Chng 2: Hng dn,nguyn tc,l thuyt.

I.Hng dn:

Cc mu hng dn chi tit v thc t a ra nhng cch khc phc cc vn , li cnh bo chng li nguy him v cung cp nhng li nhc nh hu ch da trn nhng kin thc tng hp.

1.Duyt giao din:

Chun ha trnh t cng vic,cho php ngi s dng thc hin cc cng vic c cng th t v iu kin tng t nhau.

m bo cc lin kt trong c m t: khi s dng lin kt trong, phi m t xem lin kt dn ti u.

Tnh duy nht v m t tiu : cc tiu phi l duy nht l lin quan n ni dung m t.

S dng box check nh phn: s dng cc box check nh phn nh on off .

Pht trin cc page ph hp vi kch thc, thun tin cho vic in n.

S dng cc hnh nh thu nh xem trc.

Access Board: cung cp cc hng dn dnh cho ngi khuyt tt chia thnh 3 mc u tin.

Mt s im ca trong tip cn:

Cung cp vn bn tng ng vi cc thnh phn phi vn bn nh nh, nh ng, m thanh

i vi bt k s trnh by a phng tin theo thi gian c ng b vi cc la chn tng ng nh li thuyt minh, m thanh

Tiu mi frame phi ni bt, d nhn ra

2.T chc hin th:

Tnh nht qun ca d liu hin th : trong qu trnh thit k giao din, cc thut ng, t vit tt, mu sc, ch vit hoaphi c nht ng b v chun ha

Hiu qu ca vic ng b thng tin bi ngi dng : format ca thng tin nn gn vi khun dng d liu s c s dng, v c quan h vi d liu c yu cu.

Ti u b nh s dng ca ngi dng :

- Khng c yu cu v b nh t mt mn hnh hin th ny ti mn hnh khc

- S dng t cc thao tc hnh ng cho mi cng vic

- Cung cp cc label v cc kiu thng dng gip cho ngi cha c kinh nghim

ng nht d liu hin th vi d liu nhp vo

Linh hot trong vic ngi dng iu khin hin th d liu : ngi s dng c th ly thng tin v task h ang lm mt cch d dng nht

3.Thu ht s ch ca ngi dng:

Cng : c 2 mc , cng cao thu ht s ch

nh du: gch chn, box, mi tn, du, bullet, ngch ngang, cc k hiu b sung, hoc X

C ch: ti a ch 4 c, vi kch thc ln hn thu ht hn na s ch

La chn fonts: chn ti a ch 3 fonts

Tng phn mu sc

Hiu ng nhp nhy: s dng vi mc cn thn cao v trong phm vi gii hn

Mu sc : s dng ti a 4 mu

m thanh : s dng m thanh nhn nhng cho phn hi tch cc, v m thanh mnh trong in kin khn cp

S dng qu cc k thut trn c th dn n hin th ln xn

4.Kh nng nhp d liu ca ngi dng:

Tnh nht qun trong truyn d liu

- S ging nhau v trnh t ca cc hnh ng trn mi iu kin

- S tng t t vit tt

Ti u ha cc thao tc nhp liu

- t clicks, c danh sch cc la chn

- Trnh s thng xuyn di chuyn gia bn phm v chut

- Trnh d tha trong nhp liu

Ti u b nh s dng : khng nn s dng cc cc yu cu di, cc cu lnh phc tp

Kh nng tng thch ca d liu c nhp vi d liu hin th

Tnh linh hot cho ngi dng kim sot nhp liu

- Kinh nghim ch ra rng ngi s dng thch nhp cc d liu mt cch lin tip, khng b ngt qung

- Cn thn trng: tnh linh hot s ph v tnh nht qun

II.Nguyn tc:

phn ny chng ta tm hiu nhng nguyn tc c bn, h tr cc mc k nng ngi dng, xy dng cc cng vic ngi dng mong mun, 5 phong cch tng tc chnh, 8 lut vng v thit k giao din v phng trnh li.

1.Xc nh mc k nng ngi dng:

c thit k thnh cng th phi hiu ngi dng nhiu kha cnh nh: tui, gii tnh, kh nng nhn thc, vn ha, tn gio, ng lc, mc tiu, tnh cch...nh hng thit k theo cc nhm ngi dng:ngi mi dng,ngi thnh thong dng,ngi dng thng xuyn.

2.Xc nh chc nng:

Xc nh r nhng chc nng c bn v lu di thc hin.

Khng nn thit k qu nhiu chc nng d gy li v nhp nhng.

Phn tch mc dng thng xuyn ca tng chc nng c thit k ph hp

3.Chn phong cch tng tc:

Thao tc trc tip

La chn qua menu

in form

Ngn ng lnh

Ngn ng t nhin

4. S dng 8 nguyn tc thit k vng trong thit k giao din:

u tranh cho tnh nht qun

Cung cp cch s dng ph thng

Yu cu nhng thng tin phn hi

Thit k on hi thoi cho vic kt thc

Ngn nga li

Cho php quay li hnh ng d dng

H tr qu o bn trong iu khin

Gim thiu vic ghi nh ngn hn

5.Ngn chn li:

Vic ngn chn li l rt cn thit, phn ln ngi dng u mc li khi s dng hn l cc nh thit k mong i. Cch thc hiu qu hn l ngn chn li khi n xy ra.

6.Tch hp t ng ha trong khi duy tr quyn ca ngi s dng:

Vic tng mc t ng ha theo thi gian khi th tc cng tr nn chun ha v p lc cho nng sut tng ln. Cc nh thit k vn c th cung cp cc giao din d on v kim sot m ngi dng thng thch. Vai tr gim st ca con ngi cn phi c duy tr bi v th gii thc l mt h thng m. . S quyt nh ca con ngi l cn thit cho nhng s kin khng th on trc.

III.Cc hc thuyt:

i vi mt ch ln nh thit k giao din ngui dng, nhiu l thuyt l cn thit,mt s l thuyt c m t v gii thch,mt s l thuyt c on truc

Cch khc cc l thuyt nhm l ty theo hiu sut motor-task (ch vi mt con chut), cc hot ng tri gic (tm kim mt mc trn mn hnh), hay cc kha cnh nhn thc (lp k hoch chuyn i ca mt nt ch in m thnh in nghing). Bt k l thuyt c th gip cc nh thit k d on hiu sut cho ngi dng, nhim v, hoc thit k c gii hn l mt s ng gp (Card, 1989). Cc nh ph bnh a ra hai thch thc:

L thuyt nn c nhiu trung tm nghin cu v thc hnh. Mt l thuyt tt nn hng dn cho cc nh nghin cu trong s hiu bit mi quan h gia cc khi nim v kt qu khi qut.

Cc l thuyt nn dn truc hn l tt hu ng sau thc hnh. Mt l thuyt mnh nn d on hoc t nht l cc hc vin hng dn trong vic thit k sn phm mi. Cc l thuyt hiu qu nn xut cc sn phm mi v gip tinh chnh nhng ci hin c.

Mt hng khc cho cc nh l lun l d on s hi lng ch quan hoc phn ng ca ngi dng.

1.Mc phn tch l thuyt:

Mt m hnh hp dn v d dng cho cc giao din l bn cp khi nim, ng ngha, c php, v m hnh pht trin t vng t cui nhng nm 1970 (Foley et al, 1995.):

Cp khi nim ca ngui dng l "m hnh tr tu" ca cc h thng tng tc.

Mc ng ngha m t ngha chuyn ti bng u vo ca ngi s dng.

Cp c php xc nh cc hnh ng ca ngui s dng nh th no m truyn t ng ngha l lp rp thnh cu hon chnh m hng dn cho my tnh thc hin cc nhim v nht nh.

Gii quyt mc t vng vi thit b ph thuc v vi cc c ch chnh xc m ngi dng xc nh c php.

2.M hnh Stages-of-action(Cc giai on ca hnh ng):

Norman (1988) cung cp by giai on ca hnh ng, b tr trong mt mu tun hon, nh l mt m hnh gii thch ca con ngui tng tc my tnh :

Hnh thnh cc mc tiu

Hnh thnh nh

Xc nh cc hnh ng

Thc hin cc hnh ng

Nhn thy h thng nh nc

Gii thch h thng

nh gi kt qu

M hnh ny dn Norman a ra xut bn nguyn tc ca thit k tt. u tin, nh nc v la chn thay th hnh ng s c hin th. Th hai, mt khi nim m hnh tt vi mt h thng hnh nh ph hp. Th ba, cc giao din nn bao gm nh x tt m tit l cc mi quan h gia cc giai on.Th t, ngi dng s nhn c phn hi lin tc.

3. GOMS v phm tt cc cp m hnh:

Hai m hnh quan trng: cc mc tiu, nh iu hnh, phng php, v rilles la chn (GOMS) m hnh v cc phm tt cp m hnh (Card, Moran, v Newell, 1980, 1983). Cc m hnh GOMS postulated m ngi dng bt u bng cch xy dng cc mc tiu (sa ti liu) v subgoals (chn ch). Cc phm tt cp m hnh l mt phin bn n gin ha ca GOMS ln d on cho rng li-Vit chuyn gia thc hin nhim v do tng hp cc ln cho keystroking, ch, dn ng, dra, Ving, suy ngh, v ch i cho h thng tr li. M rng GOMS 'vi quy tc nu-sau m t cc iu kin v hnh ng trong mt trnh son tho vn bn tng tc

c chng minh l mt b sung mnh m (Kieras v Polson, 1985). Cc mu GOMS c pht trin lin tc, vi s tin b trong c k thut ln cng c. Mt phin bn c gi l CPM-GOMS c th bt chc kiu chng cho (a nhim) hnh vi hin th bng k nng cao cp ca nhng ngi s dng. Mt bc tin b ln trong mu GOMS l c thc hin trong vng GOMS m hnh kin trc tnh ton phc tp hn c nhn thc, v d nh Soar v ACT-RPM (Anderson v Lebiere, 1998; Pew v Gluck, 2004).

4. Thng qua vn phm ting:

Mt mc tiu quan trng cho cc nh thit k l mt giao din ngi dng thng nht. Mt mc tiu quan trng cho cc nh thit k l mt giao din ngi dng thng nht. nm bt cc khi nim, Reisner (1981) xut mt ng php hnh ng m t hai phin bn ca mt h thng giao din ha.Payne v Green (1986) m rng cng vic ca mnh bng cch nh a ch nhiu cp nht qun (t vng, c php v ng ngha) thng qua mt c cu (notational) h gi nhim vvn phm ting hnh ng (kho). Payne v Green cn thn tuyn b rng cc k hiu v phng php tip cn ca h l linh hot v m rng, v h cung v d cp hp dn, trong phng php tip cn ca h nhy bn nh t duy ca nh thit k. Reisner (1990) m rng cng trnh ny bng cch nh ngha nht qun chnh thc hn, nhng Grudin (1989) ch ra sai st trong mt s i s nht qun.

5. Widget-l thuyt cp:

Cu trc phn hy thng l mt cng c hu ch i ph vi s phc tp, nhng nhiu trong s cc l thuyt v m hnh tin on tip cn mt cc theo cch n gin ha, c th khng phi lun lun c gi tr. Thay v x l nguyn t - tnh nng cp, ngui ta to ra mt m hnh da trn widget (cc thnh phn giao din) h tr trong cng c ny. Widget ngy cng tr nn phc tp hn v c s dng rng ri hn, cc u t trong vic xc nh s phc tp ca mi ph tng s c tr dn qua nhiu nh thit k v d n. Dn dn, mu phong ph hn nh vic s dng giao din c xut hin, tng t nh nhng g Christopher Alexander miu t cho kin trc (1977).

6. Ng cnh s dng l thuyt:

Suchman(1987) phn tch trong cun sch ca mnh v k hoch hnh ng ny thng cng nhn vi vic c xem xt li tng tc ca my tnh vi con ngi. C cho rng m hnh k hoch trt t nhn thc ca con ngi c thc hin khi cn thit l khng m t phong ph th gii, sinh ng v cng vic hoc vic s dng c nhn. Thay v c k hoch c nh, ngi dng lun thay i k hoch ca h p ng vi cc trng hp. Ng cnh s

dng l thuyt s dng c bit c lin quan n cc thit b di ng v phng php tnh tonph bin mi.

IV. M hinh OAI (Object-Action Interface Model):

M hinh OAI la m hinh m ta va giai thich cach thit k giao din tp trung vao cac i tng va hanh ng ca chc nng va giao din. M hinh OAI cung phan anh mc cao hn trong thit k, no cho phep ngi thit k co th s dung cac mu co sn trong cng cu h tr thit k giao din tao ra giao din.

1.Phn ra chc nng thanh cac tng i tng va thao tac:

x ly cac cng vic phc tap, chung ta thng chia nho no thanh nhiu vn nho hn d dang kim soat. Trong bc thit k, mt cng vic thng c phn ra thanh cac i tng va cac chc nng. Phn ln i tng sau o se c chia ra thanh cac b phn.Tng t, mt chc nng cung se c phn ra thanh cac thao tac nho hn. . Vic phn tach cng vic khng ti u trong moi trng hp, tuy nhin lai rt d hiu va co ich. Hu ht ngi s dung u chp nhn vic phn ra nho cng vic ca ho.

2. Phn ra giao din thanh cac tng i tng va thao tac:

Ging nh chc nng, giao din cung bao gm cac i tng va thao tac c phn ra thanh cac mc. Cac thao tac trn giao din cung co th phn ra thanh cac thao tac mc thp hn. Ngi s dung se thc hin cac thao tac mc thp chi bng cac ng tac n gian nh click vao button hay item. M hinh OAI a giup chung ta hinh dung c qua trinh phc tap ma mt ngi s dung phai trai qua co th s dung c giao din hoan thanh cng vic, t o thit k c nhng giao din thao tac trc tip, n gian. Mt thit k tt se co it s i tng va thao tac bi no d hoc s dung.

3. S bin mt cua cac cu phap:

Ngay nay, ngi s dung phai nh qua nhiu cac cu phap trn cac thit bi phn cng, vi du: cac t hp phim xoa, phim chc nng trn may... Vic hoc tp, s dung, va nh chung ang gp phai hai vn ln. Th nht, chung thay i gia cac giao din khac nhau. Th hai, vic hoc thm cac cu phap trn thng rt kho bi ghi nh c cac cu phap cn phai thng xuyn s dung. Kho khn cui cung la s phu thuc vao h thng phn cng. Ngi dung khi chuyn sang mt h thng khac se phai i mt vi vic nh cac phim khac vi tri, lnh khac nhau Ti thiu nhng ganh nng trn la muc tiu ca hu ht nhng nha thit k giao din. Cac cng cu h tr thao tac trc tip trn giao din thng qua man hinh vi cac biu tng ai

din cho cac i tng va chc nng a giup cho qua trinh thit k giao din. Xu hng thao tac trc tip qua cac icon ang thay th dn vic s dung cu phap.

Chng 3: Qun l qu trnh thit k

3.1. Gii thiuTrong nhng thp nin u pht trin phn mm my tnh th kinh nghim thc t v ng c

thc y ca ngi s dng mong mun rng nhng giao din phc tp c nh gi cao. Thit k phi lin h cht ch vi ngi dng, hiu c nhu cu, th hiu ca h, qua phn tch, sng lc tn sut v th t thc hin cng vic.

Ngi thit k cn tng tc trc tip vi ngi dng trong 3 giai on chnh: thit k, pht trin v sut vng i ca h thng.

Trn th gii, k ngh s dng ang tr thnh bt buc. Ngoi ra, cc bi kim tra tnh kh dng ang tr thnh chun.

S a dng ca cc tnh hung thit k buc ngi qun l phi da vo cc chin lc ph hp vi t chc, d n, lch trnh v ngn sch. Tip theo l ba nguyn l c bn cho vic pht trin mt giao din ngi dng thnh cng: ti liu hng dn v quy trnh; cc cng c phn mm giao din ngi dng; ci nhn tng qut, chi tit v kim th tnh kh dng. LUCID l mt khun kh lp lch, trong cc chin lc nh vn d dn tc v c th l tc ng x hi. Cui cng l mi quan tm php l cng cn c gii quyt trong qu trnh thit k.

3.2. Thit k h tr tnh kh dngHin nay, tnh kh dng ngy cng c quan tm, ch trng nhiu hn. i vi nhng sn

phm cng chc nng th tnh kh dng s quyt nh thnh cng ca sn phm.Khi mt sn phm c giao din c thit k tt th n s hin th d liu nhanh hn trong vi

ln hc, trnh din nhanh hn, hoc c t l li thp hn, l do nhng phng php k ngh tnh kh dng c p dng. Theo nh chuyn nghip chia s: Con ng ln l to ra s li cun mong mun cht lng tt. Cn con ng hp l ch ra s tht bi, s nhm ln v t l li cao.

Theo kinh nghim thc t cho thy mi d n nn c kin trc s thit k giao din ngi s dng ring, h bit c nhng k nng no l cn thit v qun l cng vic ca nhng ngi khc, chun b ngn sch, ln k hoch v iu phi nhng chuyn gia v nhn t con ngi, gim nh v tham kho ti liu hoc kim th tnh kh dng (nu c yu cu). Nh vy n cho php pht trin mt cch chuyn nghip hn trong lnh vc giao din ngi s dng v min ng dng.

Khi thit k c chuyn sang ci t, vic la chn cng c xy dng giao din ngi dng l ht sc quan trng to nn s thnh cng. Nhiu cng c c th gip ngi thit k xy dng h thng mi mt cch nhanh chng v h tr chu trnh lp li: thit k/ kim th/ lm mn. Nhng ti liu hng dn cng bt u xut hin.

l ngi thng cuc th nhng nh qun l cn chun b tt ngi c mt k hoch c th, c t chc, nhng phn tch v gi c, li nhun c th chp nhn c, v nhng phng php pht trin c tnh thc t.

Thit k vn l sng to, khng th on trc c. Nhng ngi thit k h thng tng tc phi kt hp s hiu bit ton din v cng ngh hin ti vi ci nhn thm m c th thu ht ngi dng. Carroll v Rosson (1985) m t thit k bng cch sau:

- Thit k l mt qu trnh, khng phi l mt trng thi v khng c biu din mt cch tnh.- Qu trnh thit k l khng c trt t- Qu trnh hon ton l s bin i, n bao gm cc phng n pht trin b phn v tm thi.- Thit k v cn bn l s khm ph mt mc tiu mi.Nhng c im ca thit k xut pht t bn cht ng ca qu trnh. Nhng trong mi min sng

to, mi giai on c th c nhng quy tc, k thut lm mn, phng php ng v sai, v thc o ca s thnh cng. c bn thit k chi tit th vic thu thp d liu sm v a ra nhng yu cu ban u l cn thit.

3.3. Ba tr ct ca thit kBa tr ct ca thit k l:

- Quy trnh v ti liu ch dn- Cng c lm giao din- nh gi v kim th

3.3.1. Quy trnh v ti liu ch dnBan u, kin trc s nn a ra hoc yu cu nhng ngi khc a ra cc hng dn cng vic.

Mi d n c nhng yu cu khc nhau, nhng nhng nguyn tc ch o c th c xem xt cc im sau:

- T ng, biu tng, hnh nh+ Thut ng (i tng v hnh ng), cch tm tt, cch vit hoa+ K t, phng ch, kiech thc v kiu ch+ Biu tng, nt bm, hnh nh, v dy ca cc ng k+ Cch s dng mu sc, nn, cch lm ni bt, nhp nhy- Sp xp trn mn hnh+ nh dng ca thc n, mu in v khun dng nhng hp nh du+ T ng nhc nh, phn hi v thng bo li+ Cch cn l, khong trng v cc bin+ D liu v khun dng hin th cho tng i tng v danh sch+ Ni dung v cch s dng ca header v footer+ Cch thc iu chnh hin th ln hay nh- Thit b vo ra+ Bn phm, mn hnh, iu khin con tr+ m thanh c th nghe c, phn hi ging ni, u vo cm ng, v nhng phng thc hay thit b vo c bit khc.+ Thi gian p ng cho nhiu nhim v khc nhau+ Nhng nhim v khng th lm c- Cc chui hnh ng+ Nhn chut trc tip, ko, th, c ch+ C php lnh, ng ngha+ Phm chc nng+ Cch sa li v phc hi cc th tc- o to+ S gip v hng dn trc tuyn+ o to v cc ti liu tham khoVic to ra nhng nguyn tc ch o nn l mt qu trnh cng ng trong t chc t c s

ng h v xy dng. Nhng nguyn tc ch o c vch ra cn phi c tun theo, tuy nhin, trong qu trnh thit k cng c nhng ch c th ct b hoc c b sung. C 3 mc tip cn: nhng chun cng rn, nhng thc nghim c chp nhn v hng dn linh hot.

Cng vic u tin ca mt d n l a ra mt nguyn tc ch o, n tp trung vo vic thit k giao din.

Bn Es cung cp nn tng c bn cho vic a ra nhng nguyn tc ch o:- Education: Ngi dng cn c hun luyn v c c hi tho lun v ti liu hng dn.- Enforcement: Phi c mt quy tc kim tra xem giao din c ng vi thit k hay khng- Exemption: Khi c nhng tng sng to hoc nhng k thut mi c s dng, c th b

qua mt s phn khng cn thit- Enhancement: Mt qu trnh phi c xem xt li, c th l hng nm, c th gip ng li

ch o c cp nht.

3.3.2. Cng c phn mm giao din ngi dngKhch hng v ngi dng c th khng c mt tng r rng v h thng s nh th no khi

n c hon thnh nn cn c cng c khch hng v ngi dng c th a ra nhng yu cu chnh xc, mong mun trng h thng s nh th no.

3.3.3. S xem xt chuyn mn v kim th tnh kh dngC rt nhiu phng php khc nhau kim tra chuyn mn v kim th tnh kh dng vi

nhng ngi s dng khc nhau. Nhng bin php khc nhau ph thuc vo s nghin cu tnh kh dng, s ngi s dng, nhng nguy c li v mc u t.

3.4. Phng php pht trinS bn bc khng k lng gia ngi pht trin v khch hng s dn n s tht bi ca cc

d n. Nhng ngi pht trin thnh cng l phi hiu c nhu cu ca nh kinh doanh v a ra nhng yu cu thch hp cho ngi qun l kinh doanh. Bn cnh cn phi c nhng cuc hi tho bn lun, tm hiu cc yu t lin quan v a ra quyt nh thit k.

Ngi pht trin cn phi thit k ly ngi dng lm trung tm s lm cho h thng sinh ra t c vn hn trong sut qu trnh pht trin v gi thnh bo tr thp hn trong sut thi gian sng ca chng.

Nhng ngi pht trin cng rt ra c bi hc l nu kin nh i theo nhng phng php pht trin c thit lp sn c th gip h t c ngn sch v k hoch. C mi hai phng php pht trin c a ra (nh l GUIDE, STUDIO, v OVID), chng ta s tp chung vo phng php ca tp on Cognetics. N bao gm 6 giai on:

1. Hnh dung: Lit k nhng cng vic phi lm v c mt ci nhn r rng v sn phm2. Tm hiu: Lm vic vi ngi dng xc nh nhng yu cu, cc thut ng v cc m

hnh mu.3. Thit k c bn: Pht trin mt thit k v to ra bn mu mn hnh chnh chuyn thnh

giao din c th nhn thy4. Thit k chi tit: chuyn nhng thit k mc cao chuyn thnh nhng c t chi tit hon

thin.5. Xy dng: Trong sut qu trnh cn xem li v qun l nhng thay i giai on cui6. Chuyn giao: Nhm gip ngi dng lm quen vi h thng mi, ch o nhng kim th

tnh kh dng cui cng v cung cp ti liu.Trong giai on u, giai on hnh dung, khi nim v sn phm c a ra. Tuy nhin, vic

pht trin phn mm c tin hnh m khng c khi nim r rng v sn phm. Phng php LUCID l s trnh by ngn gn xc nh mc ch, chc nng, v li ch ca sn phm.

Mt phn ca giai on hnh dng, ngi lnh o d n cn xc nh mc ch kinh doanh, thnh lp i thit k, xc nh s rng buc v mi trng, cng ngh v s hp php, ch ra s lng ngi dng, v chun b k hoch cng nh ngn sch cho d n. Trong giai on ny, khi nim sn phm c m t bi nhng phc ha n gin (c th to ra trn giy hoc trn mn hnh).

Vi mt k hoch d n, i thit k gp ngi dng tm hiu v yu cu v nng lc ca h, yu cu chc nng ca h thng. LUCID s dng cc phin thit k th cc d liu u vo ca ngi dng, xy dng nhng kch bn, v xc nh mc tiu no l quan trng nht thit k.

Mt kha cnh ring bit ca LUCID l s tp trung vo bn mu mn hnh nhm ch cho ngi dng thy thit k ca h thng c xut v cho php h nh gi v lm mn n. Bn mu mn hnh cng c s dng cho qu trnh kim tra tnh kh dng v qu trnh xem li.

LUCID to ra bn mu nhanh v kim tra tnh kh dng mt cch lp li. Cc bn mu thng c pht trin vi s gip ca cc lp trnh vin. Mt trong nhng nhim v ca lp trnh vin l xc nh giao din, n c lin quan ti kin trc k thut ca sn phm. Khi c honh thnh v c ngi dng tn thnh, bn mu l mt phn c t cho k s phn mm.

LUCID to nn thit k ly ngi dng lm trung tm v lm ni bt ln vai tr ca k ngh tnh kh dng trong pht trin phn mm bng cch tp trung vo cc hot ng, s phn phi v s xem li. Ti mi giai on, LUCID ch r:

o nh ngha sn phm: khi nim mc cao cho ngi qun l v tip th vino Trng hp kinh doanh: nh gi, doanh thu mong ch, u t quay vng, cnh tranho Ngun lc: Khong thi gian, mc n lc, thnh vin trong i, k hoch lu tr

o Mi trng vt l: t th lm vic, ci t thit b vt l, ng giao tipo Mi trng k thut: phn cng v phn mm cho s pht trin v s tch hpo Ngi s dng: nhm ngi a dng cho vic phng vn, kim tra ngi dng v tip

tho Chc nng: nhng dch v c cung cp cho ngi dngo Bn mu: bn mu giy ban u, bn mu mn hnh v c th chyo Tnh kh dng: to nhng mc ch va phi, ch o lm kim th, lm mn giao din

v mc cho Hng dn thit k: S nhng ch o c, thit lp qu trnh xem lio Ti liu ni dng: Xc nh m thanh v hnh nho Ti liu hun luyn v gip : xc inh, pht trin v kim tra giy, hnh nh v cc

phin bn trc tuyn

3.5. Phng php quan st thc aGiai on u ca phng php bao gm cc quan st ca ngi s dng n giao din ngi

dng t mt vn ha duy nht. Cc nh thit k giao din ngi dng khc vi nh quan st thc a truyn thng l ngoi vic hiu bit v i tng ca h, cc nh thit k giao din tp trung vo vic thay i cc giao din ph hp vi mc ch v ci thin nhng giao din . Cc nh thit k giao din ngi dng lun lun cn phi gii hn qu trnh kho st hng ngy hoc thm tr hng gi.

Mc ch ca vic quan st l c c nhng d liu cn thit c th thit k li giao din, chun b cho vic thm nh, thc hin cc lnh vc nghin cu, phn tch d liu v bo co kt qu bao gm:

1. Chun b: o Hiu chnh sch v t chc cng vico Lm quen vi h thng v lch s ca no t nhng mc ch ban u v chun b cc cu hio Truy cp v quan st s cho php ca cuc phng vn

2. Lnh vc nghin cu:o Thit lp mi quan h vi ngi qun l v ngi dngo Quan st hoc thc hin cuc phng vn ngi dng ti ni lm vic ca h v thu thp

d liu nh lng ch quan v khch quan.o Theo sau bt k s hng dn no ny sinh t nhng chuyn thmo Ghi li nhng chuyn thm

3. Phn tch:o Bin dch cc d liu thu thp trong c s d liu s, vn bn v a phng tino nh lng d liu v bin dch thng ko Tinh chnh cc mc tiu v qu trnh s dng

4. Bo coo Xem xt nhiu khn gi v nhng mc cho Chun b mt bn bo co v trnh by nhng pht hin

Thu thp d liu c th bao gm mt phm vi rng ca nhng n tng ch quan c nh tnh hay nhng phn ng ch quan c nh lng, ging nh l nhng quy m nh s th t hoc bng xp hng.

3.6. Thit k hp tc (participatory Design)Nhiu ngi khuyn khch chin lc ny nhng khi nim cn gy ra nhiu tranh ci. Mt

khc, nhiu ngi dng c th gy ln vic tn tin, tn chi ph v c bit n s ko di thi gian ci t h thng.

Thit k h thng thng r rng, chc chn v nhng ngi tn thnh c th hng n rt nhiu nhng ng gp quan trng. Ngc li, nhng ngi phn i thng nh gi ng phng

php PICTIVE. Ngi dng v s b giao din, dng giy, bt ch v s b khung mu ca giao din, sau n s c ghi ln bng th hin cho ngi dng, ngi qun l, ngi thit k. Vi s lnh o ng n, PICTIVE c th nu ra mt cch hiu qu nhng tng mi m tt i vi tt c mi th lin quan.

Nhng la chn cn thn ca ngi dng gip ta xy dng thnh cng chin lc thit k hp tc, tng mc chnh xc, ng n ca d n.

i vi kin trc giao din ngi dng, nu bit cch t chc chnh tr, v nhng s thch ring t c th quan trng hn l nhng vn pht sinh do k thut trong s thnh cng ca mt h thng tng tc.

tng cho thit k tng tc ang ngy cng c chun ha vi nhiu loi ngi dng khc nhau, t tr em ti ngi ln.

3.7. Kch bn pht trinMt bng biu vi nhm ngi dng c pha trn theo chiu ngang v cc nhim v(cc

mc) c lit k bn di theo chiu dc thc s rt hu ch.Mi s tng ng vi 1 tn sut

tng i m mi ngi dng s thc hin 1 thao tc.Mt cng c i din (tiu biu) khc l bng

biu th tn sut nhim v (thao tc) ch ra nhng nhim no theo sau nhng nhim v khc (thao

tc khc): Thng thng ,1 biu tin trnh ( lu ) hay s chuyn tip gip cc nh thit k

ghi d liu v chuyn ti tin trnh ca cc hot ng c th a ra, dy cu cc ng ni th

hin tn sut ca cc mch chuyn tip.

Trong giai on thit k ban u,d liu v c tnh dng s c thu thp cung cp mt ng

tng quan.Thng tin v cc h thng tng t cng gip ch v cc cuc iu tra c th c

hng dn vi cc bn lin quan .

Mt phng php d dng v xut hin t sm c th miu t 1 h thng mi l l vit nn vin

cnh v cch s dng v sau l vn hnh chng ging nh hnh thc ca 1 rp ht nu c th.

Cng ngh ny c th c bit t hiu qu khi ngi dng theo cp s nhn phi hp tc vi nhau

hay a ngnh dch v thn th c s dng. Vin cnh c th i din cho cc tnh hung thng

thng hay khn cp vi c nhn vin th vic hay cc chuyn gia s dng.

3.8. Bo co tc ng x hi sm c ci nhn tng quan v thit kCc h thng tng tc thng c nh hng rt ln. gim thiu ri ro, mt bo co ca

vic lng trc nh hng lan truyn trong cc bn lin quan c th l mt x l hu ch cho vic ny sinh nhng gi hu ch sm nht ca qu trnh pht trin phn mm, khi thay i c d dng nht.

S tng trng ca h thng thng tin ph thuc vo s gip ca chnh ph v cc ngnh phc v cng cng. Tuy nhin, cn mt vi nh phn bin c nhng quan im tiu cc v nn cng ngh hin i.

Nhng nguyn tc cho thit k c th hu ch trong vic o ngc li thi gian di lch s tnh nhim sai lch, lm hng qua vic o to li hoc sa thi, v dng li nhng ch hng. Hin nay mi quan tm ch yu tp trung vo vic xm nhp bo mt t h thng gim st, n lc ca chnh ph hn ch truy cp thng tin v khuyn khch gian ln v s bo mt ngho nn.

X hi nh hng ti bo co, tng t nh mi trng nh hng ti bo co, c th gip nng cao cht lng h thng trong h thng ng dng.

M t h thng mi v cc ch li ca n Mc ch ca h thng mi l g? H thng mi s lin quan n ai? Nhng li ch n em li l g?

Phc tho qu trnh pht trin c lng lch trnh d n xut qui trnh a ra cc quyt nh Cc k vng t nhng ngi tham gia d n Yu cu v nhn vin, hun luyn, phn cng K hoch d phng cho d liu v thit b K hoch chuyn i t h thng c sang h thng mi

Phc tho qu trnh pht trin c lng lch trnh d n xut qui trnh a ra cc quyt nh Cc k vng t nhng ngi tham gia d n Yu cu v nhn vin, hun luyn, phn cng K hoch d phng cho d liu v thit b K hoch chuyn i t h thng c sang h thng mi

Sau khi bo co tc ng x hi c vit, n c th c nh gi bi mt ban hi thm v d nh ngi qun l, cc nh thit k khc hay ngi s dng.

Mt khi bo co tc ng x hi c thng qua, n phi c thi hnh. Nhng n lc, chi ph v thi gian nn thch hp cho d n, trong khi xem xt to iu kin chu o. Qu trnh c th cung cp cc ci tin ln bng cch ngn cn nhng vn m c th rt tn km sa cha, nng cao tnh ring t bo v, gim thiu nhng thch thc php l, v to thm cng vic p ng mi trng.

3.9. Cc vn v php lV l do giao din ngi dng tr nn ng ch dn n nhng vn quan trng lin

quan n php l cng tr nn ni cm. Mi nh pht trin phn mm v thng tin u nn xem xt k nhng vn v php lut c th nh hung n thit k, ci t hoc tip th sn phm.

Quyn ring t lun lun l vn ng quan tm bt k khi no my tnh cn c s dng lu tr d liu hoc iu khin hot ng. Y hc, lut php, ti chnh, v nhng d liu ca cc ngnh khc thng c bo v trnh khi nhng truy cp khng hp l, gi mo tri php lut, mt mt do thiu cn trng, hoc nhng rp tm ph hoi.

Vn th hai xoay quanh tnh an ton v tin cy. Giao din ngi dng cho my bay, t, thit b y t, h thng qun s, hoc cc phng iu khin tin ch c th nh hung n sinh mng con ngi. Nu giao din ngi dng dnh cho mt h thng c trnh by kh hiu, n c th dn n vic ngi thit k, ngi pht trin v ngi iu khin m n kin vin c l thit k khng tha ng. Nhng ngi thit k nn c gng to ra nhng giao din cht lung cao, c kim nh tt, nhng giao din ny phi c bm chc vo nhng nguyn tc thit k tinh xo. Ti liu kim tra v s dng mang li nhng ghi chp chnh xc s bo m cho ngi thit k trong trng hp vn pht sinh.

Vn th ba l bn quyn v bo v quyn tc gi ca phn mm (Lessig, 1999; Samuelson, 2001). Nhng nh pht trin phn mm, nhng ngi tiu tn thi gian v tin bc pht trin cc gi phn mm, lun thy chn nn trong vic c gng thu li c chi ph v to ra li nhn trong khi nhng khch hng tim nng li to ra nhng bn sao tri php hn l mua nhng phn mm . Mc d cc nguyn tc k thut c p dng trnh vic sao chp, tuy nhin cc tin tc thng minh vn c th ph v cc ro cn. Mt cng ng cc nh pht trin, dn u bi Lin minh T do Phn mm, phn i bn quyn v tc quyn phn mm, tin rng chnh sch tt nht l s pht tn rng ri phn mm. Mt buc tin hp php mang tnh i mi, Creative Commons, cho php cc tc gi ch

r phn t do m ngi khc c th s dng. S tin trin ca phn mm m ngun m lm si ni thm nhng cuc tranh ci ny. T chc m ngun m m t s pht trin ca h nh sau : Khi nhng lp trnh vin c th c, ng gp li, v chnh sa m ngun cho mt phn nh ca phn mm th phn mm tin ha. Mi ngi pht trin, thch nghi ha, sa li. V iu ny c th xy ra vi tc ng ngc nhin vi mt ngi quen vi s pht trin chm chp ca phn mm chun. Mt vi sn phm m ngun m, v d h iu hnh Linux v my ch mng Apache, thnh cng ly mt phn nh quan trng trong th trng c phiu.

Vn th t l vi s bo v bn quyn cho thng tin, hnh nh, hoc m nhc trn mng Internet. Nu khch hng truy cp vo mt ti nguyn online, liu h c quyn lu tr thng tin trn my tnh s dng sau ? S lan rng ca World wide web, vi th vin s khng l ca n, lm tng thm nhit v tc ca cuc tranh ci v bn quyn. Cc nh pht hnh tm kim cch bo v ti sn tr tu ca h, trong khi nhng ngi qun l thng tin b ging co gia mong mun ca nhng khch hng quen thuc v trch nhim ca h vi ngi pht hnh. Nu mt sn phm c bn quyn c pht tn min ph th ci g s thc y ngi pht hnh v tc gi? Nu pht tn bt c sn phm no m khng c cho php hoc cha tr tin cho sn phm l bt hp php th khoa hc, gio dc, v cc lnh vc khc s chu tn tht. Hc thuyt s dng bnh ng v quyn hn sao chp cho c nhn v mc ch gio dc gip i mt vi nhng cu hi c t ra do k thut sao chp. Tuy nhin, s sao chp chng mt v s pht tn rng ri bi Internet i hi mt s cp nht c cn nhc ( Lessig, 2001; Samuelson, 2003).

Vn th nm l s t do ngn lun trong mi trng truyn thng. Liu ngi s dng c quyn trao i hoc c kh nng cng kch cc pht biu qua e-mail hoc listservs? Cuc tranh ci n ra v vic c hay khng cc nh cung cp dch v Internet c quyn ngn cm cc e-mail c dng t chc cc hat ng phn chnh ph. Cuc tranh ci khc l v c hay khng cc nh iu hnh mng c ngha v chn nhng e-mail lu n phn bit chng tc hoc nhng bu thip trn bng thng co.

Cc vn lut php khc bao gm s lin quan cht ch n php lut c i hi truy cp ngang bng i vi nhng ngi s dng b hn ch quyn v s ch v s thay i lut php ca cc quc gia trn th gii. Liu Yahoo! v eBay c phi tun theo mi lut php tt c cc nc h c khch hng? Vn ny v cc vn khc u c ngha rng cc nh pht trin cc dch v trc tuyn phi chc chn cn nhc mi th lin quan n php lut trong cc thit k ca h.

Tng kt ca cc nh nghin cuK thut kh dng ang hon thin mt cch nhanh chng, v nhng tng xa vi mt thi

nay c p dng thnh cc tiu chun. Tnh d dng ngy cng gi v tr trung tm trong vic t chc cng nh ln k hoch cho sn phm. Cc phng php pht trin nh LUCID hoc thit h da ng cnh h tr rt nhiu da trn vic a ra cc qu trnh hp l vi lch d an c v nhng phn phi c ngha. Phng php quan st thc a c th em li nhng thng tin ch dn cc phn tch nhim v v b sung mt cch y cc qu trnh thit k c s tham gia t vn. Bn ghi s dng mang li nhng d liu c gi tr v tnh thng xuyn v tun t ca cc cng vic. Kch bn gip mang li s hiu bit chung v mc ch thit k, rt c ch cho trnh din mang tnh qun l v cho khch hng, ng thi cng gip cho vic ln k hoch kim tra tnh d dng. Vi cc giao din pht trin bi chnh ph, cc tin ch cng cng, bo co nh hng ca x hi sm c th gi ra nhng tranh ci i chng m c th rt ra c vn v sn xut ra nhng giao din m c ton b li ch x hi cao. Nhng ngi thit k v qun l nn thu thp cc li khuyn php l bo m s tham gia ca php lut v bo v cc s hu tr tu.

Tho lun ca cc nh nghin cuCc hng dn v giao din ngi my thng da trn cc suy an c coi l tt nht

hn l da trn cc d liu mang tnh kinh nghim. Cng nhiu nghin cu s dn n nhng tiu chun c lm mn, nhng tiu chun han thin hn v c th tin cy hn, ng thi cng dn n nhng kin thc chnh xc hn v s lng pht trin c th mong i t s thay i thit k. Do s thay i ca cng ngh, chng ta khng bao gi c c mt tp cc bn hng dn n nh v hon

thin, tuy nhin, li ch ca ca nhng nghin cu khoa hc s to ln bi nhng s ng tin cy v cht lng ca cc quyt nh v giao din ngi dng. Qu trnh thit k, phng php thc a, hat ng tham gia thit k, vit kch bn v cc bo co nh hng x hi ang m ra. S thay i cn c t trong s a dng, vi nhng ngi dng c bit nh tr em v ngi gi, v nhng nghin cu di hn ca vic s dng trong thc t. Nhng qu trnh nghin cu cn trng s mang li s tinh vi v pht trin cc ng dng rng ri hn. Cc qu trnh sng to thng kh khn c to ra, tuy nhin nhng v d c ghi li v nhng cu chuyn thnh cng s lun cung cp v to nn cm hng sng to.

Chng 4: nh gi qu trnh thit k giao din

I. Gii thiu

Cc nh thit k c th tr nn qu say sa vi tng sng to ca mnh m qun mt vic phi nh gi v kim nh n mt cch k cng.

Bt k mt thit no cng cn phi tri qua giai on nh gi. Giai on ny ph thuc nhiu yu t

Trng thi ca thit k (khi u, ang thc hin hay ang hon thin)

S mi l ca thit k

S lng ngi dng d kin

Tm quan trng ca giao din

Gi thnh sn phm v d ton cho vic thit k

Thi gian cho php

Kinh nghim ca i thit k v nh gi.

Vic nh gi thit k giao din v tnh d s dng ngy cng tr nn quan trng hn vi mc cnh tranh cao gia cc cng ti v yu cu i hi cao ca khch hng.

Mt s vn rc ri ca vic kim th v nh gi:

Ngay c khi bn kim th k cng bng nhiu phng php, bn cng khng th no chc chn rng mnh pht hin tt c cc li

Ngay c khi bit rng phn mm c th cn c li bn vn phi bn giao n ng hn

Chng trnh c th vn hnh tt iu kin bnh thng nhng s trc trc trong cc iu kin khc nghit.

II. nh gi ca cc chuyn gia

Trong khi bn demo c a cho nhng ngi ng nghip hoc khch hng s dng

c th cung cp nhng thng tin phn hi hu ch, th nhng nh gi chnh thc ca cc

chuyn gia chng t c hiu qu.

Vic nh gi chuyn mn i hi mt thi gian t na ngy cho n 1 tun, mc d

trong mt qu trnh tp dt di c th vi ln i hi phi gii thch phm vi ca bi ton

hoc l thao tc th tc.

Mt phng php nh gi chuyn mn c la chn trong cc phng php:

Heuristic evaluation: nh gi chuyn mn nhn xt mt giao din bng cch

xc nh hnh dng vi mt danh sch ngn ca mu nh gi kinh nghim.

(nh 8 quy tc vng phn 2.3.4).

Guidelines review: Giao din c kim tra v hnh dng theo mt cch t

chc hoc ti liu hng dn.

Consistency inspection: Cc chuyn gia kim tra tnh nht qun ca mt h

giao din, kim tra tnh nht qun cc thut ng, font, phi mu, b cc, nh

dng input v output v cng lm nh vy trong cc ti liu hng dn.

Cognitive walkthrough: Cc chuyn gia coi mnh nh l ngi dng s dng

giao din thc hin cc cng vic in hnh.

Formal usability inspection: Cc chuyn gia a ra mt cuc hp nh gi,

vi mt gim kho hoc mt trng ti, s a ra giao din v tho lun

v cc mt u im v nhc im ca n.

Vic nh gi chuyn mn c th c lit k trong tin trnh pht trin khi m cc

chuyn gia c th nh gi v i thit k sn sng cho vic phn hi.

S khc bit ca cc chuyn gia dn ti tm ra c cc vn khc nhau trong mt

giao din. T 3-5 chuyn gia nh gi c th nng cao c cht lng sn phm, v c

th b sung thm cc kim th tnh kh dng.

Mt nguy him vi vic chuyn gia nh gi l chuyn gia c th khng c c

nhng nhn thc y v phm vi ca bi ton hoc ngi dng chung.

Lm tng thm hiu qu cho vic chuyn gia nh gi, vic s gip la chn c

nhng chuyn gia c hiu bit, ngi m hiu r c hon cnh ca d n v ngi c

mt mi quan h lu di vi t chc.Hn na, ngay c khi nhng chuyn gia kinh nghim

nh gi vn c kh khn ln v hiu bit ca nhng i tng c trng, c bit l

nhng i tng ln u tin s dng sn phm.

III. Kim tra v thc nghim tnh d s dng

T u nhng nm 80, s xut hin ca qu trnh kim tra tnh d s dng v thc nghim l mt hng i hon ton mi trong p ng nhu cu ngi dng.

im ng ch l qu trnh kim tra tnh d s dng khng nhng tng tc nhiu d n m cn em li kh nng tit kim chi ph ng k.

S pht trin ca qu trnh kim tra tnh d s dng khuyn khch cho s ra i ca cc phng th nghim tnh d s dng.

Mt phng th nghim c trung bnh thng gm 2 phng c 10 x 10 (bc chn), mt phng cho ngi thc nghim lm vic v phng kia, ngn cch bi gng, dnh cho chuyn gia kim th v quan st vin (ngi thit k, qun l, khch hng).

Khong t 2 n 6 tun trc qu trnh kim tra, k hoch chi tit s c xy dng, bao gm danh sch cc mc tiu v cc cu hi phng vn.

Ngi thc nghim c la chn i din cho mt nhm ngi dng xc nh, c ch ti kin thc v my tnh, kinh nghim cng vic, ng c, trnh hc vn v hiu c ngn ng t nhin s dng trong giao din.

Ngi thc nghim lun l ngi tnh nguyn, v cn c c tha thun ng gia hai bn. Theo cch chuyn nghip l yu cu mi ngi c v k mt vn bn vi ni dung tng t nh sau:

Ti tnh nguyn tham gia thc nghim.

Ti c thng bo k v vic ti s lm v nhng th tc phi tun theo.

Ti c c hi hi v c tr li thch ng.

Ti bit mnh c quyn c rt lui khi cam kt v khng tip tc tham gia bt k lc no m khng nh hng ti quyn li ca mnh trong tng lai.

Ch k ca ti di y c xem l xc nhn vi cc iu khon trn; n c k trc khi tham gia nghin cu.

Mt phng php hiu qu trong sut qu trnh kim th tnh d s dng l hng ngi dng ngh v vic h ang lm. Nh thit k v qun l phi l ngi h tr, khng lm h hay a ra ch dn m phi khuyn khch v lng nghe kin ca ngi dng v vic tng tc vi giao din.

Sau khi hon thnh cng vic, ngi thc nghim c mi ng gp bnh lun v gi , hoc tr li mt s cu hi.

Bng ghi hnh cc thc nghim vin lm vic c gi tr khi xem li v khi cn ch r cc vn ngi dng mc phi cho ngi thit k cng nh ngi qun l.

mi giai on thit k, giao din c th c tinh ch lp i lp li v ci thin phin bn c th c kim th. iu quan trng l sa cha mt cch nhanh chng, ngay c nhng sai st nh, chng hn nh li chnh t hoc b tr khng ph hp, v n nh hng n yu cu v mong mun ca ngi dng. C rt nhiu cc hnh thc bin th ca kim th chc nng c s dng:

Bn mu giy: Nhng bc u ca vic nghin cu chc nng s dng c th c thc hin bng cch s dng cc bn mu v trn giy ca mn hnh hin th nh gi phn ng ca ngi s dng nh t ng, b tr, v trnh t. Mt qun tr vin kim tra ng vai tr ca my tnh xem li cc yu cu ca ngi dng c khp vi thit k khng. Vic kim th khng chnh thc ny l khng tn km, nhanh chng, v thng c thc hin.

Kim th hn ch: S dng s mu th rt nh ( ch cn t 3 ti 6 tester ) nhng qu trnh th nghim c din ra lin tc vi cc bn mu mi, bn mu sau c hon thin da trn kt qu th nghim ca bn mu trc. C nhiu tranh ci v tnh hiu qu ca phng php kim th ny.

Kim th so snh: Kim th cnh tranh l so snh mt giao din mi vi cc phin bn trc hoc vi sn phm tng t t cc i th cnh tranh. Phng php ny yu cu th nghim trong mt mi trng c kim sot, kim nh vin s thc hin cc nhim v ging nhau i vi tng mu i n kt lun.

Kim th tng hp: Cc tip cn ny kim tra cc giao din vi rt nhiu ngi s dng, phn cng, mi trng trin khai khc nhau, v k c mng internet. Khi sn phm c hng th trng quc t, chng hn nh cc sn phm in t hay cc trang web tin tc, hoc cc dch v ca chnh ph, th vic th nghim rng ri s nng kh nng thnh cng ln rt nhiu.

Kim th thc t: Phng php thc nghim ny l a nhng giao din mi vo mi trng lm vic thc t cho mt thi gian dng th c nh . Phng php ny c th thc hin nh cc phng th nghim di ng hoc bng vic pht hnh cc bn dng th rng ri ti ngi s dng.

Kim th t xa: Tn dng kh nng kt ni v truyn ti thng tin ca mng Internet, kiu th nghim ny c th p dng vi s ngi th nghim rt ln. Mt li th khc l ngi th nghim c th th nghim trong mi trng ring ca mnh, nh a dng ha cc php th. im bt li ca phng php th nghim ny l kh kim sot.

Th nghim ph hoi: Ngi th nghim s c tm ra cc l hng trong h thng, hay thm ch l ph hoi n.

Kim tra tnh kh dng c t nht 2 hn ch nghim trng sau : n tp trung vo trng hp sn phm ln u tin c s dng v khng bao qut c tt c cc thnh phn giao din . Bi vic kim tra tnh kh dng thng ch di 1-3 ting , rt kh c th xc

nh hiu qu s nh th no sau 1 tun hoc 1 thng s dng thng xuyn. Trong thi gian kim nh ngn ngi , nhng ngi tham gia c th ch c s dng mt phn nh nhng c im ca h thng , menus, hp thoi hoc mn hnh tr gip. Chnh iu ny cng vi mt s nguyn nhn khc khin i thit k phi kt hp c kim tra tnh kh dng v nh gi ca cc chuyn gia.

Bn cnh , mt s ngi cho rng vic kim th trong phng th nghim vi thi gian ngn khng th m bo c yu cu, cc sn phm cn phi c th nghim thc t trong thi gian di mi c th p ng c i hi ca khch hng.

IV. Cc cng c kho st, iu tra

Nhng bn kho st ngi dng trn giy l mt cng c thn thin, khng tn km v nhn chung chp nhn c i km vi nhng kim th v tnh d dng (usability test) v nhng nh gi chuyn mn (expert review). S dng nhng kho st ny, vi lng ngi tham gia ln (100 1000 ngi) c th em li ci nhn tng quan v nhng nh gi nhiu chiu, khng ch quan v khng bin thin so vi vic ch kim th tnh d dng v nh gi chuyn mn. kho st c thnh cng phi c mc tiu r rng, cc cu hi tp trung vo nhng mc tiu ny v phi lm mt cch cn thn, chu o.

Mu kho st c chun b sn sau c xt duyt ri em ra th nghim bi mt nhm nh trc khi tin hnh trn din rng. C th s dng nhng phng php phn tch thng k (gi tr trung bnh, lch chun) v k thut trnh din (cc biu ng, biu ct) trc khi phn pht bn kho st chnh thc. Vic kho st cn c s ch o v nh hng em li kt qu tt nht, cn c tin hnh trn nhng nhm ngi c trng bi tui tc, gii tnh, trnh

Cc mc tiu khi kho st lin quan ti m hnh thit k giao din OAI. Ngi c hi phi nh gi giao din v cc mt:

Cc i tng (object) v hnh ng (action) th hin tc v (task)

Cc x l hnh ng (action handle)

Li ca u vo, cc mu hin th

Nhng mc tiu khc nhm xc nh:

Thng tin c bn v ngi dng (tui, gii tnh, hc vn, thu nhp)

Kinh nghim s dng my tnh (cc phn mm chuyn mn s dng, thi gian s dng, hiu bit)

Trch nhim cng vic (ra quyt nh, vai tr qun l, ng lc)

Phong cch c nhn (hng ni hay hng ngoi, mo him, n u, bit nm bt c hi)

L do khng s dng mt giao din (khng y , qu phc tp, qu chm)

S thn thin ca cc tnh nng (in n, macro, shortcut, tr gip)

Cm nhn sau khi s dng giao din (ln xn hay sng sa, kh hay d dng, nhm chn hay th v)

Nhng kho st trc tuyn (online) tit kim c chi ph, cng sc in n, phn pht v thu hi. Nhiu ngi thch tr li kho st trc tuyn v c nhng kho st thu ht c 50.000 ngi tham gia.

Trong mt kho st online v thng mi in t (Gefen and Straub, 2000), nhng ngi dng c yu cu tr li cc cu hi theo 5 mc :

Hon ton ng ng Phn vn Phn i Hon ton phn i

Qua gip ngi thit k khc phc cc nhc im, sa i giao din ca cc chc nng hng dn, h tr trc tuyn, cc lnh v thu c nhng nh gi tt hn cc kho st sau .

Coleman and Williges (1985) a ra mt b cu hi nh gi 2 mt yu cu ngi dng cho bit cm nhn ca h khi s dng mt trnh son tho vn bn. Trong mt nh gi s b v vic thng bo li khi s dng phn mm, ngi dng phi cho im theo mc t 1 7:

Khng thn thin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thn thin

M h 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chi tit

Khng tt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tt

Khng ng h 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ng h

Mt cch tip cn khc l yu cu ngi s dng nh gi cc mt ca giao din, nu mt no b nh gi thp, ngi thit k bit c r rng ci g cn lm li. Cn phi kho st mt cch t m, trnh nhng cu hi chung chung.

Questionnaire for User Interaction Satisfaction (QUIS) c xut bi Shneiderman v c Chin, Diehl v Norman hon thin (1988) (http://www.lap.umd.edu/quis) . N da trn phin bn ban u ca m hnh OAI sau c b sung nhng chi tit kho st v giao din v em li nhng kt qu hu ch trong vic so snh, nh gi, ci tin mt s phn mm. QUIS c p dng trong rt nhiu d n (project) vi hng ngn ngi s dng v c nhng phin bn mi lin quan ti thit k web v hi ngh t xa. Phng thng mi ha cng ngh ca trng i hc Maryland ang cp bn quyn c bn in t v bn giy ca QUIS cho hng trm cng ty, t chc trn ton cu.

Nhng mu kho st khc gm c Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire c a ra bi IBM vi 48 cu hi tp trung vo s hu dng ca h thng, cht lng ca thng tin v cht lng ca giao din (Lewis, 1995); Software Usability Measurement Inventory bao gm 50 cu hi nh gi cm nhn ca ngi dng v hiu sut, v kh nng kim sot (Kirakowski v Corbett, 1993); v WAMMI Web Usability Questionnaire mt loi nh gi trc tuyn vi hn 12 ngn ng.

V. Cc kim tra nghim thu

Vi cc d n ln, khch hng hoc ngi qun l thng t ra mc tiu cho hiu nng phn cng v phn mm. Thng thng, cc ca kim th c ch nh cho phn mm, vi thi gian tr li trung bnh c th c cho s phi hp phn cng/phn mm. Sn phm cn phi lm li nu chng khng t c cc yu cu nghim thu.

Nhng khi nim ny c th d dng m rng sang giao din ngi dng. Cc tiu chun nghim thu cn c lm r khi ti liu yu cu c vit hoc khi hp ng c a ra. Thay v s dng tiu chun thn thin rt mp m, ta c th s dng cc tiu chun sau cho giao din ngi s dng:

Thi gian ngi s dng hc cc chc nng c th

Tc ca vic thc hin mt nhim v

T l li gy ra bi ngi dng

Kh nng nh cc thao tc iu khin ca ngi dng qua thi gian

S tha mn ch quan ca ngi dng

Mt trang web bn thc phm qua mng cn c mt bi kim tra nghim thu ch ra:

Ngi tham gia s l 35 ngi trng thnh (tui t 25 45), ngi bn x v khng b khuyt tt, c thu t i l mi gii vic lm. H c kinh nghim s dng web trung bnh t 1 n 5 gi/tun trong ti thiu 1 nm. H s c gii thiu cc chc nng c bn trong 5 pht. V ti thiu 30/35 ngi s phi hon thnh bi kim tra chun trong 30 pht.

Mt bi kim tra nghim thu khc cho giao din nh vy c th l:

Nhng nhm ngi tham gia c bit sau cng c kim tra:

(a) 10 ngi gi tui t 55 65

(b) 10 ngi trng thnh b khuyt tt cc loi khc nhau

(c) 10 ngi trng thnh mi s dng ting Anh l ngn ng th hai

Bi v s la chn bi kim tra chun l quan trng nn ti liu v phng thc cn phi c tinh chnh t cc bi kim tra th nghim. Vn th 3 trong kim tra nghim thu l s ghi nh.

Mi ngi tham gia s c gi li sau mt tun, v yu cu hon thnh mt bi kim tra chun khc. Trong vng 20 pht, ti thiu 8 ngi tham gia cn phi hon thnh bi lm chnh xc.

Mt giao din ln th cn c khong 8 hoc 10 bi kim tra trn nhng thnh phn khc nhau ca giao din vi nhng cng ng ngi dng khc nhau. Tiu chun khc nh s tha mn c nhn, tnh d hiu ca output, thi gian tr ca h thng, th tc ci t, ti liu in, giao din ha c th c xem xt trong cc kim tra nghim thu ca cc sn phm thng mi hon chnh.

Khch hng v nh pht trin giao din u c li nu cc tiu chun nghim thu c a ra chnh xc. S tranh ci v s thn thin vi ngi dng c trnh khi, v

s hon thin trong hp ng c chng minh mt cch khch quan. Cc kim tra nghim thu khc vi kim tra tnh kh dng ch n mang tnh i khng, cn c mt bn th 3 m bo s trung lp. Mc tiu chnh ca kim th nghim thu l kim tra s theo st cc yu cu ch khng phi pht hin li.

Sau khi kim th nghim thu thnh cng, c th c qu trnh kim th i tr trc khi phn phi chnh thc. Mc ch ca vic kim tra, kim th nghim thu, kim th i tr s pht trin xy ra cng nhiu cng tt khu trc pht hnh, khi mi s thay i l kh d dng v t tn km.

VI. nh gi trong qu trnh s dng

Mt thit giao din c thit k cn thn v c kim tra k cng l mt th rt tuyt vi, tuy nhin n c thnh cng khi i vo s dng li i hi nhiu iu khc t s ch khng ngng ca nhng ngi qun l cho ti ngi s dng, nhn vin bo tr. Mi c nhn lin quan ti vic h tr cng ng ngi s dng u c th gp phn lm tng gi tr ca giao din. Bn khng th lm hi lng tt c mi ngi, mt giao din hon ho l khng th c c nhng ci tin mt phn no l c th v ng theo ui.

Vic ph bin giao din ra cng ng ngi s dng dn dn tng bc mt l rt hu ch bi khi lm nh th, cc vn gp phi s c th c sa vi nhng thay i nh nht trn giao din. Ngy cng nhiu ngi s dng giao din th nhng thay i chnh nn c gii hn trong nhng bn thay i theo nh k mt nm hoc na nm. Nu nh ngi s dng c th d tnh trc c nhng thay i th nhng phn hi khng tt s c gim xung c bit l khi h c nhng mong i tch cc trong cc ln thay i giao din tip theo. Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca mi trng world wide web th ngy cng c nhiu ngi mong i nhng thay i trong giao din y l mt kh khn ln tuy nhin kh nng truy cp n nh ti cc ti nguyn hu ch cng vi vic thm vo cc dch v mi l s c th l mt chnh sch ng n mang li thng li.

1. Phng vn v cc nhm tho lun

Phng vn tng ngi s dng s rt c gi tr bi ngi c phng vn thng i theo mt vn c th no c quan tm. Sau khi phng vn tng ngi mt th mt nhm tho lun s l cch tng hp li tt c nhng kin ca tt c mi ngi. Tuy vic phng vn tng ngi mt s rt tn km c v thi gian ln kinh ph, thng th ch mt nhm nh tron cng ng ngi s dng s c phng vn, nhng n li em li nhng gi m rt r rng v hu ch. Trong khi mt nhm tho lun li c th d dng pht hin ra v xc nhn nhng vn n cha m tng ngi mt li d dng b qua.

Mt tp on ln b ra 45 pht phng vn 66 trong s 4300 ngi s dng mt h thng nhn tin. Kt qu l ngi s dng vui v vi mt s mt chc nng ca h thng tuy nhin c ti 23.6% ngi s dng phn nn v tnh tin cy ca h thng, 20.2% cho rng vic s dng h thng rt rc ri, 18% ni rng c th tnh tin dng cng nh kh nng truy cp ca h thng c th ci thin hn trong khi ch c 16% l khng gp vn g. Nhng cu hi khc trong cc cuc phng vn gip pht hin ra nhiu tnh nng khc. Sau kt qu ny, c khong 42 thay i tch cc v giao din c xut v thc hin. Ngi thit k vn trc y xut nhiu thay i v giao din nhng sau phi thay i theo hng nhng g cn thit vi ngi s dng hn.

2. Duy tr vic lu tr nhng thay i trong qu trnh s dng.

Cu trc ca phn mm nn h tr ngi qun l h thng trong vic tng hp cc thng tin trong qu trnh s dng giao din bao gm tc s dng, t l li, tn sut ngi s dng phi nh n cc tr gip trc tuyn Nhng thng tin ny rt hu ch, t c th phn tch v a ra nhng thay i v phn cng, v h iu hnh v cc kh nng m rng khc ca h thng vv.

V d nh nu nh tn sut ca mi thng bo li c ghi li th nhng li no c tn sut cao nht s c ch . T b phn bo tr s bit chnh xc c u l vn ln nht m ngi s dng gp phi c nhng thay i kp thi cho h thng m nu nh khng c vic ny th h c th s chng bao gi pht hin ra trong s hng trm thng bo.

Nu nh cc thng tin lu tr ny c p dng vi tng dng lnh, tng mn hnh, tng bn ghi c s d liu th nhng thay i trong giao din s d dng hng n cc tnh nng thng c s dng nht. Ngi qun l cng nn kim tra xem tnh nng no t c s dng v hiu c ti sao ngi s dng li trnh s dng cc tnh nng ny.

Li ch chnh ca vic thu thp cc d liu v tn sut s dng l n s gip ngi bo tr h thng trong vic ti u ha v gim gi thnh cc thnh phn h thng. Vic thu thp thng tin ny l c ch nh tuy nhin cn phi tn trng ring t ca khch hng. Tn v cc thng tin ca khch hng khng nn c bit nu khng thc s cn thit. Mi khi thu thp thng tin cn phi thng bo cho ngi s dng bit chuyn g ang xy ra v thng tin c dng vo vic g. Mt t chc c quyn ly cc thng tin ca nhn vin ca mnh nhng nn cc nhn vin c kh nng xem kt qu v tho lun v cc thng tin lin quan. Nu khng lm tt vic ny c th s dn ti mt hu qu ti t hn nhng g thu thp c l s khng tin tng ca nhn vin vo ngi qun l.

3. T vn trc tuyn hoc qua in thoi

Ngi s dng nhn c gip hiu qu t cc c vn giu kin thc khi gp kh khn. Ngi s dng c th a ra nhng xut ci tin v m rng dch v.

S tr gip c th l min ph hoc tr ph theo pht. Trong mt vi h thng, ngi tr gip c th ng thi iu khin my tnh khch hng v gi in thoi tr gip nn ngi s dng yn tm rng ngi tr gip bit chnh xc vn ca mnh.

America Online c chat room tr gip khch hng. Nhiu hng khc duy tr tr gip qua email.

4. Bng gi v mail bo s c

Vi dch v tr gip qua email, mt bng gi c th c chuyn n cho khch hng h in nhng thng tin hu ch, r rng v st vi vn . Cc vn v s phn nn c phn loi nh vn ci t, tnh d s dng, tnh lin tc, tnh bo mt, hng dn s dngv hng s phn hi theo ng loi vn cho khch hng.Khi email xin tr gip l c 1 bc th di, vic tr gip khi kh khn hn rt nhiu.

Ngy nay nhng bo co li da trn nn web ang dn tr nn ph bin. NetScapes Quality Feedback System, Microsofts Dr.Watson, v Bugtoaster l nhng chng trnh t ng gi file bo co khi c s c. Bugtoaster thng k c hn na triu s c gy ra bi h iu hnh v cc ng dng v t c nhng tc ng nht nh ln ngi pht trin sn phm nhanh chng fix bug, ng thi hng dn cc nh qun tr cch gim thiu s c.

5. Nhm tho lun v nhm thng tin

Nhiu ngi s dng c thc mc v sn phm nhng khng c ai hi v nhng email tr gip cng khng thoi mn thc mc ca h. V vy, nhiu nh thit k giao din v qun l web cung cp cc Discussion group (nhm tho lun) hoc Newsgroup (nhm thng tin) ngi dng c th post thc mc ln v tt c mi ngi c th tr gip. Nhiu Discussion group c lp hn cng c th c a vo nh Yahoo!, America Online

Discussion group c danh sch mc chn. Ngi s dng c th thm mc chn hoc tm kim theo mc chn. Cn c Moderator lm nhim v iu ha duy tr s thng xuyn, hu ch ca nhm v xa cc mc trng lp.

Nhng bui gp trc tip gia nhng ngi s dng cng lm tng tnh cng ng gia h v cui cng tt c nhng ai gp rc ri u s hi lng. Nhng h thng mang tnh x hi nh vy lun c khuyn khch.

Nhng phn hi ca khch hng, d l theo cch no cng rt hu ch trong nh hng cho cc nh pht trin v qun l ci tin v m rng dch v, sn phm

VII. Cc th nghim c kim sot nh hng tm l

Khoa hc v tin b k thut thng c kch thch bi cc k thut ci tin cho php o chnh xc. Vi s tin b nhanh chng trong thit k giao din s c kch thch bi cc nh nghin cu v thc hnh ng dng thc hin nhng phng php v k thut ph hp vi s pht trin ca loi ngi. Chng ta hi vng rng bo co v oto chy mi dm 1 galon c s c dn vo ca s ca oto, thit b gia dng s c xp hng hiu sut nng lng v trong thi gian gn chng ta mong i nhng gi phn mm c th hin th thi gian hc tp c lng v ch s hi lng ca ngi s dng t cc ngun nh gi thch hp.

Hc tp v nghin cu cng nghip ang khm ph ra sc mnh ca phng php khoa hc truyn thng c th lm vic hiu qu trong nghin cu giao din. H ang tin hnh nhiu th nghim khm ph ra nhng nguyn l thit k c bn. cng phng php khoa hc c p dng trong tng tc ngi my c th bao gm nhng tc v:

i ph vi vn thc t v xem xt cc khun kh l thuyt.

Tnh cht minh bch v gi thit c th kim tra c.

Nhn bit s cc bin c lp ang c ch tc.

Cn thn chn cc bin ph thuc s c o.

Thn trng chn ngi tham gia v cn thn hoc ngu nhin ch nh tham gia cc nhm.

iu khin nhng thnh phn xu hng ( khng th hin v d ngi tham gia hoc la chn tc v, cc th tc kim tra khng ph hp)

p dng nhng phng php tnh phn tch d liu.

Gii quyt cc vn thc t, lm mn l thuyt v mang nhng li khuyn cho nghin cu tng lai.

Kinh nghim ca phng php tm l c in ang pht trin i ph vi nhng nhim v phc tp lin quan ti nhn thc ca con ngi thc hin vi thng tin v h thng my tnh. S bin i t ni tm ca A-ri-xtot n kinh nghim ca Ga-li-le cn n 2000 nm trong vt l hon thnh v ch cn 2 thp k trong nghin cu tng tc ngi my. Nhng ngi n gin ha tip cn vi yu cu cho iu khin th nghim li tc hp nhng kt qu ng tin cy. Thng qua nhiu bn sao vi tng t tc v, ngi tham gia, v iu kin th nghim, tnh tin cy v hiu lc c th tng cng. Mi 1 th nghim nh hot ng ging nh gch khm ca loi ngi c thc hin vi my tnh da trn h thng thng tin. Ngi qun l ca hot ng s dng h thng cng nhn ra c sc mnh ca iu khin th nghim trong tinh chnh giao din ngi my. Ging nh l ngh c lm trn menu ch dn v tnh mi l ca thit b iu khin chut v t chc li nh dng hin th, iu khin th nghim 1 cch cn thn c th cung cp d liu h tr ra quyt nh. Phn nh ngi s dng c pht trin trong thi gian hn ch v sau thc hin c th c so snh vi kim sot nhm. Theo di ph thuc bao gm thi gian thc hin, ch ngi dng hi lng, t l li v lu gi ngi dng

theo thi gian. V d s cnh tranh phng php u vo thit b di ng dn n nhiu th nghim sp xp bn phm, vi phng php o to tng t, cc cng vic chun, vic theo di ni chung ph thuc vo tnh ton ti l li v chin lc kim tra hot ng thng xuyn ca ngi dng. Kim sot cn thn l cn thit bi v thu gon 10 pht thi gian hc, 10% tc tng trng, hoc 10 li c th cn cho s nng cao trong tnh cnh tanh trong thi trng tiu dng.

Tm lcNgi pht trin giao din nh gi thit k ca h bng cch tin hnh nh gi

chuyn mn, kh nng kim tra, kho st v chp nhn kim tra nghim ngt. 1 giao din c pht hnh, ngi pht trin thc hin tip tc nh gi bi cc cuc phng vn hay kho st, hoc bng cch truy cp vo nhng g ngi dng thc hin 1 cch tn trong s ring t ca h. Nu khng o vic thc hin ca ngi dng, bn khng phi tp trung vo kh nng s dng. Ngi qun l thnh cng trong d n giao din hiu rng h phi lm vic chm ch thit lp 1 mi quan h tin cy vi cng ng ngi s dng. Khi th trng c m ca(v d, t nc khc hoc phn khc th trng dc ), ngi qun l phi bt u tha nhn li ch v lng trung thnh ca khch hng. S ch c bit c th cn cho ngi thiu kinh nghim hay ngi tn tt. Ngoi vic cung cp 1 h thng ng chc nng, ngi qun l thnh cng nhn ra cn to c ch x hi cho phn hi, nh l kho st trc tuyn, phng vn, nhm tho lun, ngi c vn, cc hp xut, cc bn tin v cc cuc hi tho.

Nghin cu nhng vic phi lmNhng nh nghin cu c th ng gp kinh nghim ca h cng vi nhng th

nghim pht trin cng ngh nh gi giao din. Hng dn trong vic iu hnh cc nghin cu th im, chp nhn kim th, kho st, phng vn v tho lun s c li cho nhm pht trin thng mi. Chin lc l cn thit i ph vi nhng nh gi c th cho s ng ngi s dng v cc hnh thc a dng t ngi khuyt tt m ngi dng c th dng. Cc chuyn gia ang xy dng cc bi kim tra tm l c th gip chun b cho cc cng c kim tra tnh hiu lc v tin cy ca ch nh gi ca nn web, mn hnh, v giao din di ng. Chun ha vic kim tra s cho php cc nhm c lp so snh kh nng chp nhn ca giao din.Vic ci t chun d liu v th vin c gip chun ha vic nh gi khng? Lm th no hu ch cc nh nghin cu c th lm t ng vic kim tra i vi cc vn bn yu cu? Lm th no cc ng dng quan trng cho cc chuyn gia giu kinh nghim c kim tra ng tin cy?

Cc bc s tm l v nhn vin x hi c th ng gp cho o to trc tuyn hoc t vn qua in thoi, sau tt c, gii quyt cc bn khon ca ngi s dng l 1 vn quan h con ngi. Cui cng, thm vo t kinh nghim, nhn thc v cc nh tm l s gip cc chuyn gia my tnh cng nhn tm quan trng ca kha cnh con ngi khi s dng my tnh. C th cc nguyn tc tm l c p dng gim bt lo u cho ngi mi lm quen hay s tht vng ca cc chuyn gia? C th h s k nng ca ngi dng vi giao din c th hu ch trong v tr cng vic v chng trnh o to?

VIII. Tng kt

Nhng nh thit k giao din phi nh gi k cng thit k ca mnh nh cc kin ng gp ca chuyn gia, cc bc th nghim v tnh d s dng, kho st kin ca khch hng. Sau khi chng trnh hon thnh, ta vn cn phi tip tc thc hin o c v hiu sut s dng ca chng bi mt chng trnh c hiu sut s dng km th khng th c s dng rng ri.

Trong thi i cnh tranh gay gt gia cc hng phn mm nh ngy nay, cng ti no c th ginh c th trng trc, ginh c lng tin ca khch hng trc s l ngi thng cuc. Mt trong nhng cc hiu qu nht lm iu l nng cao tnh d s dng, kh nng tng tc ca phn mm c vit v bit lng nghe kin khch hng.

i vi nhng nh nghin cu, h cn phi tip tc nghin cu ra cc phng php th nghim mi, ng thi chun ha cc phng php ang c s dng. Bn cnh , vic nghin cu tm l ca khch hng cng cn c quan tm c th a ra nhng th nghim thn thin vi ngi s dng, v cao hn l nhng th nghim t ng nhng ging vi nhng th nghim vi ngi dng tht s.

Chng 5 : Cc cng c lm phn mm

5.1 Gii thiu.Trong qu trnh pht trin phn mm, s pht trin ca cc thit k kin trc giao din,

phng php thit k, cc phng thc c t, cc thnh phn chun ha v cc cng c t ng cho vic thit k giao din ni ln nh l mt iu tt yu. Mc d lun c ch cho s sng to, tuy nhin nhng yu cu ca cuc sng hin ti lun cn c nhng kin trc giao din mang tnh tin cy, chun ha, an ton, phi chng, hiu qu v c ngi s dng chp nhn rng ri.

Vic phc tho giao din cn c cc phng thc n gin v nhanh chng gip cho khch hng d dng xc nh c ci m h cn. Chng ta cng cn phi c cc phng php chnh xc xc nh chi tit cc yu cu ca khch hng, sau phi hp vi ngi thit k giao din v cc lp trnh vin.

Mt thit k giao din tt l mt thit k m to ra cm gic rng ta c th hon thnh c n. Tuy nhin, thng th trong qu trnh to ra giao din , vn thng c vi s thay i. Vi cc d n ln, s cn ti s phi hp ca nhiu ngi thit k.

Chng ny s bt u vi cc phng thwucs c t giao din ngi s dng (phn 5.2), sau l cc cng c h tr (phn 5.3), v kt thc vi cc cng c nh gi (phn 5.4)

5.2 Cc phng thc c t.

5.2.1 C php Cc c php c s dng c t cc dng lnh hoc biu thc m chng trnh my tnh c th hiu c. Trong lp trnh, Backus-Naur Form (BNF) c dng m t cc ngn ng lp trnh. - Cc thnh phn mc cao l cc nonterminals - Cc xu k t xc nh l cc terminalsGrammars Example ::= ::= , ::= ::= ::= | ::= A|B|C|D|E|F|G|H|I|J|K|L|M|N|O|P|Q|R|S|T|U|V|W|X|Y|Z ::= () - ::= ::= ::= ::= 0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9 Examples of acceptable entries

- WASHINGTON, GEORGE (301) 555-1234- BEEF, STU (726) 768-7878- A, Z (999) 111-1111

Multiparty grammars

Nhm nng cao tnh nng ca cc phn mm tng tc, multiparty grammars c cc nonterminals c gn nhn (ch yu l ngi dng-U, my tnh-C). Nonterminals nhn gi tr trong sut qu trnh phn tch ng php, do vic x l li tr nn d dng. C php sau m t cc bc trong qu trnh ng nhp:

::= ::= LOGIN ::= ::= HELLO [

5.2.4. Biu trng thiBiu chuyn trng thi c u im l s dng hiu qu vi cc lung v hnh ng theo

sau, c th lu vt li thng tin trng thi, ty chn hin ti. Ci tin vi vic chia thnh cc module th biu ny cng ch s dng c vi th sp xp, 1 u vo 1 u ra. Nhc im ca n l s tr nn kh hiu nu 1 node phi lin kt vi trng thi tr gip, hoc trng thi trc , trng thi xut pht, kt thc. Gii php thay th l statecharts bng vic nhm cc trng thi.

Statecharts c th c m rng vi biu lung hoc gii hn min cng vi hnh nh c nhng vo

Chi tit ha l cn thit m bo s tng thch gia thit k v thc thi; c bit s c s dng rng ri khi n gn vi cc phn mm xy dng giao din.5.3 Cc cng c xy dng giao din5.3.1 Cc cng c m phng giao din

Cc kin trc s thit k gia din ngi dng nhn thy rng vic v nhp rt quan trng trong qu trnh thit k ban u khm ph cc gii php thay th khc nhau, to ra s lin lc trong i ng thit k, v chuyn ti n khch hng v sn phm s trng nh th no. Giao din nhp c th c to ra vi giy v bt, chng trnh x l vn bn, hay cc phn mm trnh chiu nhe PowerPoint hay keynote. Nhng nh thit k sng to cng xy dng cc m hnh giao din vi cc cng c a phng tin nhe Macromedia Director, Flash MX hay Dreamweaver. Nhng chng trnh ny c th nhanh chng to ra cc chng trnh ng hay tng tc v c phn phi qua mng.

Trong trng hp n gin nht nh thit k to mt bn trnh chiu cc nh tnh c iu khin mt tc do ngi dng quy nh. Hu ht cc cng c h tr m hnh y cho php ngi dng chn t cc trnh n, nhn nt, cun danh sch v thm ch l ko cc biu tng. Ngi dng c th di chuyn gia cc mn hnh. Cc cng c ho nh Microsoft Visio c th c cu hnh thit k giao din. M hnh c th khng cn mt CSDL y , tr gip v cc cng c khc nhng n cung cp ng dn c chn la cn thn to ra mt ci nhn chn thc v giao din. Cc cng c bin tp hnh nh thng cho php ngi thit k trnh by mn hnh vi s di chuyn ca con tr chut hay nhy chut v nh du cc vng chn, lm ni bt hay nhp d liu. Sau ngi thit k c th ch nh nt no lin kt vi mt mn hnh hay mt hp thoi. Cc m hnh l nhng cng c tr gip xut sc cho vic tho lun thit k v rt hiu qu trong vic ginh c hp ng v chng cho khch hng thy tng s lc v sn phm hon thin. Cc cng c pht trin trc quan nh MS Visual Studio.Net v Borland Jbuilder c cc cng c thit k d s dng ko cc nt, nhn, trng nhp d liu, hp combo, vv sang mt khu lm vic lp ghp mt giao din trc quan. Sau lp trnh vin hay nh thit k c th vit m bng cc ngn ng nh Visual Basic hay Java thi hnh. Cc chng trnh bin tp trc quan trong nhng sn phm ny gim mt khi lng thi gian ln cho vic thit k gia din nu nh thit k s dng cc phn c sn nh nhn, hp d liu, thanh cun, danh sch cun, v khu vc nhp liu. Thm cc phn ny i hi k nng lp trnh nhng cng c nhng th vin ln cc phn c sn trn th trng. M Jbuilder Java chy nhanh hn Basic thng dch v Jbuilder cng cung cp h tr trong vic truy nhp d liu, nhng cc phin bn mi hn mi sn phm s thch thc ln nhau.5.3.2 Cc cng c k ngh phn mm

Nhng ngi lp trnh c kinh nghim thnh thong xy dng cc giao din ngi dng vi nhng ngn ng lp trnh thng dng nh Java, C#, hay C++, nhng cch tip cn ny a ra cch s dng c s c bit pht trin giao din ngi dng v truy cp Web. Chn mt trong s chng l nhim v i khi phc tp v rc ri. do s thiu thng nht thut ng dng m t cc cng c v cc tnh nng ca chng.

C mt lng ln cc cng c sn c cho xy dng giao din ngi s dng. bng 5.1 lit k bn lp phn mn ci c th c s dng xy dng giao din ngi dng v kt hp cc cng c tng tc ca chng

Lp cng c cao nht (lp 4) l lp to ra giao din, thnh thong cn c gi l giao din ngi dng qun l h thng hoc m hnh da trn cc cng c xy dng. Hu ht nu khng phi l tt c ca mt ng dng c th xy dng mt cch nhanh chng bng cch s dng nhng cng c trc quan. Tuy nhin, nhng cng c ny hin ti c sn ch l mt lp nh cc ng dng , nh databse front-ends(Microsoft Access, Sybase PerDesigner); hay nhng kiu nghin cu mu cn li.

Hnh S.7

Ci Microsoft Visual Basic.NET thit k ch ra mt m hnh ca mt PhoneBook interface vi mt TextBox cho s in thoi v hai nt bm. Bng cc cng c nm bn trai bao gm cc cng c cho thm mt Label, TextBox, CheckBox, RadioButton, ComboBox, ListBox v ScrollBar; ca s chi tit nm bn phi cho php nhng ngi s dng thit lp chi tit cho i tng

Lp cng c th 3 bao gm nhng ngn ng chuyn ngnh hoc cc m hnh ng dng. y l nhng kin trc phn mm c thit k c bit cho xy dng giao din ngi dng (GUIs). So snh vi lp cng c th 4, chng cung cp gn nh khng c s h tr no cho phn khng phi ha ca ng dng. Ti lp ny, mt im khc bit chnh l lm cch no m rng cng c k ngh phn mm s dng tin li cc chng trnh trc quan, mt ngn ng kch bn n gin (s kin hay hng i tng), hay ngn ng lp trnh a dng hn.

Hnh 5.8 ci Borland Jbuilder thit k ch ra m hnh ging nh PhoneBook hnh 5.7.Khung cng c c t trn cng di thanh menu chnh, bao gm Swing components, Swing Containers, v nhng nhm thnh phn khc. Nhm c chn ch ra Swing component nh Button, RadioButton, ToggleButton, CheckBox, Label, TextField, TextArea, TextPane, . Nhiu

hn c th c truy cp bi thanh cun bn phi. Ca s kim tra i tng, ci cho php thit lp ring, l bn phi, v ca s code truy cp t Source tab pha di Design pane.

Thut ng cho cng c ha giao din ngi dng (GUI)(lp 2) thay i ph thuc vo nh cung cp. Ph bin cc iu khon cho b cng c bao gm ngi lm bn mu nhanh (Rapid Prototyper), nh pht trin ng dng(Rapid Application Developer), ngi xy dng giao din (User Interface Builder), v mi trng pht trin giao din ngi dng. Lp ny cung cp th vin phn mn v cc vt dng nh l cc khi xy dng nhng yu cu m rng chng trnh kt ni nhng thnh phn ny ti nhng thnh phn khc v ti phn khng phi ha ca ng dng.

Lp 1 cng c h thng to ca s yu cu m rng chng trnh bi nhng nh k ngh phn mn c kinh nghim v cung cp s h tr nh t cc cng c tng tc. Software layers Visual Tools Examples

4 Application Model-Base Building Tools Microsoft Access

Sybase PowerDesigner

3 Application Framework Conceptual Building Macromedia Derctor, TcllTk

Specialized Language Tools Microsoft MFC

2 GUI Toolkit Interface Builder Eclipse, Borland Jbuilder

Microsoft Visual Studio

1 Windowing System Resources Editor Microsoft Win32/GDI+

Apple Quartz

X11 Windowing System

a ra danh sch cc lp, khuyn co r rng l s dng lp cao nht sn c. Tuy nhin, vi s h tr c tng cng mang n nhiu nhng hn ch hn: nhng ng dng ngun hon chnh s nhanh chng xy dng nhng ng dng dp khun, ging nh nhng nh lm sn, l r hn v d dng xy dng, nhng t da dng hay kh nng p ng thp. tm kim mt cng c tt l mt bn thng mi gia 6 tiu ch chnh:

1. Mt phn ca ng dng c xy dng s dng cng c.Mt vi cng c ch h tr xy dng mt phn trnh din ca ng dng; nhng phn khc cng gip vi s tng tc mc thp. V c ch h tr mt s chng trnh ni chung l hu dng cho nhng phn khc ca mt ng dng

2. Thi gian hc: thi gian cn thit tm hiu cc cng c khc

3. Thi gian xy dng: thi gian yu cu xy dng giao din ngi dng s dng khc nhau

4. Phng php p t hay li khuyn: mt vi cng c mnh p t mt phng php lun xy dng ng dng, nh xy dng mt phn trc quan u tin v kt ni n ti cc phn cn li ca ng dng sau , trong khi cc cng c khc linh hot hn

5. Giao tip vi cc h thng ph khc: ng dng thng xuyn s dng c s d liu, cc file c t trn Web, hay cc ngun ti nguyn khc, khi m c h tr bi cng c xy dng, n gin ha pht trin.

6. Kh nng m rng v tnh moodun ha: Cc ng dng tin ha, v cc ng dng mi c th mun c s dng li cc phn ca cc ng dng tn ti. H tr s tin ha v s dng li ca phn mn vn cn l mt thch thc. Cng c cp 4 v m hnh ng dng vn y mnh t chc phn mn tt nhng nhng mt khc thng xuyn dn n kh nng m rng km v m un ha km.

Layer Part of the Learning Building methodalogy comunication extensibility

Application time time imposed or with other and

Built advised subsystems modularity

4 All for a Long Short Specification Verygood Very good

specific first, then for the specific

domain visual, then do main of

programing the tool

3 Presintation Short Short Visual first Depends on Languages:

Interactive (days) the tool Bad

Frameworks:

Good

2 Presentation Long Long Visual first Good Medium!

(weeks) with tools, good

none

otherwise

All Very long Very long None Very Good Very bad

(months)

Gi cng c him khi l mt tiu ch quan trng, bi v n thng xuyn khng ng k so snh vi tr gi ca nhng nh k ngh v nh thit k. hn th na, c hng pht trin phn phi min ph cc cng c thch hp cho xy dng giao din chun. bng 5.2 tm tt 6 tiu chun p dng cho cc lp phn mmKhng k n cc cng c c s dng thit k giao din ngi dng, thit k tnh kh dng c ngha quan trng cho cht lng v phc tp ca pht trin phn mm. Trong vng 20 nm qua, tnh kh dng c nhiu kin trc phn mm i s nh mt vn c th sa i c. h thit k kin trc phn mm ci m lm ring bit giao din ngi

dng ca mt ng dng (s trnh din trc quan vi giao din ha ngi dng) vi chc nng bn trong ca ng dng . Ci s ring r ny lm n d dng hn sa i giao din ngi dng m khng lm thay i nhng ci bn trong v duy tr nhiu khung nhn ca d liu ng dng. n l phng thc thit k ph hp vi chun tng tc ci xc nh s cn thit thay i giao din ngi dng t s kim th ca khch hng sau sa h thng th hin vi nhng s thay i . S tch bit giao din ngi dng vi cc phn cn li ca ng dng kh thnh cng v by gi l tiu chun thng l trong pht trin h thng. ci s tch bit ny cng to iu kin pht trin a h, ci lm n d dng hn to giao din mt h nn chun(Windows, Macintosh, UNIX).

t tnh d s dng nh mt vn c th sa i, tuy nhin, c nh hng phi hon li kt thc ca mt chu trnh pht trin khi c nhiu yu cu tnh kh dng, ci lm qu hn v vt ngn sch. Thng thng, vi h thng ang c chn li v chng it kh dng hn chng c th

Mt vi vn kh dng khng th d dng c gii quyt cui chu k bi v chng n t thiu st ca thit k nn tng trong kin trc phn mm . cho v d, cung cp ti ngi s dng kh nng hy b lnh c th rt kh ti chng trnh nu khng ln k hoch sm trong tin trnh pht trin. Tng t nh vy kh nng xc nh trng thi ca h thng v hin th cc phn hi thch hp ti ngi s dng thng qua thanh tin c th kh n ngc nhin thm vo cui tin trnh. Sinh ra tin ch undo thng xuyn kt hp vi cc thao tc trc tip l mt v d khc ca mt kh nng ci cn c ln k hoch sm trong thit k phn mm.

Ba on sau miu t cc lp phn mm 1, 2, v 3 v cc cng c ca chng. Mt v d ca mt cng c trc quan tng 4, LabVIEW, c tho lun ti cui phn 5.3.5

5.3.3 Cc lp h thng ca sMt s cc nn tng qu mi xy dng cc cng c mc cao, buc cc k s phn mm

phi lm vic mc thp. Ch mt s ti nguyn ha nh: biu tng, hnh nh, con tr ... c sa i tng tc mc ny. Mc d c nhiu cng c tt hn ang c to ra hng ngy, cc nn tng mi cng c to ra. Giao din cho mt s thit b di ng hay in thoi cm tay cn c thc hin mc ca s h thng. Tt c cc chng trnh c dng:main() {

InitializeSystem();SetInitialState();DisplayInitialGraphics();while (true) {

Event event = readNextEvent();switch(event.type) {

case EVENT_REDISPLAY: redisplay(); break;case EVENT_PEN_DOWN: doPenDown (event. x, event.y); break;case EVENT_CHAR: doInputChar(event.detail); break;default: doSystemDefault (event); break;

}}

}Trong chng trnh nh ny, vng lp while(true) nm trong mi ng dng tng tc,

thm ch cng c c mc cao hn s n n. Vng lp ny qun l s chuyn tip, c kch hot

bi h thng ca s hoc h iu hnh. Th tc gi l doPenDown v doInputDown, v khi thc hin cc hnh ng yu cu phi thay i hin th hoc trng thi ni b ca chn trnh. S kin khng r rng qun l bi ngi s dng chng trnh c truyn n mt th tc c bit (doSystemDefault) c cung cp bi h thng ca s.

Lp trnh mc ny, i khi li thch hp nu khng tn ti cc mc cao hn hay khi b nh v hiu sut l vn quan trng. Tt c cc cng c mc cao hn da trn mc ny, nhng cung cp s tru tng trong lp trnh v cc cng c tng tc n gin ha vic lp trnh. Nh mt so snh, vic hin th mt ca s ch vi mt nhn vn bn th cn 237 dng m nu s dng mc thp Xlib v ch mt 2 dng nu s dng ngn ng chuyn ngnh Tcl/Tk(Ousterhout, 1994). T l ny gim mt t khi ng dng tr nn ln hn, nhng qui m vn l yu t ng ni. K t khi c cng c trc quan mc ny, nh thit k ch c th s dng chng trnh v m t ha phn mm ca h cho k s phn mm.5.3.4 Lp cng c giao din ho

Hu ht cc sn phm cung cp cc th vin lp trnh giao din ngi dng c gi l b cng c giao din ha ci m biu din cc chi tit thng thng nh cc ca s, thanh trt, thc n ko xung, y ln, cc trng d liu nhp, cc nt v hp thoi. Ngn ng lp trnh vi cc th vin km theo u quen thuc i vi nhng ngi lp trnh giu kinh nghim v c tnh mm do cao. Tuy nhin b cng c m khng c h tr tng tc c th tr ln phc tp v mi trng lp trnh nh Microsoft Windows Forms, Apple Macintosh Toolkit v Unix X Toolkit (Xtk) yu cu nhng ngi lp trnh phi hc trong nhiu thng nng cao tnh thnh tho v gnh nng to ra cc ng dng l rt ln v bo tr l rt kh. iu thun li l ngi lp trnh c iu khin rng v c tnh mm do cao trong vic to giao din. B cng c c th tr ln quen thuc vi nhng ngi lp trnh nhng chng ch h tr mt phn cho vic nht qun v ngi thit k, qun l vn phi ph thuc nhiu vo ngi lp trnh giu kinh nghim.

Cc b cng c c s nh 1LOG Views, Gtk, Qt ang tr ln ph bin v i khi min ph. Chng to ra cc trnh son tho trc quan lm giu cho chc nng cho php ngi dng c th nh r cc cch b tr gi vng mu thit k ca ngi thit k ngay c khi hin th thay i. Chng cng cung cp nhiu th vin hng i tng . Chng ta c th xem minh ho t cc chng trnh C v C++ vi cc cng c cho dch v qun l mng v file th mc. Cc b cng c ny i hi phi c k nng v k ngh phn mm s dng, nhng trnh son tho trc quan c th gip ch dn cc giao thc.

Sun Microsystems gy chn ng ln nht trong lnh vc ny. Java l mt h thng hon chnh, mt ngn ng lp trnh c thit k cho cc cng ngh c lp v World Wide Web. Java da vo s tin dng ca my o v cc th vin mc thp, c gi tr mim ph cho tt c cc cng ngh nn tng. My o ny c th chy bt c trnh bin dch Java no nh th n chy trn my Java c bit. Tt c cc mc thp u bao gm trong h thng JRE, bo v y cc ng dng ca Java qua cc cng ngh nn tng v thm ch trn trnh duyt Web.

Java l ngn ng hng i tng nhng loi tr c mt vi phc tp ca C++ nh vic np chng ton t, a tha k, cc con tr. Vic gii phng b nh v khng c con tr loi tr c mt s li.

Mt vi mi trng lp trnh Java nh Borland Jbuilder v Sun Netbeans h tr chng trnh son tho trc quan, n gin ho thit k giao din ngi dng v lm tng kh nng to ra

cc phn mm ca ngi lp trnh. Phin bn u tin ca Java l Abstract Widget Toolkit (AWT) . Phin bn th hai l Swing phc tp hn AWT. Mt b cng c do IBM gii thiu l Standard Widget Toolkit (SWT). SWT c b nh nh v nhanh hn Swing v giu hng AWT. Tnh thng dng ca SWT c xut pht t vic s dng n trong mi trng pht trin tng tc ca Eclipse.

Tnh ph bin ca Java vn c pht trin, mt phn v n min ph v cc lp th vin thng minh (v d J2EE) ci m c th truy nhp vi cc cng ngh thng dng nh SQL cho c s d liu v CORBA cho dch v mng.

S tng tc ca cc th vin lp trnh ln vi ngn ng mng v chun GUI tr ln quan trng cho s pht trin h iu hnh. Microsoft thit k ra chnh bn thn n gi l .NET- to mt trnh bin dch my o v mt th vin ln. .NET bao gm trnh bin dich cho mt vi ngn ng nh C#, C++ v Visual Basic. Thun li chnh ca .Net l d dng s dng ngn ng lp trnh khc v chia s cc th vin lp trnh ging nhau.

S la chn tim nng th 3 l vic xut hin cc m ngun m v cc phn mm cng cng min ph vi b cng c Gtk, Qt v b bin dch Gnu, cung cc trnh bin dch cho hu ht cc ngn ng nh C, C++, Java, Fortran v Ada. Nhng trnh bin dch ny rt thun tin cho cc cng ngh ln bao gm h thng nhng v cung cp cc th vin tng t nh .NET hoc J2EE mc d khng hon chnh v hp nht.

5.4. Cc cng c nh gi v ph bnh Cng c phn mm l nhng mi trng t nhin cung cp cc th tc nh gi v giao din ngi s dng. Cc th tc nh gi d n gin hay phc tp u gip ch nhiu cho ngi thit k giao din. Loi cng c th 2 c th k n l phn mm ng nhp theo thi gian, loi cng c ny thu thp cc hnh vi ca ngi dng. Ngoi cc bn bo co v cc hnh vi ca ngi dng nh s ln thong bo li xut hin, truy cp web cc d liu v s trnh din a ra la chn thit k Mt trong nhng cng c ra i sm nht l chng trnh phn tch s hin th ca Tullis(Tullis's Display Analysis Program), s dng thit k mn hnh ch s, Bc tin ti giao din ha vi s a dnh v phng ch v cc b tr lm gim bt s ch ti sn phm ca Tullis. Mt phng php t ra l da vo nhng m ta v cng vic thng thy ngi s dng. Tuy nhin vic thu thp nhng chui cng vic lien tc l tng i kh v gy kh khn cho ngi nghin cu. Cc phng php o c lp vi cng vic c d dng thc hin vi gi thnh r. Cc nh phn tch web cung cp cho nhng ngi thit k 1 lng ln nhng cng c t ng rt tin li v hu ch. to 1 hng dn v vic thit k web sao cho c hp dn, cc nh nghin cu nh gi tng quan s liu ca 141 trang web khc nhau. V h ch ra rng, trang web c a thch khng phi lc no cng c hiu sut s dng cao nht, m quan trng l s hp dn ca cc ng dng m trang web c.

Chng 6 : Thao tc trc tip vo mi trng o

6.1 Gii thiu :

Mt s h thng tng tc to ra mt s nhit tnh trong nhng ngi dng l nh du tri ngc vi phn ng ph bin hn chp nhn min cng hay ri lon s nhm ln (certain interactive systems generate a glowing enthusiasm among users that is in marked contrast with the more common reaction of reluctant acceptance or troubled confusion)

Nhng ngi s dng nhit tnh thng bo nhng cm gic sau y :1. quyn lm ch giao din(mastery of the interface)2. thm quyn trong vic thc hin nhim v.(competence in performing

tasks )3. d dng trong vic hc ban u v ng ha tnh nng nng cao (ease

in learning originally and in assimilating advanced features )4. s tin cy vo kh nng gi quyn lc qua thi gian (confidence in

the capacity to retain mastery over time )5. s thch th trong vic s dng giao din (enjoyment in using the

interface ).6. s nhit tnh gii thiu giao din ti nhng ngi tp s (eagerness

to show off the interface to novices )7. mong mun khm ph nhng kha cnh mnh hn (desire to explore

more powerful aspects )

6.2 v d v cc thao tc trc tip :

1. Dng lnh so vi bin tp vin hin th so vi trnh x l (command line versus display editors versus word processor)

nhng ngi s dng nhn thy mt trang y ca vn bn (users see a full page of text)

ti liu c nhn thy khi n s xut hin khi in n(the document is seen as it will appear when printed)

hot ng con tr r rng (cursor action is visible) s chuyn ng con tr t nhin (cursor motion is natural) nhng biu tng c nhn lm nhng hot ng thng xuyn

nhanh (labeled icons make frequent actions rapid) mn hnh hin th nhng kt qu ca mt hot ng (immediate

display of the results of an action) s p li v hin th nhanh (rapid response and display) d dng o ngc hnh ng (easily reversible actions) tnh hp nht ca ha,bng tnh, hnh ng, nh (integration

of graphics spreadsheets, animations , photographs) gii thiu phn mm(presentation software) nhng mi trng v mng ton cu siu phng tin

(hypermedia environments and the world wide web) ci thin c s v m(improved macro facilities) nhng b kim tra chnh t v nhng b t in ln (spell

checkers and thesauri)

2. bng biu visicalc v nhng con chu ca n (the visicalc spreadsheet and its descendants)

3. qun l d liu khng gian (spatial data management)4. Cc tr chi video(video games)5. my tnh h tr thit k (computer aided design)6. t ng ha vn phng (office automation)7. s tin trin lin tc ca cc thao tc trc tip(the continuing evolution

of direct manipulation)

6.3 Tho lun v cc thao tc trc tip (Discussion of Direct manipulation) :

1. nhng vn vi s thao tc trc tip(problems with direct manipulation)

2. m hnh OAI gii thch v thao tc trc tip (the OAI model explanation of direct manipulation)

s trnh by ca nhng i tng v nhng hot ng ti s quan tm lin tc vi nhng php n d trc quan y ngha(continuous representations of the objects and actions of interest with meaningful visual metaphors)

nhng hot ng vt l hay cc nt n c nhn, thay v c php phc tp (physical actions or presses of labeled buttons, instead of complex syntax)

hot ng c th o ngc nhanh, gia tng, m c hiu ng trn nhng i tng c th nhn thy ngay lp tc(rapid, incremental, reversible actions whose effects on the objects of interest are visible immediately)

3. t duy trc quan v cc biu tng trc quan (visual thinking and icons)

cht lng t vng (lexical qualities) c php(syntactics) ng ngha (semantics) thc dng (trit hc) (pragmatics) ng lc hc (dynamics)

4. lp trnh thao tc trc tip(direct manipulation programming) tnh ton tng qut (sufficient computational generality) truy cp vo cc cu trc d liu thch hp v vn hnh (access

to the appropriate data structures and operators) d dng trong vic lp trnh v trong cc chng trnh son

tho lp trnh. (ease in programming and in editing programs) n gin trong dn chng v phn cng ca i s (simplicity

in invocation and assignment of arguments) ri ro thp (low risk)

6.4 Giao din 3D:

1. s dng tc, bng ti, quan im, v 3D k thut khc mt cch cn thn (use occlusion, shadows, perspective, and other 3D techniques carefully)

2. ti gin s lng nhng bc dn ng cho nhng ngi s dng hon thnh nhng nhim v ca h(minimize the number of navigation steps for users to accomplish their tasks)

3. gi vn bn c c(keep text readable (beter rendering, good contrast with background, and no more than 30 degree tilt)).

4. trnh s hn lon trc quan khng cn thit, s xao lng, nhng chuyn dch tng phn, v nhng phn x (avoid unnecessary visual clutter, distraction, contrast shifts, and reflections)

5. n gin ha s chuyn ng ngi s dng (simplify user movement)6. ngn nga cc li (prevent errors)7. n gin ho cc i tng (simplify object movement)8. t chc cc nhm mc trong cu trc lin kt cho php nhanh chng

tm kim trc quan(organize groups of items in aligned structures to allow rapid visual search)

9. cho php ngi s dng xy dng cc nhm trc quan h tr thu hi khng gian (enable users to construct visual groups to support spatial recall)

10. cung cp nhng tng quan sao cho nhng ngi s dng c th nhn thy hnh nh ln (provide overviews so users can see the big picture)

11. nhng ngi s dng vn bn qua gii thch iu khin (give users control over explanatory text)

12. cung cp cc cng c la chn, nh du, v o (offer tools to select, mark, and measure)

13. h tr zum v s chuyn ng ng ngha hc (support semantic zooming and movement)

14. cho php nhng gii hn xut hin thm ch ti mt khong cch (enable landmarks to show themselves even at a distance)

15. cho php xem nhiu phi hp (allow multiple coordinated views)

6.5 Thao tc (Teleoperation):

1. phng i (magnification)2. tiu im (iu khin hai chiu th v tt) (focus(coarse and fine

bidirectional control))3. v tr (position (two dimensional placement of the slide under the

microscope objective))4. thi gian chm tr (time delays)5. phn hi thong tin khng y (incomplete feedback)

6.6 mi trng o v tng cng thc t (virtual and augmented reality):

1. hin th trc quan (visual display)2. v tr u cm bin (head position sensing)3. v tr tay cm bin (hand position sensing)4. thit b cm tay (handheld manipulative)5. s phn hi lc v xc gic (force feedback and haptic)6. m thanh u vo v u ra (sound input and output)7. nhng iu bt ng khc(other sensations)8. hp tc v cnh tranh mi trng o (collaborative and competitive

virtual environment)

Chng 7 - Menu Selection, Form Fillin, and Dialog Boxes

7.1: Gii ThiuPhn 7.2 gii thiu s quan trng ca t chc menu, chng ta cng n li cc k thut

menu ph hp, t cc menu n (phn 7.3) ti s kt hp cc menu phc tp (phn 7.4). Phn 7.5 tho lun cc vn lin quan ti ni dung ca menu v phn 7.6 khm ph s di chuyn nhanh thng qua cc menu cho ngi s dng thnh tho. Dng in, hp hi thoi v cc phng php khc ca cc menu s dng li vo d liu c khm ph trong phn 7.7. Cui cng nhng trng hp c bit ca cc menu nghe v cc menu cho cc thit b nh c khm ph trong phn 7.8.

7.2 Task-Related Menu Organization (Cc nhim v lin quan n t chc menu)Mc ch c bn ca menu, mu in v cc hp thoi c thit k l to ra mt h

thng thng minh, ton din, c th ghi nh v thun tin vi cc tc v ca ngi s dng. Chng ta c th hc c mt vi bi hc bi vic phn tch mt quyn sch thnh tng chng, mt chng trnh thnh cc phn hay mt vng quc cc loi vt thnh tng loi.

iu quan trng ca vic t chc c ngha cc mc menu c chng minh trong mt nghin cu trc y bi Liebelt nm 1982. Cc cy menu n gin vi 3 mc v 16 mc mc tiu c xy dng vi c s la chon menu, dng in v dng hp thoi c t chc v khng t chc c ngha.

7.3 Single Menus (Menu duy nht, menu n)Trong mt vi trng hp, menu n l thc hin nhng yu cu phc tp. Trnh

n duy nht c th yu cu user chn gia 2 hay nhiu mc. Menu n c th bt ra ca s mi vng lm vic (work area) hoc c nh frame, hay mt ca s ring, vv. Cch n gin nht trong trng hp ny l menu nh phn (binary menu) nh: true - false, male - female, or yes or no choices (hnh 7.2).

Hnh 7.1

[Hnh 7.1] H thng Menu c th dng menu n gin duy nht hoc chui menu tuyn tnh. Menu cu trc cy l ph bin nht. Menu duyt theo chiu su, hoc menu tuyn tnh, menu khng tuyn tnh c th gy kh khn cho ngi s dng.

Hnh 7.2

[Hnh 7.2] Binary Menu cho php 2 la chn (nh hnh l Yes or No). Hnh c khung dy hn (Yes) l la chn mc nh khi ngi dng nhn enter ngay. Ngoi ra cn c phm tt nh du bng gch di (nh hnh g y chn Yes, n chn No).

Radio button thng dng cho 1 la chn trong nhiu mc chn khi checkbox (hp kim) cho php la chn 1 hoc nhiu mc. (Hnh 7.3)

Hnh 7.3

7.3.1 Pull-down, pop-up, and toolbar menus (Menu xung, menu bt ra, v menu thanh cng c).

Menu xung l menu lun hin ra ngi dng la chn menu trn cng (Hnh 7.5 a).

Hnh 7.5 a

Toolbars, iconic menus, and palettes (Cc thanh cng c, menu biu tng, v bng) : cho php ngi dng c th chn vi c nhp chut v p dng cho hin th i tng (Hnh 7.5 b).

Hnh 7.5 b

Pop-up menus (Menu bt ra): xut hin trn mn hnh khi click or r chut. (Hnh 7.6)

Hnh 7.6

7.3.2 Menus for long lists (Menu cho danh sch di)i khi danh sch cc mc ca menu ln hn 30-40 mc, khi gii php l to mt menu

cu trc cy (phn 7.4.2), trong mt vi trng hp th ta li cn dng menu danh sch, m n sp xp theo th t abc v cho php g k t vo tm kim (chng hn danh sch 50 bang ca M).

7.3.3 Embedded menus and hotlinks (Menu nhng v siu lin kt)Trong nhiu trng hp menu c nhng di text hoc hnh nh m vn cho php la

chn. V d nh ch cn click vo tn mt ngi hoc nh ca mt ngi no c th xem cc thng tin v ngi . Dng lin kt nhng gip ngi dng tp trung vo mc ch hin ti v cc ch yu thch, m khng b sao lng bi cc thng tin khc.

7.4 Conbinations of multiple Menus (Kt hp nhiu Menu)Menu c th c kt hp thnh chui hoc hin ra cng mt lc. Chin lc l s dng mt

cu trc cy t chc cc menu ln, v cng c th dng cc mng vng.

7.4.1 Linear menu sequences and simultaneous menus (Menu trnh t tuyn tnh v menu ng thi)

Thng thng, mt lot cc menu ph thuc ln nhau c th c dng hng dn ngi dng thng qua mt lot cc la chn, trong h thy mt chui cc menu. V d, giao din trang web t mt bnh pizza c th bao gm mt chui tuyn tnh ca cc menu la chn kch thc (nh, trung, hoc ln), dy (dy, bnh thng, hoc mng), v cui cng l thnh phn.

Simultaneous menus (Menu ng thi) hin nay hot ng trn mn hnh cng mt thi im v cho php ngi dng nhp vo la chn theo th t bt k (hnh 7.12).

Hnh 7.12

7.4.2 Tree-structured menus (Menu cu trc cy)Khi b tp hp cc mc ca Menu pht trin v tr nn kh khn duy tr, ngi thit

k c th hnh thnh cc nhm ln vi cc mc tng t nhau to ra mt cu trc cy. Mt s tp hp ca menu c th c phn chia thnh cc nhm d dng loi tr ln nhau vi cc nh dng khc bit. Mt nghin cu gn y cho thy cc menu ch c th nn m rng vi mc phn cp 2 hoc 3, v nn trnh phn cp su hn.

7.4.3 Menu maps (Bn Menu )Ti mt thi im khi ta ang xem mt menu no , ta s kh nm bt cc m hnh tng

th v xem cc mi quan h gia cc category. Do ngi ta a ra bn ca Menu gip ngi dng nh hng. (Nh hnh 7.13)

7.4.4 Acyclic and cyclic menu networks (Menu networks khng c chu trnh v c chu trnh).

Cu trc cy c nhiu u im, nhng i khi cu trc mng l thch hp hn. Mt ng lc th hai s dng Menu Network l n c th cho php cc ng gia cc phn khc nhau ca mt cy, ch khng i hi ngi dng bt u mt tm kim mi t trnh n chnh.

(Hnh 7.13)

Trang web Lycos dng site-map trnh by cu trc ton b trang web.

7.5 Content Organization (T Chc Ni Dung) ngha cc nhm v trnh t ca cc mc trong menu, cng vi vic hiu chnh tiu

v nhn v cch thit k b tr thch hp, gip d dng lm quen, la chn mt cch nhanh chng. Trong phn ny, chng ta s xem xt cc vn t chc ni dung v a ra hng dn thit k.

7.5.1 Task-related grouping in tree structures (Nhm nhim v lin quan trong cu trc cy)

Mt vi quy tc gi cho dng menu cu trc cy:

1. To cc nhm c mc logic tng t nhau.; 2. Mu cc nhm bao gm tt c nhng kh nng c th.; 3. Hy chc rng cc mc khng b chng cho. Mc mc thp cn c lin kt vi mc cp cao hn.; 4. S dng thut ng quen thuc, nhng m bo rng cc mc c phn bit vi nhau.

Khng c mt cu trc menu no hon ho vi tt c mi ngi. Ngi thit k phi lm ci ban u tt nht v dn hon thin n.

7.5.2 Item presentation sequence (Th t trnh by cc mc)Ta c mt s cn c cho th t trnh by cc mc nh sau:

1. Thi gian (th t thi gian t hng); 2. S th t t hng (tng dn hoc gim dn t hng); 3. Tnh cht vt l (tng hoc gim chiu di, din tch, th tch, nhit , nhit , trng lng, vn tc, vv)

Trong nhiu trng hp khng c th t ca mi lin h, khi cc nh thit k phi chn ra cc kh nng sau:

1. Th t alphabel ca iu khon; 2. Phn nhm cc mc lin quan ( dng trng hoc du cch khc gia cc nhm); 3. u tin mc hay c s dng nht.; 4. u tin nhng mc quan trng. ( quan trng gia cc mc kh xc nh v c th khc nhau i vi mi ngi dng).

Card (Nm 1982) th nghim 18 mc, cc mc menu c sp th t theo 3 cch: theo th t abc, theo category (theo chc nng), v theo ngu nhin. V c kt qu thi gian nh sau:

Mi ngi dng c mt s thch khc nhau. Do nhiu khi ta min cng ngi dng vi menu v dnh thi gian pht trin giao din.

7.5.3 Menu layout (B tr Menu).

Mt vi nghin cu nh c thc hin v cch b tr menu:

Hnh 7.14

Adaptive Menu (Menu thch ng _ l menu c th thay i hin th theo thi quen ngi dng) trong Microsoft Office. Ti trnh n u tin INSERT ch hin th ghi c s dng gn y, nhng n c th c m rng hin th tt c cc mc (menu trung tm trong nh). Bn phi, mt menu font-selection l danh sch cc font gn y chn trn cng ca trnh n (cng nh trong danh sch y ), lm cho n d dng hn chn phng ch ph bin.

Menu-selection guidelines.

1. S dng ng ngha t chc cc menu (n, trnh t tuyn tnh, cu trc cy, v mng vng); 2.C th thu hp nng-su; 3.Hin th v tr ca ha, s, hoc cc tiu ; 4.S dng mc nh tiu cho substrees; 5.Nhm cc mc c ngha; 6.Xp th t c ngha; 7.S dng bn ghi tm tt cc mc, bt u vi t kha; 8.S dng nht qun ng php, cch b tr, thut ng; 9.Cho php g pha trc, nhy v pha trc, hoc phm tt khc; 10.Cho php nhy vo menu trc v menu chnh; 11.Xem xt vic tr gip trc tuyn; c ch la chn tiu thuyt; v thi gian phn ng ti u, t l hin th, mn hnh kch thc tiu .

Vi menu n: mt tiu miu t n gin m nh ngha c tt c. Vi mt chui menu tuyn tnh, tn chnh xc s i din cho cc giai on trong menu tuyn tnh. Vi menu cu trc cy, cch chn tiu l kh khn hn.

Phn tch mc menu. Ngi ta c nhng quy tt trong vic t tn menu mc nh: dng thut ng quen thuc v nht qun, s dng t kha, xc tch ..vv.

B tr v thit k ha. Ngi thit k phi thit lp cc hng dn v tnh nht qun ca mc menu nh:

1. Nhan : mi ngi thng th