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DISORDERS OF POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS Informal Academic in Service

DISORDERS OF POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS

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DISORDERS OF POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS. Informal Academic in Service. Overview. Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia Case Discussion. HYPOKALEMIA Serum potassium < 3.5 mEq /L. Pathophysiology. Total body potassium deficit Shifting of serum potassium into the intracellular compartment Causes - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: DISORDERS OF POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS

DISORDERS OF POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASISInformal Academic in Service

Page 2: DISORDERS OF POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS

Overview

HypokalemiaHyperkalemiaCase Discussion

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HYPOKALEMIA Serum potassium < 3.5 mEq/L

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Pathophysiology

Total body potassium deficit Shifting of serum potassium into the

intracellular compartment Causes

Drugs (loop and thiazide diuretics) Diarrhea Vomiting Hypomagnesemia

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Blood

Na+

K+

Aldosterone เพิ่��มการดูดูเกลื�อกลื�บขั�บ K+ ออก

K+

Na+

Lumen

- +

Principal cell

Hypo Mg

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Loop VS Thiazide

Page 7: DISORDERS OF POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS

Blood

Na+

K+

K+

Na+

Lumen

+

Principal cell

ความต่�างศักย์�ไฟฟ�าค�อ = 9

กรณี�ได้� HCTZ

+++

++

---

Thaizide

Page 8: DISORDERS OF POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS

Blood

Na+

K+

K+

Na+

Lumen

Principal cell

Ca2+

+++

++

--Ca2+

Ca2+

ความต่�างศักย์�ไฟฟ�า ค�อ 3

กรณี�ได้� furosemide

-

+

Loop

Page 9: DISORDERS OF POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS

ดู�งนั้��นั้ HCTZ จึ�ง lost K มากกว่�า Furosemide

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Clinical Presentation

Nonspecific signs and symptoms Cardiovascular

Hypertension Cardiac arrhythmias: heart block, atrial flutter,

paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and digitalis-induced arrhythmias

ECG effects (serum K <2.5 mEq/L): ST-segment depression or flattening, T-wave inversion and U-wave elevation

Neuromuscular symptoms Muscle weakness, cramping, malaise and myalgias

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Treatment

Every 1 mEq/L fall of K below 3.5 mEq/L Total body deficit of 100-400 mEq

Chronic used of loop or thiazide diuretics generally need 40-100 mEq of K

K supplementation Oral: KCl IV:

severe hypokalemia signs and symptoms of hypokalemia Inability to tolerate oral therapy

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Treatment

K administration Dilute in saline because dextrose can

stimulate insulin secretion and worsen intracellular shifting of K

10-20 mEq of K in 100 ml of NSS through a peripheral vein over 1 hr

ECG monitoring (If infusion rates > 10 mEq/hr)

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HYPERKALEMIA Serum potassium > 5.5 mEq/L

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Pathophysiology

Kintake > Kexcretion Transcellular distribution of K is disturbed

Causes Increased K intake Decreased K excretion Tubular unresponsiveness to aldosterone Redistribution of K to the extracellular

space Drugs: ACEI, ARB, K-sparing diuretics

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Clinical Presentation

Frequently asymptomatic Heart palpitations or skipped heartbeats ECG change (serum K 5.5-6 mEq/L)

Peaked T waves Widening of the PR interval Loss of the P wave Widening of the QRS complex Merging of the QRS complex with the T

wave resulting in a sine-wave pattern

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Treatment

Dialysis Calcium administration Insulin and dextrose, sodium

bicarbonate, or albuterol Sodium polystyrene sulfonate/Calcium

polystyrene sulfonate

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Treatment algorithm for hyperkalemia

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Treatment

Dialysis Most rapid lowering serum K

Calcium Rapidly reverses ECG & arrhythmias Not lower serum K Short acting Must be repeated if signs or symptoms recur

Insulin & dextrose/sodium bicarbonate/albuterol Rapid shift potassium intracellularly

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Treatment

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate)

Mild to moderate hyperkalemia (K 5-7 mEq/L) Each gram of resin exchanges 1 mEq of Na

for 1 mEq of K Sorbitol promotes excretion of K (by

diarrhea) Tolerated & effective: oral > rectalCalcium polystyrene sulfonate Same kayexalate used For patient who restriction of Na

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Therapeutic Alternatives for the Management of Hyperkalemia

Medication Dose Route of Administration

Onset/Duration of Action

Calcium 1 g (1 ampule) IV over 5–10 min 1–2 min/10–30 min

Furosemide 20–40 mg IV 5–15 min/4–6 hr

Regular insulin 5–10 units IV or SC 30 min/2–6 hr

Dextrose 10% 1,000 mL (100 g) IV over 1–2 hr 30 min/2–6 hr

Dextrose 50% 50 mL (25 g) IV over 5 min 30 min/2–6 hr

Sodium bicarbonate 50–100 mEq IV over 2–5 min 30 min/2–6 hr

Albuterol 10–20 mg Nebulized over 10 min 30 min/1–2 hr

Hemodialysis 4 hours N/A Immediate/variable

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate

15–60 g Oral or rectal 1 hour/variable

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Case DiscussionWarfarin clinic

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Case 1

ผู้�ป่�ว่ยชายไทยอาย! 57 ป่" Supraventricular tachycardia, DM, HT แพิ่ทย$ให้� Warfarin dose 15 mg/wk ป่ร�บเพิ่��ม enalapril จึาก 5 mg/day เป่'นั้ 10 mg/day แพิ่ทย$ไม�ไดู�สั่� �ง spironolactone ต่�อ consult ไม�พิ่บ

แพิ่ทย$ ม*ยาเดู�มเห้ลื�อ (spironolactone) จึ�งให้�ทานั้ยาเดู�มก�อนั้ Advice sign of bleed/embolism แพิ่ทย$นั้�ดู 12/01/54

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LAB

INR 2.1 PT 22.7 Hb 12.3 Hct 35.1 WBC 5360 Plate

229000 Na 137 K 5.0 Cl 103 CO2

28 BUN 22 Cr 1.9 FBS 124

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Subjective data

ผู้�ป่�ว่ยชายไทยอาย! 57 ป่" Hx: Supraventricular tachycardia, DM,

HT Warfarin dose 15 mg/wk (dose เดู�ม) แพิ่ทย$ป่ร�บเพิ่��ม enalapril จึาก 5 mg/day เป่'นั้ 10

mg/day แพิ่ทย$ไม�ไดู�สั่� �ง spironolactone แลืะไม�ไดู�สั่� �ง off ม*

ยาเดู�มเห้ลื�อ จึ�งให้�ร�บป่ระทานั้ยาเดู�มก�อนั้

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Objective data

INR 2.1 PT 22.7 K 5.0 BUN 22 Cr 1.9 FBS 124 แพิ่ทย$นั้�ดู 12/01/54

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Assessment

Spironolactone Dose: 25-50 mg/day in 1-2 divide dose Contraindication: hyperkalemia, acute

renal insufficiency ADR: gynecomastia, hyperkalemia,

metabolic acidosis

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Assessment

Enalapril: Dose: 2.5-5.0 mg/day then increase as

require at 1-2 wk (Max 40 mg/day) Contraindication: angioedema ADR: hyperkalemia (1% to 3.8% )

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Assessment

K 5.0 High potassium Cr 1.9 mg/dl ClCr = 36 ml/min Spironolactone ไม�แนั้ะนั้,าให้�ใช�ถ้�า ClCr < 10 ml/min ดู�งนั้��นั้ จึ�งย�งไม�จึ,าเป่'นั้ต่�องห้ย!ดู spironolactone

Management สั่ามารถ้ให้�ยา enalapril ร�ว่มก�บ spironolactone ต่�อไป่

ไดู� โดูยต่�ดูต่าม serum K, renal function แลืะ ECG

change

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Plan

Goal Electrolyte balance

Therapeutic plan RM Enalapril 5 mg 1x2 pc Spironolactone 25 mg 1x1 pc

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Plan

Efficacy monitoring K 3.5-5.0 mEq/L BUN, Scr

Toxicity monitoring Hyperkalemia Renal insufficiency

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Plan

Education plan ต่�ดูต่ามอาการอ�อนั้เพิ่ลื*ย อ�มพิ่าต่ แลืะ ภาว่ะการห้ายใจึ

ลื�มเห้ลืว่ ใช�ยาต่ามท*�แพิ่ทย$สั่��ง

Future plan ต่�ดูต่ามการใช�ยาในั้คร��งต่�อไป่ ต่�ดูต่ามการเป่ลื*�ยนั้แป่ลืงขัองคลื��นั้ห้�ว่ใจึ

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Case 2

ผู้�ป่�ว่ยห้ญิ�งไทย อาย! 47 ป่" มาร�บยาว่าร$ฟาร�นั้ต่ามแพิ่ทย$นั้�ดู INR 2.37 K 3.4 แพิ่ทย$สั่��ง KCl elixir 10% ป่ร�มาต่ร 15 ml

PO stat

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แพิ่ทย$สั่��ง KCl elixir 10% 15 ml

ค�ดูว่�า เห้มาะสั่มห้ร�อไม�?

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Potassium Chloride

KCl 1 g ให้� Approximate K+ 13 mEq 10% KCl elixir ม* KCl 10 g/100 ml ผู้�ป่�ว่ยไดู� 10% KCl elixir 15 ml = KCl 1.5 g แสั่ดูงว่�า ผู้�ป่�ว่ยไดู� K+ 19.5 mEq

Page 35: DISORDERS OF POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS

Total K+ replecement

K+ 40 mEq oral เพิ่��ม K+ ในั้เลื�อดู ~ 1 mEq/L K+ 19.5 mEq oral เพิ่��ม K+ ในั้เลื�อดู ~ 0.5

mEq/L ดู�งนั้��นั้ คาดูว่�า จึะเพิ่��ม serum K = 3.4+0.5 =

3.9 mEq/L

KNormal range = 3.5-5.0 mEq/L

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References

Charles F Lacy, et al. Drug Information Handbook 2008-2009. 17th edition: 2008.

Barbara G Wells, et al. Pharmacotherapy Handbook. 7th edition: 2009.

สั่มาคมโรคเบาห้ว่านั้แห้�งป่ระเทศไทยในั้พิ่ระราชป่ถ้�มภ$สั่มเดู4จึพิ่ระเทพิ่ร�ต่นั้ราชสั่!ดูาฯ สั่ยามบรมราชก!มาร* , สั่มาคมโรคต่�อมไร�ท�อแห้�งป่ระเทศไทย สั่,านั้�กงานั้ห้ลื�กป่ระก�นั้สั่!ขัภาพิ่แห้�งชาต่� .แนั้ว่ทางเว่ชป่ฏิ�บ�ต่�สั่,าห้ร�บโรคเบาห้ว่านั้ พิ่.ศ. ๒๕๕๑: 2552.

Mancia G, et al. 2007 ESH-ESC Practice Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. Journal of Hypertension: 25 (9), 2007.

http://www.thomsonhc.com

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