HACETTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ

Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü

Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamü Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı

Kamu Yönetimi Bilim Dalı

Ders: Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri ve Kamu Yönetimi

E-KTP PROGRAM IN INDONESIA

Hazırlayan:

AKMAL KHAIRI

N12123144

ANKARA

Aralık, 2012

CONTENTS

CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………………… 1

I. PREFACE.................................................................................................................... 2

II. PROFILE OF INDONESIA………………………………………………….……... 3

II.1. Data and Fact……………………………………………………….….… 3

II.2. Governments Level………………………………………………….….... 4

III. E-KTP PROGRAM………………............................................................................. 7

III.1. Function and Format of E-KTP..................................................................... 7

III.2. Making Procedures of E-KTP........................................................................ 8

III.3. Practice and Problems.................................................................................... 9

III.4. Analysis of E-KTP Program………………………………………………... 10

IV. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………….. 14

RESOURCES...................................................................................................................... 15

1

I. PREFACE

In Indonesia languages, "KTP" is short for "Kartu Tanda Penduduk" (identity card).

Electronic-KTP (e-KTP) is a national identity card that was made electronically, in terms of

both the physical and use computerized function. E-KTP program was launched by the

Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Indonesia in February 2011. Observance is divided

into two phases, the first phase, started in February 2011 – April 2012 that covering 67

million people in 2348 districts and 197 regency/cities. The second phase, covers 105 million

people spread over 300 regency/cities others in Indonesia. Overall, at the end of 2012, is

targeted at least 172 million people already have an e-KTP card.1

E-KTP program is the big most e-government projects that ever undertaken by the

government of Indonesia. The program was implemented nationally with budget around IRP

6.3 trillion (US$ 653 million).2 Previously, projects of e-government has made, but only

applies at the local level, like as one stop services and one roof services programs in local

governments.

The e-KTP program has intends to change conventional ID card system in Indonesia

which allows one to have more than one ID. This is due to the lack of a unified database that

collects population data from all over Indonesia. E-KTP can close opportunities to skew with

reduplicate his ID card. For example it can be used for: avoiding tax, making fake passports,

secures corruption, hiding the identities (such as terrorists). Therefore, driven by the

implementation of e-government as well as to improve the quality of service to the

community, the Interior Ministry of the Republic of Indonesia to implement a population

information system which based on the technology namely e-KTP card.

1 http://www.e-ktp.com2 http://www.antaranews.com/berita/1305026130/anggota-dpr-minta-anggaran-e-ktp-ditinjau-ulang

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II. PROFILE OF INDONESIA

II.1. Data and Fact

Republic of Indonesia that was built in August, 17, 1945 is a country in Southeast

Asia. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president, and It has 33

provinces. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua

New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore,

Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Indonesia is a member of the G-20 major economies and the world's sixteenth largest by GDP

US$ 847 billion (2011) 3.

Picture 1Map of Indonesia

Source: http://www.google.com/imgres

Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,487 islands.4 Besides of

many islands, Indonesia has over 241 million people (2011),5 and is the world's fourth most

populous country. The people consists of 1,128 ethnic6 and more 746 linguistic groups7 (10%

of the number of languages in the world) that widespread in Indonesian Islands. Government

3 http://www.worldbank.org/in/country/indonesia4 http://us.nasional.news.viva.co.id/news/read/260537-indonesia-daftarkan-13-487-pulau-ke-pbb5 http://www.riauterkini.com/sosial.php?arr=441506 http://www.jpnn.com/index.php?mib=berita.detail&id=574557 http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2008/10/22/22260274/depdiknas.terbitkan.peta.bahasa

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recognized four religions, as: Islam 85.1%, Christian (Protestant and Catholic) 12.7%, Hindu

1.8%, and Buddhism 0.4%.8 Despite its large population and densely populated regions,

Indonesia has large areas (1,904,569 km2)9 that support the world's second highest level of

biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources, yet poverty remains widespread.

II.2. Government Level

Indonesia is a unitary state with a presidential system that give autonomy to local

government. Local governments consist of:10

1. Province

A province is headed by a governor. Each province has its own legislative body.

Governors and representative members are elected by popular vote for 5-year term.

Indonesia is divided into 33 provinces that carry out the principle of deconcentration

and decentralization. Five provinces have special status:

Province of Yogyakarta Special Region, Royal of Yogyakarta Sultans is de facto

governor of Yogyakarta since the Republic of Indonesia was built until now. In this

province governor not was elected, but held by The Sultan hereditarily.

Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam has greater role in local government, which

includes its own Islamic Sharia law (for Muslim citizens), and decisions or laws

made by the central government which directly affect Aceh's administration must be

referred to the local government or local legislative body.

Province of Papua, since 2001 local government has a greater role, including was

given specific autonomy fund and the governor is from Papuan origins.

Province of West Papua, has the same status as Papua

8 http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_Indonesia9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia

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Province of Jakarta is Special Capital Region, because it is the capital city of

Indonesia. The Governor of Jakarta has the power to appoint and dismiss mayors

and regent within the Jakarta Special Capital Region. The local government is

allowed cooperate with other cities from other countries.

2. Regency and City

Regency (Kabupaten) and City (Kota) is a local level of government beneath that of

province, however they enjoy greater decentralization affairs than province does, such

as provide public schools and public health facilities. Indonesia has 399 Regency and

98 City. Both regency and city are the same level, having their own local government

and legislative body. The difference between a Regency and a City lies in differing

demographics, size and economics. Generally the regency has larger area than city, and

city has a non-agricultural economic activities. A regency is headed by a regent

(Bupati), and a city is headed by a mayor (Walikota). Regent or mayor and member of

representatives are elected by popular vote for a term of 5 years. Each regency or city is

divided into Districts (Kecamantan).

3. District

A District (Kecamatan) is an area within a regency or city, totally Indonesia has 6589

kecamatan. The head of a District is known as a "Camat". Camats are civil servants,

responsible to the regent (for regency) or to the mayor (for city). In Papua Province and

West Papua Province, this administrative level is translated as "Distrik", and is headed

by a "Head of District" (Kepala Distrik). Each district is divided into village (desa or

kelurahan). In Aceh Province, a Mukim is a subdivision of a district. A mukim contains

some villages (Gampong).

4. Village

5

The Village level was consist of the “Desa” or “Kelurahan”. Both Desa and Kelurahan

are the area within sa district, however Desa enjoys greater local matters than

Kelurahan does not. Though Desa and Kelurahan are part of a district, a Kelurahan has

less power than a Desa. A Kelurahan is headed by a "Lurah". Lurahs are civil servants,

directly responsible to their Camat. A Kelurahan is part of Regency/City government

bureaucracy. In Indonesian, as in English, village (desa) has rural connotations, in the

context of Indonesian Government Administration, a Desa can be defined as a body

which has authority over the local people in accordance with acknowledged local

traditions of the area. Desa is headed by "Head of Desa" (Kepala Desa), who is elected

by popular vote. Most Indonesian villages use the term "desa". In some places,

however, there are many other terms used, i.e.:

Gampong in Aceh

Nagari in West Sumatra

Dusun in Bungo Regency (Jambi)

Kampung in some places in Indonesia

Pekon in Pringsewu, Tanggamus, and West Lampung Regencies (Lampung)

In Bali, there are two forms of "desa", i.e. desa dinas (service village) and desa adat

(cultural village). Desa dinas deals with administrative functions, while desa adat

deals with religious and cultural functions.

Lembang in Toraja and North Toraja Regencies (South Sulawesi)

III. E-KTP PROGRAM

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III.1. Function and Format of E-KTP

E-KTP has some functions, that is:

a) As a self identity

b) Nationwide, so no need to create a local ID card for a permit, opening a bank account,

etc.

c) Preventing multiple ID cards and ID forgery

d) The creation of accurate population data to support development programs.

Forms of e-KTP cards in accordance with ISO 7810 with a credit card-sized format that is

53.98 mm x 85.60 mm. It structure consists of nine layers will increase the security from the

conventional ID card. Chip planted between white and transparent plastic layer on the top

two. The chip has an antenna in it that would create waves when swiped. This Wave will be

identified by the e-ID card detection device that can be known whether the ID is in the hands

of the right person or not. To create the e-ID card with nine layers, the stage of manufacture

quite a lot, including:

1) Hole punching,

2) Pick and pressure,

3) Implanter,

4) Printing,

5) Spot welding,

6) Laminating.

Picture 1e-KTP Sample

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Source: http://www.e-ktp.com

E-KTP also has advantages over ordinary ID card, including: Identification of a single

identity, can not be forged, it can not be duplicated, can be used as a sound card in the

election or elections (e-voting). e-KTP cards in Indonesia is more comprehensive as it is

equipped with a biometric or fingerprint recording and chips. Fingerprints shall be recorded

from any e-ID card is all fingers (of ten), but the data that is included in the chip only two

fingers, the thumb and forefinger of the right.

III.2. Making Procedures of E-KTP

Applicant (aged over 17 years) to come to the place of service to bring a summons

Applicants go to the specified window

Officers conducted the verification of data with database

Officers took photos applicant directly

Applicant to signature on the recorder signature

Further recording fingerprints and retina scan

Officer affixing signature and stamp on the summons as well as evidence that the

population has done recording photos, signatures and fingerprints

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Applicants are welcome to go home to await the results of the process of printing 2

weeks after creation.

III.3. Practice and Problems

Application of e-KTP is a mandate of the Act (Act) No. 23 of 2006 and a series of

other regulations such as the regulations of Law No. 35 of 2010 which states the rules of

procedure and the technical implementation of e-KTP cards equipped with fingerprint and

chip. This program in Indonesia has been started since 2009 with the appointment of four

cities as pilot projects. The city is the Padang, Makassar, Yogyakarta and Denpasar. While

the implementation of e-KTP project started in February 2011 – April 2012 that covering 67

million people in 2348 districts and 197 regency/cities. May - end of 2012 The second phase

covers 105 million people spread over 300 regency/cities others in Indonesia. Overall, was

targeted at least 172 million people already have an e-KTP card. Recording e-KTP has

reached the target in November 2012, but only 89 million (51,7%) that was distributed.11 So

e-KTP project can’t finish in 2012, or this is not according with previous plan.

Implementation of e-KTP program smoothly only in major cities, but in remote areas

has some problems. The main problem is the geographic area of Indonesia (Islands) is very

spacious and minimal infrastructure. Not all areas have electricity and personnel that capable

of using IT equipment properly, so many broken equipment. Moreover, great variety of

ethnic, religion, cultural and linguistic population also complicates the implementation of the

program. This is not only happened in the e-KTP program but also in other government

programs. With all these problems, the implementation of e-KTP project in Indonesia took a

long time, about 2 years.

III.4. Analysis of E-KTP Program

11 http//nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/11/08/1505254/perekaman.E-KTP.Mencapai.

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E-KTP project is part of the e-government program in an effort to reform the

bureaucracy in Indonesia. This is a basic program that will be the foundation for further

reform. Mete Yıldız make Subcategories of e-government as:12

Subcategories of e-Government

Parties of communication

Content Dominant characteristic

Definition Example

Government to Government

Government information and services

Communication, coordination,

standardization of information and

services

e-administration Establishing and using a common data warehouse

Government to Citizen

Communication, transparency,

accountability, effectiveness,

efficiency, standardization of information and

services, productivity

e-government Government organization

web sites, e-mail communication

between the citizens and government

officials

Government to Business

Communication, collaboration,

commerce

e-government, e-commerce, e-collaboration

Posting government bids

on the web, e-procurement, e-

partnershipsGovernment to Civil society

Organizations

Communication, coordination, transparency, accountability

e-governance Electronic communication

and coordination efforts after

disasterCitizen to

CitizenCommunication,

coordination, transparency,

accountability, grass roots

organization

e-governance Electronic discussion

groups on civic issues

12 Mete Yıldız, e-Government Research: Reviewing the literature, limitations, and ways forward, Government Information Quarterly (2007)

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E-KTP project is at the level of the two as part of the Government to Citizen and is defined as

the e-government. This function is Communication, transparency, accountability,

effectiveness, efficiency, standardization of information and services, productivity. The next

plan, e-KTP will be developed as a tool for e-Voting and e-Health.

According to Mete Yıldız,13 There is a problem about the explanatory power of much

research in the e-government literature. even the definition of the concept of e-government is

elusive and it is ever-changing depending on the rapid change of technology itself and wide

array of government applications and all the public policy issues these technologies can be

applied upon. E-government research has four big question, that is:

1) How can e-government studies be better connected to and grounded in the mainstream

public administration research?

E-government studies research is so far dominated by a technical focus, and shaped

by economic and administrative values. Therefore, e-government studies should be better

connected to and grounded in the mainstream public administration research. Furthermore, e-

government research must more focus on macro-level public administration themes. As

macro-level themes, e-government studies should most importantly focus on the role e-

government in government reform and ICT-enabled institution creation and change

government.

E-KTP is an attempt to reform the system of government in Indonesia. Previously,

Indonesia using conventional ID card which has some limitations, such as:

Do not store complete data

Irregular ID number (can’t be the benchmark census)

People have to make a lot of identity as a birth certificate, family card and ID card

13 Mete Yıldız, Big Questions of E-government Research, Information Polity (2012)

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To make driving licenses and other permits, that only be used in the local province.

E-KTP can solve these problems and make the government more effective and efficient. So

far, the government has difficulties to run its programs because there is no certainty of the

data population, so many programs that are not well targeted and wasteful budget. Beside of,

as a democracy, every 5 years Indonesia should make elections for president and legislative,

governor in 33 provinces, and mayor/regent in 497 cities/regencies. Uncertainty of the

number of voters and wasting budget for voter count is problems that often occur. With e-

KTP, government programs could be on target, no longer have to do regular census, reduce

the administrative burden of citizens and can make budget savings.

2) How can e-government studies be more multidisciplinary and comparative?

E-government research becomes more fruitful and has a better chance of influencing

other discipline when it is comparative. Moving e-government research from descriptive case

studies focusing on one academic discipline to empirical studies with multi-disciplinary focus

and authorship will help strengthen it. Multi-disciplinary and comparative studies most likely

require the collaboration of researchers and policy actors across the board. A final and

critically important issue is coordination with different organizational, political, and

administrative cultures that limit fruitful international, multidisciplinary, and collaborative

research on e-government.

E-KTP project does not stand alone, but relates to other disciplines and in practice

involves a variety of different organizations. That is relates to politic, psychology, sociology,

and anthropology science. In politic, E-KTP able to overcome the problem of the disputed

election which caused by the inflation of votes and voters, as well as fraud in the election

(double election, money politics, etc.). According to the Constitutional Court of Indonesia,

from 2008 to December 2011 there are 440 local election. Of this amount, 392 that contained

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the disputed elections in the Constitutional Court.14 With the e-KTP, there is an opportunity

to prevent cheating through e-voting. It provides an opportunity for political scientists to

conduct research on changes in the quality of the local elections. In Psychology, Sociology

and anthropology, e-KTP can change the behavior of individuals, communities, and bring a

new culture. In the region of Southeast Asia, an Indonesian was known has characteristics

disorderly, criminal, troublemakers, and others. Neighboring countries that have implemented

e-ID card, like as Malaysia and Singapore, is recognized more disciplined and orderly. This

will be the object of comparison and research for scientists of psychology, sociology, and

anthropology. In addition, as a large country and much population, China and India had

already implemented e-ID card, can be comparable in the e-government studies.

3) How to better measure and evaluate e-government performance and result?

Evaluation of performance in government organizations and employees is one of the

basic objectives of current government reform movements, such as the new public

management. There are some problems about the assessment of e-government projects:

measurement and evaluation of subjective, focus on online service (without flexible,

responsive, accountable and participatory), quantity trap regardless quality, a lack of

emphasis on social, technical and political value-added, prioritize for benchmarking and rise

in rankings rather than for local and national priorities, and technical design or citizen needs.

The good evaluate of e-government performance and result must objective with

involve multi stakeholder like NGO, citizens, technician, politician and researcher.

Government as an e-KTP project implementers should always make a poll about the quality,

responsive, accountable of these project. In practice, the use of e-KTP cards have weakness.

For example, the signature does not appear on the surface e-KTP card. That causes problem

14 http://www.seputar-indonesia.com/edisicetak/content/view/462330/

13

to transactions with banking institutions. Signature are printed in the chip can not be read

because the bank did not have the tools (card reader). Therefore necessary collaboration

between government as the organizer of the e-KTP project with private as user.

4) How to produce novel and more useable concepts, model and theories in e-government

research?

E-government research is criticized for being rather weak in producing novel and

more usable concept, models and theories. Theoretical orientation may help e-government

researchers to rediscover critical theorizing supported by solid empirical (multi-disciplinary,

multi-method, and collaborative) research. Academic cross-fertilization with other

disciplines, as suggested in above-sections, is an old and successfully-tested way of theory

generating and testing and theoretical development.

E-KTP project is generating a multiplier effect, both among science (public

administration, politics, sociology, psychology, anthropology) and between organizations

(national and international). So that, to produce new models and theories is possible because

it can use a multi-disciplinary, multi-method, and collaborative.

IV. CONCLUSION

E-KTP project is part of the e-government program in an effort to reform the

bureaucracy in Indonesia. It is the basic program to establish communication between the

government premises to citizens more effectively and efficiently. E-KTP can be researched

with multi-disciplinary, multi-method, and collaborative.

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RESOURCES

Yıldız, Mete. (2007). E-government Research: Reviewing the literature, limitations, and

ways forward. Government Information Quarterly (p. 646-665).

Yıldız, Mete. (2012). Big Questions of E-government Research. Information Polity (1-13)

http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2008/10/22/22260274/depdiknas.terbitkan.peta.bahasa.

http://us.nasional.news.viva.co.id/news/read/260537-indonesia-daftarkan-13-487-pulau-ke-

pbb.

http://www.antaranews.com/berita/1305026130/anggota-dpr-minta-anggaran-e-ktp-ditinjau-

ulang.

http://www.e-ktp.com.

http://www.jpnn.com/index.php?mib=berita.detail&id=57455.

http://www.riauterkini.com/sosial.php?arr=44150.

http://www.seputar-indonesia.com/edisicetak/content/view/462330/.

http://www.worldbank.org/in/country/indonesia.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia.

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartu_Tanda_Penduduk_elektronik.

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_Indonesia.

http//nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/11/08/1505254/perekaman.E-KTP.Mencapai.

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