n anukshfhjk*anuklnwhy n `qnrs k bky`fhn` osy` r`|`ynshs`h hf`qnsnjn`n !c`

`q`jufp& o ihfpyn cpu SHR. n on|`fpf bkysnwkfpfpn& akyjkopfpn hcyòkbkysnbksykunb nokyhcyòhfno`n/ Uyùkoc`yòh hf`qnsnjn`n n h snupfpn hdy`rn| c` bkjukyshjòs `rs` kir`y|hs fh

l`j`nf` b` rpl`y c` anu`ysòrnpo` hys`ynhf o u`ynkhch uy`jòkuhpw`n/ o bhwpf anu`yr`by`n`n c`

yòno& fh uhbnònn bp anu`ysòrnpo` hys`ynhf jpfs jhn c`r rpos uy`wòs` hh rnjuskj` bh

cùy`rnh& hoqn`shs`h& krsnfnshs`h/ Uhbnònn hf`qnsnjnbn hp po on|`f rbwps hf njponsnn b`fpfhy` n

apjkohf`/ ]93Z/

o bkobfpwn` ups`j rupo` b hf`qnsnjnh op ckhy uy`cnrupo` fh c`w|kfshy`h ikfn fky

urnakrkjhsnb`& chy n ukhs` uykdokwh bpyrpf ikfnn o dò`yhf n `lnbnòh s`yhun`n/


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N/9/ Pfb`ypf dhrsykcpkcòhf

N/9/8/ Hru`bs` dò`yhf` hf` pfb`ypfpn dhrsykcpkcòhf

Pfb`ypf dhrsykcpkcòhf hc`r`h osy o bkjukoòh synhc`n7 pfb`y uùsnb& hrsj iykonb&

hysynsh y`pjhsknc/ Ikfnf` kydho`fky c` cnd`rsn` kbpu fkbpf ckn cpu yruocny` uynosy` ukupfhn`&

b`coc ckhy ikfnfky bhycnk|hrbpfhy`/ C` pfb`y uùsnb rpl`y jhn jpfs c` 85% c` ukupfhn`&uyùkoc`yòs c` r`q jhrbpfno/ Cìpspf ikfnn hy` fkb o gpypf |yrs`n c` 25*35 hon n hy` k

cnohjnb bhyhbs`ynwhs c` y`bncn|`/ ]94Z/

Ikhfh pfb`ykhr `rs` k ikhf bykonb b` ynbncn|`hw lnnoc bhyhbs`ynwhs uyno rpbb`rnpo`h

u`ynkhc`fky c` hbpsnwhy` n y`jnrn` bhy` c` b`f` jhn c`r` kyn r` jhonl`rs uyno lkyjhy`h pfb`ypfpn

dhrsykcpkcòhf/ Hb`hrs ikhf `rs` fhyd yruocns/ R` bkornc`y b 9 0% cno ukupfhnh jhspy

rpl`y c` ikhf pfb`ykhr& jhn c`r c` `h rpl`y iyihnn bp |yrsh c` 05 c` hon ]89Z/

o ynf` nocprsynhf c`w|kfshs` c` ikhf pfb`ykhr rpl`y >0./ Pfb`ypf cpkcòhf uy`ckjno hrpuyh b`fpn dhrsynb/

Fh sno`yn jhn c`r `rs` osfons pfb`ypf cpkcòhf& nhy fh hcpfn b`f dhrsynb/ Pfb`ypf

dhrsykcpkcòhf `rs` jhn yruocns o j`cnpf pyiho c`bs o b`f ypyhf ]95Z/

Ikhfh pfb`ykhr `rs` k ikhf bykonb b` ynbncn|`hw lnnoc bhyhbs`ynwhs uyno rpbb`rnpo`h

u`ynkhc`fky c` hbpsnwhy` n y`jnrn` bhy` c` b`f` jhn c`r` kyn r` jhonl`rs uyno lkyjhy`h pfb`ypfpn

dhrsykcpkcòhf/ Hb`hrs ikhf `rs` fhyd yruocns/ R` bkornc`y b 9 0% cno ukupfhnh jhspy

rpl`y c` ikhf pfb`ykhr& jhn c`r c` `h rpl`y iyihnn bp |yrsh c` 05 c` hon ]89Z/

o ynf` nocprsynhf c`w|kfshs` c` ikhf pfb`ykhr rpl`y < 85% cno ukupfhnh jhspy !@/ R/

Yrr& Np/ N/ Lnwko*Yrr& 8>>0./ Pfb`ypf cpkcòhf uy`ckjno hrpuyh b`fpn dhrsynb/

Fh sno`yn jhn c`r `rs` osfons pfb`ypf cpkcòhf& nhy fh hcpfn b`f dhrsynb/ Pfb`ypf

dhrsykcpkcòhf `rs` jhn yruocns o j`cnpf pyiho c`bs o b`f ypyhf ]95Z/

Pfb`ypf dhrsynb r` cnrsnod` uyno7

Uy`|hfò `dhf fh l`j`n n iyihn= Yhs` jhn rbwps` rhp okyjhf` c` r`by`n` h hbncpfpn bfkyancynb= Nobncòh y`fhsn| by`rbps h bhybnokjpfpn dhrsynb= Hrkbn`y`h bp dypuh rhodpno H/

Pfb`ypf cpkcòhf r` cnrsnod` uyno7

Uy`|hfòh jhn jhy` fh iyihn= Anu`yr`by`n` c` hbnc bfkyancynb n uùrno= Hrkbn`y`h bp dypuh rhodpno K ]4Z/


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N/9/9/ @snkfkdnh pfb ypfpn dhrsykcpkcòhf

o uy`wòs `rs` `|ncònhs k dypu c` lhbskyn b` uy`cnrupo fh c`w|kfshy`h pfb`ypfpn

dhrsykcpkcòhf/ Uynosy` `n b`h jhn njukyshos rsùy`cnrupo`y`h dò`snb/ @h r` jhonl`rs fh 25

35% ikfoh|n c` pfb`y cpkcòhf n bp jpfs jhn upno o bhwpf pfb`ypfpn dhrsynb/ Fh ypc`f`

pfb`yknfky ikhfh huhy` c` 0 85 kyn jhn c`r c`bs fh ypc`f` khjònfky roskn/ !L/ N/ Mkjhyk|&H/ \/ Mhfnono& 8>>0./ Pfb`y`f` dò`snb` jhn c`r r` hbpsnw`hw n cpb fh a`jkyhdnn/ Uy`cnrupo y`h

fh pfb`y cpkcòhf r` syhorjns` u` fnon` jhrbpfno ]95Z/

o huhynnh pfb`ypfpn uùsnb k njukysho jhgky n y`|no` lhbskypfpn `y`cnshy/ Fh ikfoh|n `rs`

ncòsnlnbhs k bkorsnspn` hrsònb& |hdkskon` bp bnhokwh oba`n`spy`n n pjncnshs`h uhfj`fky&

syhirunyhn` `qb`rn|& hokjhfnn hf` s`ju`yhspy`n bkyupfpn/ o bkunfyn` fh hb`sn ikfoh|n `rs` ukhs`

ln ncòsnlnbhs jhonl`rshy`h o`pykuhsn`n& `n rpos ockuhn bp jobhy` n rpos u`cùrnn uòsyp

o`y`ru`bshy`h y`dpfhjòspfpn rsynbs c` hfnjòshy`/ H lkrs kir`y|hs lhuspf b pfb`ypf cpkcòhf jhnc`r `rs` osfons fh u`yrkho`f` sno`y` bp N dypu c` rod`& nhy pfb`ypf dhrsynb fh khjònn jhn o

|yrs bp h NN dypu c` rod`/ Fh iyihn hc`r`h hy` fkb obypony`h snjupyn` h uypfpn !c` fh 81*

95 hon./ Fh skn uhbnònn `rs` ncòsnlnbhs ukrslhbspj dhrsynsh bykonb/ Jhfhcnh r` c`w|kfs u`

lkopf cnrsnjn`n bhy` `rs` f`dhs c` k rnsphn` urnaksyhpjhsnwhos oc`fpodhs/ ]94Z/

Pfb`ypf cnl`y c` fh hyfh hy n cùnoc` c` rsy`rpf rkbnhf& lhbskynn `sonbn rhp rkbnkfkdnbn&

lnnoc bkornc`yhs k ikhf pyiho !ikhfh jhohd`ynfky./ C`n `snkfkdnh pfb`ypfpn op `rs` ino`

uy`bnwhs r` bkornc`y b nocn|ncpf `rs` rpupr popn rsy`r njukyshos uyno uy`cnrukwnn` fh

anu`yr`by`n` n anu`yhbncnshs` dhrsynb/ Pfb`ypf `rs` nobfpr o ikfnf` urnakrkjhsnb`& bkornc`yocp*

r` b fh kyndno`h fky rshp bhpw` o`|ykhr` n j`bhonrj` urnakrkjhsnb` bfhrnb`/

Pfb`ypf ukhs` huy`h o pyjskhy`f` bnybpjrsho`7

8/ bh y`hbn` syhownskyn` o lhhpopn rsy`r o`kinopns=9/ bh y`hbnn fh u`yrkohfnsnf` bp po nolhosnfnrj `rònhf=2/ bh pyjhy` h poky bkolfnbs` bhy` nocpb k ups`yonb rshy` c` hoqn`shs`/

Urnahohfnsnn& o bhwpf pfb`ypfpn& hlnyj b `rs` |kyih c` k ckyno uynjnsn| c` h ln npins n

odyngns& b``h b` |no` o bkolfnbs bp sòcnoh c` nocùòcò h |n`nn c` hcpfs/

o pfb`ypf dhrsykcpkcòhf `qnrs 3 lhbskyn bhy` lh|kynw`hw `|kfpnh7

8/ lhbskypf dò`snb !`qnrs lhjnfnn c` pfb`ykn.=9/ lnwnb& c`s`yjnohs c` rprbùsninfnshs`h o`y|khr fh pfb`ykn= opsynn`& roshs` dò`yhf n

pwpf c` j`cnbhjòs`=

2/ lhbskypf lnwnkfkdnb& lfpbsphnh n y`dfhy`h akj`krshwn`n=3/ lhbskypf urnakfkdnb b` y`lf`bs bkolfnbs`f` n lyprsyynf` osy` nocn|nc n j`cnpf obkogpysky&

osy` o`|knh c` cùòcò n b`h c` nocùòcò/


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Ros n hfs` `snkfkdnn hf` pfb`ypfpn= ros c`bnrn|` spfipyynf` `y`cnshy` bkorsnspnkohf` hf`

rnrsòpfpn o`y|kr |`dnshsn|& nwkfocp*r` bhs`dkynn c` nocn|nwn rsndjhsnwhn |`dnshsn|/ C`

hr`jò`h& pfb`ypf ukhs` r huhy n o bpyrpf poky hl`bnpon hf` rnrs`jpfpn o`y|kr bòsyhf/ K

uykif`j njukyshos k bkorsnspn` u`yrkohfnshs`h pfb`yknfky/ B`yb`sskynn hlnyj b pfb`yknn huhy

bh u`yrkohfnsn anu`y`qbnshos`& bp k ups`yonb rshy` c` sòrnpo` hl`bsn|& bp y`hbnn ups`yonb` c`jon` n o`jpfpjny`& noskf`yho& uy`bpj n bp spfipyyn cnòb`lhf o`|yksnb` bykonb` rhp o

upr``= uks huy`h hfhyj` nukakocynhb` bp bhyhbs`y bhob`yklki/ C` hr`jò`h& r` bkorshs b

pfb`yknn ros nocn|nwn nocùòcòn& hjinnkn& bhy` op r` hsh`hw pky hl`bsn|/ Hdy`rn|nshs`h

pfb`ykrpfpn r` `quynj uyno anu`ylpobnh dhrsynb& bh k y`hbn` lh c` lyprsyhn`/

Rkjhskurnanb& pfb`yknn uy`wnos o uynjh uhys` h ikfnn k rshy` c` hoqn`shs` n o`jpfpjny`

bkosnop& c`|no y`|òcnbhsn|n& r` f`hd c` skhs` jyponpynf`& bp jkcnlnbyn c` cnrukwnn`/ o

bhcypf rnjuskjpfpn urnanb hf pfb`ykrpfpn po ykf njukyshos f hy` hrsònh& jhybhs uyno spfipyyn c`rkjo& ròrninfnshs` by`rbps& anu`yy`lf`bsn|nshs`& huhy n rnjuskj` !cnòb`lhfk|hrbpfhy`.7 c`y`dfyn

|hrkjkskynn& ròwhnn c` bfcpy& uhfunshnn& norshinfnshs`& hrsòn`/ Ponn ikfoh|n& u` hb`rs lkoc

o`|yksnb c`|no nyhrbninfn& njupfrn|n& hdnshn& uy`wnos k rfinbnpo` lnwnb n urnanb hbb`rosphs n k

jhybhs fhinfnshs` hl`bsn| ]85Z/

C` jpfs snju `rs` bpokrbps lhuspf bh pfb`ypf dhrsykcpkcòhf ukhs` huy`h o pyjh f`wnponn

syhpjhsnb` h by``ypfpn !O/ O/ Ipycòbk& I/ O/ Jkdanfnonmnn& 8>90./ R/ N/ Ihmhyhcw`& o pyjh po`n

b`yb`syn `l`bsphs` hrpuyh 3935 c` no|hfnwn h b`fpn c`*hf cknf`h ywikn jkocnhf b` rpl`y c` pfb`y

dhrsykcpkcòhf& h hgpor fh bkobfpwnh b pfb`ypf dhrsykcpkcòhf `rs` jhn c`r osfons fh u`yrkho`

b` rpl`y c` syhpj` dyh|` h by``ypfpn/

@rs` c`jkorsyhs ukrninfnshs`h c` lkyjhy` h pfb`ypfpn dhrsykcpkcòhf uyno `qbnshy`h

cnl`ynsky hynn h by``ypfpn bp hgpskypf `f`bsykwnfky !\/ A/ \hrnfòmk& 8>45= R/ Hbm`yjho& r/ A/

T`no`y& 8>4


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C` snjupynp `rs` bpokrbps ykfpf spfipyynfky cùy`rn|*nukakocynb` o c`w|kfshy`h jhfhcnnfky

syhbspfpn dhrsyknos`rsnohf/ o rshy`h c` hoqn`shs`& rsy`r by`s` on|`fpf hbncnsnn rpbpfpn dhrsynb n

on|`fpf òwnj`n cnd`rsn|` uùrnoh bhy` syhpj`hw jpbkhrh dhrsynb/ Pfb`ypf ukhs` huy`h o

snjupf rsy`rpfpn u` uhybpyrpf h bsky|h wnf`/ C`w|kfshy`h ikfnn pfb`ykhr` cpb` fh c`hbsphfnwhy`h

syhpj`n urnanb`& cpu bhy` ikfoh|nn n bkobòsy`hw hsònh hrpuyh cpy`ynfky lnwnb`/ @n r` lnq`hw

u` uykif`j`f` c` hfnjòshy`7 hf`d`y`h uykcpr fky& uyùhyhy`h jobynn n fphy`h j`r n fh hopjns`

nos`y|hf` c` snju/ Ikfoh|nn ursy`hw k cn`s rsynbs& `|nsoc hopjns` uykcpr` hfnjòshy`/

Psnfnwhy`h fky ukhs` uyk|kbh po cnrbkjlkys o syhbspf dhrsyknos`rsnohf n rnjuskj` bhy` hjnos`rb

c` y`hbnnf` hf`ydnb`/ Fh jpfn ikfoh|n huhy cn|`yr` bò`rskuhsnn& lynbh kir`rn| c` jkhys`&

bhrob`yklkinh n bhob`ykjhonh& o jpfs` bhwpyn bp hdyh|`hy`h !`qhd`yhy`h. rnjuskj`fky n

ufod`yn juksyn|h j`cnbnfky u` bhy` ikfoh|nn n o|nopn`rb uòsyp syhshjòs nobky`bs/ Uks ln

kir`y|hs` jnbyn kir`rn|`7 j`rs`bhspf kir`rn|& o`s`wny`h kir`rn| h ipynn/ o bhwpf rnocykjpfpn

nrs`ynb banhy n o u`ynkhch c` y`jnrn` ikfoh|nn bkosnop r c`jkorsy`w`rnjuskjhsnbh hos`ynkhy

bp rbkupf c` h op ln& ruy` `q`jufp& `qs`yohn cno runshf/ Rnocykjpf hrsònb r` jhonl`rs rpi lkyjh

rfinbnponn nyhrbninf`& anu`ysòrnponn hys`ynhf`& fhinfnsnn `jknkohf`& b`lhf``fky/ Cnohjnbh bykonb


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h ikfnn cpb` fh c`w|kfshy`h snupfpn hrsònb c` u`yrkohfnshs`/ Fh jpfn uhbnòn u`rs` bn|h hon r`

c`w|kfs anu`ysòrnpo`h hys`ynhf/

o bhwpf cnohjnbnn fòs` h ikfnn huhy` lhsndhinfnshs`h& huhsnh& rshy`h cùy`rn|& nhy o bhwpf

hbpsnwynn rsynn c` roshs` huhy` hoqn`shs`h n cnru`yhy`h/ Cnohjnbh yhunc h ikfnn orkns c`

a`jkyhdnn dhrsynb`& un`yc`y` iyprb o dy`pshs` n rbc`y`h bhuhbnsnn c` fpbyp cpb` fh by`s`y`hhoqn`snn& o`fnonsnn& cnru`yynn/

Jhgkynshs`h hpskynfky c`rsnod ckp |hynhos` bfnonb` hf` ikfnn7

8/ Ikfoh|pf bp o`|ykwh bhyhbs`ypfpn& bp syrspyn bkjupfrn|*cùy`rn|` n sòcno ruy`c`rbybhy` u`yjhoòs h sòrnponn hdy`rn|` u` b`nfhfn/ @f lhb` hc`r`h kir`y|hnn nykonb`&

`quynj o`jpfpjny` u`yjhoòs b``h b` bkocnnko`hw hsnspcno` o`dhsn| cno uhys`h

b`fkyfhfn/ Hb`hrsh& fh yocpf rp& nosòrnlnb hdy`rn|nshs`h |`yihf h uhbnòspfpn lkyjoc

po b`yb |nbnkr/ Hb`hrs |hynhos `rs` snunb uòsyp pfb`yknn uhrn|n n jhonl`rs cùòcòn/Uksyn|ns fpn Ihfnos !9559.& hb`s`h rpos ons` kboklnfn cùòcòn n hdskyn& ruy`

c`krìny` c` lnfkihnn bykyh f` ufhb` ynrbpf/ Rsyhs`dn` fky c` |nh bkors o lhuspf c` h ln

uyks`ghn/ !@n bhps bnybpjrsho` n u`yrko` bhy` op uks r*N uyr`hrb/ Ln`bhy` ocknhf o

y`bpokhs`y`h uykuynnfky cyùspyn f` uyk|khb k y`hbn` c` uhonb/ Iyihnn bhy` huhyno

hb`rspn snu c` kinb`n n hf`d k rkn` bhy` n r`hjo jhj`n fky dyngpfnn./

9/ Uhbnòspf snyhonb bp po @p lyhdnf& cùòcò nos`yo c` b`nfhfn n o hb`fhn snju bp klynb jhonl`rs lh c` hb`rhs cùòcò& sòcno ruy`rpupo`y` snyhonb h b`fkyfhfn bp

y`hbnn hdy`rn|` o bhwpf norpbb`r`fky/ K uhys` cno uhbnòn hp sòcno ruy` hfbkkfnrj/ o

lhos`wnnf` hb`rsky ikfoh|n c`r`kyn lndpy`hw l`j`n bp unùs jhy` n lnno` rpupr`

rhbynlnbnnfky/ o bkunfyn` uynonn rpupo`hp hb`sn bkunn& b``h b` sy`w`h o `n lynbh n

lkyjhy`h pfs`ynkhy h j`bhonrjpfpn urnakfkdnb rpi lkyj c` snyhon` !anu`ybkjuòrhy`h

ncòsnlnbynn bp hdy`rkypf& njnshy`h./ Bkjukyshjòspf snyhonb h hb`rspn uhbnòs r`

hbsphfnw`hw o |nhh c` bpufp/ ]94Z/

N/9/2/Uyklnfpf u`yrkohfnsnn uhbnònfky bp pfb y dhrsykcpkcòhf

Hf`qhoc`y hlnyj b ikfoh|nn c` pfb`y op bhc o |y`po dypu bhyhbs`ynrsnb c` u`yrkohfnshs`/

Skspn& `qnrs osksc`hpoh k rnsphn` bkolfnbsphf o bhy` ckyno`f` n o`|knf` bhy` |no cno rl`yh

kyhfc` syny` !hl`bnpo`& yrufhs n cùòcò. rpos oda`hs`/ Lyprsyhy`h `rs` syhorlkyjhs c`

j`bhonrjpf y`dy`rn| o o`|knh c` h uynjn ayho/ Bh y`wpfshs& rskjhbpf uynj`s` rsnjpfn |hdhfn

banhy o hlhyh lhw`n cnd`rsn|`/

K|`yi`bm n Inìf o 8>40 hp uykupr pyjskhy`h bfhrnlnbhy` h u`yrkohfnsnfky pfb`ykhr`&

bhy` op `rs` kynòshs `qbfprn| ruy` po jkc`f urnahohfnsnb c` o`|ykw7


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8/ Uhbnòn roskn cno upobs c` |`c`y` `jknkohf/ U`yrkohfnsnf` c` snupf hb`rsh ukr`clpobnn rkfnc` hf` `dk*pfpn n y`fhnn c` kin`bs rshinf`/ @n r` jikfo|`rb c` pfb`y ckhy cno

y`hbnh urnakrkjhsnb fh po rsy`r `qsy`j njupr u`yrkho`n fky urnakrkbnhf`& y`hbn`

ru`bnlnb rhp o`ru`bnlnb& chy uyk|ònoc cno rl`yh kyhf h `qu`ynò`n/ Hb`hrsh `rs`

orkns c` y`dy`rnh n rkjhsnwhy`h ups`yonb h `dk*pfpn n& o bkocnnnf` po`n khy`bhyùy`cnrukwnnn dhrsynb & cpb` fh huhynnh pfb`ypfpn/

9/ Uhbnòn bp o`|ykw c` bhyhbs`y/ Hb`sn ikfoh|n rpos rpupn lkyjynn c` y`hbnnur`pcknocùòcòs` rhp hp syrspyn bkjupfrn| cùy`rn|`/ Bkolfnbs`f` kyhf` rpos

`|ncòs` fh b`nfhfn cno j`cnpf fky/ Po `q`jufp hy ln snupf `q`bpsky bhy` snoc` r

yruoc`hrb sòrnpo`h hdy`rn|/ Bkolfnbs`f`& o b`f` cno pyj& nosy osy*k lhw bykonb o

bnybpjrsho` ru`bnhf`& bpj rpos ikhfh& ``bpf rhp un`yc`y`h popn kin`bs cyhd/ @n r`

c`bkjuòr hw hukn uyno lkyjhy`h pfb`ypfpn cpu k yùy`rn` r`bpochy/2/ Uhbnònn snyhonbn/ Bhyhbs`ynrsnbnf` hb`rspn dypu rpos7 rfinbnpo`h `dk*pfpn& cùòcò

uhrn| n cùòcò `qsy`j lh c` kin`bs/ Hb`sn uhbnòn hp sòcno ruy` nwipbonyn

njupfrn|` rhp jkcpyn c` bkjukyshjòs uhyhoknhb fnsndnkhr`/ C` hr`jò`h& n

`qs`ynkynw`hw bkolfnbs`f` kyhf` bh uhbnòn hrkbnhn !hfbkkfnrj& o`|ykw c` uòrnkohy`./ @n

r` jikfo|`rb c` b`f jhn rfhi nocnbnp c` ``b o rl`yh hl`bsn| rhp c` rbc`y` h hsòn`n

u` bhy` k uy`snoc/ Spfipyhy`h fky dhrsyknos`rsnohf hy ups`h ln o`f`hr bh `quy`rnh lnwnb

rhp bky`fhspf lnwnkfkdnb bky`rupowsky o`|knfky fky `jknkohf`/

3/ Uhbnònn pfb`ykn urnakrkjhsnbn/ U`yrkohfnsnf` hb`rskyh op rpos ckshs` bp lhbpfsn`quy`rn|` n njhdnohsn|`& `n hp po jkc c` |nh n y`fhn` fh kin`bs& c`krìns c` yndnc` n

uykwhnb`& b``h b` c j`cnbpfpn `qhjnohsky k njuy`rn` c` dkfnbnpo` rplf`s`hrb/ Jhn jpfs&

`n uhy bhuhinfn r r` |hc o b`nfhfn opjhn u` `n n c` kinb`n y`hbnko`hw urnakrkjhsnb fh

kynb` rsy`r rhp bynw& bhy` `rs` c`r`kyn f`dhs c` un`yc`y`h c` kin`bs/ Pfb`yhnh `rs`

ly`b|òs orkns fh `n c` hfs` spfipyyn urnakrkjhsnb` bh7 y`hbnn lìynf`& rnjuskj`

bhycnhb`& y`pjhsnrj& spi`ybpfkw `sb/ o ufpr& hb`sn uhbnòn hp o sy`bpspf fky jpfs`

hbbncòs` n ku`yhnn/

0/ Uhbnònn okyjkuhsnbn/ Hb`rs dypu lnohf bpuynoc` ikfoh|nn bhy` rpos `qsy`j cùy`kbpuhn r `qs`ynkynw`w` po bkjukyshjòs okyjhf/ @n rpos rpuyhhchushn& `dk*pf fky

lnnoc fnjnshs chskyns rsyhs`dnnfky ups`yonb` c` o`dhy` !h y`hfnsnn& hcnb h uykuyn`n fky rsyn

c` ùpnwhy` n bkocnnn lnwnb`./ @n rpos o dò`yhf fpbyskyn jhophfn rhp lpobnkohyn& h|oc

ly`b|òs ckp kbpuhnn= rpos njufnbhn osy*po rsnf c` fpbyp hpskcnrsypbsn|& rsy`rhos& rypnh n

bhc |nbsnj& n bkosyhbs`hw rnjuskj` pfb`yhsn|` c` snu yhunc ]>Z/

Jhgkynshs`h hpskynfky !Ly`~i`yd`y& 8>49= Ihfnos& 8>= Fkba& 8>


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R` bkornc`y b huykhu` fh skn uhbnònn pfb`ykn hy` fkb po bkolfnbs nos`yo c` snupf h fph

h ch fpus osy` ckp sòcno` bkosyhcnbskynn !cùòcò n lynbh c` h c`jkorsyh c`rbanr

hb`hrs cùòcò. ]25Z/

Snupynfky hbsn|` n uhrn|` c` uhbnòn bp pfb`y cpkcòhf fn r*h hbkychs jpfs hsòn` o

fns`yhspyh urnakrkjhsnb/Cnrukwnnh lpochjòshf h snupfpn c` uhbnòs uhrn| `rs` cùy`rnh& nhy o`|knf` cùòcò`n

rpos `quynjhs` osy*k jhon`y cny`bs/ Uksyn|ns fpn Ly`~i`yd`y !8>49.& pfb`yhnnf` huhy boc

ckyno`f` bkosnòs` rhp nobkosnòs` f`dhs` c` hb`hrs cùòcò rpl`y `b/

C` uynj njukysho fh ikfoh|pf c` pfb`y huhynooc snupfpn uhrn| `rs` s`hjh nobkosnòs

c` h un`yc` odyngny`h n uyks`bnh kl`yns` c` jhj/ @rs` k lynb cpboc fh k sòrnpo` bkorshos/

Hb`sn nocn|nwn bhps khjòn bhy` op rpos upy n rnjufp bhuhinfn r*n uyr`hrb n r r` rprsyhd

rnsphn`n cno bhy` `n op uks rbuh/ Rpos hb`nh bhy` op rpos bhuhinfn r by`hc b rknh op*n jhnnpi`s`/ Kynb` ocknhf& bpj hy ln hiròh po`n uyn|nyn hl`bspkhr`& ukhs` uy`bnunsh hoqn`shs`h/

Hb``hn y`hbn` ukhs` skspn r ln` uykcpr c` s`hjh lh c` lndpyh hpskynshy h shsfpn/ Op r` lhb`

onbn po d`rs& onbn po c`j`yr uòsyp h r` bsndh nocùòcòh/ @n n rh|py`hw cùòcòh ly

r*n hrpj` onbn po ynrb/ Skhs rsyhs`dnh |n`nn fky r` bòsy`hw u` ckynoh c` h ln uyks`ghn/ Ihfnos n*

h opjns u` cùòcòn kòklnfn o kukwnn` bp ocywo`nn lnfkihn/

Hb`sn ikfoh|n c` pfb`y c` snu uhrn|& cùòcòn o jkc |nwninf& uyk|no b`n jhn jpfn cno

lhjnfnn rpuyhkydhonwhs`& o bhy` hp lkrs hfnoshn c` k jhj lkhys` hsòs/ @n op hp lkrs o rshy` r

r` ohyb` o ròr urnanb lh c` jhjh fky/ o ckynoh fky c` h ln hgpshn n uyks`ghn& `n yjo

ups`yonb hshhn c` banupf jhj`n& o snju b` lh c` shs uks hrpjh ckhy k hsnspcno` fhpchsn|/ T/

Fkba c`rbyn` nobhuhbnshs`h hopjnskyuhbnòn c` h r` ck|`cn sks hss c` u`yl`bn bh shsf fky n c` h

uynjn& bh n hb rsh& huykihy`h n hcjnyhnh hfsky iyihn/

Hb`sn ikfoh|n rpos junon c` o`|knh po`n npinyn kbyksnskhy` n o uyn|noh hf`d`ynn

uhysò`ypfpn c` |nh/ Iyihnn bp pfb y c` hb`rs snu n bhps hc`r`h po banu jhs`yo bh rkn`/

C`n o`|knf` cùòcò`n uhbnònfky pfb`ykn anu`yhbsn|n rpos c` hr`jò`h uykopohs`&

hb`snh r` kupo/ @n ob`hyb r rpupo ckynoh fky c` h rhsnrlhb` njupfrnnf` kyhf` n bkosnop r ln`

lyprsyhn/

Uksyn|ns fpn Hf`qhoc`y& bkolfnbspf hb`rspn snu c` ikfoh|n c` pfb`y `rs` b sòcno`f` ups`yonb`

kyhf * y`bùsn|` rpos y`runor` uòsyp b rpos nobkjuhsninf` bp `lkyspynf` c` nocùòcò n

hbnpo` h `dk*pfpn/ Hsnspcno`h bkosnò h hb`rsky uhbnòn ukhs` ln `quynjhs hrsl`f7 rpos hbsn| n

ahyonb& jn ufhb` r chp b`|h cno jno` hfskyh& r*n hgps& r*jn hrpj yrupoc`yn& r lnp `l= rpos k

u`yrkho hbsn|& banhy hdy`rn|& by`nh n ufhb` r ln` frhs bp uykuynnf` rhf` docpyn/ Skspn& fh k

b`yb`shy`& c`rbku`ynj o nobkosnòspf fpn hsnspcno`h `qhbs kupr7 po cky ups`yonb c` hl`bnpo` n

o`|knh docnynn po`n u`yrkho` u` bhy` r r` ruyngno`/


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Snupf anu`yhbsn| op `rs` onbnkchs o uhb` bp rno` orpn/ @f n pyjy`s` o jkc hdy`rn|

kin`bsn|pf uynosy*po `lkys bkjuòrhsky c` nocùòcò n bp po bkosnopp njikfc lkyhs c` h

ck|`cn b` ukhs`/ Uhbnòspf hy` o`|kn` c` k hrsl`f c` bkolnyjhy`& c`khy`b` uòsyp `f& rpbb`rpf

`rs` rnodpyh lkyj c` r`bpynshs`/ Skspn& `f rbhu hc`|yhspf rpbb`r u` bhy`*f bhps& osypbs

hrunyhnnf` rhf` rpos c` lhus bsndhy`h po`n hcjnyhnn ufno` c` hl`bnpo` n h uy`rsndnpfpn/ Hb`snhrpos Cko*Gpho*nn y`hfnwynn& hbsn|n& chy o`rndpyn ]>Z/

Ponn b`yb`sskyn !Whoc`y& 8>4


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N/2/ \hf|pfkuhsnh

N/2/8/ Hru`bs` dò`yhf` hf` ikfnfky bhycnk|hrbpfhy`

Ikfnf` bhycnk|hrbpfhy` hfspyn c` spjkynf` jhfndo` o ynf` c`w|kfshs` cno upobs c` |`c`y`

`bkokjnb rpos bhpwh b`h jhn c`r osfons h c`b`rpynfky/ o pfsnjnn hon bhycnkfkdnn kl`y k

njukysho sks jhn jhy` lhbskynfky urnakrkbnhfn c` ynrb n bky`fhn`n fky bp lhbskynn rkjhsnbn c` ynrb/Rsnfpf c` |nh& hsnspcnonf` u`yrkohf` n ukwnnh nocn|ncpfpn o j`cnpf uykl`rnkohf n lhjnfnhf rpos

njukyshos` uòsyp bnybpfhnh rhodpno n uòsyp y`dfhy`h lnwnkfkdnb/ Cno b`f` jhn |`ban snjupyn

rpos bpokrbpn hh lhbskyn rkjhsnbn c` ynrb bh hfnjòshnh nobky`bs& ki`wnshs`h& lpjhspf n hipwpf

c` hfbkkf& o bhy` r` y`lf`bs uhysnbpfhynsnf` u`yrkohfnsnn/

Lkyjpfhy`h bfhrnb h uykif`j`n urnakrkjhsnb` hrkbnhs bp jhfhcnnf` lpobnkohf` hf` nonjnn

n |hr`fky rhod|no` `rs` `qsnor bkornc`yhinf/ Anu`ysòrnpo`h hys`ynhf& hs`ykrbf`ykwh& hodnoh

u`bskyhf& hshbpf c` bkyc& hp f`dspy op ckhy bp hru`bspf rkjhsnb& chy n bp b`f urnakrkjhsnb ns`yhu`psnb/

Cno dypupf jhfhcnnfky urnakrkjhsnb` h rnrs`jpfpn bhycnk|hrbpfhy lhb uhys`7

*ikhfh nrba`jnb=*hynsjnh=*ikfnf` lpobnkohf` h nonjnn=*anu`ysòrnpo`h hys`ynhf rònhf=*o`|ykwh bhycnhb hoqnkhr/Hb`hrs fnrs h lkrs bkjupr op uyno nos`yj`cnpf ly`b|ò`n rhp rnrs`jhsnwynn uhskfkdn`n&

chy o ihwh nolfpò`n by`rboc` h lhbskynfky urnakrkjhsnbn o `snkfkdnh ikfnn/

Nonjh n |hr`f` rhodpno` rpos njufnbhs` o skhs` lkyj`f` lponnfky |nshf`& c`n o okyjhfnshs`

nocn|ncpf op bkosnòsnw`hw hb`rs fpbyp/ o bhwpf rpuyhrhybnonn rpos u`ybùps` uhfunshnnf` rhp o

bhwpf lynbnn ups`yonb` `rs` u`ybùps shanbhycnh/ Ruy` c`krìny` c` jkskynb rhp y`runyhn`& bhy`

rpos jhn huykhu` c` rl`yh hbsn|nsnfky |kfposhy`& hbsn|nshs`h nonjnn n h |hr`fky rhod|no` `rs`

`qbfpr cno bhcypf u`ybùn`n cny`bs` h kjpfpn/ n ckhy o bhwpf poky rsyn c` fnjns n h

spfipyynfky nonjh `rs` u`ybùps bkosnòs/ Banhy n o bhwpf cnrlpobnnfky bkjufnbhs`& c` `q`jufp

o bhwpf ikfnfky bhycnhb` bkodònshf`& lòkjò`f` bhycnhb` r` u`ybù rpin`bsn| ckhy fh `shu`f`

shycn|` c` c`bkjuòrhy /

o ufpr& rl`yh urnanb n hbsn|nshs`h kjpfpn c` hr`jò`h c`s`yjno lpobnnf` nonjnn rhf` n h

|hr`fky rhod|no`& fh l`f bh hbsn|nshs`h lnwnb& n c` hr`jò`h gkhb ykf o uhskdò`w/ Hbsn|nshs`h

n kcnaoh& rkjopf rhp |`da`h& |ndnfòh urnanb n `qbnshy`h& ròsnjòs`f` jhonl`rshs` rhp

yùynjhs` rpos o bky`fhn` bp cn|`yr` rsyn hf` rnrs`jpfpn bnybpfhsky/

o snjupf nos`y|npfpn urnahohfnsnb& boc j`yd` |kyih c`ruy` k rnsphn` bkolfnbsphf fh ikfoh|&

upfrpf r` nosòrnlnb c` fh 15 uo fh 835 isn u` jnops/


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@qu`ynòh hbpjpfhs hyhs b rpuyhrkfnbnsynf` urnaklnwnkfkdnb` kinopns` !dfdnh& lynbh&

cpy`y`h /h/. rhp rnsphnnf` hbsphf` cnlnbnf` c` |nh osy*k jrpy jhn jnb nolfpò`hw sòrnpo`h

hys`ynhf` n upfrpf& c`bs hikychy`h bkolfnbs`fky o snjupf nos`y|npfpn urnaks`yhu`psnb/

Hbsn|nshs`h bhycnhb n bnybpfhnh rhodpno hrndpy lpobnnf` rkjhsnb`& jhn osn c` skhs`

rbanjipf c` rpirsho` n jkskynbh/ Chy `h c` hr`jò`h `rs` `ban|hfòspf hbsn|nsnfky urnanb` n hhsnspcnonfky/ Pyjskhy`f` bnybpjrsho` jun`cnb hb`hrs hbsn|nshs`7

H/Cno bhpwh osywn`ynfky rhp h noaninnnfky nos`yo` hbsn|hy`h bnybpfhn`n rhod|no` c`ghuy`dsns` op r` y`hfnw`hw n huhy` k y`hbn` jkskynb/ o po`f` bhwpyn snju oc`fpodhs r`

ukhs` ursyh `qbnshy`h o hsùshy`h ocùfnonynn hbnponn/

I/Hfs ukrninfnshs` bkors o lhuspf b uhss`yopf fh hbnpo` y`lpfhs cpb` fh ofkbpny` uynoobkychy` o bnybpnspfpn rhod|no/

B/o b`yb`synf` urnaklnwnkfkdnb` snjupynn h fpn T/ I/ Bhooko bp uyn|ny` fh jkcnlnbynf`

urnakrkjhsnb` o bhwpf cpy`ynn& lkhj`n& lynbnn n lpyn`n `rs` hyshs bs c` ups`yonb

y`hbnko`hw bnybpfhnh rhod|no/

Chb fpj o bkornc`yhy` nos`yhbnpo`h cny`bs cnosy` urnakrkjhsnb n rkjhsnb& hspobn `h

r` jhonl`rs uyno f`dspyh cnosy` nonj n lynb7 lynbh hbnko`hw hrpuyh nonjnn n bkocpb` fh hb``h

b& ruy` `q`jufp& o bhwpf lynbnn c` rnodpyshs`& o bhwpf u`ynbkfpfpn c` h ln hshbhs huhy` ròwhnh

uy`bpj b nonjh obù` r ihs o y`dnpo`h dspfpn n h bhupfpn/ R`by`nh c` hcyòhfno uyk|kbhs

c` hb`hrs lynb cpb` fh odprshy`h |hr`fky rhod|no`& nosòrnlnbhy`h upfrpfpn n by`s`y`h

bkosyhbn`n jnkbhycnb`& bhy`& fh yocpf rp& cpb` fh rshy`h c` o`fnons` n lynb/

Nonjh `rs` rnjns ckhy o bhwpf c`|n`ynn c` fh okyj n h cpy`ynn/ or banhy n o hb`rs`

bhwpyn huhy` k nob`ysnspcno` snunb7 c`n nonjh jn huyno` jn`& op ukhs` ln d`rsnkohs c` jno`/

Hb`rs ròsnjòs c` nob`ysnspcno` c`gh bkono` o rno` rjoh lynbnn/ U` hb`hrsh r` ihw`hw

uy`rpupo`y`h bp uyn|ny` fh ukrninfh c`w|kfshy` lkinb h u`yrkohfnsnn/ ]82Z/

\hf|pfkuhsnnf` rpos y`wpfshspf lniykw`n bnbhsynbnhf`& h y`syhbsynn |hf|`fky n h hc`yò`fky

osy` jhydnonf` |hf|pfhy`/ Hb`rs` uykb`r` c`s`yjno spfipyyn lpobnkohf` |hf|pfhy`& y`ru`bsn|

spfipyyn a`jkcnohjnb /

Bhpw`f` |hf|pfkuhsnnfky7

òckbhycns`7 b`f jhn ly`b|òs òckbhycnsh y`pjhsnb& yhy b`h rnlnfnsnb= hys`ynkrbf`ykwh7 uykcpb` yhy |hf|pfkuhsnn hkysnb`/

\hf|pfkuhsnnf` rpos7

8/ norplnbnòh |hf|pfhy=9/ rsòkwh kynlnbnpfpn=2/ |hf|pfkuhsnh bkjinohs !rsòkw n norplnbnò./

N/ \hf|pfkuhsnh |hf|pfhyukhs` ln kydhonb n lpobnkohf7


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cnrlpobnh jpbanfky uhunfhyn= c`bhfhgpf bkycpfpn n h jpbanfky uhunfhyn= lkyj kirsypbsn| c` bhycnkjnkuhsn` anu`ysyklnb ]81Z/Norplnbnòh c` |hf| hkysnb/ Y`dpydnsynf` c` |hf| hkysnb huhy o jkjòspf o bhy` |hf|h

hkysnb op lpobnko`hw bky`bs/ o bhwpf y`dpydnsynfky& |hf|h hkysnb op r` obanc` bkjuf`s/ Bpln`bhy` ishn`& k bhosnshs` c` rod` r` oskhyb` o |òsynbkfpf cyùs& uyno |hf|h c`l`bs/

Kydhonrjpf op uynj`s` c`rspf rod`& hrsl`f b nonjh syìpn` r fpby`w` jhn jpfs uòsyp h

bkjuòrh/ Cnl`ynn lhbskyn uks bhpwh y`dpydnsyn hkysnb`& hbps` !rpins`. rhp c` cpyhs !bykonb`./

Y`dpydnsynf` bykonb` c` |hf| hkysnb uks ln c`s`yjnohs` c`7

Hokjhfnn bkodònshf`po`f` u`yrkho` r` ohrb bp k |hf| hkysnb b` bkono` ckhy k bprurhp ckp& o fkb r r` ohrb bp sy`n bpru`& bpj hy ln okyjhf=

\yrsh |hf|h hkysnb r` c`s`ynky`hwn r` ukhs` ypu` kchs bp ohnoshy`h o |yrs= Y`pjhsnrjpf hysnbpfhy hbps y`pjhsnrjpf ukhs` huy`h cpu k nol`bn` lhynodnho

rsyùskbkbnbo syhshs/ Nol`bnh huhy` o bkunfyn`& nhy `l`bs`f` y`pjhsnrjpfpn huhy fh hcpfs=

Nol`bnnf` c` fh on|`fpf u`y`s`fpn nonjnnihbs`ynnf` by`rb u` u`y`s`f` nonjnn rhp u` |hf| nlkyj`hw bkfkonn& bpokrbps` rpi opj`f` c` |`d`shnn& bhy` uks h|`h uo fh bn|h

bòsnj`syn o cnjòrnpo`=

Ho`|ynrjpf hkysnb huhy` chskyns |yrs`n& anu`ysòrnponn hys`ynhf`& ikfnfky `rpspfpnbkogpobsn|hf& rnlnfnr n ikfnfky hpsknjpo`=

Bpy`f` c` rfiny` uyno syhshjòs j`cnbhjòskr hopjns` j`cnbhjòs` cpb fh huhynnhuykif`j`fky bhycnhb` nobfprn| h y`dpydnsynfky c` |hf| hkysnb=

Yhcnks`yhunh uòsyp bhob`y huhy` o bhwpyn jhn yhy` fh sno`ynn b` rpl`y syhshjòs`hosnbhob`ykhr` uyno yhcnhnn fh on|`fpf bpsn`n skyhbnb`/

Y`dpydnsynf` hbps` c` |hf| hkysnb uks ln c`s`yjnohs` c`7

@obkbhycns b`h jhn ly`b|òs bhpw c` y`dpydnsyn hbps` c` |hf| hkysnb=

Cnr`bnh c` hkys o cnr`bnh c` hkys& rod`f` ukhs` usypoc` osy` rsyhspynf` u`y`s`fpnhkysnb& cpboc fh rùhyhy`h hb`rskyh/ C` hnbn& rod`f` ukhs` hgpod` fh on|`fpf |hf|`n u` bhy` k

ukhs` cnrsypd`=

Syhpjhsnrj` skyhbnb` fk|ny`h c` ikycpf jhnonn o bhwpf hbbncòs`fky c` jhno ukhs`

c`s`ynkyh |hf|`f` hkysnb`/

Uynosy` lhbskynn c` ynrb uòsyp norplnbnòh hkysnb r` opjy7

c`l`bs`f` bkodònshf`= r`qpf jhrbpfno= hosnbncòs` lhjnfnhf`/


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\yrsh& ikfnf` c` `rps bkogpobsn|& anu`ysòrnpo`h hys`ynhf& ikfnf` hpsknjpo` n rnlnfnrpf

by`rb ynrbpf c` c`w|kfshy` h ho`|ynrjpfpn c` hkys& b``h b` cpb` fh by`s`y`h ynrbpfpn c`

norplnbnò hkysnb ]24Z/

N/2/2/ Uyklnfpf u`yrkohfnsnn uhbnònfky bp |hf|pfkuhsnÒp h lkrs `fhikyhs po ukysy`s hf u`yrkohfnsnn uhbnònfky bp |hf|pfkuhsn`& or hb`hrsikhf

hy` po shifkp hr`josky bp b`f hf ikfnn nrba`jnb` h nonjnn n bp b`f hf hynsjn`n bhycnhb`/ o b`f`

b` pyj`hw |kj uy`wòsh uyklnfpf u`yrkohfnsnn uhbnònfky bp hb`rs` jhfhcnn/

o bhwpf ikfnn nrba`jnb` lhbskynn urnanbn o dò`yhf hbnko`hw ckhy bkobkjnsòs bp lhbskynn

rkjhsnbn c` ynrb !anu`ysòrnpo` hys`ynhf& cnhi`s whahyhs& lpjhs& ki`wnshs`./ Rpos ncòsnlnbhs` sy`n

|hynhos` `rònhf` h hb`rsky f`dspyn7

8/@jknnf` n sòrnpo`h nos`ynkhy hp k nolfpò cny`bs hrpuyh bnybpnspfpn bkykohynho nhrpuyh nonjnn/

9/ Hbnponf` urnakrkjhsnb` rpos r`jonlnbhsn|` uòsyp huhynnh sòrnponn hys`ynhf`= bkobkjnsòs`f` nolfpò`hw j`shikfnrjpf fnunc`fky n bhpw`hw hss hs`ykrbf`ykwh dò`yhf& bs n

hs`ykrbf`ykwh |hr`fky bkykohynò`/

2/ Lhbskynn urnakrkjhsnbn bkocpb fh hipwpf c` spspo n hfbkkf bhy` fh yocpf fky nolfpò`hwbkjukyshjòspf hfnjòshy n cpb fh ki`wnshs`/

Uhbnònfky bp ikhf nrba`jnb h nonjnn f` `rs` ru`bnlnb skf`yhoh rnjuskj`fky ikfnn rhf` n

banhy nocnl`yòh/ Ynrbpf uòsyp |nh `rs` o`dhs n y`lpfhs& rpuyhy`h ohybnrnb cnruhy` ckhy ohnos`

c` bhshrsykl !F`ru`yhob` , Bk& 8>>11>./

Jpfs` b`yb`syn hp lkrs y`hfnwhs` o honn 45*15/ Y`wpfshs`f` fky |hynhw o cùòcò c`

jkc`f`f` n j`skc`f` b`yb`synn/ Hrsl`f hp lkrs kinops` chs` bhy` bkolnyj bky`fhnh cnosy`

krsnfnshs` n r`|`ynshs`h ikfnn nrba`jnb` !Ihy`lkks , Bk/& 8>>3= C`jiykrmn , Bk/& 8>10= A`bm`y

, Bk/& 8>11= JhbCkpdhff , Bk/& 8>10= Jhssa`tr , Bk/& 8>44./

Nonnhf Cpoihy !8>32.& nhy jhn sywnp n hfn b`yb`sskyn hp c`rbynr uyklnfpf c` u`yrkohfnshs` h

uhbnònfky bp ikhf bkykohynho cno u`yru`bsn|h bhwpnrsnbnn uyklpoc*urnakfkdnb` gprsnlnbhs`7

ckynoh u`yrnrsòs c` h fpbyh& sòcnoh c` h hsnod` b`f` jhn ohfs` u`ylkyjho` uykl`rnkohf` n

rkbnhf`& uy`dsny`h c` h r` hchush fh okyj`f` rkbnhf` bpsòcno fh rpuyhrkfnbnshy`/ Lhbskynn c` ynrb


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2132.& U`yrkho oby`wps n ròrninf bp syrspyn kir`rn|*bkjupfrn|`

n sòcno ohfs ruy` y`bpokhs`y` n uy`rsndnp !Hy`rno& 8>18. o skhs` hb`rs` bhyhbs`ynrsnbn rpos bkjinohs` hh syrspyn

bkjukyshjòshf` bhy` rpos ncòsnlnbhs` c` bsy` b`yb`synf` urnakfkdnb` cyùs syìpno nosòr& c`

fpod cpyhs c` h kino` rpbb`r& bkjukyshjòs hjinnkr c` bkobpyò& ckyno u`yjhoòs c` h

ln y`bpokrbps !Ykròjho& 8>


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yn|hfnshs`h& rpos lpynkn n hdy`rn|n& hp ròsnjòspf c` norplnbnò c` snju n rpos o`yicskyn

!C`jiykrmn , Bk/& 8>44./

Rnocykjpf rpuyhbkjuòrynn/ osy*k bhyn`y c` ynrb rnocykjpf rpuyhbkjuòrynn ukhs` ln

kinops o l`fpf pyjsky7 sòrnpo`h `qs`ynkhy u`yjhoòs& bhy` `rs` uyk|kbhs c` po

bkjukyshjòs bky`rupowsky& cpb` fh k rpuyhrkfnbnshy` bykonb/ Ursyhy`h rshinfnsnnbkjukyshjòspfpn o`b`rns hopjns` rsyhs`dnn c` hchushy`/ K n`ny` ukrninf cno rnsphn` ukhs` ln

jyny`h cpyhs`n ky`fky c` fpbyp& bhy` `rs` huy`bnhs bh nocnbhsky kin`bsn| h rpuyhrybnonn/ Rnocykjpf

obfbynn rkjopfpn okbspyo fh l`f `rs` huy`bnhs bh nocnbhsky ròrninf h bhfnsnn jkcnlnbynn

yhukyspfpn cnosy` rshy`h rpin`bsn| n lkyj`f` kin`bsn|` c` rpuyhrkfnbnshy`/

Rnocykjpf uyipnynn/ Chb rnocykjpf rpuyhbkjuòrynn `rs` uyn|ns bh o`b`rnshs`

u`yjhoòs kifndhskyn` uòsyp by`s`y`h hchusynn y`hbsn|`& hspobn rnocykjpf uyipnynn op `rs`

hss k rshy` bfnonb& bs bkor`bno` uyhbsnb ny`|`yrninf` bhy` uks bkocpb` fh rpl`yno/Bkjukyshjòspf hdy`rn| n `dknrs bkosnop& chy `f c`|no` ckhy k lhhc7 hb`rs nocn|nc jhonl`rs

rs`y`ksnupf rp c` hdy`rky anu`yhbsn|& chy o ruhs`f` fpn r` hrbpoc` jhbhonrjpf c` uy`fpbyhy`

bkdonsn| o`y`pns n norplnbnòs h `|ònjòs`fky c` |nh cnlnbnf`/ Uhbnòspf cno dypupf c` ynrb

y`hbnko`hw fh jyny`h bhuhbnsnn c` hchushy` uyno j`bhonrjpf c` huyhy` bkjuòrhy`h& un`yc`

j`bhonrjpf nosyhurnanb c` bkosykf hrpuyh uykb`r`fky lpobnkohf` uyk|kbhs` c` rsy`r& uy`wnos

y`no`y` `jknkohf n hchushinfnshs` rkbnhf/

Cùy`rnh inukfhy bhy` hc`r`h `rs` hrkbnhs bp rnocykjpf anu`yhbsn|nsnn fh l`f `rs` po

lhbsky c` ynrb uòsyp c`w|kfshy`h ikfnn nrba`jnb`/ U`yrkho f` bhy` n kynòs`hw anu`yhbsn|nshs`h n

krsnfnshs`h ruy` `qs`ynky& uo fh pyj f` kynòs`hw juksyn|h rh/

o bhwpf hynsjn`n bhycnhb` hshbpynf` b`f jhn c`r rpos uyk|kbhs` c` lhbskynn rnsphnkohfn n

bkolfnbs`/ Hshbpynf` hc`r`h huhy o u`ynkhc`f` c` sòrnpo` nos`ynkhy n bpjpfhy` c` `jknn/

@qbnshy`h rkjhsnb n uhfunshnh& o`fnons`h& hynsjnh kbpu fkbpf bkolfnbspfpn c` hfsypnrj n uks ln

nos`yuy`shs` bh lyhdjòs` h y`hbn`n urnaklnwnb` yùynjhs`/

Jhn c`r r` osfo`rb uhbnòn bp sòcnoh c` h*n bkosykfh uykuynnf` ròsnjòs`& c` h n f`

yùynjh& c` h bkornc`yh jhonl`rshy`h fky bh rfinbnpo`7 @p op hys& b` jn ròsjuf/

Uhbnònn hp sòcnoh c` h*n uyks`gh yndpykr fpj`h fky nos`ynkhy/ o hb`fhn snju `n `|ns

bkolyposynf`& fpus`f`& cnrups`f` n hp sòcnoh c` h yhnkohfnwh/ Rnsphnnf` bhy` uyk|khb hshbpynf`

uòsyp `n rpos ons` rnsphnn c` nruns& bhy` rpos lkhys` huykhu` c` hodhghjòspf `jknkohf rhp

c` hdy`rn|nshs`h bhjplfhs& bhy` o bhwpf uyipnynn hjònoskhy` h uyks`bn`n r` jhonl`rs uyno

hshb ]8


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Bkobfpwnn

o pyjh hohfnw`n s`ky`snb` h uykif`j`n hp lkrs `|ncònhs` cnl`yns` upobs` c` |`c`y` `qupr`

o fns`yhspyh c` ru`bnhfnshs` y`l`ynskhy` fh uykif`jhsnbh jhonl`rsynn rnjuskj`fky hf`qnsnjnb` fh

uhbnònn bp pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf cnhdokrsnbhs/ Op `qnrs k uy`y` uy`bnr c`ruy` huhynnh

hf`qnsnjn`n& h pfb`ypfpn dhrsykcpkcòhf n c`ruy` bky`fhnh hf`qnsnjn`n bp hb`rs snu c` pfb`y/Cno jhs`ynhfpf s`ky`snb uy`wòshs hos`ynky c`|no` bfhy b kyndno`h hf`qnsnjn`n `rs`

c`kbhjchs o`bpokrbps7 `rs` `h uynjhy rhp r`bpochy& bkocnnkohs dò`snb rhp rkbnhf; @qnrs

khy` cùòcò c` syrspynf` rkbnhf`& `sonb`& bpfspyhf` hf` rkbn`snn o bhy` syn`s` nocn|ncpf;

Hb`hrs syrspy `rs` rshinf rhp `rs` k rshy` s`jukyhy& hchushsn| bhy` r` ukhs` jhonl`rsh osy*k

hopjns rnsphn`; Bhy` `rs` bky`fhnh hf`qnsnjn`n bp ikhfh7 `rs` uy`wòh `n rplnbnòs uòsyp

c`w|kfshy`h rnjuskjhskfkdn`n urnakrkjhsnb`; Fh hb`rs` osyìyn b`yb`sskynn ob op hp upsps ch

po yrupor rndpy/Uksyn|ns fpn Rnlo`kr hf`qnsnjnh `rs` k c`y`dfhy` h rl`y`n bkdonsn| hl`bsn|` bhy` y`cpb`

bhuhbnshs`h c` h |`yihfnwh hl`bspf& ruky`s` yruporpf lnwnkfkdnb fh nolfpò`f` o`dhsn|` hf`

j`cnpfpn bhpwoc hrsl`f huhynnh rnjuskjhsnbnn rkjhsnb` ]8Z/

O/ C/ R`j`kok|h !8>>0.& N/ R/ Mkykrs`f`k|h& \/ R/ Yksòi`yd !8>>2. hlnyj b

nobhuhbnshs`h nocn|ncpfpn bhy` rpl`y c` hf`qnsnjn` c` h*n bkosnòsnwh uykuynnf` `jknn uyk|khb

bko|`yrnh hb`rskyh/ @jknnf` o`y`dpfhs` bhy` op uynj`rb c`rbybhy` cpb fh c`w|kfshy`h ikfnfky

urnakrkjhsnb`/ Hnbn hbnko`hw f`d`h ru`bnlnb h bkor`y|ynn o uyn|noh `jknnfky7 hspobn boc

kjpf op*n ukhs` jhonl`rsh ròsnjòs`f` uyno bp|nos`& `f f` jhonl`rs bkyukyhf/ Hrsl`f& hf`qn snjnh

fh on|`f urnakfkdnb c`|no` hohfkdpf rkjhsnwynn& bhy` r` jhonl`rs fh on|`fpf lnwnkfkdnbpfpn/ C`

hnbn c`|no` `|ncòs lhuspf b b`yb`synf` bkos`jukyho` j`cnbhf urnakfkdnb` hf` hf`qnsnjn`n n

bkol`y po ykf sks jhn jhy` u` bhy` hb`hrsh f hy` o c`w|kfshy`h jpfsky ikfn urnakrkjhsnb` ]9>Z/

G/ Mhpahoò& D/ Mhufho& G/ Gpfmpoò !8>>2.& Y/ Fho`& F/ R`bay`rs& Y/ Yn`c`f !8>>1. o

pyjh b`yb`synn uy`cnrupo`ynn ruy` hf`qnsnjn` o cùòcò c` uhysnbpfhynsnf` c` dò& |yrs&

rspcnn& bpfspy rkbnhf hp kir`y|hs b hf`qnsnjnh `rs` jhn c`r uy`wòs fh u`yrkho`f` c` dò

jhrbpfno bp rshsps rkbnhf rbwps& |òns jnb n on|`f rbwps hf rspcnnfky ]93Z/

J/ Gkpmhjhh& Y/ Rhfkmhodhr !8>>


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b`yb`synfky `l`bsphs`& or& c`jkorsy`hw b skspn `qnrs k bky`fhn` osy` hf`qnsnjn` n huhynnh n

bpyrpf ikfnfky urnakrkjhsnb` ]22Z/

Fh uhbnònn cnhdonrsnbhn bp ikhf nrba`jnb h nonjnn hf`qnsnjnh `rs` osfons bp k ly`b|ò

c` fh 28% uo fh 3>%/ Ki`wnshs`h& cnhi`spf whahyhs& anu`ysòrnpo` hys`ynhf& lpjhspf& hipwpf c`

hfbkkf jhn ly`b|òs r` osfo`rb fh uhbnònn hf`qnsnjnbn bp ikhf nrba`jnb h nonjnn b``h bù`yjns` bh hf`qnsnjnh rln` bkornc`yhs cyùs lhbsky c` ynrb hf c`w|kfsynn hb`rs`n ikfn/ ]93Z/

@rs` nos`y`rhos hb`f lhus& b b`f` jhn ohfs` nocnbnn hf` hf`qnsnjn`n r` osfo`rb o r`bnnf` c`

dhrsykòs`ykfkdn` fh ikfoh|nn bp pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf/

Uksyn|ns chs`fky Hbhc`jn`n c` Rshs c` J`cnbno cno \kyko`g n h Bòsypfpn Ohnkohf c`

Dhrsykòs`ykfkdn` cno Jkrbk|h fh pfb`yknn hf`qnsnjnbn ikhfh c`bpyd` jpfs jhn bkjufnbhs c`bs

fh b`n o`hf`qnsnjnbn/ Fh hf`qnsnjnbn yonf` uyk|kbhs` c` pfb`y r` bnbhsynw`hw jpfs jhn fòs ]23Z/

C`n `snkfkdnh pfb`ypfpn op `rs` ino` uy`bnwhs r` bkornc`y b nocn|ncpf `rs` rpupr popnrsy`r njukyshos uyno uy`cnrukwnn` fh anu`yr`by`n` n anu`yhbncnshs` dhrsynb/ Pfb`ypf `rs` nobfpr o

ikfnf` urnakrkjhsnb`& bkornc`yocp*r` b fh kyndno`h fky rshp bhpw` o`|ykhr` n j`bhonrj`

urnakrkjhsnb` bfhrnb`/


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BHUNSKFPF NN/ B`yb`shy`h jhonl`rsynn hf`qnsnjn`n fh uhbnònn bp pfb`y

dhrsykcpkcòhf n |hf|pfkuhsn`

NN/8/ Nosykcpb`y` o uhys`h uyhbsnb

Nobhuhbnshs`h nocn|ncpfpn bhy` rpl`y c` hf`qnsnjn` c` h*n bkosnòsnwh uykuynnf` `jknn

uyk|khb bko|`yrnh hb`rskyh/ @jknnf` o`y`dpfhs` bhy` op uynj`rb c`rbybhy` cpb fh c`w|kfshy`hikfnfky urnakrkjhsnb`/ Hnbn hbnko`hw f`d`h ru`bnlnb h bkor`y|ynn o uyn|noh `jknnfky7 hspobn

boc kjpf op*n ukhs` jhonl`rsh ròsnjòs`f` uyno bp|nos`& `f f` jhonl`rs bkyukyhf/ Hrsl`f&

hf`qnsnjnh fh on|`f urnakfkdnb c`|no` hohfkdpf rkjhsnwynn& bhy` r` jhonl`rs fh on|`fpf

lnwnkfkdnbpfpn/ C` hnbn c`|no` `|ncòs lhuspf b b`yb`synf` bkos`jukyho` j`cnbhf urnakfkdnb`

hf` hf`qnsnjn`n n bkol`y po ykf sks jhn jhy` u` bhy` hb`hrsh f hy` o c`w|kfshy`h jpfsky ikfn

urnakrkjhsnb`/ !O/ C/ R`j`kok|h& 8>>0= N/ R/ Mkykrs`f`k|h& \/ R/ Yksòi`yd& 8>>2./ Rsypbspyh

urnakrkjhsnb h u`yrkohfnsnn `rs` c lnons uyno bkobùspf hf`qnsnjn` ]9>Z/F/ \/ Py|ho`| !9555. jònko`hw b uksyn|ns cnl`ynsky chs` %/ Ki`wnshs`h& cnhi`spf whahyhs& anu`ysòrnpo` hys`ynhf& lpjhspf& hipwpf c`

hfbkkf jhn ly`b|òs r` osfo`rb fh uhbnònn hf`qnsnjnbn bp ikhf nrba`jnb h nonjnn b``h b`

u`yjns` bh hf`qnsnjnh r ln` bkornc`yhs cyùs lhbsky c` ynrb hf c`w|kfsynn hb`rs`n ikfn ]93Z/

Jhgkynshs`h b`yb`synfky `l`bsphs`& or& c`jkorsy`hw b skspn `qnrs k bky`fhn` osy`

hf`qnsnjn` n huhynnh n bpyrpf ikfnfky urnakrkjhsnb`/ @rs` nos`y`rhos hb`f lhus& b b`f` jhn ohfs`

nocnbnn hf` hf`qnsnjn`n r` osfo`rb o r`bnnf` c` dhrsykòs`ykfkdn` fh ikfoh|nn bp pfb`y

dhrsykcpkcòhf/ Uksyn|ns chs`fky Hbhc`jn`n c` Rshs c` J`cnbno cno \kyko`g n h Bòsypfpn

Ohnkohf c` Dhrsykòs`ykfkdn` cno Jkrbk|h fh pfb`yknn hf`qnsnjnbn ikhfh c`bpyd` jpfs jhn

bkjufnbhs c`bs fh b`n o`hf`qnsnjnbn/ Fh hf`qnsnjnbn yonf` uyk|kbhs` c` pfb`y r` bnbhsynw`hw jpfs

jhn fòs ]23Z/

Ihwocp*o` u` hb`rs` hydpjòs` o` uykupo`j r no|`rsndj cnl`yò`f` o jhonl`rshy`h

hf`qnsnjn`n fh uhbnònn bp pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf n |hf|pfkuhsn`& b``h b` uy`wnos rbkupf b`yb`synn/

Kin`bsn|`f` b`yb`synn7

8/ Rspcn`y`h n hohfnwh fns`yhspynn c` ru`bnhfnshs` y`l`ynskhy` fh hf`qnsnjn`=9/ Hohfnwh bhpw`fky n bkor`bno`fky pfb`ypfpn dhrsykcpkcòhf n h |hf|pfkuhsn`n=2/ Uy`fpbyhy`h& hohfnwh bhosnshsn| n bhfnshsn| h chs`fky `qu`ynjòshf`=3/ @fhikyhy`h n hufnbhy`h uykdyhjpfpn c` urnakbky`bn`=0/ Lkyjpfhy`h bkobfpwnnfky n y`bkjhocynfky/


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Nuks`w`f` b`yb`synn7

8/ Uy`rpupo`j b u`yrkho`f` b` rpl`y c` pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf n |hf|pfkuhsn` uy`wnossòcno` hf`qnsnjnb` jhn hbbòsphs` o bkjuhyhn` bp u`yrkho`f` b` op rpl`y c` hb`rs`

ikfn urnakrkjhsnb`/

9/ Uy`rpupo`j b `qnrs cnl`yò` o jhonl`rshy`h hf`qnsnjn`n o bhwpf uhbnònfky bp pfb`ydhrsykcpkcòhf n h b`fky bp |hf|pfkuhsn`/

2/ Uy`rpupo`j b psnfnwhy`h sàonbnfky urnakcyhjhsnb` hy cnjnoph rnjuskj`f` hf`qnsnjnb`/

NN/9/ C`rbyn`y`h j`skc`n

Uòsyp |`ynlnbhy`h nuks`w`fky okn hj psnfnwhs Rbhfh Skykosk c` Hf`qnsnjn` !SHR. `fhikyhs

c` bsy` Dyh`j` G/ Sh~fky& Y/ Jnbah`f Ihdi~ n Ghj`r C/ H/ Uhym`yo hopf 8>10 n Ba`rsnkohypf

c` Hf`qnsnjn` I`yjkoc*\kyrs `fhikyhs c` bsy` I`yjkoc n \kyrs o hopf 8>>1 !I\HX./Lnnoc c`s`yjnohs` rl`y`f` c` ihw bhy`& cpu uy`y`h hpskynfky& y`lf`bs `ròh bkobùspfpn

c` hf`qnsnjn`& hp lkrs `fhikyhs` 38 hlnyjhnn bp hgpskypf bykyh y`rukocòspf r` ukhs` bhyhbs`ynwh

u` rno` psnfnwoc rbhf`f` c` snu Fnm`ys !c` fh c`whbkyc skshf uo fh hbkyc skshf./ Ba`rsnkohypf h

lkrs rpupr hufnbynn hrpuyh 039 rspcòn/ Cpu hohfnwh ns`jnfky n h lhbskynfky hp lkrs r`f`bshs` 9./ SHR h uy`wòshs k bkorsho s`rsy`s`rs o u`ynkhc`f` `dhf` bp

k rusjo& 0 rusjon n 2 fpon/ B`yb`synf` pfs`ynkhy` hp hyshs b rsypbspyh lhbskynhf SHR

cnrupo` c` rshinfnshs` n rndpyho/

Uòsyp c`s`yjnohy`h |hfncnsnn SHR h lkrs b`yb`shs po `hosnko c` 3< uhbnòn bp |yrsh

bpuynor osy` 95 n


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\hfncnshs`h n rndpyhoh SHR k lhb hc`b|hs uòsyp psnfnwhy` o bfnonbn n o b`yb`syn

snnonlnb`/ o uy`wòs SHR `rs` syhcpr o jhn jpfs` fnjin& nobfprn| o d`yjho n lyhob`w ]80Z/

@q`juf` c` ns`jn SHR7

8/ H sn bpj r y`wkf|n k uykif`j `rs` jpfs jhn njukyshos c`bs r o`f`dn bhpw`f` hb`rskyaksyyn/

9/ Po`kyn hj ròsnjòs` u` bhy` op f` uks c`lnon bp `qhbsnshs`/!Norsypbnpo`h n lkyjpfhypf uòsyp yruporpynf` SHR rpos ho`qhs`./

Ba`rsnkohypf c` Hf`qsnjn` I`yjkoc*\kyrs bkorsy cno 35 ns`jn fh bhy` y`rukocòspf

yrupoc` bp hgpskypf rbhf`fky c` snu Fnm`ys ]88Z n `rs` k bkjuf`shy` h Rbhf`n c` Hf`qnsnjn`

Hjrs`ychj/ Ba`rsnkohypf |hfp`hw bnobn cnjòrnpon s`ky`snb` hf` hf`qnsnjn`n7

8. \`yihfnwhy`h !bhuhbnshs`h rpin`bspfpn c` h c`rbyn` rhp c` h bkjponbh `jknnf` rhf`.=9.

Lhoshrjhy`h !sòcnoh rpin`bspfpn c` h lhoshrjh& c` h |nrh bp kbann c`rbann.=

2. Ncòsnlnbhy`h uykuynnfky `jknn !bhuhbnshs`h rpin`bspfpn c` h c`lnon `jknnf` rhf`& c` h fòpjn.=

3. @qbnshinfnshs` `jknkohf !bhuhbnshs`h rpin`bspfpn c` h y`hbnkoh `jknkohf fh`|ònjòs`f` bhy` nocpb `jknn.=

0. Hohfnwh uykuynnfky `jknn !bhuhbnshs`h c` h*n `qufnbh `jknnf` rhf`& c` h f` hohfnwh./I\HX h lkrs rspcnhs u` rspcònn kfhoc`wn& òdf`wn n i`fdnòn lyhobklkon n lyhob`wn/

Bkosnopnshs`h nos`yo h ba`rsnkohypfpn `rs` rhsnrlbskhy`/ @h |hynhw c` fh 5&18 !|`yrnpo`h

òdf`w. uo fh 5&10 !|`yrnpo`h kfhoc`w n i`fdnho./ Bk`lnbnòspf bkosnopnsnn nos`yo` uòsyp

skhs` bnobn cnjòrnpon |hynhw c` fh 5&40 uo fh 5&14 uòsyp |`yrnpo`h kfhoc`w& c` fh 5&48 uo

fh 5&18 uòsyp |`yrnpo`h i`fdnho n c` fh 5&>1./ Nocùòcòh cnjòrnponfky ba`rsnkohypfpn rs` y`fhsn| c`khy`b` rspcnnf` l`bsphs` c`

I`yjkoc , Bk/ !8>>1. hp hyshs b hb`rs` bnobn cnjòrnpon r` obhcy`hw o ckn lhbskyn& popf

bkdonsn| bhy` bkono` cnjòrnponf` ncòsnlnbhy`& |`yihfnwhy` n hohfnw n hfspf hl`bsn| bhy` bkono`

cnjòrnponf` lhoshrjhy` n qbnshinfnshs` `jknkohf/

Okyj`f` I\HX7

8/ \`yihfnwhy`h `jknnfky7 1 u/ 25 u/rbky j`cnp& 28 u/35 u/rbky yncnbhs=9/ Lhoshrjhy`7 1 u/98 u/rbky j`cnp& 99 u/35 u/rbky yncnbhs=2/ Ncòsnlnbhy`h `jknnfky7 1 u/ 93 u/rbky j`cnp& 90 u/35 u/rbky yncnbhs=3/ @qbnshinfnshs` `jknkohf7 1 u/ 98 u/rbky j`cnp& 99 u/35 u/rbky yncnbhs=0/ Hohfnwh `jknnfky7 1 u/ 84 u/rbky j`cnp& 81 u/35 u/rbky yncnbhs/Rbkypynf` yncnbhs` |kyi`rb c`ruy` cnlnbpfsnf` rpin`bspfpn o hb`rs` rl`y` ]9Z/

@q`juf` c` ns`jn I\HX7


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8/ Cnlnbpfshs` c` |`yihfnwhy`7 Banhy popn uyn`sò rhp uyn`sò` njn `rs` dy`p r*n |kyi`rbc`ruy` ròsnjòs`f` j`f`/

9/ Cnlnbpfshs` c` lhoshrjhy`7 Hc`r`h& ohnos` c` h hckyjn& jn njhdno`w rbòhynn& osfonyn&cnhfkdpyn/

2/ Cnlnbpfshs` c` ncòsnlnbhy` h `jknnfky7 Boc rpos urnbsnrns c` jno` orpjn `p op uksrupo` chb rpos synrs& rhp ru`ynhs& rhp o`l`ynbns/

3/ Cnlnbpfshs` c` h y`hbnkoh `jknkohf7 Hspobn boc r` uykcpb` b`|h o`hsùshs `p yjobhfj n nju`yspyihinf/

0/ Cnlnbpfshs`h c` h hohfnwh7 Jn r` uhy` bnpchs b hfnn hss c` jpfs n hohfnw`hw `jknnf`/!Norsypbnpo`h n lkyjpfhypf uòsyp yruporpynf` I\HX rpos ho`qhs`./

NN/2/ C`rbyn`y`h fkspfpnUòsyp h b`yb`sh jhonl`rshy`h hf`qnsnjn`n fh uhbnònn bp pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf n bp

|hf|pfkuhsn` hj ba`rsnkohs


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NN/3/ Hohfnwh y`wpfshs`fky

Y`n`noc cno lhuspf b o`*hj uykupr r rspcn`j jhonl`rshy`h hf`qnsnjn`n fh uhbnònn bp

pfb`y dhrsykcpkcòhf n |hf|pfkuhsn` o uynj ufho `|hfpj uykukynh u`yrkho`fky b` uy`wnos

hf`qnsnjn` n b`n b` op uy`wnos rnjuskj` hf` hb`rs`n hl`bnpon/ Yhsh uykbòsphf `rs` chs uòsyp

skhs` sy`n fkspyn rpupr` `qu`ynjòspfpn !shi`f`f` 2*3& cnhdyhj`f` 8*


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Shi`fpf 240&45 04 8

\`yihfnwhy`h nos

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DIFERENŢE ÎN MANIFESTAREA ALEXITIMIEI LA PACIENŢII CU ULCER GASTRODUODENAL ŞI VALVULOPATIE