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Instructions for use Title Pico della Mirandora and the Ancient Chaldaean Theology Author(s) Ito, H Citation 基督教学 = Studium Christianitatis, 22: 1-29 Issue Date 1987-07-15 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/46460 Type article File Information 22_1-29.pdf Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP

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Page 1: Doc URL   - 北海道大学 · PDF filecian, Zamolxis a Th.raciar’i, ancl .gYtlas a Libyan.’S The philosol

Instructions for use

Title Pico della Mirandora and the Ancient Chaldaean Theology

Author(s) Ito, H

Citation 基督教学 = Studium Christianitatis, 22: 1-29

Issue Date 1987-07-15

Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/46460

Type article

File Information 22_1-29.pdf

Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP

Page 2: Doc URL   - 北海道大学 · PDF filecian, Zamolxis a Th.raciar’i, ancl .gYtlas a Libyan.’S The philosol

PICO DELIA MIRANDOLA AND  THE ANCIENT CHALDAEAN                TI{. EOLOGY

1-liroalgi lto

                 1. Pice ancl the Aiicie”t Tkeology.

    Giovanni Pico clella }yt[iraiitdola (1.463-149t/1), in tlite draft of the fanious

speech on the clignity of m.an (Orat’io c/e honi’iizis clignitate), which was

ide嘩i丘ed {md pul)lished by Eugellio Garin,1 fiirstly argues the dignity an〔I

fi eedoni o/f inan, i]Irhose nature is inde’finite, ancl nextly praises the nioral

science, the dialec{’ic,, the natu}:al pliilosophy. ancl t’.he theology, by which

nian can reac,.h ’{/o C,rocl.2’ A,fter thes. e sections, xvhich alniost correctly

corresponcl to those oX: the ’ffnal-definl[ive vers]ion of, Orat’io, i. e., ’that pub-

Ii.shed first 1)y his i’iepliexv Ciian ,Francesco Pico in the pesthuinous ’1・Voi“lesi

the clraE{/, 1)einsv different ilorin the final-clefinitive veirsion Nvhich goes to the

cri’ticisn’i of those i・vho contenipt ’the philosophy, nunierates and discusses

two thiiittsvs. that are useful to s. tudy the philosoplrLy.

    These, reverencl Fathers, are the consiclerations that have not only

    inspired but con’ipelled n].e to the study of philosophy. But 1 have

    cftlways t/hou.g.,ht that tx]Iro tlnings were especially visuful so to follow fully

    i{/ as to prusue eagerly it. ”Che first thing Nvas to pledge nayself to the

    cloctrines of iiLo niEui, range througliL all t/he niLasters of philosophy, to

    hrLvestigate a!l books w/id to coi:Lie ’to 1{iirLoiLsLr all sclitools. lt seeniLs to i/iie

    that for this xsror/k, it ’was necessary to 1〈now not only the Greek and

    the Latin but also the Hebrew ancl the Chaldaean, and moreover, the

    Arcabic, at whicli now 1, for the first tinie, began to sweat under the

    guicle of Mithridates Gulielmo, niost/ experienced teacher of these lan-

    guages, for all wisdoin has flowed froin the East to the Greeks cand

    froin the Greel〈s to us. ln their “ray o/f philosophizin,cT,, our 1.atins have

    a!ways feund it sLiffieient to stcftnd on th.e cliscoveries o’E foreigners and

    to per’fe,c,t the works of ot.he]rs. Certainly, it ls necessary to seek the

                                (!)

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sacred boolscs and the secret mis, teries firstly from the Chaldcaeans and

seconclly from the Greeks. The Arabians share the reinainin.cr arts and

all sorts of philosophies with the Greel〈s.’S

    On the stucly of lan.crua,ges of the Kebrew, the Chaldaean and the Arabic,

Pico reports in two letters. Firstly, to Andrea Corneo dated ’from Perusia

on the !5th of Octol)er in lz186: “...a’fter 1 dicl zealously inany works 1/)y

the continuous and indefatigable studies night after night, 1 learnecl the

Hebrew and the Clialclaean, and n.oxv 1 also apply niy nLind to conquering,

the di’fficulties of the Arabic.”5 Ancl seconclly, to }vlarsilio Ficino clated /from

Fratta (on Noveniber in lt186 ?): “A’fter 1 gave great attention t/o the lmlebrew

language, night alユd day, f・r a wh・1e month,1ent三rely dev・亡ed myse.if t・the

stuclies of the Arabic and the Chaldaean.”6 The reason xvhy Pico w‘as eag’er

to learn these languages, as sLiggested in tl’ie clraft of Oratio, wtts tl’iat the

inaste/rlnt.r of ancient lan.guages coulcl brinsr to Pico the most ttseful rn,ethocl to

approch clirectly the sacred boolcs ancl the secret niysteries of the ancients.

In 1?ice’s. ch.ronology o/f the wisdom, its source was in the East, ancl all

wisdom followed from there to the Greeks and from them to the Latins,

And this chronology, as i.{] is we11 1〈nown, is also shared w.lth the nieinbers

of the Florentine Academy an〔1 their successQrs not only in工亡aly but also

in. other IE)uropean countries. ln the fifteenth ccntury in ltaly, ip acldition

to Plato ancl the Neoplatonists or Cicero ancl other 1?,.oman writers, the

legendary or semi-legendary sages, i. e., ITIerines ’i“rismegistus in the E.c.,ypt,

Zoroaster in the Chaldaeat, and Orpheus ancl Pythagorcas in the G]reece,

were revived as men of the Ancient Wisdom (prisca sapientia) or the A.ncient

Theology (pri’sca theologia), and also, with Pico, the old Judaic tradition,

Cabala was.ackowledgecl as the ancient cloctrines handed down originaly from

Ai;oses himself. Their works were supposed very ancient by Re’naissance

thinkers, but most of which in fact ’were procluced or conipiled in the ’first

foulr centurie$ of our era.

    On the Ancient Theology in the 1{lenaissance, now we have quit/e ac few

studies, i. e., those of 1〈risteller, Garin ancl Yates on ITferntetica attributed

to 1”lermes Trismegistus,7 of Waiker ancl B)ucl〈 on Or/Jh’ica attribLited to

Orpheus,8 of Kieszkowski ancl Dannenfeldt on Oracttla chaldaica attributed

to Zoroaster,9 and of XValker (‘’tncl Schmitt on the Ancient Theology in

general,ie etc. Ancl on the Cabala, there are the great contributions o’f

Sholem ancl Secret/’i. Speal〈in.cr. of the Ancient Theology in Pico’s thought,

                               (2)

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in addition to the references in these studies, there are anothe’r ones in the

boolis and articles abouit 1’ico・i2 ln this paper, it is aimed te reconsider the

problem of the Ancint Chaldaean Theology in his thought, which does not

seem to have been suffleiently examined.

            2 Chaldaean Oracles as the Ancient Wisdom

    In the final-definitive version of Oratie, Pico, using the passages seen in

the draft quoted abo、re, ans、vers those、vho take o∬ence at the great nu1皿ber

o’f his propositions on inany philosophers.

    X,Vhat were t,he s,ain if o.nly t.he philosphy of the Latins were investigated,

    that is, that of Albert, Thonias, Scotus, Aegidius, Francis, and lilenry,

    if the Greek ancl iFiyrabian philosophers “rere left out-since all wisdoni

    has ’flowecl froin the IL’ast to the G1一eel〈s and froin the Greeks to us?

    In their way of philosol)hizing., our Laeins haxre always ’found it suf{ieient

    to stand on the discoveries of foreigners and to perfect the work of

    others.三

    Pico proposecl 900 theses for the public clisputation in Rome, in which,

in fact, are contained naany kinds of ‘conclusions’, not only according to the

doetrines of the Latin phi.losopliers and theologians, the Arabians and the

Greel〈s (1’eripatetics and 1”laton.ists), but also according t/o the ppinions of the

Chaidaeans, the ancr.ientJ doctrineg. of the lg一’.gyptian 1-lernies ’i”ris]negistus and

the secret doctrines of the Hebrew Cabalistic sages.2 There would have

been those who thoug’lit that this disputation tenclecl rather to the parade

o’f his talent and the display of his erttdition than to the increase of learning,

as in the Oratio’ 1)ico hiniseif spoke of it.3 B)ut, if Pico’s atteinpt vvas beyond

his power, his intent is fully comprehensible to us, who lgnow the estiination

of the Aneient Theology among the Florentine Neoplatonists, wliose represen-

tative・was Marsilio 1一”icino.

    On the beginninsr of the philosophy ai.nong the barbarians and its /60win.cr

to tlie Greel〈, Diogenes Laertius and Clement of Alexandra hacl stated.

    ’!’here are soi’ne who say that the study of philosophy had its besrinnin.cr

    among the barbarians. They urge that the Persians have hacl tlieir

    AIIagi, the Babylonians or .4Yssyrians their Chalclaeans, and the lndians

    their Gymnosophists; an,(1 among the Celts and (}auls there are the

    people called Druids or lmloly Ones, for which they cite as authori’ties

                                 (3)

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theハ姦9ゴα‘∫of Aristotle and Sotion in the twenty-third book of his

SzeCCSSSiolZ(ゾ!)/~~losof)hers. Also they say that Mochus was a phoeni-

cian, Zamolxis a Th.raciar’i, ancl .gYtlas a Libyan.’S

The philosol)h.y, this very useful niat/t.er, /florishecl ainong tlie disting. uished

nien of the 1)arbar’iang.. !Xncl. a.fter it ent/erecl into the C}reel{s.., “rhoin

b,acl procee’ded the Egyptian proph(.?ts, tlie tXssyrian C.haldaeans, CTallic

I)ru重ds, The Bactr童an Samanai.()1, t}1.e Celts who pl.ユilQso正,hized, the Peτs三an

Nlafgians, 〈…) lndian C,yinnasophists ancl other ba/rbarian })hilog.ophers.5

    ’1’he Caldaettnts, “rho are Hstecl i.n these catalogvies of ancient sages atid

philosophers, are a people of .Assyiria. ln the Z-lncient 7’”est?nent’s, they Eu“e

described as soethse/tyers c)f d,t“eainsg ancl II’leroclot.us says that t/hey tire pri’ests

Of G.0(:L7 王n ge11.eral they al:e tlitoutght tO have l)eei:.1. 亡he rしlling daSS ill

Babyionia 1/)efore the conciuest of Persian$. ’1’}iey Nvere clistingttished for {/he

arts,三a partlcular, the as亡ronoll/y a11.d astrolQgy a.nd童【ユantiq.uity the Chaldaea夏ユ

“;isdoin ineEint/ the 1〈no“rleclge’ of astrononi.y ancl astrelogy.8 rrhe “rorks callecl

the C1~α♂(/α6‘〃~0ノーa(・/e,s are sa三(:l t()be ba.secl on di、アine revelations and were                                                        ,

colleet’ed a.nd edit/ed 1)y Juliant,is at the sec,ond half of t/lie 2ncl century.{ ’1’hese

Oracles pre.sent t/he s.yn(’rletic ainalgazn o/f Platonig. na, Pyt/ha.goreanisi’n., Stoicisna

ancl (]nosticis, ni xvith 1/)eyslan elenientg.. ln their doct’rines, the t/eaching of

a sort of theLir.(.’,ry is 1?art’ici.i.larly w’orth of attention.iO ”1“he C/zctlc/aean ()iAacles

xvei;e reLtLarcled as sacred books by t/he Neol)latonists an.d tlney attached .gre,at

im.poirt/ange to t/hese books.. Porphyry, lainbulicus, Sy,rianus ancl Proclus

wro{:e thelr conmユen.tar三es(now all were lost)airtcl Pro・〕lus is sa三d to have

composed the book on the concorcl between the cloct/rines of Orpheus,

Pythag/o,ras and Plato t.u/td L’he Chczlc/aean Oracles. [1]he Byzantine 1)latoitist,

IN/1.ichael Psellus (1! c.) collected the fra///Tnients o/f the ()racles ancl xvrote tlkeir

C(:)mmentary EBIユCl eXpla瞭三〇n.i1〆X1.1d. the C‘ll(~‘~Ct(Vt O1^‘~Cles WaS riViVeChS

t/he 1]ooks of an.c.ient t.heolo{svy in. the 1’taliEtn llleR.aissance thought, ancl gainecl

tlieir ‘autiLentic’ autliLour, Zoroaster.

             3 ,JustifieatieRi of the Clialdaean Theelosry

    For Gemistos 1)let,hon, Zoroaster was not legenc} one who was iniagi.ned

to bL’i sa/g.e, .inagiciaiL, astrolog.er, t.h,eologian or plrLiloso1pher ancl t/o 1La¥Te

w三tten an三mlnense 1ユumber of works(2,000,0001ines or some lO,000,000

xvorcls’t)i, but ‘the olclest an].ontt those, of wl/ioni xve lcnoxv through t.raclitien,

                               (:s

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who “Tas the interp]reter o’f the divine ancl naost o/f the othe’r noble thintts

for the Medes ancl 1’ersians and the majorit/y of the other ancient Asiatic

people’2 and ‘the inost ancient oii all philosophers ancl laxv-givers xvhose naniLes

are recorded, except for A([enos, the Egyptian iaw-giver’.3 Plethon tried to

int.rocluce a nexv tiirLive/rsal religion xvhi¢h wotild replce the Christlanity ancl

the lslain, being. based on the ancient theolos,ical and philosophical tradition,

which began with Zoroaster aricl was coniplet’ed in 1)lato. Plethon inserts

Pythagoras between Zoroaster ancl Plato and he says that the doctrines of

these three are in h.armony.

    The philosophy of Plato was not original with hini but was derived froin

    Zoroaster via the Pythagoreans. For according to a tradition chiefiy

    representecl by 1)lutarc]i, Pythagoras studied Zoroastrianisin during his

    sojourn in Asia ainong the }taagi, the successors of Zoroaster, and

    Zoroaster lived 5000 years before the Trojan “rar. (…) Th.at Plato was

    a student of Zoroastrianisni is clemonE trated by t.he extant Zoroastrian

    oracles, which agree in every detail with the 1)latonic system.4

    The extant Zoroastrian oracles’(τeL.凌πδ7ωρθ凌στρωぎτ‘κα~εなわ、‘.ta.9

e一(eCo’/tevcu ?,6rLcx), for Plethon, was none other than the Ca/c/aean Oracles,

1’le is thought to be tlie f’irst that relatecl the Calclaean Oracles to Zoroaster

ancl he esteemcl theses Oracles as the q.acred books which containecl the

inost ancient wisdoin revealed by Zoroaster. Three worl〈s of Plethon on

the CaZclaean Oracles have been handecl (lo’wn to us: Co?nme77tar)J on the

iVfagia7~te.xt’s(~1-Z∂roaster,5 BriげEユψZα716~々。η(~プ〃~e?nore obscureノ,α∬ages

in these texts,“ and Sitmmery of“the c/octrines of Zoroasl’er a7id 」’lato.7 ln

the interpretatS,on of the Oracles, Plethon was much. inflLiencecl by Psellus

(and by Proclus through hiin), but Plethon also argued them in his own way.S

    As it is well 1〈nown, accoding to the report o/f A4arsilio Ficino, it was

Plethon NNrho sug.cr,estecl the fondation of the 1?iatonic Actacleniy of Florence to

Cesim,o de’ Medi¢i,9 and Ficin,o [ccepted P1etQn.’s icle’,{ of the contlnuity ef

the aneient thological ancl philosophical traclition.ie But] Ficino inoclified it

by adding 1-lerines TrismeL,,v,. istus to the cancient sages. li“icino, ii:t the 12th

book of Platonic 7’heolog.y, states that the ancient theologians (prisci thologi)

always united the stucly of philosophy witli the religious piety.

    In the bes,innin.cr, the philosophy of Zoroaster, as Plato gives evidence

    of it, was none ether than the wise piety and the divine reverence.

                                 (5)

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1-lermes, Tristnegistug., also, starts, all disctissi.ons ?.]y the vows aiicl ceasecl

them in the sacri/fice. The philosophy o’f Or.pheus and As,laophemus,

on the xvliole, turits to the dixriiie praises. Pytl:tagoras 1/)e..c../{an the 1}liilo-

sopl’i.ic stuclies by singing the sacred hyinns every inorning. Plato

adv.ised to 1/]eg.in with. God. in each things, not only by the cliscotirse

but ftc lso by the refl[ection, ancl he hiinself alsvays began “rith Gocl.ii

    Proclus 1iacl already stftid that ali theolo,cr.ies of the Greel〈s were born of

the niystical clbctri.ne o’f Or.phetis t/ind ’firstly Pythagora, s learned tlne divine

initiations from Aglaophemus ancl seconclly Plato aecepted all knowleclge

o’f tlnem from the wori.〈s of Pythagoras and ()rpheus,i’2 and Ficino a/so states

ir.1 the 1>bteS OII PrOcltts亡haむthe.re w・ere ti▽e E:iuthori亡ieS Of the t’}ieology

arnon.{., the Greeks and its theology・ was }ytncled clown from Orpheus to A,c.vlao-

pheinus, froni hiin te Pyt/hag, oras, froi’n hini to Philolaus, froin hini to Plato.!S

Ficino, following. Proclus and Plethon, ’fixed the suc,¢ession of six great theo-

1・glans(sex summl the・1・giい・e・, Z・r・aster, Hermes Trism.egistus, Orpheus,

Ag.Iaophenius, Pythagoras and ll)la{/c),N althoLitth t,lrie nanie of Zoroaster is

not foi/i.ncl and Philolaus is inse]rtecl 1/}et“reeii Pythatttorcfts aiLd Plato iirL tlLe

/)7Aqface to ]lis translation c}f .the Col一/.)zts 猛η’ノnetticl.’ノ1~.15 Ficino argued that

the philosopy intist be ‘pia ph.ilosopliiE“ ancl the relig.ion i’nust be ‘docta religio’,

and pi/irsuecl the concord oii the Cliristion reli.,(,g,ion and th.e 1/’latonic philo-

sophy. ln this att’.enipt’, he clev.ised a hiftorict/il perspec{/ive on the theological

and philosophicai traclition by st,atin/.i’ tlnat tlne ancient doctrines of theolo.cr, ians

froin Zoroaster to 1)ythattoras, ’wlii.ch 1iad been founded on tlie 1-lebrews’

prophecy and revelation, t・ill ’{lo“recl in the philosophy oli Plato, and the Neo-

Platonists(Numenius, Ph三lon., Plotillus, Ialnblichus and Proeius)could borro.w

froin the teachinf./1. of Christ thr()ugh IIohn, r’t/iul, lvelierotheus and Dionysius

the A.reopagite・is C()nceming Zoroasεer, he occupies the first正)]ace ln l:}ユe go1-

den chain i’nade o/f the ancient theolot.,Tlans as ‘the inventor of the ancient theo-

1・9y’17 and‘・ne fr・m wh・m飛・wecl亡he wisd・m()f the anc三emt theol・)gians’18,

and Ficino quotes ancl interpretes 7..oroaster’s’ Cha/daean Oracles in his

N・vorl〈s.iP

    For Pico, the existance o’ti the anclent theologians and their wisdoin xvas,

as it 、vere, a prern三se fron、 、vhicln he tr三ed to Pし1rsue th.e 、vider concor(1 0f

the philosophy and religion than. Plethon ancl Ficino hacl clone. 1”ico does not

insist that all sects of philosopy ancl t’he Cristianity aye in coinplete agreenient

but says that each of these partakes in one truth in the way of expression

(6)

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peculiar to it, 1〈eeping on a inarl〈ed characteristic of it.20 ln the Oraiio, for

exaniple, 1)ico praises the inoral science, the dialectic, the natural philosophy

ancl the theology, through which inan can reach to God, citing ’the state一

皿ents o正the anci.ent fathers(the Apostle Paul, the patriarch Jacob, Job the

Just, Moses) and the statements of the ancient’ theology (the sacred rites of

tl].e Gree]〈s, the Delphic precepts, the words of Pythagoras, the records of

the Chaldaens).2r 1)ico does not seein to have been particular about the

chronology of the ancient theolog.ians. But the ancint and inipotant for h.im

must have been the .ftncient theology of 1+lermes Trismeg. istus, the doctrines

of the Chaldaeans and of Pythagoras and the occult mysteries of the 1-le-

brews.22 The cloctrines of the Chalclaeans are those of Zoroaster23 and the

occ癒myster量es Qf the Hebrews mean the Cabala, i. e., the mystical traditioR

of‘the true and lnore occu正t explanation of the Law, whieh Moses received

from Gocl with the written law in the five books.24 iPyccorcling to Pico,

Or.pheus, whose theology were foilowed by Pythagoras as the niodell on

which he fashioned and built his oNvn philosophy, is reacl ainong the Greel〈s

in a nearly complete text, while Zoroaster only in part, though, among the

Chaldaeans, in a more complete text, ancl both. are believed to be the fathers

and authors of the ancient xvisdoin.25 Therefore, xyhen Pico cou!cl obtain

the Chaldaean 1)ool〈s written in the origiga! language, it was natural that

he expressed his joy to Ficino, for the opportttnity to read directly the

ancinet wisdom came to Pico.

    1 vLras forcibly taken o’ff froin other thing. s ancl instigated to the Arabie

    and Chalclaic learning by certain bool〈s in both languages, xvb.ich came

    to i.ny hands, no accidentally, but doubtless by the disposal of God, in

    favor of my stuclies. Here the inscriptions, ancl yoLi will believe it.

    The Chaldaic 1)ooks (if they are books and not rather treasures) are

    the Oracles of Esrca, Zoroaster, and Melchior, Magi; in which those

    things which are faulty cftnd defective in the Greel〈, are read perfect

    and entire. ”1“heye is also an exposition o/f the Chalclean Wise-men

    upon these Oracles, short and 1〈notty, but full of niysteries, there’is

    also a book of the doctrines of the Chaldean theelogy, ancl upon it a

    clivine at ncl copious discourse of the Persians, Greel〈s, and Chalcleans.26

    For Pico it dicl not have to be doubtfull that the Caldaean Oracles

contained the ancient sacred wisdom of Zoroaster, and therefore, he gave

                                 (7)

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i.t much importance an.d /for t/h.e publlc disputation he proposed not/ only

‘conclusiones g. ecunduni opinioneni Clial.cleoyuin fl”heoEo,cr.ortun’ but also ‘con-

clusiones secuncluniL prop.rian/i opinionein cle int/ellif,,.,’.re’ r}tia dictorun/t Zoroastris et

expo, sit/ori.iin eii.is Clialdeorti}n’ writlit ot}:Ler conclusions ac¢ercling to his owiL

・1]i1・iO11.・n the M乏lgia, the Cabah:いh.e h.ymns・f Orplユeus, etc・貯

                     4 Zereaster as a rvlagus

    In t’he passag.es quoted. above /froni 1)iog/;enes Laerutiuf. ancl Cle.mept of

Alexanclria, “rSt’h the Ch.aldaeans, tlie Gyinnasophists, t/he 1[)ruids, etc., the

Aaa/gian (?’IIc{17’oL, IN([a.gi> N・vere nuinerat/eci. ainong the barbariang. xvho /has bes,’an

the stucly of philosophy .for tlie i’irt t tinie.i ’i“he axGagian are those i/vho are

classecl as xvise ancl learned inen avnon/g the. IPersians2 Etncl ivho asseni.ble

re/ttsui’arly in a sacred place for prae.tice and consultation.S A.cco.rding to the

expressio]t of Pico, “as Porl)hyry says, in the PersiaiiL tongLie 7ncri,tt’us’ expresses

the same idea as interpreter and worshlpper o:ξthe di.、・ine w三th us。”4 And

Zoroaster has been coninionly thought/ to be a Atlag/ian, arch-represent,ative

of the Mag三,昌rather tiユan a sa鯉‘)’f the Ch乏“ciaeallLs as Plethon, Fi.cino and

PSco recl〈onecl g. o. Bui’ they also speal〈 of ‘t’.he ly(lagians following Zorocaster’S

.ftn(1 ccall Zoroast/er ‘t,he. ’fkrst fun.on.(.,/1.’ the /y([agians.’7 ”1’he A/lt}g.ic (ftat;・’elcx,

niag, ia), t’here’fore, nieE・ins the art {/)/f rvla.gians, i.e., the art by xvhich nien

’knoxxr aitd wrorsl/iip the divine,8 arxd ‘as it x・vere: a perfect and niost ILigh

wisdom’q’, tig.ing. ag.ain the expression oll 1)ico, ,and Zoaroaster is re’gardL’:cl t.he

authority of thig. art’. tXn.d tliis faet had been authenticated by ‘the divine

Plato’ (Ficino), in 一/一llcibiades L

And, when the boy IPersian prince] reaches fourteen years he is talcen

over by the .royai tL.itors, as they ca!l t.hein there: these are four inen

cho$en. as the 1110st hightl.y esteeme(二l a1憤ong tlユe Persians o.f nlature

age, nanieiy, t’he “,ises t’ one, the jus,t/est one, the niost teinperate one,

,ftnd the bravest one. 1’1)he ’first/ of these teaches hini the inagian lore

of Zoroaster, son of 1’loron.iazes; ancl that ig. tlie worsl’}ip of the gocls:

h.e teaches hini also i・vliat/ pertctins to a kinf,.x..ie

    As Apleitis useCE this pag.sag.es for his Apologia of the )y4agic,i’ Pico

also qLiotes tliem as the st’atements whic.h can justify tlie rightness of )y([agic

as the utter perfectiori of naturai pliiiosophy and the higher ancl more holy

philosophy, which is distinguished froxn ‘rorpTeicy’, one which depends entirely

                               (8>

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on the worl〈 and authority of demons and the moSt deceitful of arts.i2 ln

the’ Florentine Neoplatonism, as Ficino says, the philosophy of Zoroaster,

i. e., the Magic was none other than the sage piety and the divine worship.’S

According to Pico, Pythagoras, Empedcles, Democritus, and Plato all traveled

to study this art, taught it when returned and esteemed it before all others

in their mysteries.it With Zoroaster Pico refers te another author of the

Magic, Zamolxis, whom Abaris the Kyperborean eopied, quoting the some

Iines in Plato’s Charmides,’“r and numerates those who followed the }v([agic

of Zoroastex and Zamolxis.

In their footsteps Charondas, Damigeron, Apollonius, Osthanes, and

Dardanus thereafter persevered. Homer persevered, whom I shall some-

time prove, in my Poetic Theology, to・have concealed this philosophy

beneatli the wanderings of his Ulysses, just as he has concealed all

otlaers. Eudoxus and Hevmippus persevered. Almost all who have

searched through the Pythagorean and Platonic mysteries have per-

severed.i6

    ln this enumeration of Magians, Pico’ sources are thought to be Apleius

and Pliny. The former says in the/lf)ology thaピ‘..Jf you will admitt any

small advantqge [in the Magic], 1 wM conse!it to be Carmendas, Damigeron,

Mose, Johannes, Apollobex, Dardanus himself, or whoever became famous

among the Maglans after Zeroaster and Hostanes,”i7 and the latter says in

the Natural Hirstory that “Eudoxus, who wished magic to be acl〈nowledged

as the nobelest and most useful of the schools of philosophy,... Hermippus,

a most studious writer about every aspect of magic, and exponent of two

milion ・verses composed by Zoroaster...”iS ln these lists of Magians, there

is one defference that Apollobex is replaced by Apollonius in Pico. ln th6

concerned place of the manuscripts of Apology, it is written ‘Apollo haec’,ig

ancl the editors correct it to Apollobex (Helm) or Apollebeches (Krueger)

following the description of.P王iny.2a Pico probably would have made a

rnistal〈e when he copied the name of Magian in the manuscript that was

not easy・to read, as Ficino ・had done.2’ There is a reason for Ficino dnd

Pico to have thought of Apolionius. Apollonius of Tyana wasi Neo-py-

thagore an’ 唐≠№? of the lst century who visited the Magians and had the

rniraculous powers,22 and he ’was regarded one representative of Magians

by Flcino and Pico. Fieino, in fact, refEers to the magical power which

Apollonius 1iad, i. e., the power by which Apollonius could see the fact which

(9)

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happened at a distance.23

    Thus it came to be clear that Zoroaster was not enly the first theologian

but also the first Magian, and from this fact we can re-interpreta,te the

great chain of the ancint theologians as that ef the Magians, both beginning

with Zoroaster and ending with Plato, although in the Magians, Zamolxis

ancl Apollonius play an important part.

              5 ‘Language’ of the Chaldaean Theology

    The Oracles are originally the answers xvhich the Gods deliver to the

priests or priestesses who questioned about the future, and these are spoken

in the way peculiar to the Gods, i. e., iR the words which sometimes seem

to be enigmatic for the mortals. According to Pico, Zoroaster, the authour

of the Chaldaean Oracles, also spoke in the enigmatic wac y (enigmatice)’,

and other ancient theologians clid so. ln the Oratio Pico says concerning

the conclusions on Orpheus.

But as was the practice of the ancient theologians, even so did Orpheus

protect the mysteries of his dogmas with the coverings of fables, and

conceal them with a poetic veil, so that whoever should read his hymns

would suppose there was nothing beneath them beyond idle tales and

perfectly unadulteratecl trifles. 1 have wished to say this so that it

might be known what a task it was for me, laow diflicult it was to

draw out the hidden meaning of the secrets of philosophy from the

intentional tangles of riddles and from the obscurity of fables, especially

since 1 have been aided, in a matter so serious, so abstruse, and so

little 1〈nown, by ne toil, no application en the part of other interpreters.2

    For Pico the books of the ancient theologians were written in the

mysterious languages,3 and their doctrins were, in themselves, the mysteries.

It was well-known practice of the ancient sages, Pico says, either simply

not to ivrite on religious subjects or to write of them under some other

guize. For this reason these subjects are called mysteries, because the

things which are not secret are not mysteries (nec mysteria quae non occulta).‘

If Moses seems an unpolished popularizer rather than a pholosopher or

theologian or master of great wisdom, it is because he did not wish to make

public the occult mysteries, the secrets of the supreme Godhead hidden

beneath the shell ef the Law and under a clumsy show of words, and to

(10)

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keep hidden from th.e people t.he thingg.. to be sharecl by the init.iate was

not t.he part of huinan clelil)eration but 6f clivine cbinniand,b This custoni,

the ancient philosoph.ei;s inost reverently ol)servecl it. Pythas,orcas, ’who did

not entrust anything to writing e: cept a very few thin.crs which, when dying,

he le’ft t/o his daug.. hter Dania, becaine a niaster of silence, ancl the Pytha-

goreans folloxvin.cr liiin kept this law religiously and the Platonists sore by

it.G ln ianiblichus there can be found an occult philosophy and the niysteries

of the East an.d P!otl重1.us speaks clivinely of things divin.e and, with王earned

obliquity of slpeech, far more than human/y of human things.7 And Plato

hiiii.self ILad sherecl xvith th.is custuni.

1’lato hiinsel’f concealecl his doctrii}gs benetftth. coverings of allegory,

veils of inyth, inathematical imageg., an.d uninte.llis,il]le signs of ’fugitive

ineaning. As he himself says in his Letters, no one can fully unclerstand

his religious beliefs from anything he has written, and he has indeed

Proved thi.s to the incredulous.S

    it is natural that Pico’s conviction that th,e doetrines of the ancient

theologians are concealed under the mystic veils of worcls 1)rought him to

interpretate the inysterious xxrordls and to shoxv their true ineanings. Andl

such an interpretation that Pico triecl to tal〈e, perhaps it only, woulcl have

inade possible his insistence that the opinions of’ several sects seemecl to

say the cli’fferent tliings but they t’tgreecl xvith each other about the nieaning

and his presentat.ion. cf “the conclusi6ns accorclinsv his osvn opinion” at the

public disputation. To ,..c.,vi,ve an example of Pico’s way of interpretation, in

the 10th of “the Cabalistic Conclusions, accorcliong to the own opinion,

whi.ch con’fu’m in・the higl].est clegree the Christian Religion from the very

bases o/f the 1+lebrexv sages”, it is statecl that “that xNrhich is said lmll〈}ytl}十1,

ainong t],ie Cabalists, is withovit doubt that which is callecl Pallas by Orphetis,

the maternal mincl by Zoroaster, the son of God by ITIerines, the wiscloin’by

Pythagoras, the intelligent sphere 1)y Parnienides,”q’ Ancl in. this sense, the

parts of the Oratio, svliere the clignity ancl usefullnes of the inoral science,

the dialectic, the natural philosophy ancl the theolo.gy are expounded through

citin.cr.. the statenients of the ancient fathers and the ancient theologians,ie

would have been fit for the introductory speech of the disputation.

(一11)

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          6 Pieo’s 1’hought aiiaf tlie Clialdaean Theology (!)

    The subject of the lirst part of Oretio, as it is widely accepted, is a

praise of the dignity o’f inan. lt bigins with the sayings of Abclala the

Saracen: “There is noth.ing to be seen more wonclerful tlian man” ancl of

I’lerines Trisnieg, istus: “A great mi.racle, Asclepius, is inan.” Pico sayg.

that, having ivelglited the reasoti for these inaxitnrs, he is not c・ontent’ with

the many .arounds for the excellence o’f human nature repoytecl by many

n:ten: inan is the interval betxveen fixecl eternity ancl fleet’ing tanie, t’he boncl

of the }xrorlcl, on 1)avid’s teg.tiniony but litt/le lo“rer than the cangels, etc.

Pico wish t・explttin the rank wh三ch nnall acquired in t1ユe universal chain

of Being’ and because of which mai’i is envied not only by brutes but even

by the sta.rs and by ininds beyoncl this worlcl.i

    In die saying. s of God to Adam, whieh woulcl be most famotis of tl.ie

passages on the idea of in.an in the ISt’enaissance thou.cr.ht, li)ico’s opinion is

clearly presentecl. Accor’ding to thog.e, man was not given neither a /fixed

abode nor a forni that is his alone nor any function peeuiiar to himself,

to the end that accor(ling to his longinp.’ and his jud,gement he fnay have

ancl posess Nvhat al)ode, xvhat forin, and xvhat functions he hinisel’f shall

clesire. Beiiitg dif’ferent froni other crer/ttureg. of xvliich natLires are liniLited

ancl constrainecl xvit’hin the bouncls of ]aws presc.ribed by God, man, select’s

aiiid decicles his oxNrn nature })y his freedonit of c}Loice. ”1’hus iiEian has

the poLver of clegenerate into the loxver ferims oi/i’ }ife, whi¢h are brut’ish ancl

also the poxver, out of his soul’s judgeinent, to reborn into the higher

fonns, which are divine.e

    By such a view th乏ミt lnan’s nature is indefinite an.d he creates}ユ三mself

xxrith the free x・vill, ll’Sc,o is thougl)t to h,asLTe ,”/tdded a neiiv eleniteiiLt in the

discussions on nian’s excellence ancl disrnity in tlne ltalian Renaissane.3 Atiter

these passages, Pico goes to con’tirni his t]/iessis by the citation o/f sayings of

several sages, wliich is based on his another view mentionecl above, i. e.,

the eoncord amonts, the philosophical and theolog,ical doctrines o’f all sects.

    It is man who Asclepitis of Ath.ens, arguing from his mutability of

    ch‘ftracter ancl froin hiq, seEf-trans’forniing nature, on j,ist grouncls sac ys

    was syinbolized by Proteus in the mysteries. 1’lence those nietainor-

    p.hoses renowned ameng the 1-lel)rews and the P}t’thaL.voreans. For the

    occult theo}ogy of the lrlebrews sometiiiies transforms the holy Enoch

                               (ユ2)

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    inte an an.cr.el of divinity wlaom they call ‘IX([al’ al〈h Adonay Shebftc bth’,

    and som,et’inies transforins others into other clivinities. The Pythago-

    reans clegracle iinpious nie’n i.nto brutes and, if one is to believe Empedo-

    cles, even into plants.4

    Tlie doctrine of the transmig. ration of human soul is seen in Orpheus,

Pythagoras, Empeclcies, etc.,fi and Pico uses this for showing that’. the m.an has

all natures of other creatures xvithin hini.self, in other worcls, inan is ‘iniero-

cosmos.’G Figurally speal〈ing, the plant, beast, heavely being ancl angel live

within man, and man is ,able to become anyone whichever he wishes. ln

this context, the quotation from the Chaldaean Oracles is found in the

1加♂4ノ》IZt∫,

    Now Moses shifts to those whose function is to desire, the seats of

    anger and wantonness, o]r lust. Theg.e he represents by the beasts and

    the irrational sort of living tl)ing.s, s.i.nce they are common to us and

    the beasts and, what is worse, often drive us to brutish life, 1-lence

    comes that sa>)’ing of the Chaldeans: “The beasts ot一 the earth dNvell

    in your bodジ’ An(l in Plato’s Rep?.tblic we leam.亡hat we have.various

    kinds of 1,rvites clsvellin,gr Fvithiii us, so that it is not hard, if it] is lpro-

    perly understood, to believe the paradox of the Pythag’o!’eans that

    wicked }nen turn into brutes.7

    Pico’s quotation.: “Vas tuum inhabitant bestiae terrae” is transmitted

in Psellus’ Commen.tary: “2’bv drrsZov (lnpeg z(?ovbg oZt x’!aovaev”, ancl he

coinniei].ts “the vessel” (ctrreZ’ov) ineans tlie huinan body and “the 1)east of

the earth” (t?/D,osg’ zOovbg.・) t.he clenions, w.hich 1{eep their substances froni

the passior]s within man.8 1?icino also quotes this Oracle in the 17th bool〈

of Platonic Theolog.」,, but/ there he interpr.etates that among the souls which

live as sanie as the beasts do, ones 一Thich dxvell in the souls inore purified li.ve

among the gods ancl the impure souls live timong the hercl of beastsP・ ’1“his

interpretation is different froin that of Psellus, and is similar to that of Picor

    We ccannot conclude that this Calclaean Oracle had a great influence

upon Pico’s formation of the concept of man, for the idea ef the.transmi-

gration o’f soul is widely found in other thinl〈ers and Pico niust have thought

also of the sayings of thein. But the sayin,cr. of the ancient theologian

Zoroaster woul.cl have become a good evidence for him. Pico, in the Oratio,

states that in the saered wrltings of Moses ahd the Christians,皿an is de.

                                 (13)

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scribed soniethnes by the naine of all flesh, so.rnet,inies by・ that o{ ev・ery

creature, becatise n’ian hirnseJf inolds, fashions, ancl chanf,,./res hirnsel/f into the

forin of all fiesh and iuto the charaetet’ of ever>r creature. f-Xnd }ie encls

the opening part of the ()rat’io, sxrhere the dig.’nity and exceHece o/f the hunian

nat/ure are dicHssed, with the quotation froni the saying of the Chaldaean

theology.

For this reason th.e Persian. Evanthes, in describing the Chaldaeant’

?eology, write.s that man has no semblance that is inborn and his ven;y

own but niany that are external an.d foreign to hin’i; wlnence this

saying o/f the Chalclaeans: “.ltlanorish t/ha.rah sharinas”, that is, “iN([an

is a l〕eing of varied,・nanifokいユn.d inconstant nature.”10

          7 PieO’s Thougllt a11〔韮. the Cha墨{laea鷺饗11eo墨。鼠y(2)

    t“Ls we men.tioned above, 1)ico’s inte-rest to the M,agic is remarkable.

Pico esteenied the true Magic of Zainolxis tincl Zoroaster ancl clicl not liesitate

to say that “No g.cience of:fers gre-ater ag.stirance of Christ’s divinity than

]Nt’lagic and the Cal]ala.”i Accorcling to Pico, t,he Magian, as Plotinut dem-

onstrates, is the servant of nature alld no愈aco瞭lver.2 Thi.s Maglc, abouncl-

ing in the }oftiest ntys’teries, e]/iibraces the clee})est conte.rnplation o/f the nriost

secret things, and at last the knowledge o/f all nature. lt, in calling forth

into the light ,as if fron/i their h’iding-plac.es the poN・vers scattered ancT soxvn

in the xvorld by the loving,一kindness of God, does not so niueh work xvonclers

ttis clilig’ently serve a ’Nvoncler-xvorkins, nature.a ’1’his type of )y(ragic, xvli.ich

can be thought t’o t’tse t/he ‘syinpathy’ of think,s xvithin the xvorlcl, “Tas

widely accepte(1 ill tl】.e Renaissance, and it is this Mag三。 tlユat Pico distln一

.asuishecl sharply ’frojn the otheir unnatural ttind harnidlul )vla.g.,ie o’f deinons

and called “Natuyal Magic” (magia ntftt’uralis) wh.ieh w,as divine and sal’utary.

    rrhe latt’er, kavinsr inore searching,iy e.Kaniinecl into th.e harniony of t’he

    universe, which i/he Greeks xvith greater si.gnl{leance call ov,tttt・c20ELa,

    a.nd having clearly perceivecl the reciprocal af’finity o’il nat’ures, ancl

    applyinL,T, to e.ftch single thing tliLe suit’able and pec’uliar iiLdueenLeiiits

    (whlch are callecl the lJ7’γεs‘of the l〕ユagic三ans)brln.gs forth. il・to the

    open the miracles coneealed in the reces, se$ of the woyld, in the depths

    of nattire, ancl in the storehouses and inysteries of Gocl, just as if she

    herself were their maker; and, as the farmer weds his elms to vines,

                               (14)

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    even so does the magus wed earth the heaven, that is, he weds lower

    things to tlie endowments and powers of higher things.‘

    The orlgin of the doctri鷺e of‘sympathゾls founcl in the Mileslans, the

PytliLagoreans and tlie PIEttoiiLists, ancl the Stoics thiiiilc tl’iat just as ixLan’s

soul permeates into hig. body, the god as ‘logos’ permeates into the whole

universe. The universe is thougl].t to be an unity ancl organism, in which

the‘symPathゾexlsts and uni.tes a.II things within.the universe。5 As Cicero

reports, “the system’s coherence ancl persistence is due to nature’s forces

ancl net to divine power; she does possess that concorcl (the Greel〈 term is

sympal’heia) of which you spoke, but the greater this i,s ac s a spontaneous

growth, the less possible is it to suppose that it was created by diivlne

reft, son.”fi Ficino also tal〈es up this cloctrine ancl says in the Co7nnzentarpu

of 1)lato’s SJyntpositen’t that “the parts o’f this worlcl, like the parts of a

single aniinal, all hanging froni one tiuthor, are joined to eaclrL other 1)y the

mutuality of onq nature.”7 Just as in our bodies all parts rectuire something

froni ecach other, help each other and all su’ffer when one of thein su’ffers,

so in the sanie way the parts of huge aninial, i. e., all boclies of the world,

joinecl to.crether, exchange natLires with each other ancl are mutually ex-

changed.8 The Magian, acknowledtting this niutuality of ene riatura (unius

nature coinlliLmio), E ttracts one thing to another and in this sense the

rVlagic is assist’.arrt of iiat’Lcre .ratlier t’han ctrL’. ’rhis attraction had been

expressed “the incluceinent’s” 〈i!leeebrae), i. e・, “liJrre{” of the A/lagians in the

passages of Pico. Ficino also speaks of theni in his astrolegical and niedical

work, De witaかψ伽.

    There is nothing so deformed in the whole living world that it has no

    soul, no gi’ft of soul contai.ned in it. The congruities of these forms,

    therefore, to the reasons of t/he soul of the world, are what Zoroaster

    callecl the divine lures (clivinas illices), ancl Synesius a.crreed, calling the1n

    nia.g. ic charnis (niagicas illecebrcas).9

    Syneniug. of Cyrene, contem.porary of Augtttine, also believed in the

occult sympathies between natural objects ancl thought that the wise man,

having known the magtc sympathy which uni.ted all parts of universe, can

not only preclict/ the ttuture, but also, to a great extent, control it.

     Ancl cloes not this exp!ain the spells of the ma,gi? For things, besides

                                 (15)

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    being signs of each et.her, have xnagic power over each ether. The

    xvise nian, then, is he “rho 1〈noxvs the relationships of the parts of the

    universe. Fo.r he dra“rs one object under his cont/rol 1)y ineans of

    another object, h.olding.. xvh.ftt is ,at/ hancl as a pleclgre for xvhat is for

    away, and worl〈infg throu.gh souncls and material sLibstances ancl forms.ie

    De the ‘spells ol” th.e nia{ri’ (,t.{ct.x(/t)v Z’v}・’;’sgr) of xvhich Synenius speaks

here are just tlite ‘illecel)rae’ Nvhich 1;ic.ino said? i‘Xnd clo the sayin,,(,.pt of

Syiienius a.(.Tree with IPico’s foritier expreEsioin.: ‘illecebrae quae inatt.oruin

i.brrsgS? ’1”he xxrord ‘ilieceblae’ is usecl as tl’ie niagi¢al a’ttraction. or incluce-

nient iiiL .41Lpleius,ii xvhile the Z・:)rtr’ nieaiLt o,rlgin.ally a virr>Tneck, ’btit it xvas

eniployed as instri.inien.t oi niag.ric (in particular, erotic nitas,ic) i.n the (}reece,

beccanie to inean t.he spell of charins in g,’eneral, t}nd so,nietinies indicatecl the

]iia.orician herself.U’ IXpolionius of Tyana, xvhoni Ficino and Pico nunaerated

ainon{/r the i.Xtlas,ians, also einploys it in t//he s’ense of irtia/,.,rical encliaiLti[itents.ia

And in the Cノ~ζ~lclaen()raclc)s, theん17靱are described乏ts noetic e正ltities

xvhich are thouL,,]ht by E?ather aiitd xvhich tliinl〈 t/heins’ elves, as tiLey aye niQved

by the ineffable ’XVill.i‘ Psellus says. in the Conunentary of .the Chalc/aean

Oracles t,hat the ZvrxEvr are the powers Nvh.ich were iLiLacle oii three triacls

after II:ather’s abyss and l ather thinl{s theni according t.o FatheJr’s intel-

Iigence]LNrh三ch puts ln i£self tb.eir c{luse k..1 the unity.僑  丁}.1e凌〃7ε~}、、7ere also

thought lnagi¢al na1皿es sent forth 1)y th.e supreme Fa1=her to the sPhere and

regardecl as the transinitter o£ mc’ssaL.T,es Eroin Father. tg}yccorc}ing to Lewy,

“as the lyns,’es a.ge re,garcled as localizecl in. the s.!.)heres, t.he conjura’Eion of

thier ine,lr’fable na.!.ne by t/1ie t/heurgtist presi/ippog.es his knoxving to Nyhich

pE・trtici.ilar sphere they cieg. eend ivhen invoked.”i6 ’1”his sicle of ntL.anings

ivhich t’he Zvr?’ssr had, Plethon see.tns to have em.phasized it in the Brief

Expl‘~ncltioノ~ of t墨ユe Cんα♂(/Ct〔~C171 01隔‘~ご♂(~5.

    They Call ‘SpellS>the in.telleCtS linlced 亡0 正lilll and the Separated FOr互鍛S,

    which they also call tlne ‘in.flexible upholders ol: t/he i“vorld’. ”lrhey cfill

    spells because of the erot,ic attachrRent of things in, tli.is “rorld to thei.u-

    selves Nvhich the nanie ef the Zv}’tr’ (spell) inclicates.i7

    王tseems to エne that as the‘lllece1)lae of Synesius, wa$ the Ztノ;”1’ε~・, so the

‘divine iu.res (ciivinas iHicesV of Zoroaster, of xvhich l/?.icino spoker, nieant the

sanie Z’u7i’eg. iXncl Pice accept”ecl tli.e traclit.lon of this interpretation of

Z・vrAi’es”, iLvhich startecl iiroiit the Greek bv(ragician,s vla 2.roroaste.v allcl endecl

                                 (16>

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with Plethon and Ficino, and when Pico mentioned the Zvr’reig of・Magiarts, he

inust have been reineinbered that this terni was found in the Chaldaean

Oracles, the sacrecl books of Zoroaster, s,reat theolot.vian and first Magian.i8

NOTES    1

    i E. Garin, ATottl.“.’・ie intorno a Giovanni. Pico, <<Rivista cli storia della filo-

so丘a》,1\「,1949, PP・210-212;La!)r~ノ〃(1ヂじ‘♂‘z,t: tlo〃e cle~/,《oノ.IU’~o cleノ)一(ノ〃tilt~.∫(li.ait~一

t(ttCJ》, in his Z}‘‘‘rtt/tUi’t.‘ノ?’/osoLX7(ra ‘le/ノ~〃~‘~s‘:ゾ〃t・eノ〃。 itczlit〃10, F三1’ellze, 1961, PP.

231-240. ’J)he iiianu,script of this di’aft e: ists in the Florentine National 1..ibraly

(lf”o”do /)a/atiito 86”5t). ln this ll”onclo li’alat/ino tS’8,(), the concerned text starts

on fol. 143 r and ends with fol. !53 xr, accorcling to tiie recent ntiiner’ation, but

it can be noticed that the folios are partly out of order (Cf. L. Gentile, 1 cocltlci

l”’ala.tiiti. clella /〈’. /}’iblioteca. Araxionale C”entJ’ci/e cltl ft’ii’eii=・,e, voL 2, li:onia, 1899,

p.394; P. O. Kristeller, (}70’こ、,eノ〃l i Zギ(/’o ‘!ellct A.lii’tc〃clola‘‘ノtdノノi.s’δ冶’”’ces, ill

ム’・Pei’c‘c’i/ ke〃sier’σ‘1~α(ノ’u(12〃tiノ)ico de/la A4iiu〃4・/tl〃el/a stOl’iCl,‘lell’lo〃t.αノ1・’一

simo, Convegno jnternazionale (Dv,lirandola: 15-18 settembre 1963), 2 vols., 1;i-

renze, 1965, vol. 1, p. 113>.

    On the differenee between the clraft and the fin.al-definitive version of

Ol’cltio, and on thelr relat三〇n to the two versions w.hlch are su霧gested in Pico,s

letter to Gerolamo Benivieni dated ’from Fratta on the 12tli of November in

!486 (ed. L. Dorez, Lettcti’es ine’cltltes cle Jtit’tn 1’ic c/e /ti A・!ii’ciitclo/e, 1482-!’f9-9・ ,・

<<Giornale storico delltt letteratura italiana>>, X>.(V, 1895, p. 358), see iny article:

irN」ol’e oit Senie 1・fei4sions qf’ (;’tlo’vtiniul 1’ico’s Oi-a.tilo, <<1-IQkkaido ”1”etsugakkai

I〈aih.ou (’1”ransi/L.ctions of the 1)hilosophical Association of 1’lokkaido)>>, Sapporo

(Japan), )4〈XXIV, 1987, pp. 1-11.

   2 Fonclo 1’a,ltttil?to 88S, fol. 143r, 1. 1-fol. 146r, 1. 14; La prinza redaxione,

ed. Garin, pp. 233-238.

   3 Co”w]teittationes !banitis J)ici A・1’incwictttlae..., 1]}iiigeter iinpressit Bene-

dictus 1’lectoris Bononiensis, Bononiae, Azmo saltitis MCCCCL)i〈XiXl)k〈VI, die

vero .Xl rvlartii. Cf. }’lain, n. 129927; 1’anzer, vol. 1, p. 1>」32; 131/V1C, vol. 4, p. 843;

IG・.1, n. 7’731; Goff, 1’一632; E, Valenziani, Les iitctt,iiables cle /’ic cle la. A,lii’tzndole:

Coitt・t-ibttti.oit c) ttite bibliog’」”a,/)he, in i’1. B6darlcla (ed.), /)eitseSe hteinaiti,ste et tracli-

tioit clw“e’tieivte att. .Xile et iYiffe sie.cle, Paris, !950, p. 334.

    In this paper, I consult E, G.a血’s critical editiQn(G. Pico della Mirandola,

か6ん・〃vi/z∠5‘τゆノ護.晦飾μ・ψ‘5,∠)e e〃te et utt.o c’5ぐ’・icet]・び・〃・~, Ed三zi・ne l・c・zi・1・aユe

clei Classici del 1)ensiero italiano 1, Firenze, 19.42) and use il). L liorbes’ trans-

lat’ien based on Getrin’s edit’ion (Ort’ttion on th.e Dignity qf’ A・/an, in E. Casslrer,

P・O・K・i・t・11・・,」・H・R・nd・11,」・.(・d.・.), T1…Rθ・ais“san・re.Ph il・・〃り・げM乙ノ1,

Chicago-Lonclon, 19. 48, pp. 223-254). The sections of the draft mentiond eor一

(lr?)

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respond to pp. IG2-130 ef Garin’s edition (tr. Forbes, pp. 223-237).

   4 ‘‘Haec sunt, Patres colelユdissh1}.i, q.uae I..ne ad pl.111.osophiae studiし!m non

a,tniinarunt adeo secE conLpulerunt. tt/uarn cluicleni tit tarn plene con$equerer

cluain prosequebar ardenter, cluo in pyin’}is conducere seni.per e.xis.tiniavi; 1)yi-

1nunユid fuiξ, in null.ius verba三uratus, seci. se per onユnes}.)hil(,sopi.蓑ae n.1agistr()s

funclere, onines scecitis exctitei“e, onines .fa!ni,;iE/ts ag,noscere. ’X・’Wldi ad hoc niunus

necessariain es’ se rxon g.reeE,te ynodo et iatinae, sed hebraicae ctuoque Eitque cha1一

claicae et; cui nune primum sub IN,lithriciate Gulie!mo hELrum lins,uarui’n pre-

ceptore perit/isshno insudare coepi, arabicae lir1guae congnitlonevn. li:errne

eniin ornnis sapientia a barbaris ad grecos., a s,recis ad nos n){inavit. l/ta nos-

trates seinpe.r i’n pliilosopliandi rati.one pe.regyinis inventis stare, et a}iena ex-

coluisse sibi dt=xe,trunt satis; sacras oinnino litteras et in}rsteria secretiora ab

hebreis prii’nurn atclue ch.aldeis, tur}’i a gyecis petere nece$sariuin. 1〈eliquas

artes et olnllifar三arn P}iilosoP至.1ialn cLI1’l/X grec三丁目arεしbes.Pa.rtiしzntur,”(1南〃ζ!‘ノ./)la.t~〃0

885, fo1..146r, 1.!5-fo1..146v, }. i2; Lζ1 /♪ノ・it〃‘‘ 1・ピ‘Zα副~θ〃(ノ, e(:1. G.[kril), PP。238-239).

   IIIn tkis part’., tlie passa.c.res: “primtnp ic’1 ftiit.,. omiites familltts E.tgnoscere”

are also seell三n tlユe final.一cle丘n三t乏ve versi・n・f Or、atio, 1’)ut i.n an{:}ther c・ntext,

i.e., in tlie iines on tt’)e Etns“・’er t.o those xvi’)o are og,:Ilendecl by t’he ntrpneroLis

muititude of thing$ proposecl by IPico (ed. (1}i・n“ln, pv. 138, 140; tr. Forbes., p.

242)and t}.ユe passages: ‘‘Ferme en呈n貰onm重s.,。sib三cli.lxerun之satis》’are seen

ill the 丘na茎[de薮nit三ve verSion in the lilles ()n the τeasQns thELt P三cO w三sl.iecl紅)

1)ring befere the publ.ic the opinions not ei’ .a singie alone but yather of ev’ery

scl’iobl” Cecl. Garin, p. lti2; tr. Forl)es., p. 2・’‘/1,/1). (])ther passas,es ca.nnot be fotind

in the final-definitive version.

   5 Joannes 1”i’cus A,’iirtr’tndtilanus, Ol)era. onvttla, Basi}eae, !57.‘.) Erpt. ri’orino,

19711, p. 378.

   6 /bicl,, p. 367. rrhe naine of 1;lavius. !)v,lithridates is also seen in tl’}e saine

letter to Ficino (lr/?tlc’L, p. 368) ancl in the letter to aii uiLknown friend clat’.ed

from F’ratttt on the !0tli of lbLsl’c,)vember in lt186 (/bi‘i,, pp. 384一…386).

   7 P. O. 1〈iristellei;, iit・flt’u’h’i/io .Ficilito e ,ILttclo’vico 1;.akx’i・tti’c//t/: C‘oittiAibtito tz//a,

‘Z〃2磁川ノ‘/・〃・・〆‘/ee・・’一melich〔~〃‘・/痘〃・’ISC〃ノ’・〃~t・,《A.1・nal.i deH.a R, Scu・1.a N・r-

male Su!/)erl.oire cH 1’isa. ’i.Lettere, Stoyla e ll.loso’fia>>, Sei一. E.1, ’X,]III, 1938, pl//). Lt37-262

1in ldem, kS’tttclies i?i Reittzis.y(vice Thot{.(.)’ht anc/ Let’tei“s, li’Loma, 1956, pp. 2t・!)1一一L),i7];

1:1. Gatr’1n, AYot(t tt.tt・//’et-iit.c’,rttl.snto, in fl’:esttl t“ttanistici .stt・//’et“metdstn,o, <<eiLrclvio di

.Filoso魚》,:1〈onna,!955,1)1:),7一一20[ln 1⊂{em,ゐαctt/tttj“ct .飾s・fi(:(1.‘躍./〈.in・t.s・.・~〃~e〃tθ,

pp.143-154ユ;.ldern,.△!ag『~‘1(~‘ど‘1..st~’(,gia ne//ct Ct‘/ti‘~て‘ ご1(!/R.ilttZSCiノノ~e’”t.θ, in 亙dem,

AI’eclioe’i.,o e A’ittczscime/tlo: Slttc/i e i’icei“ck.e, li’lonia-Btkri, 195tl, pp. lili一一!57; lde.m,

E1・〃螂~5〃1.o c〈{’tti~α‘teo/og・~α,《Rivista Ci”ttiCEt di stor重αclel.1.a登bs〔,丘a》, XXVII工,

!973,pp.331.一一/3,34;]lf/lem, J’osti//e sull’ei+m(,tis’mo ne/Rinast’imenf’o,<<R.inasclment/o>),

S,ar. II, X.’X,i l., 1976, i;p.. 2.・,15-2.49; ldeni, Lo ::odiaco de//a ’vita: La. .Po/ent’i(ra

sl(〃,as〃・θ/o9!t・1 ‘.Z‘~/7、’・eec)7it’θa/ (2〃ζτ〃.ノ¶oee〃t(,,2a ed。, Ro訂1a-B)ar{,1982, i)P・6!一一..92;

                                (18)

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Idem, ZI ritol・ノzo dei,f含/osoLfi all彦ichi, Napoli,1983, pp.61-78;F. A. Yates,α07㌔

clanσBノマ〃~oα〃(i the l/(llツnetic 7■1「α(’ltltio〃, Ch.icago-London,1964;Idem, t.he 1:ゾεノ㌔

ノnettlc Ti’a.‘1∠〃。〃 ~〃 Rei~cuZS’5(1,〃(re 3ご~β〃(=e, i.n C. S, S三ngleton(ed.), Al-t., Sc~{1~1.〔=L7

a〃cl I’」.Ilst・oi一:y 〃~ 〃z(I R(/)〃【ttlssctizc(ノ, Bal.timore, !968, PP.255-274. Cf, also K二. H,

i)annenfeidt,∫五3〃〃.(:~〃。αEソtilo,soPhtlca, in P, O. Kristeller(ed,), Ca,talos,it.s T’・αノls-

lat~oiltt〃ぼ彦Co〃〃ノte〃tclノ・io’w~, vol..1,.Washington,1960, PP.137一一151;C. Vasoli,

L’取β~te〃ce‘de la ti’aclitilo〃ltet・〃ie’til(/tte et ccxba/istiqtte, i.11 R. R。 Bolgar(ed.), C]/as-

5∫ραZ.bzfltt.(~〃。(.ts o〃 1/V(ノ5如’〃 T1~o‘嶋加.1:.1.. Z).エ650-1870, Cambridge,1979,

pp.6レ75;R. Marcel, XLa/blt~‘〃(:~ぐZ,∫ゾ2’・〃’郡Tノ・ils〃1.(}g’tlste c)1‘t Rご〃ai∬‘1〃‘=c), in

L’f,rtt・〃ta〃is〃ie.1)響α〃gais‘躍‘14δ’.ft cle lαR6〃α’∬αノ~ce, Paris,1973, pp.!37-154;A.

             しGraftOn,1)i・otest.α〃t lfei’stts.P1・oノ)het: Lsαutc Cα5α~tbo〃。〃∫∫び1一〃tes tl’1・iS〃’〔唇~5々‘3,

《Journal of.tl〕.e「弾arburg and th.e C(,urtauId Instit:utes》, X.LVI,1983, pp.78-93.

   81).P. Walker,01・/)h.e~es th(子7.”heo/o.g.xi‘〃~α〃‘Z R6〃a.iss‘〃tce f)lato〃‘5’,《」Ournal

of the Warburg and C()urt:auld Institutes》, XVI,1953, pp.100-120;Idelu, Le

cha〃t.θψ蜘〃e‘1‘,i A・fai:s’ile翫〃’, i1・盛.・ftt.si〈1~’(!(it /’odsile tl.tl. XVJe Sie.cl(ちParlS,

1954,.pp./7-33;A. Buck, Z)‘〃・0’・f)he~tS一二・f:,tos itl.‘1(tl’t:t(elie/itib’clze〃 .1〈eitatlss(z〃ce,

Krefelcl,1961. Cf. also l3. Wind,.1ゐag’(ut,ハ.勾~’・〃・~・es~〃th.e Re〃・u7∬・1〃ce,1”lv. ed.,

New Yorl《,1958;」. Warde鷺,0ノ・伽〃3α〃‘Z Fictlito, in ldein(ed.)Of/)1tetts=”rhe

],fetai〃oil》み。.sesご~/「aAllb.,tl,,1’oronto-Buffa】o-Lonclon,1982, PP.85一ユ10.

   9B. Kleszko・vski, Z1./・la.tθ〃is〃’oご1~/〈tl〃a.scit〃e’吻it・zlicvto({/a, cl・ttriJta‘1・ψ

ol’a(70々cal‘1α~ぐ:’ノ,《Giornale cri{:ico della fil.oso行a ital三[ILIrLa》, XV,1934, pp.189-198;

Ideni, Stttcl~ sul /,/(~‘o/tis〃~o ‘1e/ R~〃asci〃~‘ワ~to 〃~ 1!‘↓/’〃, :Firenze, 1936, PP.1/3-

127;K..lff. Dannenfeldt, Th(r/”se’‘(10-Zo1・・‘lst1・i(T,〃0’・Ctcles i〃‘加./~‘1〃(1.iSS・〃nce,

《Sk.ldi.es in the Rerlalssance》,’IV.,1957, PP.7-30. C£also’lclein.,0ノ・cr.Clt!cz Chal-

cla~c・・, in Kr撤e1ユer (e(1.), Cata/osx~t,S T?一a〃,S’/at’i・〃~t〃1・t’・t C・〃徽~ノ〃・zノ・i・ノ・~‘〃, voL 1.

PP.157-164.,

   1。D. P. XVall〈er, Tlte/’J-isca 7.7~.eolog’ia加Fノ・t’1.・lc{!,《J「ournal of the Warburg

anci Courtauld Institutes》, XVIIII,1954, pp.204:一259;Idemりワhc.4.〃cile〃t 7’heologt’::

Stit.clies~〃C/ti’istia〃」’1・τt・〃ils〃1../>・o〃~..th・I Fi11ン・・(〃’th to〃te l・li.o’ht’ee〃tlt Ce〃々鱒~

London, 1972; Ch. 13. Schmitt, Pヒ〃・(~〃〃ial IJ’lzi/osol」h・:y .f)一〇〃t ∠・tlgosti〃。 St(!uCO

to L(タ~/}〃㍑,《」.ourmEtl of亡he Histor5・of Icleas》, XXVI,1966, pp.505-532;Icleni,

Pi-isctt伽oZθ9!αePh.il・so/)hia /)e1”e〃ノ~tls:/)tt‘・ t’(~〃~.∫‘lel R’inasci〃~θ〃t・μαZ~α〃・

c/aIOi・o/b1一々’〃Cl, ill G, S. Tarugi(ed.,),/l f♪(ノ〃Sil(!l’01護.alila〃。 del/~ガ〃Ctsci〃te〃’o

‘Itll t(t〃ψo〃ostj・o,1/i.renze,1970, pp.211-236=Cf. also G di Napoh, Jf co〃。(ltto

・1’《/’IJ.ilos・♪伽力・・’…〃〃is》ζ1~.・・lgrosti〃。 Ste~.‘ω刀・・Z 9’tacb’o fiel/a te〃~.‘雌αノ層~〃Cl.SCi一

’〃e〃如Z(ノ,in Filoso.fia e Cttltt.〃・a∫〃 UjnJ)i・ia ti’a Atfediloe’x,o e R〃’α∫‘加8/zt.o, Atti

clel quarto convegn・({i stu〔hlmbrl(Gl・1)1)io 22-26…ag.gi・1966), Perugla,1967,

Pl).459-489 [in I⊂le n}., S〃‘‘1∫ stfl R〃z‘τ5ご~〃teltto, NapQli,1973, 1)p,245-277]; Ch,

Trinka叢.ls,ゐ~Ot.〃・乃’α9‘e Cl〃d ゐ~le(ヲ〃e∬: H’.’!〃‘〃tit:’α〃cl l)tl・漉ノtlltツ~〃fta,1~Ctn

匹7〃mallisf.7フ101t、9’hち2vols., Lon〔Ion-Ch三cago,1970, PP.683-760,

   エ1 G..Scho玉em, 乃〃一 σρ8ビ1~‘1~ノξr ζ7ρア岬ノb乳〆謙718 ♂ρプ ビ乃7囑〆st!iche77 1ぐabba/a, in

(19)

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Essaツs pl・esen彦ed to.乙L)o Baecle, London,1954, PP・158~193;F・Secret,エ:ノast7“ologie

et/es leabba/ist’es疏’一Lst~(rns‘}l la J〈e〃aissa/lcEI,《La Tour Saint-」.acque》, IV,1956,

 45...一56; IdeLn, L’tlnt.(〃7リノ曹‘f’‘’之∠θ〃〔’ (le//‘.‘ K(τみδ(・t/‘/l 〃e/ I~~〃(’ISC~〃t(Vl.io, 《Conviviurn》,

XXIIV,1956,1)p.5!1一一514;Idem,ゐ(15 clebtt.t cltt. leczb~ノα∠~5〃lc (ゾv・e;ttl(t〃(タ〃E5pα潔・ilc!

et so〃 hi,sto~ノ.『‘ぞζ≧/‘t’/セ〃α~.ss‘1〃。.’(ノ,《Seξar(至》, XVII,1957, pp.36.一...娼;王clem, ILes

 κζエbl?‘:i./i,ste,s ‘・ノ,1・6〃(ノ〃s ‘!‘ノ/(’1 /ぜくr〃α~55ζ〃’(:・〔.’, .Paris, 1964; 1.dena, .Le 2わん‘〃・‘7ん(ノ膨 tes

 I〈’ahb(i/~St・(fS (:ゾli・(5〃6〃s‘1(ノ/‘1,ノ《(!〃Cl.~s,b’c〃’ぐ(~,.Paris-La正iaye,!965, Cf. also J.. L.1}]}au,

γ.Vle Cんノ・〆h-liθ〃/>~tef)i’e/z’Jtio〃財1’/he C)aba/ci~〃功‘ノノ{lt’〃aisstvκce, New Y《)ユ’k,ユ944.

    Iz P. Kibre,7.Vl.(ノゐ~bi・at・き,‘ゾ.’ /一)i{:ro‘/(〃αA・f~ノ・‘〃~cl‘,/a,醤ew York,1936;E.

Gar三n, G~θ・v‘.~〃〃~ f:「icθ ‘/e//ttハ./~ノ肛‘1ノ’‘1(ノ/a. .U1!‘’t e ‘/0〃ノ‘1〃t’t, Firenze,1937; :1:dem,

 (7!θ幽ひ(〃〃li /「ico ‘~(ノ〃‘1 ノ~.f.~’噂(〃~‘/θ/a, Parlna, 1963 [in l(:1ena, ./ぐ~ti・Cl.〃.tl ‘lil ♂〃1t.c〃tis〃,

Fiyenze,19. 67, pp.!85-2!8]; Idem, L〔~〃~t〔〃・!)ノwkl.xT~lc〃’~ clel.Pe〃.s’ie;’θ ‘々 (穿~θ・1.,‘1.ノ〃~i

∬’~co, il・IL’・Pe~’・t c i/ P・7磁・’一・c/~1(y~θ・こ.1‘〃〃〃l f’ic・, voi.1., pP,3-3!;E. Ang漁e,

(ジio’v‘1””~ 1:「~(”o ‘/(ノ/la A・f’ii-cui‘1θ1‘‘’ 5i”‘:ソ’(ftiti”~(ノ ノ闇tfligt/o.s(ノ㌦〆7/θ.sOyfico, Bari, 1937; E.

±N・lonnerja.hn,(露0宏‘1〃ノ4」’1~(.・()cle/tctハ./’i1’c〃~‘lo/‘・. Ei〃 Z36∫〃’ζ~9 X~t’ノ”ノ・/i~♂0∫(ψ/~~sc/teノ~

つr”/teo/og『~c~ ‘~〔~s ど友τ”6〃isc/~.(fll, Ut〃〃‘’1.〃~s〃’〃.s, i“Xxlesbaden, 1960; P. 0. Kristeller,

君’19’ん’.Z『ヲ~.〃。.yθ/)ノlclilS(ゾ’〃~.L’Jt‘i./i‘z〃R{~〃cli,SS‘~ノ1(.’e, Stanξord,1964, PP.54-70;:Edein,

(亨~θ・1’,‘τ〃〃~ !)~ビ‘ノ c/e//(.‘ ハ.ftli-a〃‘/o/cz αノt(/ 1z~s LSOt・‘i『c(e.s’, in 1ノ()Pe’”t:z (ノ tl/ 1)e〃.siel’o ‘Z~

(}”io・va.tl・〃~!ケ(ro, vol.1, Il P.35…133;G. d量Napo1.i, G~o、vt〃,〃iノヤ(lt‘,‘/(ゾ~cz il・f~,.α〃‘1()/a,

e /a,f)1“ob/e〃1・zttlC・1‘/(/IUJ”il〃α/・ノ‘~・ノ/SIC・如〃ρθ, Ro1ユ}a,1965;1’.L de Lubac,.乃’‘]‘/e /a

            がM〃一‘uz(!(♪/‘r:!ltit.‘1(~5(’!t clisc’ttss~o〃, Parls,圭974;.W, G.. Craven, G~σ・こ.1・.〃~〃i 1)ic・o‘le~どα

Afil一・.Zlt(ノ・/a,・Sl:).り〃加~rゾ酪」.8-‘~:ハ伽/Cソ闇〃lrnxtfノノW副~ω^S‘~.!‘ ・1./L’enais.W~・:亀・ノf’lti一

~oぶθ./>/~(タヂ,Gen6ve,1981;F. Secret, Zヤ(70 (.1{s”α i・V’tli-c〃ic/o/a,(ノ9’々~〃~之~ (ゐゾ~tl (.マ‘iba~tl’t’

(:フ廊‘~α〃‘z,《Coエ}vivium》, XXV,1957,1)p,31.一47;/3..Kieszkowski,.ILes 1・‘ikf)θi・ts

(::ぞ〃〃”e/l/i{ノde/ 」’:、.方‘右9θ (.ttノ:「~ビ cle ~‘‘ 盛ノ~t“(’L/tC~θ~(~(‘/㌔’.1:}1’t’,s/eノ〃5./(zム6δθ8‘/e~α

1,)i~ノ〃θ〃1(}9’‘81! Jatiθ〃ζ‘/ぴ),《R”lnascinaento》, Ser.託1,1.~「,1964, PP,4.1一..91;F. A. Yates,

(ytl・びα〃〃~/’ico‘♂じZんz A・∫tlt一‘〃td()ttt tZ〃‘♂A.コ「α8『ilc, in L’θ/》C!l一‘.1. c!it/♪‘ぞ〃siL’i’o ‘/tl(タ~o・t.ltl.〃〃~

」『ico, vol.1, pp.159-196;G. de1.1’Acqua-L, MUnster,.1.,一cl.〃♪θ〃~ζ〃Gtl侃ul〃〃∫

翫ρ・/門脈vlr・;一〃do/tJ, co〃tt/cuノ〃伽5・瑳ebノ以三1・L’・Pct・・t・e!/ノle〃sieノ’・di

Gi~o・1..,ζ〃〃tiJ I一「ic・θ, voL 2, PP.149一一!68;F, Secret, Noご‘・1.・‘ノ〃(∬ノ,ノ・6(..’tlsi/o〃.s.st〃・Fl‘.1.’vitt.S

A・fiit・/tt-i(/atesノノ1.Clitノでcle l)ilC cl{e/‘.tハノ.ごノ・α〃面ん(4 t~・(tclttct’euJ・‘1ピ‘W〃.〃1.ell.ttUli・cs‘le

κ‘ibbcエ/‘ノ, in ゐ,o.1)‘~rαe i/♪(ノ〃.siel-o(lil(y~θ’1,1(11t〃i オ「ic;o, vol.,2, p.169-!87;E..、V…nd,

Poi層~t,s  (ノ。ノ~.s~/i~  β/~~ts  (八「(ノti〔lrs  ‘ノノ’  tf~(ノ 01ア/~.i‘ノ 《(:1i(ノtt’~.Sct/,s 砂「 八「~お『/~1》〉, ilユ  ゐ,‘ノ!ン〔ノ~一‘τ  (ノ  i~

1)e~~.si(ツ・θ ‘/~ (;i(1ノ・し,ご〃~〃i ∫ギビ。, voL 2, PP.197一.203 [i.エ1 1’deIn, !’そagc〃1. Af)vstef・~L’.1’ll〃 〃ie

Rご〃t’ti.∬‘〃~(ノ(ノ, Pp.276-28!]; R.、V. Niey.er. fi’i‘.噛θ cle//‘z A.1.tli’‘1〃‘10♂‘‘ 〃〃‘/ 乙/‘ノ,・Oi一~L’〃1.,

《A.slt/ttiche Stttclien》, XV則!×1X,1965, pp.308一..336;C..Wlrzubski,(;io’v‘τ〃!e~

Zヤ(/’O’s CO〃t/)ct〃~‘♪〃 tθ /〈a.bbtt/~st.!ビ ・S:yノ〃bθ/i.s〃’, i1ユ E)’tttd~e.s!〃 iY[yst~C~.S〃1.‘〃td ムと‘~一

/i.g『!・〃伽∫・:fノ~!・’c/1.θG. S/i.0/・:ぞ〃1,」.erusalem, 1967, PP.357-362;王・一1. Gre三v,.ll:)ie

ビ/,ノ・isi/l‘.・ノ~‘・&’~)ba/aイ‘.・s(.:∴ノ哉・o de//a 1∀かご〃κclo/t.1,《Archiv fti i‘KultL=rgeshichte》,

LVH,1975, pp.!4!-161,

                                    (20)

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   2

   i Oratio, ed. Garin, p. 142 (tr. Forbes, p. ‘7」44).

   2 Conclttsiones DCCCC pt{b/ice dis/)tttandae, lmpressum Romae opera Vene-

rabilis viri 1:’.’ucharii Silber ali.as Franck, Anno ab incarnatione Domini

TN([CCCCLXXXVI clie s.eptima Decembris.. Cf. ITIain, 12999; B. ]X4. C., vol. IV,

p. 197; 1?anzer, vol. 11, p. 489; Valenziani, o/). cit., p. 335. The recent critical

edi亡i・n is王3. Kieszkowski’s(Cθ〃。/it.sio/tes激・67.’7teses Z)CCCC, Ro〃1(leα〃〃・

1486/)ttblice読5ノ)’tkl/1‘lae sed〃。〃‘icl〃1.(1>’Stt(!, G.enさve,1973). But cf. Jose V. de

Pina Martln,s correction of tlユis edition(,Je(tit l)ic de/‘e A・/ftli’attclole.しrn Poノ・tl・a.it

tlnc・〃〃~‘‘1び1’hu.ノノzct〃~st・∴Un・ノ6・1κ∠o〃b”Ds i・ct’・e cles ses C・ノtcltcsiθ〃es, Paris,1976,

1)p. 43-82),

   3 ecE. Garin, pp. 132, 134; tr. Forbes, p. 1)L39.

   ‘i Vitcte f)hilosophoi’ttnt, l/, prol. (tr, by R. D. 1+licl〈s, London-Cambrigge,

Mass., !938, vol. 1, p. 3). Cf. also Stral)o, Giogi”ct!」hia, .XVI, L, 39.

   tn Strontttta, 1, 15, .1’.G., V1II, col. 778 A一一1’)’.

     C£ 1)an., 2, 1一・12.

     Cf. ∫=1.~stoノーiac!, 1, 181.

     At th.e t’smes. of Cicero, the ‘Chaldaeans’ came to be used as astrolog-

ers. Cf. 1)e cltl・vt:itation.e, il, 2・: “And in tha, t same nation the Chaldeans-a

naine xvhich. they derived not froin their art but their race-have, it is thought,

          of long-continuecl observation of the constellations, perfected aby n}eans

science、vhich. e三ユables th.eln to fortell ~vllat any王nan’s lot、v三11 be and for、vhat

fate he was bom,”(tr. by W. A. Falconer, Cambri〔lge, Mass.一London,1927, p.

225.) Cf. also Ideln,7.”usc~t/c〃’(lc・!/)isf)tttatio〃es,1,95;Gellius, Noctes‘‘‘〃。α8,1,

7,XIV,2;Ll.Icretius, De”c’1■t〃t’〃‘‘々‘ノ層α, V,727.

   90鼠he Chct/‘.1‘καノ’0/w∠c’s, cfjn particular, W. Kro11(ed.), De oi一α‘妬5

                                            ダC/~.(il‘laicis, Bi’eslali,1894[rpt, Hildesheim,196L)1;E. des Places(ed.),0’一(zc/es

(rlta/clal’qttc’s α・こ.lec ~t.il.(ゾ~.oi[v de(ノθ〃t〃t.c・lita.i”(e.sα〃cic’〃s, Paris,1971;t-1. Lewy,

C/tal‘ICiec〃’0!・・zc/e“’ct〃clγ.”hei〃召」’:躍)轍「~5〃’, A・1・顧‘α〃4以‘ωノ1,is/it i〃伽ゐα‘6r

Ro’〃α〃β〃ψ!ノー。’, Cairo,1956[new ed. by M. Tardieu, Paris,1978:1.

   10 Cf. Lewy,(ノ!), ciム, pp.:)54-257,462-466;E. R. Dodds, The G’・eeleα1置‘t the

ゐρ’ραζ∠o~’α~,Berki.y,1951, pp.283-311。

   1正 ’万ξη7’”アζぎτ(Dv Zαλδ‘じかκ励ρητδり(R G,, CXXII, coll.1124 A-114913;e(i.

Des Place, PP.162-185,);曼rπ・τ6πωσ‘9・εci:ラαλαζ・んδη9τdivπαρ庚Xαえδα~・邸そρZα〆ω・

δoγ,tt(をτωン(ecL Kro11, pp.73-76;ed. Des Place, pp.198-201.);,,E’tf.(1εσts’κεψαλαご話δηg

κα~σ6りτ(:,μ侭τ伽παρ凌 Xαλδαど{,ζgδoアμ6τ(ti・p(f). G., CXX1工, co11.1149C-1153B;

ed. Des Place, PP.189-191.> Cf. Lewy, oρ.4ム, PP.473-485.

31

On Zoroaster, cf, i.n parti.cし11ar,工Bidez all.d F、 Cumon.t, Lesハ・fag’es飾ム

(2,1>

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諺π~藤。Zoノ嗣。召5鵬Ostanas et.μ)伽卿cl’ψ1診51・z〃認伽アz g1.’eCCft‘e,2vols.,

Paris 1938 [rpt, Paris, 19731,

    2 !V6!如ル(fe.」1’1・!oct’gSi>,1, ed. C, Alexandre, in Pleton, Ti-a,ilte des Lo~s, Paris

l.958 lrpt. Afllsterdani, 1966; Pa]ris., 1982], p. 30.

    3//ρδ~・τ・沁漏ρ’t..1ρ‘στρτ詠融/...τεωρ1・伽τ・δ物〔1λa’,o‘加‘をリτ蛎ψα~・,!’XG.,

CLX, col. 984,f-X [ecl. f“Llexanclre, o/). cit., f’X.ppeiiclice VIE, p. 297; }’)’ide7.一Cuinont,

o.p. cit., vol. 2, p. 259], Cf. iVo’,t.c(ti: o’vrr,ocut,,5b, illlEl, ec{, (;. ?一itlexanci.re, p. 25L).

    4/ノ、・δドt.’1’~・δπ§ρ’....:’ρごστ・τεえ姻/..Tεωρ海ノτθδ=’zθλ‘.ψ~θり‘}ンτごλがψε∫9,RG.,

CI..).〈, col. 98xl t’X一一}/3 [ecl. fX}exandre, oP. cik, i‘Xppendice XJ’1, p, 297; Bic/Eez-Cuinont,

of). {rit., vol. 2, p. 2591. ll iise rs/ll. Xr. t//Xnatos’ transla{’.ion cited ln his article

(/’/etho’.s C’a./trndat” a.ttcl f」ittti‘g.x・t, <<1)i.i;nbayton ()a!〈s Papers>>, /llXJ, 19i18, p. 28!).

    3  沸/‘.ギ7ζκ〔ヤ λ(∫7’‘‘ゼ τ6)レ ‘壱πう ro6 Z‘OPθ‘をστρθひ 3./.ζ{’X(c)ン δξηγηθ6ンr‘じ, ecL J.. Opso-

poeus, Oi’actt/ct. matt’ric’a Zoi’oa“’ti’is citnt .sc/to/iis .f’let’/ionis et/ .1”’sel/il nttnc fJiJt]m.tim.

e.cliti, 1’aris, 159. 9., pp. 16-5!; extracts in ,f-IL!exandye (ecl.), o,fx ctlL .t“Lppendice ll[,,

r)p. 27tl,一一2s/.

    6.8ραzε2‘をres“δごασ‘壬φησぢτ伽どyτ・融λ(ノア・~{ltg/;τ・5τθζ宇‘1・・i‘.ピφεστ6ρω~・λεγ(’画ω・,

ecL Kieszl(・wski, in Sttl(1~s~t・/ k/atoiiis〃’.・‘1〔ノ/Ri〃・7ぶぐ轍ノ〃彦・~〃/~tz/~・・, PP.161-162.

    7κωρσαστρεどθナソτεtra’~1!え‘じτω蹴δンδθア擁τωリσリrκεφαλα〆ωσご~・ノ≧G., CLX,

coll. 973一一9. 7E,1,; ecl. Ale.xanclre, o/). {rit,, pp, 2t61>L-269.

   S’ On Zorottster ancl the Crha/c/ae.(vt Orac/es. in Plethon, cf, II’.)“idez-Cuniont,

of). ctll’., vol.. 1., pp. 158一一!63, vol. 2, 1/}i’), 25. 1.一…263; AiiE{tos., op. cit., pl/). Lt70-303; 1}.

Masai, Ii’le”tho〃‘:τt~(/!f)/a.t‘〃~~s〃1.(ξごleハf厩1・α, Paris,!956,/30-1.4.3;C. M. Wood-

h・use,(7日目11{1’・~Ge〃iist’os/’/ctlto〃:7.てhe Last‘ゾ’加//el/‘y〃es, OxfQrd,1986, PP.

tii8-6!,

   9 Cf. the Pra.f7cice to Flcno’s translation of Plotinus, in Ficinus, Ope.iu

ontntla, 2 volg.., /[3;,is, ileae, 1576 [rpt, ’11’orino, 19591, p. 1537.

   iO ()n Ficino’s relation to 1{F’let,lnon, cf. li’. {[). 1〈risteHer, tl’ihe Scoltzst’ic Bacle-

g, i’otifid o.f .ri・fla.rstl/io I icino, <<’1’r(一iclitio>>, ’1’E, 19tltl・, p. 259 [lln ldein, LS”tttt’lies iti lr{e一

ノz(/lissa.〃ビ〔ノ 「1.コノ~o存gゐ’α〃‘1.Lettei”s, p.36】: :ldenユ.,7.γ~Ci f’:ソ~~/oso./)ノzごy qfハ.:ノ銘1・s〃~‘フ /7T~ciノ㍑フ,

tr. by XL (L’onant/, /tNliew York., IEti3 irpt (1}louces#er, 1)t(last., 1964.1, p. 15; iclen.i,

R/・掬〃i.s〃ω硫α〃’〃’θ‘ノ、.fi‘〃一(1〃t.i〃θc/(1.‘・θ〃〃・θ・ζ蹴磁Stl 1:’1αtθ〃e・ノ.鳳.ノ’istote/(ちin A.

Pertusi(ed.〉, V・’〃(ぞミ~・.・・’・Z’0ノ・~・〃~t.(ノ!)’α7.Tc〃・ご1・瓢:t・.1!峨.・θ・ノR~〃asci〃~‘ず〃to, Fire1・ze,

1966, PP. 1!3-115; 1〔{e1’ll, ∬3y之ζ〃’〃〃e aftcl l・V{~st.c’ltフ~ !ゼζ.xt.o〃~s〃1.~〃 ”t.(1 /逐ノ㌃‘~‘1〃th

(〕(:ワ1々〃な~~ in I(玉e茎工}, R‘~〃‘z~SS(1〃(1’te C(♪〃ビ(え/♪‘.醍ズハ.1ヒ.〃~ ぐ〃icl Ot’hei-Z}i.b’st’t.“・,s, .Ne、v York,

1972, pp. 105-108 [in 111clem, ed. 1]y A,1. Mooney, 1{.etictissanc/’e T/i.ott.{,/rht and ft.s

kYott・i+ees, 1 e“, 5rorlx’, /979, pp. 161一一一163]; 1/). G・arin, .P(iiA la stot”ict cle//a. ctt/tt.{.i’ct

fi/(/}so.fica. c’le/ 」〈’inascintento, (〈lllivit. ta ¢rltica clella filosofia>>, Xlll, 1957, pp. 6一一IL7;

A.:Keller/凸.〔.,θ∬3謬・〃‘‘~〃e LS”c/io/c’ti“s・〃κZ「f.〒he~ノ・/《c・cel)ttlo〃~〃/Z・め~《ll.ournal of

t/he XVarburg and Courtai.ild lln$tlt.utes>>, XX, 19.57, 1.)p. 363一一37e; XVoodhouse,

OP・ C・i.t., 1)p.. 37.2-374.

   1・7冷碗卿ノ・/at・’nica cle力刀ノ刀・7’ta/itate a71カη・7一・ZO17, X.II,1, ed. R. Marcd,

)ノ扁り一(

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vol. 2, Paris, p. 1.970, pp. 157-158.

   12 T々(tologil(t./)lato/ltlc‘~,1,5, ed. H. D. Saf[rey and L, G. Wester三nk, vo1.1,

1“aris, !968, pp. Lt5-26.

   13 ed. H:..D. SafErey, hl Idem, No’‘es!》/ato〃iCitltl/lcls‘ie八4Zctl’s”‘~Fi‘カ~(’lans

un nza2ntscril/ (le Pi’oclus (C’od. Riccarclian’tts 70), <<Bibliot})d4que cl’1-lumanisine

et Rent lssance>>, XXI, !959, p. 168.

   i4・ C/f. 7”h.eo/ogia p/cttonica, VI, 1, ecl. Marcel, xrol. !, Paris, 1964・, p,224/;

XVH,1, ed. Idem, vol.3, Paris,1970, p.148;Co〃~1〃‘ノ〃t(17・iaノ〃./ヲ泌rゐ〃〃i’∫’lafo〃is

de. simmio boiio, XVII and XXVI’ C ed. IVI. 」. B. Allen, Berkeley-Los An.creles-

London, 1975, p. 181 and p. 2z17; Et)ist/ae, Lib. 1, OPera omnia, p. 634,; Jbid.,

Lib. VIII, p. 871.

   15 Cf.ノ11璽~〃〃e〃々〃2~~刀/〃〉〃llll・ハ4〔~ノービ1〃▼~〆(1.”1’iSノ~~e≦1’isl’i,0./)el’a o〃η~ia, P.1836.

R.14arcel regarcls this ltacl〈ing of 7.oroaster as important, and he attributes

Iiicino’s later insertion of Zoraster into the ancient theoi.ogians to the influence

froin Proclug. rather than to the knowledge of Plethon’s doctrine (Cf. A,lai’sile

Ftlcrin (i(4,?. 3-14.‘.1)9), Paris, 1958, pp. 603一・612). 1, however, would accept 1〈ri-

steller’g. explication that Nvhen the trans]ation of Coi’vnis /t2”eivneticu7n. Nv,”,ts pub-

liEhed 〈!4/63), Ficino hacl not yet known the e:ist.ance of the Oracle (this

opinion ig. reported by Dannenfeldt/, The 1?seuclo. 一Zoi’oastria’n Oi-ac/es’ in the Re-

naissance, p. IE, note 3-4). Cf. alg.o, 1. 1〈lustein, Adlai’si/e Fici;n et <</es ()racles

(痴〃吻ノ’‘・》,in(}. C. Garfagni1}i(e⊂L),品z1-sil~・Ficino‘~i/1・〃・ノブ~・‘1i P/at・ノle:

Sttfdi e cloeuinenti, 2 volg.., l/?irenze, !986, p. 331. note 2, Ancl on the founder

of the ancient theology, in the /’rctftu]cr o’f tl’ie trans],ation of 1?lotinus it is said

tha, t the holy philosophy was born at the g.anie time both among the 1)ersians

“rith Zoroaster ancl arnong the IE’)t.gyptians “Tith 1’lerines ’lrrif niegistus. But

I?icino is seeind to generally agree “ith the priority of Zoroaster ((]’lf. notes

17 ancl 18 below).

    i6 Cf. De i’e/igioi・ie chri$一1’iana, X}.(II, O/)era om7iia, p. 25. On Ficino’s idea

of the theol.ogical an〔l philosopl.擁cal con60rd, cf. K二risteller, 7フ]e 」Phi’lo,so/♪ゐツ

ζゾ’ハ4々r∫ノ/~o FiciJ~o, PP.23-29; Icl e ni., 」∫ノ)‘ワ1∫~‘~ro .fi/osoノたro ‘1i A4a7・sノ〃。 Ficiノ~o,

1?irenze, 19. 53, pp. 13-2; l/cletn, 1(enaissan.ce ConeefJl/ qf’2talan, in ldem, .1{enaissance

Co?ice/)t oLf’ A・fai? and Othei’ F.ssaD.nsr, pp. 54-55 [in 1.clem, Reitaissance Thought’

allcl  Jts  30~’ノー‘rr∫,  pp●  204-205] ;  Schmitt,  ./)(~ノーe/1/1ノ‘11  ∫)ll~/‘ノ∫o♪ノ,.O, _1>一〇ノ,1.  A.g・oぶ’iフ~o

StE’flκCO lo Le~ノ)刀ノπ, PP.507-511; Icleni, 1ら瑠おビμ 〃ieo/o,9ブtx ‘~/,hiloso/」hia メ》‘ワマen〃ノs”:

rlue. tejni cle/ 」〈’inascili”ent’o ・ita/iano e. la loi’o .fbrtinia, pp. 217-219; ’1’rinkaus,

o/). cix., pp. 734-753: F. Purnell., Jr,, ”1’”lte 7”heijie o.f’ .1’lti/o.sopltic. Concoi’d ancl tlte

S・・〃・‘・磯ズF~ci71θ’s飾1・・iis2)?, inハ・fa?・si/~・Fi‘』i~~・ei/i’渤・・~・‘ii J’lat・71c):Studi

e docuinent.i, pp. 397-415.

    i7 7’heo/o,g.rit’i f」/atoniec’t, X’V’l/, 4, ed. Marcel, vol. 3, p. 173.

    !8 11bid., 1,V, ltL, ed. rvfarcel, vol. 1, p. IC)6.

    i9 E. g. in the Platonic Theo/o.,ffy, there are ・found 17 citations from the

〈23)

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   2ま ‘)ノ+tlt.〆θ, ed. CTarin, pp.112-/30(tr. ISorbes, pp,228-237).

   22 (1],L ./bid., ed. (}arin, p. lx14 (tr. ll?orl]eg., p, 245).

   23 Cf. Jbid,, ed. Garin, pp, 126, 1.L8, (tr. IFc)rbes, p. 236).

   2’t /bid., ed. (:}airin, p. 8.0 (tr. 11:0rbe.s., }p, Lt50).

   25乃~‘1.,ecl. Garin,正).160,162(tr. F・rbes, P.253>.

   26  (:)!)‘ワ’t.’1 θ〃1刀’i(1,P.367, 1:use I)annenfelclt/,s tran:’lation cited in his article

(7..7加A…κ1・一Zoノー。‘1st.ノ・加10/zl・・.・/・:・.st 1〃〃J‘e R・!t〃・.~~畑ノ~(:・‘・, P.15). Cf. AJ. Festu9三さre,

&〃‘:1!θハ.fiノ・‘〃~‘1〃ζ〃~‘’,《Archives d’histoire doc重rinale et iitt6raire du Moyen

Cha/daean O1・a(ゾcr∫.

   20Cf。01顧。, ed. Garin, P.1・iO(£r, F・rl)es, P.142). On the l・heo1.・gical

ai}d pl’iilosopl.1ical concorcl i!ユ Picc), cf・Gtkyin, /♪1ボθ ‘ICf〃(‘ハ/~ノ’t’〃i(/o/ct;  1/~!‘t (ノ

‘1θ〃’ゴ〃tli, :p.p.73..一..89; 1〈riste生圭er, !ぐ(・〃t’lis,S’Cl〃‘「‘t (/Jθ〃ζ・‘ノメ〉! 砿ズム..fとt〃, 56・...一61 [i11 .1:clenユ,

R・・〃・’liSS(〃7‘マ・Thθ~lgゐtで1ノκ1.々.s・曾θ~〃w5, PP.205-2091;Scl.11.niu.,./.)・fl”t’.t〃〃ノ・:i./飾/伊

sθノ・1り・ノ1・・〃1 tY1Sl・θs〃〃θS〆・・〃・.・θ/θゐ妙鷹PP.51!-513;IIIcEem,./う’漁1!1’‘・θ/卿‘1

8/・IJi/・∫砂11.11‘1/・・?ノ・(~〃〃~s:ζ/~!e〆.(ノノノ~〆‘/e/Jei〃‘ZSC’i〃~‘・〃t.・〃‘ぬ〃~θe/t.r.1・’‘oノ.b〃1〃1・’1,

                                      ド1)P,219-220;1)eLubac,1:「~‘,‘it/!/(・1. A./1h’andθ/e: Etttcles et‘lisc/’itssio〃s, PP.90-113,

243-260 et passsiln;「!”1・ini{εしus,ρ1).‘.・〃.,753-760, Cf、 also Craven,0/>・ciム,89-111.

                                  、

Age>>, Vli, 1932, pp. 170-171.

   27 Cf. Cone/us・iones, ed. K二ieszko、vski, PP. 49-50, 77-78.

   4

   i Cf. Noteg. 2, ・4 ancl 5 al)ove.

   2  Cf. Cicero, .1)‘~ clii..・〆ノlt’1!!oノ~‘♪, 1, 46,

   3 Cf. /bid., ’1, 90. Cf, also, ’lcleni, !l)t.’ /e,g’ibits, II, 26; ldern, rTusc/ana.e Dis-

/)tttationes, 1, !07; V’ltruvius., 11)t’ aedi.x(icia, “LJ’ll’1’ C prol., !.

   4θ’¶・7万・,ed. G.ai:.ln,1:)ほ4.8(tr. F・rbes, P.247). Cf.1)・rpl)yry, Z)餓細~ノleti‘z,

IXr, 16; ?,Xpul.eiuE, f!po/o,g.1’ia, XX’V’.

   5 C.f. ll)logenes ILaerutius., ’T”il’acr /)hi/oso./)ho]vnn, II, 2; Pliny・, lfistot‘it? naltt-

ra/is, XX’X’ C 3; ()lenieng. of i’XI.exanclria, .SVt’roinata, 1, 15; Cyrillus, .i-lcl’vcrsits

.Ji/iamtm, IHII; Ap. uleius, /;r/o」’ida, XV. C,f. a.Sso Bidez et Cumont’, ol). ciL, vel. 2,

pp. 34,一35.

   6 C.f. ilfa/rtt,一(’t 20”i’ea’ r・rf,v 一, ot) /(t),oot[’o’一L,oot., f/;’/t{’;’anv S・ttnrrifis’vr・a’, ed. J. Opso-

poeus, pl}. 25, 38 lleci. f’iylexancire, pp. 27,4, 2781; ll?’}cino, (2itinqife /)lattpni’cae .s’af)i一・

eni’iae c/a7.ie, XII[, ed. Atlarcel, .gXppenclix to 7’i/ie.o/o.g.ria p/atoniea, vol. 3, p. .34!.

   7 Cf. Ficino, ’7’7ieo/og.」’・ia /.}/anl’onit’a, X.’.III, 2, ecl. ?L,1.areel, vol. 2, p, 21tLl :. Ibici.,

Xlvill, 1, vol. 3, p. 14,8; Pico, (:)i“atio, e,d. (.}arin, p. !5e (tr. Forbes, p. 247).

   8 Cf. Apule三us,ノl/)o/‘饗〆‘~,26.

   9 O一 rat’io, ed. (1)arin, p. 148 (tr. Forbes, p.. 247).

   ie .・’VcihiadcJs L 121 E-122 A (tr. “r. R. }vl. Lamb, London-Cambidge, }Vlass.,

1955, p. 167).

   ii Cf. Apuleius, Apologia, 26,

〈24>

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   i2 C’f. Oratio, ed. Garin, p. 148 〈tr. Forbeg,., pp. 146一一14,7).

   i3 Cf. 1/”icino, ’/’”/tcolos.ia /)latoiiict’x, .XII, !, ecl. IN([arcel, vol. 17L, p. 157.

   M Cf.0ノ’tt〃θ, ed. Garin, p.150(tr. Forbes, p.247.) Cf. a}so Pliiity,〃istθノ・~α

nattti’a/is, XXX, 9; Cicero, Z”ttsculaitae. clisl)id’al’ioiies, 1’XJ, 4・5; ldeni, De. finibus,

V, 29. Pico, also in /’/e7)la/)/us states that “Ali the (1]rreeks “,ho 1]ave been

consiclerecl the inog. t excel}ent took tlie Ltgypt/ians as teachert: Pythagoras,

Pltto, Empedocles ancl Democritus” (Prooemium, ecl. Garin, p. 170. tr. D. Car-

m三cl.lael., in Pico(lelia Mi.iranc.iola,0〃lhe D㎏層〃il;),¢f’A4a〃,0ノ~掛1〃gαノicl〃1.e

One ancl /ile/)tal)/tts, lndianapolig.一Y! eNy tsX. ork-1〈ansas City, 1965, p. 68). On [)e-

rnocritlls, cf. ])iogenes 1.aerutiug., llit’ae /)hi/osoPh.oinytt”i, IX, 34; 1)1〈, 68A /6=

Aelianus, ’Va」“ia historia, IXf, 20; ll)1〈, 68 IX 40=1-lippolytus, 」(e.f}・tlatio Onoiittin

k/aerasitfni, 1, 13; ll)1〈, 68 A 2=Sttidas; Cl,einens of Alexandria, Sl’roinata, 1, ro.

en 1)lato, cf. Diogenet Laerutiug., lli2acf /)hilosol)horttin, II.1’, 6-7; ()lyrnpioclrus,

C‘,〃~〃’{.ワ〃tV’i~’〃i’〃~!”lato〃is/1/ciゐiad‘~〃’,1,2;ノNnOnylnUs,1)ノ・θ/催10/1iC!〃‘T,1.V. On

Pytlla蕩oras, clf. Diogenes Laer吃1tius, Vπα6!)hiloso!)hoノー~〃]~, VIII,2-3;DK,14,11.

1…lippolytus, ReY’〉.ttat’io Omniu」n 」’faei”esium, 1, 2; DK, !4・, 4=Dioclrug., XII, 9;

Cleniens, of Alexanclria, Stroinata, 1, IJ”; 1)lutarch, 」)e aniinae 7)i-ocreat’ione

in ”Tiinaeo, 2 1’A,foj’alia, 68, 10121’3.]; Porphyry, llll)e ’vita. f):),t’hct..o’oi’ica, 12; lambli-

chus, De ’viia /)ytha,g’of-ilca, IV, 19; Aptileius, Al)olosria, 31.

   i5 Oratio, ecl. Garin, p. 150 (tr. r?orbes, p. 248) Cf. Plato, Charmides, 156 D-

157B; Ficino, Theolog’ia fJ/atoniea, XIII, 1, ed. Marcel, vol. 2, p. 198. On

7...ft]nolxis ag. pupil of Pythagoras, cf. 1’lerodotus, 」’Jtlsioi’iae, IV, 94一一95; Diogenes

I一.aei;utius,, 1?ritae /)hi/osoi)hoi’uni, VIIIII, L/i; 1?orphyry, 1)e ’vita /):ythagorica, 14;

Iamblichuf, 1)e 2,ita /).“,thag/’oJ’ica, XXX, 173.

    i6 Oi’axilo, ed. G,arin, p. 150 (tr. Forbes, p. 248).

    i7 Apo/osria, 90, eci. R. 1-lelm, 5th ed., Leipzig, 1972, p. 100. Cf. Pliny,

」一fistoria nafui’alig, ×>i(X, 5; XXX, 8; ××〉,(, 9; Diogenes IJ.aerutius, Vitae f)hi-

loso/)horui?i, ll, 2; VIII, 16; Porphyry, J)c.} x,ita f)“,thasro?一iea, 21; la!nblicl].us, De

・vit’Clノ)yノ~αg・oノ・~ビa, XX.III,104;Tertullianus,」)e‘1〃カ〃cl,57;Amobius, Dilsf)lttCt-

t’uio7te.s’ acl’vai:s’us .g’entes, Jr2.

    ・8∫ノ1舘.・癩〃α〃’ア・a/is, XX.X,2(u・. W. H. S.」.・rnes, v・L 8, L・ndon-Cam-

bri(:lge, Mass.,1963, p.281). Cf. Diogenes Laerutius, Vitaa pノ~・ilosol)hor・tt〃’,1,&

On Ulyf ees, cf. 1’liny, f’fi.storia natu7’a/is, 〉〈.XX, 2.

    i9 ()f. A/)o/ogia, ec{. cit., p. 100; ed. IP, Vtt{llette, 2nd ed., Paris, !96e, p. 107.

    20 Cf,必方∫101ゴ‘1〃(lt〃ノ‘altJs XXX,9.

    21Cf. Flci.no, D・~/a7.tdibttsノ〃e.dicinae,0/・el・a・〃〃~鶴1, P.758, Cf。 als・

Marcel, A4hrsile Ficin, p. 608.

    22We can know l/1is lifeεしnd teachings from Pbilosotratus,五ヴのズA/)ol-

lonitts o/’ T:yana, On his relation to the lvlagian and Magic, cf. L. Thorndicle,

A∫五∫’θノ=“)oLf’ Adag’i:c and E畷)er~〃zental&勿~ce, Vo1.1, New York-London,1923,

pp. 242-267.

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   23 7.%ピ10/忽如.カん7〆。ノ~~(’(1,・XVIII,4, ed, Marce1., voL 3, P.195. Cf.ノゐ〆d,, Xi:llf,

4.,vo至.2, p。235; (}‘フ〃〃〃8〃tcw▼~tt〃~ ノノ~ (7θ〃・こゾ・と.・〃〃〃 .1.「/c・lt.θ〃’is, ‘1ビ ‘7〃10ノ『(~, .VI,!0, ed,

1’q. Marcel, 1?aris, 1956, p. 22!; .ll>e ’vik’t ti’i7)/’ici, 1.ll/, 3, S, 2tl, OPei’a otiiiiict, pp.

535, 541, 562.

   Becaug. e ef the ftune of fXpollonius as a !//fagifin, C.}ian ’ll?ranceg, eo 1?ico is

th.ought’ to have cledicated the whole chapter ‘t’Xclverg. us i.na,c.,“ic,a fXpollonii

ll’yanaei’ in the 7tli boolc (lll e subersititosa p.t;aenotat/ione ack・’ersti.g, niag. iani) o.f

/1)e rei’um 1)i+ae.not’a.nione 〈O!)era. om?iia, Bas, ll.eae, 1573 [rpt, 1一’li}clesheim, a96911,

pp. 667…一674). Cf. 1). 1’. X,VE・i}icer, Sf)i?’it’tta/ a.ncl 1)e.inonic A,fag,rie .f)’oin /t”icino to

Campane//tt, ILondon, 1958 [rpt. Nendeln, !969; London, 1975], !46-!48.

   :・)一

   1co〃。/rtS~ωπ∫sectti~cli〃〃ノ・ノーθ/・ノ『〆ω〃θか〃~・」1{」)ノ~イ‘・i〃tcr//i.g’c・1〃.盈‘1ictoノブ耀

Zoroasiris’ et e.ar?ositoritm eiits Ct’ta/t.’/(’oi’ttm, 10, ed. Kieszkowski, p. 78. Cf. Ficino,

Th(,o/o.g.ria. )t」/atoii・iccr, 1.1, 7, ecL IN,larctel, vol. !, 1]. 92.

   2 〈)t’a/io, ed. G’・arin, p. !62 (ty. /lll“erbes, pp. 253-254),

   3 On the langtia.ffeg. of Jnysteries, ef. in particular, XVind, Pagen A・ls,ste?’・ies

カ~ the A’cワICI iSS‘/〃lce, pP. 1-25,

   ’i.〃ρ/・!.砂/〃s,Pr・・emiし玉m, ed(〕.ε頃n., p,172(tr. carmichae1, P.68).

   5.砺‘1.;0”al.ノ。, e(L Garin, P,1.56(tl二.:F・rbes, P.250).

   G !”2rtt./)ta,/)/tts, 1)rooei’nlLirn, ecl. Garin, ’p. 17L) (tr. Cern:Lic.1’)ael, lpp. 68-69). Cf.

0ノ・aXiθ, ed. G乏:lrin, P.1.56(tr. F()rbes,1:〕.250);.1:tunbl.ichus, De’villaメ・S,thagoi・ica,

XXiLJHI’ll, !t3・6.

   7 Oiwi’io, ed. Garin, pp. 140, 11.rf{・2 (ti一. 1{”erbes, p. 243).

   8 」’」(ef)ta/)/us, Prooertii’{Jn/i., ecl, C}arin, p. 172 (tr. Car」nichael, p. 69). Cf.

Oratio, ed. (111;・arin, p. 156 (tv. ll?orbeg., p. ILt50); }1’lato, .11{).Pisit{/a U) 315 ll].)・一一E,

   C」 Conc/u.s’iJoiies Caba/is’1’i{’e, s(」ctt」iclit/lt o/)iiiione?n, tra.J ilPsis !/:llebi’eoi’it?tt sa./)tl-

trntttin .f)niclamtrntis Ci‘istia?tant 1〈e/tlkf,.’rionai]t ma:r.iijit? con.fit’i?iaiitvs, !0, ecl. Kiesz-

kowski, p. 84. II /lio}low 1)e 1”’.lna “,iartin’s correction (o/). cilt., p. 79).

   iO Oratio, ed. Gayin, 1)p, 121-130 〈tr. 1’,;orbes, pp. 2j・28-237). Cf. note 3, 21

above.

   6

   i Oi’atio, ec}. C)f・arin, p. p. 102, 10一{, Ctr. 1/?orbes, p. p. 223-21)Ltl).

   2  ./hic’1., ecl,(二}ar三n, PP。1.04,106 (tr./1ror】こ)es, PP.224-225).

   3 C.’f. ()raven’s poleinlc {,igainsi/ i‘li’ie geneirally acc,epted interpretation of

Pie.o’s, f,uitl’nropo}ogy” (op. eit’,, pp. 21..一・t15).

   4(りノ・a t’io, ecL Garln, PP.106,エ08(tr. Forbes, PP.225-226),

   5 0n the EgyP£ians, cf、}{er⊂)d(:)tしls , .」一fisti”i(u,,:1:{.,123; ()n Pytllagoras, c£L

biogenes 1..aertiug., ’Y,’・itae. .I」hilosoPhoi’tti”, XJIIi.1 4-5; 1)orphyry, L)e ・vita f)[〉,thago-

rica, 30. On Empeclocles, cf. ’il)lx”., 31 B 117=IL)iogenes ’Laertius, XJIIIII, 77; DI〈,

31 B 127=一Aelianus, Varia historia, 1 II, 7, Cf. also eor!)us hernzeticu7n, X, 7-8;

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tasc/e,pitl,s一, 1.?..

   6 ’1)here are tl’ie debates abou.t Pico’$ acceptance o/f the traditional concept

of‘homo=microcosmos’. Cf. Gar三n, G1θ・こ.,‘〃〃~iJ P1(.・o‘1〃‘‘M!ノ・‘〃~clθlt’i. V~‘αc

dot〃僧i〃‘τ, P。27;Ideln, Zノ”〃’α〃(ISIII〃。 i/alia〃。. Fi/osoノ距’e・乙ゾ1tT.‘ゾ・乙,〃〔ノノ~‘ノ1!く~〃asei一

?nento, 2 a ed., IN’.onia, 1958, p,. 124; ldein, ILa <<cligniftTs hoininis>> e /a /etteizttit7’a

加!ノ’漁:’a,《Rinascita》,1. C n・.4,!938, P.!04:;Kriste11.er, Eが蔀’〃!ヲhi~・sopheノ・s Of

the fra./ian 」{enaiss’ance, pp. 66-67; ldeni, /{eiiaissa.vice Conce!)t qf’ A4aii, p. 16;

Monnerj’ahn, ol). (rit’., pp. 24, 27; ll)i Napl.oli, Giox’anni. !’ico del/a A4tli’ando/a e

la. pi’ob/eJnati:ca dottiV.na/e de.1 stto lein!)o, pp. 399-405; ldem, Cont’e.inf)us inu」idi

e Dignitas hojniiiis ne/ fe・inasciiJiento, in 1’ils Stitdil sit/ feinasciinen/o, Napoli, 1973,

PP.60-62;E. Colomer,ゐ~諏,油。 c・(・os脚~ノ~N〆cco/θCitsaフ~・eGio’van?~i.1’ico,

in L’oi)ei’a e i/ ?ensiei’o di (;io2.,aii7ii /)ico, vol. 2, pp. 85-90; II)e Lubac, of). eit.,

pp. 86-S7, 167; Craven, oi). cit’., p. 3!. My・ view on this probleni is presented

in an artiele: f’ico de//a A,’tii’anclo/a. nil oleei’u niJng’enno hoiise.i. no 」nondai (7”h.e

!)i’ob/ein o.f’‘iratui’a httijtcvia.’ in f’ico de//a A・!’iinyanclo/a), <<I!inrigaku-Nenpou (A.nnals

of Ethies)>>, ’1’okyo, XXXVI, 1987, pp. 19-35.

   7 Jil’ev)tap/zts, IV, 5, ed. Garin, p. 280 (tr. Carmichael, p. 123). Cf. PlatQ,

fCes!)ztbblica, 588 D.

   S ’lt’e“75rvi’ocg.x r6[}v za’?.{;a’)’ie(Dv gS’o’t’6)v, P. (1’., CX>CII, 1!40 A Ced. De Place, pp.

176・一177). Cf. De 1’lace, ok. cit’., pp. 104, 145; lr.ewy, o/). cix., p. 265.

   9 「1.ソ~eo/ogia!)/tzto/1i‘1’‘1, XVII,4, e(:L Marcel, voL 3, p.173:‘‘ぎδりγ疫ρ‘叶γεfoリ

0矛ρεgZO・りδ“・ε吻α・σ‘り. Id eSt l Tuum・・aS beSti.ae tenrae ha1〕itant.”Here the

Greek text di’ffers /froin that of Plethon, xx/hi.ch laeks ra’p, on the Qtliter hand,

the lai/er edi.ti.on gives the same as l!?icino’s (ecL Joliannes Lodoicus Cl)iletanus,

Paris,1538, rpt. in rこieszko、vsk三,・S”t〃di s~.’/1)んτ’oノ~’∫〃’oイ‘ぞ~l IRi〃‘’rsci〃te〃!o~〃1’ia/ia,

p.1.57),An(I a:h.e Lati11簾mslation contained in M~~g~α.~(.iclastv!)lii/osof)hicのclicta

・ina.t,’roinyttnJ, e:t Zoi’oast’ei” existing in tl]e Bib/ioX(,’ca. A・fedicea lr.at”’enkwiana (Lau?i

36, 35) is di’fferent from those of .1,?icino and Pico: “Tuum enim vas ferae

terre habitabunt” (ed. 1〈ieszl〈owsl〈i, in ol). cit’., p. 159). rlShis translation has

been attributed to 1], icino but xvas recently proved that it xvas not his. Cf.

Klustein,砂. cit.,331-338;Kristeller,ハ.’11cu’siltl・搬’・~・α〃4 H~51y・ノー短点・F卿

Flundi’ed Ye.a?一s, Appenciix I II, in Atfarsililo Ficino e il 7’ito7-no di .1.]llatone: Studi

e documeNti, p. 86.

   iO Oratio, ecl. Garin, p. 108 (tr. lforbes, pp. 226-227). ”Phe citation from the

C’a/daean Oi’ac/es “rritte.n in the 1+lebre“r ]anguage appeared for the first time

in the Basel’s edition (1557), while iri tlie. clraft o/E the ()i’aX’ilo, the 1i)’.gyptian

letters are xvritten, xvhich ftc re the t.ranscr.iption froin the lulebre“r letters, as

C. Wirszubsl〈i pointecl ou.t (1’?lavius }vlithridates, Se.r」no cltr f)assilnone do)nini,

‘工煎oduction’, Jerusalem,1.963, p.38). Wirszubski a1.so gives the Latinむans.

lation of the passage: “homo est animal naturae variae et vage et mutantis se

huc et illuc”t I could not .五nd this in the modern collectiop of C/zaldaean

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Oracl{es. After a, H, xv・e xvoulcl have to thinl〈 tha, t Pico poseg. sed tl]e text o. ’f

Oracles more spacious than d.lat.we now lcnox・y, as l)annenfelck su99ests(7..1/1.・・

Pseudo-Zoi’a.oash’ian Oi’ac/eh’ ・in the Renai,ssaiice, p. !6), altl’iough x・ve c:annot

conciude that this passage w・as containcl in the Oracles writt’en in t})e Cha2-

ciaean ianguage, of “,hich PicQ reported in a letter to Ficino.

   7

    k C)07tc/ttsio?ie,s A・/ft.’T.g.ri(’e secitnclu”t o/)inionem pi’o/)i’iam, 9, ed. Kieg, zl〈owsl〈i,

p. 79.

   2 0ノ・atllo, e(L Garin, pユ52(tr. Forbes, p.248). Cf. Plotinus, E刀neades, IV,

4, 43.

   3 Oratio, ed. G・ftL rin, p. 152 (tr. F’orbes, p. 2-48).

   4 fbi(1., ed. (1}arin, p. Z52 (tr. li”orbes, pp. 2.(18-2tl・9).

   5 Cf。 e,g. Plato, T’〃燃r〃s,301);Al.exan(:ler of Aphroclisias,1)eハ:∫油〃。〃(…r,

lt12; 1:.pictetus, 1[)isseta.tio”es acl ./17’i“iano dtl.f,.restae, 1, ltl,; Phi.!o of tis.lexandria,

Da o/)iYieilo inundi, 117; S,. ext.ug. 1:,.]nplrlc,ug., .,’ld2.iej’sits ’i」icrthejnal’icos, 1[×, 78. On

tl]e s. yinpa(/hic theory of the .Stoics, cf. in particultn:, 1〈. P,.einhardt, Kostnos

〃〃d 恥ワ〃/♪‘~〃’.ノ‘~,工〉[iincl.}en,至.926.

   61)aノ~‘吻ザtl 4ω’・z〃〃,1H,28(tr. H。 Rackham, Landon-Cambridge, Mass.,

1933, p, 312). Cf. Plinius, f’fistoria natztra/is X’X, 1.

   7C・nlJlle?lttlノーil〃)1ガ〃C・ητ,it,ガ〃〃~P/a励t’s, cle a〃~01一(~, VI,10, ed. R. Marce1,

Paris, 1956, p. 220 (tr. S. R. Jayne, Columbia, !944, p. 199). On the }vfagic in

I’?icino (and 1’ico, ), cf. XXialker, tSlpi」’itifa/ and 1)enionic .,1・fagic, pp. 3-29; Yates,

(;ioi-dai20 /3i’ttno and the /’Jeivneti(/J 7’ii“crcliXio」i, pp. 62一一116, 126-11)L9; Zainbelli, il’

f)i’ob/ema c/e//a. ma.,(.’ria natttra/e na/ /〈linascimento, (〈.1〈.ixrista critica dl g.toria deHa

fil.oso撫》, XXVIIII(1.973), pp.279-285;1(lem,./i’/at.ollCi,ノ7~(.ゾ〃θで・/α〃~‘zgブ‘♂, in E.

Iilora and E. 1〈e$sl.er Ceds.), Stttdia ht{)iianitati,s’. Ei’nasto (}’i’assi :uin /ewO, IVItln-

chen, !{73, pp. l12!-lgl,2; lc!ein, JLt.? pi’ob/ein{r cle /tt ’nia.s.ici 7’iaxi{i’el/c’ aSt. /a J{lenais一

.Stl〃αも{n M19’iCl,‘~st.ノー・/θ91?:1‘げ‘ゾ1宮〆。〃‘切・’/fCinasc・〆〃κWθ, Convegno P・lacco-

italiano (NJars.avia: 25-27 setteinl)re 1972), XX・”roclraxv・一XXJarszax・xrt,i-1〈rak6xv一(lldai’ig. k,

1974, pp. 60-66; (1}. Zanler, !r.a nteclieina as’h’o/og.rica e, /a stta teoi’ia. 1}・ftirsi/io

Ficino a i stioi ci’it’i(.’i eont’ejn/)oi’anei, 1’Roina, 1977; ’XX」.一1). rVluller-Jahncke, 1・’bn

.Fi(・i〃0驚.tt/1.詔γぴソ)tz l Z)t./1・八五~9ん」胃β‘害1一砂r’‘/‘・∫f〈{e〃ais∫θJice一∫’/iti〃Cl?lis〃iu,s’1〃~Ubei蘭一

Z,〃ビた,in A. FaiVre an〔:l R, C Zimmermamn(e(:is.), Ii}θ(’ノ~‘」」1‘1‘ワ『A・ra〃〃w,紹~た:刀‘ワ’一

〃~e〃scht:ぞ 7等ノマuditiθ〃 ノ〃’ て¢,iss‘~ノiSみ‘も々/1‘.ゾJe〃 Foノソ.〆ビゐ1・~〃, i3erlin, 1979, P峯:}.24-5!; }).

Hacl・t,ゐ’《・,1〃~θ’層〃~♂~s’iCi(’2~》,ノ:ltt./trθノ’ノLg・int?tle/a〃θ〃・〃‘ノ・~《温.~8’i(17励〃’a/is》:

1「)1・・lt・〃,」’/ot〆〃, M‘1・一s’〆んゴケ‘.プ〃,《Re・・ue pM・sophique de圭a France et c£e P6tran-

ger>>, CLX. X’II, 1982, pp. L83-292.

   8 Coinnie.nXarittni in C’on’vievt,iitin・ Platonis, XJI, 10, p. 220 (ty. pp. !99-200).

   9 1)e ’vita c:oe/itits coinl)a.?’anda, 1, O/)e?一a onviia, p. 53! (tr. Ch. Doer, 77ie

Boole. oY” Ltfv, lr’ving, Texag., 1980, p. 87).

  iO /lspc’ .c’・vvzvt’co.,, 2 (cited by Thorndike, oP. cit., p. 542).

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Page 30: Doc URL   - 北海道大学 · PDF filecian, Zamolxis a Th.raciar’i, ancl .gYtlas a Libyan.’S The philosol

   ….1C.「.ハ4e!a〃i・i:Pゐoses, III,16;A.カθ娘ノごら34;G7.

   i2 On the e’vrt: o.f E’.he G・reek Magic., cf. in particular, IX,1/. Detienne, Les

J≧〃・‘li〃 ‘1,〆1‘10ノ~’5, Paris,1972, PP.160.一.167.

   13 Cf,})1..}ilostoratus, V痴ノ1./)θ〃。/lii, VI,1α Cf. also Thorndike,01λ‘払,

pp. 265-267.

   i4 Cf. 1.ewy, o/). cit., pp. 132-137, 24・9-25?.

   i5 ’Ettr7’rT)aeg. ra)v za’2tSa’)’it(Dv, ,o”rpr([)y, ?. G., CXXII, 1149 A-B (ed. De 1?lace,

Pp. !85・一186).

   ig Le“ry, o/). (;ilt., p, 134/.

   17君ραzε2・c’ r・9’δζασ‘吻・π9τ伽ε・τ・なλ・γ敏・・6…頓σαφ・στSI)e)9 ?.εr・μ6・ω・,

ed. 1〈ieszl〈owsl〈i, in Sludii su/ p/ax’onistno de/ /einasciinej’ito in fta/ia, p. 161. }.

use Woodhouse’s translation in砂. cit., p.53. Cf。 Plethon,ハノαγ融λ6γごατ6り

凌πδτoδZω、o廊τ、θoひ澱アωレξξη7η0翻τn・, ed.」. Opsopoeus, PP.4:6-49;Wood-

house, ol). cilt’., p. 58.

   iS C)n other relations betxveen 1/)ico’s thought ancl the Cha/daean Oraclcs,

cf. Dannenfeldt, The 」’seudo-7woroastrian Oi’ac/es in t’he Renaissance, pp. 16-17.

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