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DUSOBANUKIRWE N’AMATEGEKO
AGENGA IMICUNGIRE Y’UMUTUNGO
W’ABASHYINGIRANYWE, IMPANO
N’IZUNGURA
Kigali, Gicurasi 2008
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AMASHAKIRO
IRIBURIRO……………………………………………………… 5
IBYEREKEYE IMICUNGIRE Y’ UMUTUNGO
W’ABASHAKANYE, IMPANO N’IZUNGURA…………………
6
I. IMICUNGIRE Y’ UMUTUNGO W’ABASHAKANYE...... 6
I.1. Ubwoko bw’imicungire n’ihitamo………………………. 6
I.2. Uburyo bw’imicungire………………………………… 7
II. IMPANO………………………………………………… 8
II.1. Impano hagati y’abazima................................................... 9
II.2. Itangwa ry’umunani........................................................... 10
II.3. Itangwa ry’umurage (legs)................................................. 10
II.4. Isezerano ry’impano........................................................... 11
III. IZUNGURA....................................................................... 11
III.1. Izungura rikurikije irage.................................................... 12
III.1.1 Ubwoko bw’irage............................................................... 13
III.1.2. Ibimenyetso biranga irage.................................................. 14
III.1.3. Inshingano z’uwarazwe..................................................... 15
III.2. Izungura nta rage cyangwa izungura rishingiye ku
itegeko................................................................................
15
III.2.1. Uburyo bw’izungura nta rage............................................ 16
Izungura ry’umutungo bwite.............................................. 16
Izungura ry’umutungo rusange.......................................... 17
III.3. Iyegeranya n’igabagabanya ry’umutungo uzungurwa....... 18
IBYEREKEYE IMICUNGIRE Y’UMUTUNGO W’ABANA
B’IMFUBYI MU MATEGEKO Y’U RWANDA............................
21
I. INKOMOKO Y’UMUTUNGO W’UMWANA UKIRI
MUTO...................................................................................
22
I.1. Kugira umutungo biturutse ku izungura............................... 22
I.2. Kugira umutungo biturutse ku nshingano zikomoka ku
masezerano............................................................................
23
I.3. Kugira umutungo biturutse ku kwishyura indishyi............... 23
I.4. Kubona umutungo biturutse ku bintu byiyometse ku mutungo yari asanganywe.....................................................
23
4
I.5. Kugira umutungo ukomoka ku murimo yakoze................... 24
II. UBURYO BUKORESHWA MU KURENGERA
UMUTUNGO W’ABANA BAKIRI BATO........................
24
II.1. Ubwishingire (tutelle)........................................................... 24
II.2. Kubera umubyeyi umwana utabyaye(adoption).................. 25
III. GUCUNGA UMUTUNGO W’UMWANA UKIRI
MUTO..................................................................................
26
III.1. Icunga ry’umutungo w’umwana w’imfubyi rikozwe
n’umwishingizi......................................................................
26
III.2. Icunga ry’umutungo w’umwana w’imfubyi rikozwe
n’ubera umubyeyi umwana atabyaye...................................
27
III.3. Icunga ry’umutungo w’umwana w’imfubyi urererwa mu kigo
cy’imfubyi cyangwa urererwa mu muryango wamwakiriye
n’ikibazo cy’abana bahindutse abakuru b’ingo.........................
29
UMWANZURO RUSANGE............................................................ 31
IBITABO BYIFASHISHIJWE......................................................... 32
5
IRIBURIRO
Iyo umuhungu n’umukobwa bitegura gushyingiranwa,
buri muntu aba afite umutungo uturuka mu nzira
zinyuranye : akazi, impano y’ababyeyi cyangwa inshuti,
umunani, irage. Iyo bamaze gushyingirwa, buri wese
akomeza guhaha umutungo. Ari umutungo buri wese yari
asanganywe, ari uwahashywe nyuma y’ishyingirwa, uwo
mutungo ujya he? Uba uwa nde ? Ucungwa na nde ?
Ucungwa ute ? Abashakanye bawikenuza bate ? Buri
wese afite uruhare kuri uwo mutungo, haba kuwukoresha,
kuwucunga cyangwa kuwugena ?
Ibi bibazo byose bibona ibisubizo mu mategeko agenga
imicungire y’umutungo w’abashakanye.
Abashyingiranywe ni bo bagena, mu bwisanzure,
imicungire y’umutungo ariko ubwo bwisanzure
bushobora kugira umupaka : amategeko y’Igihugu
ashobora guteganya uburyo bubaze, buzwi bw’imicungire
abashyingiranywe bahitamo. Uwo mupaka ushyirwaho
kugira ngo bigabanye akajagari no guhuzagurika mu
micungire y’umutungo w’ingo kandi kugira ngo
byorohereze abashyingiranywe. Abashyingiranywe
ntibahatirwa kugena imicungire y’umutungo wabo
cyangwa guhitamo umwe mu micungire iteganijwe
n’itegeko ariko iyo badahisemo, itegeko ribahitiramo
uburyo bumwe mu micungire riteganya.
6
IBYEREKEYE IMICUNGIRE
Y’UMUTUNGO W’ABASHAKANYE,
IMPANO N’IZUNGURA.
I. IMICUNGIRE Y’ UMUTUNGO
W’ABASHAKANYE
I.1. Ubwoko bw’imicungire n’ihitamo1
Ubwisanzure bw’abashakanye mu guhitamo imicungire
y’umutungo wabo bugarukiye ku buryo butatu :
- Ivangamutungo rusange (Communauté
universelle)
- Ivangamutungo w’umuhahano (Communauté
réduite aux acquêts)
- Ivanguramutungo risesuye( Séparation des biens)
Iyo abashakanye batahisemo imicungire, itegeko
ribahitiramo « ivangamutungo rusange ».
a. Ivangamutungo rusange : Ni amasezerano
abashyingiranywe bagirana bumvikana gushyira
hamwe umutungo wabo wose, ibyimukanwa
n’ibitimukanwa kimwe n’imyenda yabo yose ;
byose bigahinduka umutungo rusange.
b. Ivangamutungo w’umuhahano : Ni amasezerano
abashyingiranywe bagirana bumvikana gushyira
hamwe ibyo buri wese yazanye igihe
1 Ingingo 1-13 z’itegeko N
o 22/99 ryo ku wa 12/11/1999 ryuzuza
igitabo cya mbere cy’Urwunge rw’Amategeko Mbonezamubano
kandi rishyiraho igice cya gatatu cyerekeye imicungire y’umutungo
w’abashyingiranywe, impano n’izungura, in JORR No 22 yo kuwa
15/11/1999.
7
cy’ishyingirwa, kugira ngo bibe iremezo
ry’ibihahano kimwe n’ibyo bungutse mu mibanire
yabo, bakorera hamwe cyangwa buri wese ku giti
cye, byaba impano cyangwa ibizungurwa.
c. Ivanguramutungo risesuye : Ni amasezerano
abashyingiranywe bagirana bumvikana gufata
neza urugo rwabo hakurikijwe ubushobozi bwa
buri wese, bakagumana ukwikenuza ; ugucunga
no gukoresha uko bikwiye umutungo wabo bwite.
Buri wese agira umutungo we, batandukanye
ndetse n’inyungu n’imyenda(amadeni). Bateranya
gusa umutungo bakenera mu buzima bwabo
bombi(gucumbika, kurya, kuryama, kwivuza,
kurera abana,…)
I.2. Uburyo bw’imicungire
Abagiye gushyingiranwa bumvikana kuri umwe muri
bo ushinzwe gucunga umutungo rusange hakurikijwe
ihame ry’uburinganire bw’umugabo n’umugore. Buri
wese mu bashyingiranywe acunga umutungo we
bwite, ibyo bigaragara cyane mw’ivanguramutungo
risesuye, no ku mutungo bwite mw’ivangamutungo
w’umuhahano.
Umwe mu bashyingiranywe ashobora kwamburwa
icunga ry’umutungo we bwite, bitewe n’isesagura
cyangwa uburangare bubangamiye inyungu
z’umuryango. Iyo bibaye bityo, icungamutungo
ryegurirwa mugenzi we cyangwa bibaye ngombwa
undi muntu.
8
Uko imicungire y’umutungo iteye kose, buri gihe ni
ngombwa ko habaho ubwumvikane
bw’abashyingiranywe bombi ku mpano y’ibintu
bahuriyeho cyangwa ku mpano y’ikintu kitimukanwa,
n’aho cyaba icy’umwe muri bo. Imyenda yafashwe
mu gutunga urugo ihuriweho n’abashyingiranywe
bombi ku buryo bungana, ibarirwa mu myenda
rusange. Iyo myenda irimo iyafashwe
n’abashyingiranwe bombi, iyafashwe n’umwe mu
bashyingiranwe kubera inyungu z’urugo, uburere
bw’abana n’iz’umutungo rusange nk’inzu yo
guturamo, ibikoresho byo mu rugo, ingendo, ibyo
kurya no kwambara, kwivuza no kwidagadura.
Iyo habayeho iseswa ry’ishyingirwa,
iyahukana(gutandukana by’agateganyo) cyangwa
iseswa ry’ivangamutungo rusange, abashyingiranywe
bagabana umutungo rusange(uriho n’imyenda) ku
buryo bungana. Uko imicungire y’umutungo iteye
kose, abashyingiranwe bagomba kubahiriza
inshingano n’uburenganzira bwabo bikomoka ku
ishyingirwa no kubahiriza amategeko arebana
n’ububasha bwa kibyeyi, icunga ry’umutungo
w’abana n’ubwishingire.
II. IMPANO
Impano ni igikorwa cyo guha umuntu ikintu gifite
agaciro nta kiguzi. Umuntu rero afite uburenganzira
bwo kugena umutungo we uko ashaka ariko kugira
ngo umutungo w’umuryango udasesagurwa, itegeko
riteganya ibishobora gutangwa ntarengwa (quotité
9
disponible) n’ibibikirwa izungura (réserve
successorale).
Uburyo bw’icungamutungo bwatoranywa ubwo ari
bwo bwose, umugabane w’ibishobora gutangwa
ntushobora kurenga 1/5 cy’umutungo w’utanga iyo
afite umwana ; iyo nta mwana afite , uwo mugabane
nturenza 1/3 cy’umutungo.
Ibishobora gutangwa ntarengwa ni igice
cy’umutungo bwite umuntu ashobora kugena uko
ashatse, agatanga uko ashatse, agaha uwo ashatse.
Ibibikirwa izungura ni igice cy’umutungo umuntu
wese ategetswe kuzigamira abazungura be bagenwe
n’itegeko (4/5 iyo afite abana na 2/3 iyo nta mwana
afite). Abazungura bazigamirwa ni abana
n’uwapfakaye gusa.
Itegeko rigena uburyo bune bw’ impano :
- Itangwa ry’ibintu hagati y’abazima
- Itangwa ry’umunani
- Itangwa ry’umurage
- Isezerano ry’impano
II.1. Impano hagati y’abazima
Ni amasezerano y’ubugiraneza atuma umuntu aha undi
ku mutungo we ku buryo budasubirwaho, kandi uhawe
akabyemera. Impano ishobora guseswa kubera impamvu
zikurikira:
- Igihe uwahawe atubahirije inshingano ziyiturutseho
yari yarahawe;
10
- Kubera ubuhemu bw’uwahawe;
- Iyo uwahawe yishe abishaka cyangwa yashatse kwica
uwamuhaye;
- Iyo uwahawe agiriye nabi cyangwa atutse bikabije
uwamuhaye;
- Iyo uwahawe yanze gufasha uwamuhaye kandi
abikeneye.
Iyo impano isheshwe, uwahawe ntategetswe gusubiza
ibyo yayibyaje cyangwa inyungu izo ari zo zose yakuye
kuri iyo mpano.
II.2. Itanga ry’umunani
Ni igikorwa ababyeyi bakora bakiriho kigamije kugabira
umutungo abana babo cyangwa ababakomokaho,
bagahita bawegukana bikitwa ko bashoje inshingano yo
kubarera no kububakira. Abana bose nta vanguragitsina
bahabwa umunani keretse abaciwe kubera imyitwarire
mibi cyangwa ubuhemu.
II.3. Itangwa ry’umurage (legs)
Ni ikintu cyangwa ibintu bitanzwe na nyirabyo akiriho,
ubihawe akabyegukana uwabimuhaye atakiriho.
Hashobora kubaho umurage kuri byose, umurage ku
bintu bimwe n’umurage ku bintu bizwi:
Umurage kuri byose ugizwe n’umutungo wose w’uraga
Umurage kuri bimwe ugizwe n’igice kimwe
cy’umutungo w’uraga
Umurage ku bintu bizwi ugizwe n’ibintu bizwi mu
mutungo w’uraga
11
II.4. Isezerano ry’impano
Ni ubwumvikane abantu bagirana bagamije guhana ibintu
mu gihe kizaza. Isezerano ry’impano ryemewe ni
irikozwe:
1º hagati y’abantu bagamije gushyingiranwa;
2º hagati y’abashyingiranywe;
3º hagati y’ababyeyi n’abana babo cyangwa
ababakomokaho haba abariho cyangwa abazavuka.
Ni ukuvuga ko isezerano rikozwe hagati y’abandi bantu
batari abamaze kuvugwa nta gaciro rifite. Isezerano
ry’impano rigira agaciro n’iyo uwasezeranye impano
yapfa.
Impano , iyo ariyo yose ita gaciro:
1º Iyo itanzwe ku buryo ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo
rishingira ku gushaka k’uyitanze wenyine;
2º Iyo itegeka uwahawe kuriha imyenda y’umuhaye;
3º Iyi utanga yisigarizamo uburenganzira bwo
gukoresha uko ashatse kimwe cyangwa bimwe mu
bintu yatanze;
4º Iyo itubahirije amategeko n’imigenzo myiza;
5º Iyo ari impano y’’iby’undi muntu.
III. IZUNGURA
Umuntu upfuye ntahambanwa n’umutungo afite. Uwo
mutungo wegurirwa abakiriho. Ubegukira ute? Ugenwa
ute? Ugenwa na nde? Wegurirwa ba nde? Ubagabanywa
ute? Uwashakanye na nyakwigendera bagenerwa iki?
Abana bagenerwa iki? Ababyeyi, abavandimwe n’abandi
12
bafitanye isano na Nyakwigendera agenerwa iki? Ibi
bibazo byose bikemurwa n’amategeko agenga izungura.
Kuzungura ni uguhabwa ububasha n’inshingano ku
mutungo n’imyenda bya nyakwigendera . Izungura
ritangira iyo umuntu amaze gupfa, rikabera ku gicumbi
cya nyakwigendera cyangwa ku icumbi rye. Izungura
rikorwa nta vangura gitsina hagati y’abana.
Amategeko mbonezamubano y’u Rwanda ateganya
uburyo bubiri bwo kuzungura nyakwigendera: hari
izungura rishingiye ku itegeko n’izungura rikurikije
irage.
III.1. Izungura rikurikije irage2
Irage ni igikorwa cyo kwerekana uko umutungo
w’umuntu uzamera amaze gupfa. Ibintu nyakwigendera
atatanze mu irage bikurikiza amategeko agenga izungura
nta rage. Irage rishobora gukorwa mu mvugo, mu
nyandiko bwite cyangwa mu nyandikompamo. Umuntu
ku giti cye ni we uraga, ntawe ushobora kuraga mu
mwanya w’undi. Iyo uraga atazi kwandika, cyangwa
abizi ariko adashobora ubwe kwandika cyangwa gushyira
umukono ku irage rye, ahitamo ubimukorera. Irage
rikozwe muri ubwo buryo rigira agaciro iyo ryemejwe
n’umwanditsi w’irangamimerere cyangwa
2 Ingingo 56-62 z’itegeko N
o 22/99 ryo ku wa 12/11/1999 ryuzuza
igitabo cya mbere cy’Urwunge rw’Amategeko Mbonezamubano
kandi rishyiraho igice cya gatatu cyerekeye imicungire y’umutungo
w’abashyingiranywe, impano n’izungura, in JORR No 22 yo kuwa
15/11/1999.
13
w’inyandikompamo y’aho ryandikiwe, uwaraze
ahibereye.
Umurage n’irage bitandukaniye he?
Umurage ni igikorwa cyo gutanga umutungo nta kiguzi.
Irage ni uburyo bwo gutanga uwo mutungo. Irage ni uko
byakozwe(mu nyandiko, mu nyandiko bwite cyangwa mu
nyandikompamo), umurage ni icyakozwe.
III.1.1 Ubwoko bw’irage
a. Irage mvugo cyangwa irage rivuzwe mu
magambo:
Irage mvugo ni irage rikorerwa imbere y’abazungura
b’ibanze bose(abazigamirwa) n’abatangabuhamya nibura
babiri bagejeje ku myaka y’ubukure. Iyo abazungura
badashoboye kuboneka, abatangabuhamya bagomba kuba
bane. Ubu bwoko bw’irage butera ingorane mu bijyanye
no kubungabunga ubuhamya kuko buba butakiriwe
n’umukozi ubishinzwe cyangwa ngo bushyirwe mu
nyandiko.
b. Irage rikozwe mu nyandiko bwite:
Ingingo ya 59 y’itegeko No 22/99 ivuga ko irage rikoze
mu nyandiko bwite ryandikwa rwose n’intoki za
nyirubwite, agashyiraho itariki kandi akanarishyiraho
umukono we. Kwandikisha intoki bituma habaho
ukwizera irage ku bijyanye n’ibyanditswemo n’ukuri
14
kwabyo. Iyo hari inyandiko nyinshi zivuguruzanya, irage
ryakozwe bwa nyuma niryo rihabwa agaciro.
Iyo uraga atazi kwandika cyangwa adashoboye
kwiyandikira, uraga ashobora gushaka umuntu
umwandikira kugira ngo iryo rage rigire agaciro, iyo
nyandiko igomba gushyikirizwa umwanditsi
w’irangamimerere cyangwa noteri w’aho irage
ryandikiwe kugira ngo ayemeze, bigakorwa uraga ahari.
c. Irage mpamo cyangwa irage ry’umwimerere
Ni irage rikozwe n’uraga imbere ya Noteri cyangwa
y’umwanditsi w’irangamimerere w’aho uraga abarurirwa
cyangwa atuye. Iryo rage ryandikwa n’uraga, noteri
cyangwa umwanditsi w’irangamimerere akaryemeza.
Inyandiko ishyingurwa kwa Noteri, irebwaho gusa
uwaraze amaze kwitaba Imana kandi ikarebwamo gusa
n’abarebwa n’iryo rage.
III.1.2. Ibimenyetso biranga irage:
- Uraga abikora nta gahato;
- Agomba kuba abifitiye ubushobozi;
- Irage rigomba kuganisha ku kintu cyemewe
n’amategeko (gutanga irage ku kintu cy’undi
birabujijwe);
- Irage rigomba gushingira ku mpamvu yemewe
n’amategeko.
15
III.1.3. Inshingano z’uwarazwe
Uwarazwe ashobora kugira inshingano nyinshi:
- Kubahiriza uburenganzira abandi bantu bafite ku
cyarazwe;
- Kwishyura imyenda ya nyakwigendera;
- Kubahiriza indi mirage ibangikanye n’uwe.
III.2. Izungura nta rage cyangwa izungura rishingiye
ku itegeko3
Izungura nta rage ni izungura rikorwa hakurikijwe
itegeko No 22/99, iyo nta rage ryabayeho. Mu kugena
abazungura, itegeko ryakurikije amasano ari hagati
y’umuntu n’abandi bo mu muryango ni ukuvuga hagati
y’abana n’ababyeyi, hagati y’abashakanye n’ari hagati
y’abavandimwe. Uretse Leta igihe habuze umuzungura,
abashobora kuzungura ni abo gusa mu muryango wa
nyakwigendera.
III.2.1. Uburyo bw’izungura nta rage
Abazungura b’itegeko n’uburyo bazungura bitandukanye
hakurikijwe ko umutungo uzungurwa ari umutungo bwite
wa nyakwigendera cyangwa ari umutungo rusange
w’abashyingiranywe. Umutungo bwite ugaragara cyane
3 Ingingo 65-73 z’itegeko N
o 22/99 ryo ku wa 12/11/1999 ryuzuza
igitabo cya mbere cy’Urwunge rw’Amategeko Mbonezamubano
kandi rishyiraho igice cya gatatu cyerekeye imicungire y’umutungo
w’abashyingiranywe, impano n’izungura, in JORR No 22 yo kuwa
15/11/1999.
16
mu ivanguramutungo no mu ivangamutungo
w’umuhahano.
a. Izungura ry’umutungo bwite
Mu masezerano y’ivanguramutungo, umutungo bwite wa
nyakwigendera uzungurwa hakurikijwe uru rutonde:
1º Abana ba nyakwigendera
2º Se na nyina ba nyakwigendera
3º Abavandimwe ba nyakwigendera basangiye se na
nyina
4º Abavandimwe ba nyakwigendera basangiye umubyeyi
umwe gusa
5º Ba se wabo, ba nyirasenge, ba nyirarume na ba
nyinawabo ba nyakwigendera
Usibye se na nyina ba nyakwigendera, abazungura
bapfuye mbere ya nyakwigendera bahagararirwa mu
izungura n’ ababakomokaho. Buri rwego rw’abazungura
ruziba izindi mu rutonde rw’izungura. Bigaragara ko
uwapfakaye atari mu bazungura. Umuntu yakwibaza
ibitunga uwapfakaye iyo adafite umutungo bwite wo
kumutunga. Ingingo ya 200 na 203 z’amategeko agenga
umuryango ziteganya ko abana bagomba guha abo
bakomokaho ibibatunga, kandi iyo nta bana, abazungura
bagomba gutunga umupfakazi wa nyakwigendera.
Byongeye, ingingo ya 75 y’itegeko rigenga izungura
iteganya ko uwapfakaye akomeza kuba mu nzu bwite ya
nyakwigendera babanagamo.
Abavandimwe ba nyakwigendera bahuje umubyeyi
umwe, ba se wabo, ba nyirasenge, ba nyinawabo, ba
17
nyirarume, ba bamwana n’abaramu, ntibazungura isambu
nyakwigendera yahawe n’umuryango akomokaho iyo
badahuriye ku gisekuru cyayimuhaye, keretse iyo
bigaragara ko abahuriye na we ku gisekuru cyamugabiye
iyo sambu batakiriho.
b. Izungura ry’umutungo rusange
Abashyingiranywe bafite amasezerano y’ivangamutungo
rusange bazungurwa ku buryo bukurikira:
1º Iyo umwe apfuye, usigaye asigarana umutungo wose
akubahiriza inshingano yo kurera abana no gufasha
ababyeyi ba nyakwigendera iyo babikeneye;
2º Iyo bombi bapfuye bagasiga abana, umutungo wose
uzungurwa n’abana bagafasha ba sekuru na ba nyirakuru.
Iyo hari abana badahuriyeho, umutungo ugabanywamo
kabiri buri mwana akazungura umubyeyi we;
3º Iyo bombi bapfuye badasize abana, umutungo
ugabanywamo kabiri, ½ kigahabwa abazungura
b’umugabo, ikindi ½ kigahabwa abazungura b’umugore;
4º Iyo uwapfakaye nta mwana afitanye na nyakwigendera
akongera gushaka, asigarana ½ cy’umutungo bafatanyije,
ikindi ½ kigahabwa abazungura ba nyakwigendera;
5º Iyo uwapfakaye ataye inshingano yo gufasha ababyeyi
ba nyakwigendera, inama y’umuryango igenera abo
babyeyi icyo bazungura mu mutungo wa nyakwigendera;
18
6º Iyo uwapfakaye ataye inshingano yo kurera abana
yasigiwe na nyakwigendera, yamburwa ¾ by’umutungo
wose bigahabwa abana;
7º Iyo nta mwana wa nyakwigendera uwapfakaye akirera
akongera gushaka, atwara ½ cy’umutungo wose ikindi ½
kigahabwa abazungura ba nyakwigendera;
8º Iyo uwapfakaye agiye kongera gushaka akagumana
inshingano yo kurera abana yasigiwe na nyakwigendera,
ahabwa ¼ cy’umutungo wose, ¾ agakomeza kubicungira
abana ba nyakwigendera;
9º Iyo uwapfakaye atongeye gushaka, akabyara umwana
cyangwa abana batari aba nyakwigendera; igihe
cy’izungura ½ kiba umwihariko w’abana ba
nyakwigendera, ½ gisigaye abana bose b’uwapfakaye
bakakigiramo uruhare ku buryo bungana hatarebwe aba
nyakwigendera n’abo uwapfakaye yabyaye ahandi.
III.3. Iyegeranya n’igabagabanya ry’umutungo
uzungurwa
Iyo hari umutungo ugomba kuzungurwa, birasanzwe ko
abazungura bamwe cyangwa bose bagira umutima mubi
wo gushaka kwikubira, ubushake buke, kwituramira
cyangwa umururumba w’ibintu. Ni yo mpamvu itegeko
riteganya umuntu umwe cyangwa benshi ushinzwe
iyegeranya n’igabanya ry’ibizungurwa. Umuntu wese
afite uburenganzira bwo kwishyiriraho
umurangizazungura umwe cyangwa benshi ashatse (mu
bana be, mu muryango cyangwa mu nshuti). Ariko
ubusanzwe, umutware w’Umuryango ni we ushingwa
19
irangizazungura. Iyo nyakwigendera atashyizeho
umurangizazungura, uwo murimo ukorwa n’inama
ishinzwe iby’izungura cyangwa uwabishinzwe n’urukiko.
Inama ishinzwe iby’izungura igizwe na:
- Uwapfakaye;
- Umwana uhagarariye abandi iyo hari abana
bakuru yasize;
- Uhagariye umuryango wa nyakwigendera;
- Uhagarariye umuryango w’uwapfakaye;
- Inshuti nyangamugayo imwe itangwa
n’umuryango wa nyakwigendera;
- Inshuti nyangamugayo imwe itangwa
n’umuryango w’uwapfakaye.
Umuyobozi w’inama ishinzwe iby’izungura atangwa
n’umuryango wa nyakwigendera, umwanditsi agatangwa
n’umuryango w’uwapfakaye. Ibarura ry’umutungo wa
nyakwigendera rikorwa Nyakwigendera akimara gupfa.
Ushinzwe iyegeranya n’igabagabanya ry’ibizungurwa
afite inshingano zikurikira:
- Gucunga umutungo uzungurwa;
- Kwishyura imyenda yasizwe n’uzungurwa igejeje
igihe;
- Kugena burundu abagomba kuzungura;
- Gufata icyemezo iyo habaye impaka no
kutumvikana ku migabane;
- Kugaragariza imicungire y’umutungo abagomba
kuzungura cyangwa urukiko.
20
Mu kwishyura imyenda ikurwa ku mutungo uzungurwa,
ushinzwe iyegeranya n’igabagabanya ry’umutungo
uzungurwa, ni ngombwa ko akurikiza urutonde
rukurikira:
- Ibyatanzwe mu ishyingura rya nyakwigendera;
- Imishahara nyakwigendera yagombaga guhemba;
- Ibyatanzwe mu icunga, iyegeranya
n’igabagabanya-mutungo;
- Imyenda ya nyakwigendera;
- Umurage ku bintu bizwi watanzwe na
nyakwigendera.
Kubera ko rimwe na rimwe uwapfakaye ashobora gufata
nabi cyangwa gusesagura umutungo yasigiwe na
Nyakwigendera bityo abana bakaharenganira, itegeko
riteganya umupaka mu icunga ry’uwo mutungo mu
ngingo ya 76: “ Iyo uwapfakaye yifuje kugurisha,
kugwatiriza cyangwa kugurana umutungo yasigaranye,
inama ishinzwe iby’izungura igasanga bibangamiye
inyungu z’urugo, ishobora gusaba urukiko mu kirego
kihutirwa ko rumwambura ubwo burenganzira”.
Isambu itarengeje hegitari imwe n’icyaricyo cyose
kidashobora kugabanyika ntibishobora gucibwamo
imirwi, ahubwo ba nyirayo bumvikana uburyo bwo
kubigurisha cyangwa bwo kubibyaza umusaruro
ibivuyemo akaba aribyo bagabana(art.91).
21
IBYEREKEYE IMICUNGIRE
Y’UMUTUNGO W’ABANA B’IMFUBYI MU
MATEGEKO Y’U RWANDA
Hambere umwana ukiri muto yabaga arindiwe mu
muryango mugari ugizwe na se, nyina, abavandimwe, ba
nyirarume na ba nyirasenge, ba sekuru na ba nyirakuru
n’abandi. Nta myaka yari iteganijwe kugira ngo umwana
yemererwe ko akuze. Amategeko y’iki gihe yagabanije
ingufu zahabwaga isano uhuza umwana n’umuryango
mugari. Umuryango muto ugizwe na se, nyina n’abana ,
niwo urengerwa n’amategeko. Iyo rero umwana apfushije
se na nyina, uburyo bwo kumurinda yaba we ubwe ndetse
n’ibintu bye binyura mu buryo bw’ubwishingire cyangwa
kubera umubyeyi umwana utabyaye.
Nyamara ubu buryo ntibwitabirwa cyane kuko buha
inshingano ziremereye umwishingizi ndetse n’ubera
umubyeyi umwana atabyaye. Ku ruhande rumwe abana
bataragira imyaka 21 y’amavuko ntibemererwa
kwicungira imitungo bonyine; ku rundi ruhande abana
bato benshi bahindutse abana bo mu mihanda, abandi
bibera mu miryango yiyemeje kubarera cyangwa mu bigo
by’imfubyi, ntibagire icyo bamenya ku mitungo yasizwe
n’ababyeyi babo.
Intambara, itsembabwoko na sida byagize abana benshi
imfubyi , imicungire y’imitungo yabo ubu yabaye ikibazo
kigaragara. Ese umutungo w’umwana muto ukomoka he?
Ni ubuhe buryo bukoreshwa mu kurengera abana
b’imfubyi? Imitungo yabo icungwa ite?
22
I. INKOMOKO Y’UMUTUNGO
W’UMWANA UKIRI MUTO.4
Hari uburyo bwinshi umwana ashobora kubonamo
imitungo ariko turareba gusa uburyo bukurikira:
- Kugira umutungo biturutse ku izungura;
- Kugira umutungo biturutse ku nshingano
zikomoka ku masezerano;
- Kugira umutungo biturutse ku kwishyurwa
indishyi;
- Kugira umutungo biturutse ku bintu byiyometse
ku mutungo usanganywe;
- Kugira umutungo biturutse ku murimo wakoze.
I.1. Kugira umutungo biturutse ku izungura
Nk’uko bitegenywa n’ingingo ya 49 y’itegeko No 22/99,
kuvuga izungura ni ukugaragaza urukurikirane
rw’ibikorwa bigaragaza uburyo umutungo wa
nyakwigendera amategeko ahita awugenera abazungura,
uburyo bawushyikirizwa, ukegeranywa,
bakanawugabana. Izungura rishobora gukorwa nta rage
cyangwa rigakorwa hakurikijwe irage. Uko byakorwa
kose, urazwe afite uburenganzira bwo guhitamo, ni
ukuvuga kwemera cyangwa kwanga uwo murage. Ubwo
rero umutungo w’umwana w’imfubyi cyangwa igice
cyawo, ushobora kuba ugizwe n’umurage w’ababyeyi be.
4 KALINDA F.Xavier, Ibyerekeye imicungire y’umutungo w’abana
b’imfubyi mu mategeko y’u Rwanda, U.N.R., 2003, p.9-13
23
I.2. Kugira umutungo biturutse ku nshingano zikomoka
ku masezerano
Umwana muto ashobora kugira umutungo biturutse ku
masezerano y’ubuguzi cyangwa se yo guhabwa ikintu ku
buntu. Ariko kubera ko atemerewe gukoresha
uburenganzira ahabwa n’amategeko, ubuguzi bw’ikintu
bukozwe n’umwana muto bushobora kugira agaciro gusa
mu gihe ubikoze ahagarikiwe n’umuntu umufiteho
ububasha bw’ababyeyi ku bana. Uwo muntu na ni we
umuhagararira iyo agura ikintu cyangwa agurana ikintu
n’ikindi ariko akabikora mu izina ry’umwana. Umwana
kandi ashobora guhabwa impano(inka, imirima, ihene
n’ibindi).
I.3. Kugira umutungo biturutse ku kwishyura indishyi
Indishyi z’akababaro zikomoka ku rupfu rw’ababyeyi
b’umwana muto zishobora kugira umutungo w’uwo
mwana. Zishobora gutangwa n’abishe ababyeyi be,
Isanduku y’ubwiteganyirize bw’abakozi y’u Rwanda mu
gihe ababyeyi babo bari barafashe ubwiteganyirize mbere
yo gupfa cyangwa amasosiyete y’ubwishingizi mu gihe
urupfu rwaturutse ku mpanuka ifitanye isano
n’ibinyabiziga.
I.4. Kubona umutungo biturutse ku bintu byiyometse ku
mutungo yari asanganywe
Ingingo ya 22 y’igitabo cya kabiri cy’amategeko
mbonezamubano kirebana n’umutungo
n’imihindagurikire y’umutungo, nyir’umutungo, waba
24
uwimukanwa cyangwa utimukanwa iteganya ko umuntu
agira uburenganzira ku kibyawe n’umutungo we n’ikije
kuwiyongeraho cyose ku buryo bwa kamere cyangwa ku
buryo bukozwe n’umuntu. Ni yo mpamvu umwana muto
agira uburenganzira ku musaruro uturuka ku bintu bye.
I.5. Kugira umutungo ukomoka ku murimo yakoze
Umwana ukiri muto ashobora guhabwa akazi mu kigo iki
n’iki yimenyereza. Muri icyo gihe yimenyereza, umwana
ashobora guhabwa umushahara ungana n’umushahara
umukoresha adashobora kujya munsi hakurikijwe
ubushobozi bw’umukozi cyangwa akazi ashinzwe ku
mpera z’amezi atandatu yo kwimenyereza nk’uko
bitegenywa n’ingingo ya 44 y’igitabo cy’amategeko
agenga umurimo. Uwo mushahara rero uza kongera
umutungo umwana ukiri muto yari asanganywe.
II. UBURYO BUKORESHWA MU KURENGERA
UMUTUNGO W’ABANA BAKIRI BATO5
Uretse abana barengerwa n’imiryango yabo, itegeko
rigena uburyo bubiri bukoreshwa mu kurengera abana
bakiri bato: Ubwishingire no kubera umubyeyi umwana
utabyaye.
II.1. Ubwishingire (tutelle)
Ubwishingire butangira ku mwana muto iyo se na nyina
bapfuye, bazimiye, babuze cyangwa bambuwe ububasha
5 Idem, p.14 et ss
25
bwa kibyeyi. Butangira kandi ku bana bavutse ku
babyeyi batashyingiranywe iyo nta numwe wabemeye.
Ubwishingire ni umurimo uteganywa n’amategeko,
uhabwa umuntu ufite ububasha mu rwego rw’amategeko,
kugira ngo yite ku muntu udafite ubwo bubasha,
amuhagararire anamucungire umutungo we. Uwo muntu
bamwita umwishingizi. Ni umuntu rero ushinzwe
guhagararira umwana ukiri muto amategeko yageneye
ubwishingire. Ubusanzwe umwishingizi ashyirwaho
n’umubyeyi upfuye nyuma akabikora igihe araga. Iyo
atamuhisemo, umwe mu bo uwo mwana akomokaho
bafitanye isano ya hafi ni we uhita amwishingia. Iyo
ababyeyi bombi bapfuye badasize umwishingizi kandi nta
n’uwo mu bo akomokaho ukiriho, urukiko rumuhitiramo
umwishingizi. Bikorwa n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rw”aho
umwana atuye.
Urwo rukiko rugena kandi umugenzuzi w’umwishingizi
n’inama y’ubwishingire.
II.2. Kubera umubyeyi umwana utabyaye (adoption)
Kubera umubyeyi umwana utabyaye bishobora
gusobanurwa nk’uburyo bwateganijwe n’amategeko
bubyara isano hagati y’umubyeyi n’umwana, hagati
y’abantu babiri badafitanye isano y’amaraso. Ni uburyo
urukiko rurema isano hagati y’abantu babiri ubusanzwe
badafitanye isano y’amaraso.
Ingingo ya 332 y’Igitabo cya mbere cy’amategeko
mbonezamubano iteganya ko kubera umubyeyi umwana
26
utabyaye byemerwa iyo bishingiye ku mpamvu nyazo
kandi bikaba bifitiye ugizwe umwana akamaro.
III. GUCUNGA UMUTUNGO W’UMWANA
UKIRI MUTO
Imicungire y’umutungo w’umwana w’imfubyi, bitewe
n’uko afite umwishingizi cyangwa uwamubereye
umubyeyi ataramubyaye, iba ishinzwe umwishingizi
cyangwa uwamubereye umubyeyi ataramubyaye.
III.1. Icunga ry’umutungo w’umwana w’imfubyi
rikozwe n’umwishingizi
Umwishingizi ni we wenyine ufite uburenganzira bwo
guhagararira umwana mu mibanire ye na rubanda.
Acunga ibintu by’urerwa ku buryo bwa kibyeyi kandi
akaryozwa ingaruka zitewe n’imicungire mibi yabyo.
Ashobora gukorera ku mutungo w’umwana ibikorwa
byose bijyanye no kuwucunga mu gihe bigamije inyungu
z’uwo mwana.
Hari kandi ibikorwa umwishingizi atemerewe gukora ni
ibikorwa byose bigamije gutanga, kugurisha kimwe
n’ibindi byose bishobora kubangamira umutungo
w’umwana atabiherewe uburenganzira n’inama
y’ubwishingire.
Uko byagenda uko ari ko kose kirazira ko umwishingizi
yakora mu mutungo w’umwana atanga impano kuko
binyuranije n’icyo ashinzwe ari cyo kurengera umutungo
27
w’umwana wishingiwe. Na none umwishingizi
ntashobora kugura ikintu cy’umwana yishingiye. Mu
kubuza iryo gura hagamijwe kubuza ko uhagarariye
umwana akaba ari na we ushinzwe kumugurishiriza
ibintu mu gihe ashatse kugura, inyungu ze zashyamirana
n’iz’umwana.
Umwishingizi rero afite inshingano nyinshi zirimo izi
z’ingenzi:
- Kubarura umutungo w’umwana;
- Gucunga umutungo w’umwana ku buryo bwa
kibyeyi;
- Kwirinda ko inyungu ze zashyamirana
n’iz’umwana yishingiye.
Ubwishingire burangira iyo umwana akuze cyangwa
yemerewe ubukure, iyo apfuye cyangwa umwishingizi
agapfa, iyo umubyeyi we yari yarabuze cyangwa
yarazimiye abonetse, iyo umwe mu babyeyi amwemeye.
Iyo ubwo bwishingire burangiye, umwishingizi agomba
kugaragaza mu nyandiko uburyo yacunze umutungo,
ikemezwa n’inama y’ubwishingire akayishyikiriza uwari
wishingiwe mu mezi abiri akurikira igihe yemerewe
ubukure.
III.2. Icunga ry’umutungo w’umwana w’imfubyi
rikozwe n’ubera umubyeyi umwana atabyaye
Ingingo ya 336 igika cya mbere cy’igitabo cya mbere
cy’amategeko mbonezamubano igena ko “ugizwe
umwana agumana uburenganzira bwe mu muryango
28
avukamo, muri bwo hakabamo uburenganzira bwo
kuzungura”. Ingaruka yo kugumaho kw’iyo sano ni uko
uwagizwe umwana agumana uburenganzira bwe bwo
kuzungura mu muryango avukamo. Ingingo ya 339
y’igitabo cya mbere cy’amategeko mbonezamubano
igaragaza ko abana barerwa n’umubyeyi utarababyaye
bagira uburenganzira n’inshingano bingana n’iby’abana
babyawe n’uwo mubyeyi.
Gusa uwo mubyeyi ni we wenyine ufite ku wo yagize
umwana ububasha ababyeyi bagira ku bana, nko
kumwemerera ubukure, kumuha uburenganzira bwo
gukora imirimo y’ubucuruzi cyangwa kwicungira
umutungo kandi akiri muto. Uwo mubyeyi ni we wenyine
ubazwa inshingano z’umwana ndetse akaba yahagarikwa
no ku murimo w’ubwishingire mu gihe yaba atarangije
neza iyo nshingano ye. Agomba rero gucunga umutungo
wose w’uwagizwe umwana we waba ukomoka mu
muryango avukamo ndetse n’ukomoka ku muryango
wamwakiriye.
Icyemezo cyo kugirwa umwana utabyawe gikurwaho iyo
bisabwe mu rukiko n’ubereye umubyeyi umwana
atabyaye kubera ubuhemu bw’umwana, iyo umwana
amaze kwemererwa ko akuze cyangwa ubushinjacyaha
iyo hari impavu zikomeye.
29
III.3. Icunga ry’umutungo w’umwana w’imfubyi
urererwa mu kigo cy’imfubyi cyangwa urererwa mu
muryango wamwakiriye n’ikibazo cy’abana bahindutse
abakuru b’ingo.
Uko biteye ubu nta rwego rw’amategeko rwateganyijwe
rwo gucunga umutungo w’abana b’imfubyi, abo bana
ibyabo bigenda babibona, bikagenda bitwawe na bene
wabo mu muryango n’abaturanyi bitwaje ko ngo
babatunze. Ibigo birera abana b’imfubyi nabyo nta
butumwa byahawe bwo gucunga imitungo y’izo mfubyi.
Ikibazo cy’imitungo y’abana barerwa mu miryango
yabakiriye nacyo ni ingorabahizi. Umwana ushyizwe mu
muryango wo kumurera aba atagengwa n’ubwishingire
cyangwa n’ibyerekeye kugirwa umwana n’umubyeyi
utaramubyaye, bityo imicungire y’umutungo we
igahomberamo. Mu rwego rw’amategeko uwo muryango
wamwakiriye nta gikorwa na kimwe ushobora
kumukorera kijyanye n’icungwa ry’umutungo we.
Ikindi cyiciro kigizwe n’abana bahindutse abakuru b’ingo
nyuma y’urupfu rw’ababyeyi babo.Abenshi muri bo
ntabwo baba bazi imitungo ababyeyi babo basize ndetse
n’ingano yayo.Bibera mu bukene nubwo bamwe muri bo
baba bafite imitungo badashobora gucunga. Rimwe na
rimwe abaturanyi ni bo babatwarira imitungo yimukanwa
cyangwa itimukanwa, ntibashobora kugira icyo
bamarirwa n’amafranga ababyeyi basize mu mabanki
nyamara uburenganzira burengera ibyabo ntibuhagarara
kuzima.
30
Hakorwa iki?
Kimwe mu bisubizo cyaba ko Leta yashinga
abanyamabanga nshingwabikorwa b’utugari n’imirenge
abo bana bakomokamo, bakabarindira imitungo nyuma
yo kuyibarura. Ikindi gishoboka ni ubwishingire bukozwe
na Leta nkuko buteganywa n’amategeko. Kugeza ubu
bigaragara ko ubu bwishingire butigeze bubaho,
birakwiye ko Leta yabushyira mu bikorwa bityo kikaba
igisubizo ku bibazo byinshi by’abana b’imfubyi.
31
UMWANZURO RUSANGE Itegeko No 22/99 ryo ku wa 12/11/1999 ryuzuza igitabo cya
mbere cy’Urwunge rw’Amategeko Mbonezamubano kandi
rishyiraho igice cya gatatu cyerekeye imicungire
y’umutungo w’abashyingiranywe, impano n’izungura
ryasubije byinshi mu bibazo bitari byarabonewe umuti mu
mategeko mbonezamubano. Icyuho gikomeje kuboneka mu
micungire y’umutungo w’abana b’imfubyi. N’ubwo igitabo
cya mbere cy’amategeko mbonezamubano giteganya
uburyo bubiri bwo kurengera umutungo w’abana bakiri bato
aribwo ubwishingire no kubera umubyeyi umwana
utabyaye, ubwo buryo ntabwo bukoreshwa cyane. Ubwinshi
bw’abana b’imfubyi nabwo butuma ubushobozi bw’Igihugu
bwo guha imbaraga ubwo buryo bwo kubitaho buba buke.
Ni yo mpamvu bashyizwe mu miryango yiyemeje kubarera,
abandi mu bigo by’imfubyi, naho abandi basigara ari ba
nyamwigendaho batagira kivurira.
Abo bana batitaweho mu buryo burengerwa n’amategeko
imitungo yabo irugarijwe. Kugeza ubu nta tegeko ryari
ryajyaho rigamije kurengera imitungo yabo. Hakwiye
amategeko cyangwa nibura ibyemezo by’Ubuyobozi
bigamije kurengera imitungo ya bene abo bana.
Biranakwiye kandi gukangurira abantu bose ko uburyo
bw’ubwishingire no kubera umubyeyi umwana utabyaye
biriho kandi bifite akamaro. Urwego rw’Umuvunyi
rurakangurira izindi nzego za Leta n’amashyirahamwe
ategamiye kuri Leta kurushaho gukangurira abantu bose
kumenya ubwishingire n’ukubera umubyeyi umwana
utabyaye, bwo buryo bwonyine amategeko ateganya mu
rwego rwo kurengera imitungo y’abana b’imfubyi.
32
IBITABO BYIFASHISHIJWE
1. Itegeko No 42/1988 ryo ku wa 27 Ukwakira 1988
ryerekeye interuro y’ibanze n’igitabo cya mbere
cy”Urwunge rw’amategeko Mbonezamubano,
Igazeti ya Leta, 1989.
2. Itegeko No 22/99 ryo ku wa 12/11/1999 ryuzuza
igitabo cya mbere cy’Urwunge rw’Amategeko
Mbonezamubano kandi rishyiraho igice cya
gatatu cyerekeye imicungire y’umutungo
w’abashyingiranywe, impano n’izungura, Igazeti
ya Leta, 1999.
3. Itegeko No 51/2001 ryo ku wa 30 ukuboza 2001
ryerekeye Amategeko agenga umurimo, Igazeti ya
Leta, 2002.
4. KALINDA F.Xavier, Ibyerekeye imicungire
y’umutungo w’abana b’imfubyi mu mategeko y’u
Rwanda, U.N.R., 2003.
