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南京航空航天大学

2018 年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（ A 卷 ） 科目代码: 620

满分: 150 分 科目名称: 基础英语

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I. Vocabulary (20 points)

A. Choose the word or phrase marked A, B, C, and D to best correspond to the word above. Be sure to write

down your choice on the answer sheet. (10 points)

1. oblivious

a) subtle b) obvious

c) unaware d) unknown

2. divergence

a) connection b) difference

c) depletion d) isolation

3. incongruous

a) inappropriate b) unusual

c) suitable d) consistent

4. resourceful

a) thoughtful b) witty

c) excited d) delighted

5. reproach

a) movement nearer to a person or thing

b) an act of thinking about something carefully

c) a feeling of great sadness

d) an act of blaming somebody

6. consolidate

a) strengthen b) take care of

c) encourage d) support

7. masculinity

a) heroism b) a process of an action

c) manliness d) frustration

8. pejorative

a) full of praise b) existing widely

c) humorous d) expressing disapproval

9. covet

a) want b) protect

c) hide d) consider

10. shrug off

a) destroy b) laugh at

c) dismiss d) remove

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B. Directions: Explain the italicized words in the following sentences with simple, everyday words or

expressions in English. Be sure to write down your explanation on the answer sheet. (10 points)

1. Peter was conspicuous for his queer jeans.

2. The King’s English should not be laid down as an edict, and made immune to change from below.

3. Alice is so fastidious about her food that I never invite her for dinner.

4. With a clamor of bells that set the swallows soaring, the Festival of Summer came to the city.

5. Rebellion was not confined to the United States, but affected the entire Western world as a result of the

aftermath of the first serious war in a century.

6. She laughed at my clumsy compliment and said I had better take to writing fashion articles instead of

political leaders.

7. This ideal “parcel” service is also a plus for the shipowners not to be dependent on only one customer.

8. The storm of abuse in the popular press that greeted the appearance of the new dictionary is a curious

phenomenon.

9. “I got a curious nature, ma’am. How’d you figure where your husband was?”

10. On the day of the bombing I ran all over the city looking for missing friends and relatives, and I thought

somehow I had been spared.

II. Cloze (20 points)

A. Fill in each of the following blanks with a suitable word in its proper form and write down the required

word on the answer sheet. (10 points)

Earlier today, my colleague Derek Thompson argued that; it’s misleading to think of marriage 1 a

“luxury good”. Why? Because luxury goods are something the 2 buy and the poor can’t afford. But in

the case of 3 the trend is more complex. The vast majority of Americans tie the knot at some point in their

lives, he argues. It’s just that those 4 a college education are far, far more likely to get divorced. Marriage

is for everyone; failed marriages are 5 the poor.

Bleak stuff. But it’s getting bleaker.

Derek’s post is based 6 a long-term study of young Baby Boomers, who were at least 46 7 old

by 2010. But among younger Americans, marriage really is looking more and more 8 something you’d

have to buy at Tiffany's. According to 2012 Census Bureau report, 9 shows the percentage of men who

have never married by age and income, the less a guy earns nowadays, the 10 likely they are to have ever

gotten married.

Well, that’s not l00 percent true. Among twenty-somethings there seems to be a rich bachelor 11

going on (or an overworked young professional effect, if you prefer). Those making $75,000 or more are

somewhat less likely to have been married than 12 making between $40,000 and $75,000.

This particular set of Census data unfortunately tells us much less about 13 and marriage. The

problem: Stay-at-home moms.

The key to remember, though, is that many educated, high-earning women, the sorts who are likely to meet

and 14 educated and high-earning men, leave the workforce or go part time once they have children. So a

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publicist who once made over $70,000 a year might 15 earn $20,000 if she decided 16 work fewer

hours while 17 for her children at home.

Here’s why this trend--not just the move towards divorce like Derek talked about, 18 the move from

marriage entirely -- is so gloomy. Getting married, and staying married, is 19 of the surest ways of

securing a middle class life. By choosing 20 to wed in the first place, the poor are abandoning that chance

at stability.

B. Fill in each blank with a proper word from the following box. Change its form if necessary and write down

the required word on the answer sheet. (10 points)

lean to sound spread by down cry lap

presence one before pagoda attack into assassinate sorrow

put gloom turn forgiveness

NEW DELHI, JANUARY 30, 1948 -- Mohandas K. Gandhi was 1 today by a Hindu extremist whose act

plunged India into 2 and fear.

Rioting broke out immediately in Bombay.

The seventy-eight-year-old leader whose people had christened him the Great Soul of India died at 3:45

P.M. (1:15 A M. EST) with his head cradled in the 3 of his sixteen-year-old granddaughter, Mani.

Just half an hour before, a Hindu fanatic, Ram Naturam, had pumped three bullets from a revolver 4

Gandhi’s frail body, emaciated by years of fasting and asceticism.

Gandhi was shot in the luxurious gardens of Birla House in the 5 of one thousand of his followers,

whom he was leading to the little summer pagoda where it was his habit 6 make his evening devotions.

Dressed as always in his homespun, sacklike dhoti, and 7 heavily on a staff of stout wood, Gandhi

was only a feet from the 8 when the shots were fired.

Gandhi crumpled instantly, 9 his hand to his forehead in the Hindu gesture of

10 to his assassin.

Three bullets penetrated his body at close range, one in the upper right thigh, one in the abdomen, and

11 in the chest.

The shots 12 like a string of firecrackers and it was a moment 13 Gandhi’s devotees realized

what had happened. Then they 14 on the assassin savagely and would have torn him to bits had not police

guards intervened with rifles and drawn bayonets.

Over all India the word 15 like wildfire. Minutes after the flash was received in Bombay rioting

broke out, with Hindu extremists 16 Moslems. A panic-stricken Moslem woman echoed the thoughts of

thousands with a 17 : “God help us all!”

In Delhi itself, in the quick-gathering 18 of the night, the news set the people on the march.

They walked slowly 19 the avenues and out of the squalid bazaars, converging on Birla House.

There 20 the thousands they stood weeping silently or moaning a wailing.

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III. Error correction (20 points)

Directions: There are twenty mistakes in the following passage. You are required to underline or mark the

mistakes and get them corrected. Be sure to write down the correct form on the answer sheet.

Example: “Wordsworth is said to have ∨ most fascinating voice!” the

Like the life span, the metabolic rate has, for different

organisms, a fixed mathematical relationship to the body mass.

In comparison to the life span, this relationship is “inverted”: the

larger the organism, the low its metabolic rate. Such relationship 1. __________

is valid not only for birds, but also for other organisms.

Animals which behave “frugal” with energy become 2. __________

particularly old, for example, crocodiles and tortoises. Parrots and

birds of prey are often held chain up. Thus they are not able to 3. __________

“experience life” and so they can attain a high life span in

captivities. Animals which save energy by hibernation live much 4. __________

longer than those which are always active. The metabolic rate of

a mice can be reduced by a very low consumption of food. They 5. __________

then may live twice as long as their well-fed comrades. Women

become distinctively older than men. If you examine the metabolic 6. __________

rates of the two sexes, you establish that the higher male metabolic

rate roughly accounts for the short male life span. That means that 7. __________

they live life “energetically” --- more intensely, but not for as long.

It follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves

should tend to extend life. Extremely high performance sports 8. _________

may lead to optimal cardiovascular performance, but they quite

certainly do not prolong life. Relaxation lowers metabolic rate,

like does adequate sleep. Each of us can develop his or her own 9. __________

“energy saving programme” with a little self-observation and

self-control. Experience will show that live in this way not only 10. __________

increases the life span but also is very healthy.

IV. Paraphrase (30 points)

Directions: Restate the following sentences in another form in English to clarify the meaning. Be sure to write

down your restatement on the answer sheet.

1. As you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted

cloth market.

2. I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had nothing to do with anything a

Nippon railways official might say.

3. Acre by acre, the rain forest is being burned to create fast pasture for fast-food beef.

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4. Like good looks and money, quickness passed her by.

5. Carla fled away from her parents because she wanted to lead an authentic kind of life.

6. New York was never a good convention city but it is making something of a comeback as a tourist attraction.

7. Wearing that Dior dress, she made everyone else in a room or street look cheap.

8. Let us remember that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.

9. Perhaps the child was born defective, or perhaps it has become imbecile through fear, malnutrition, and

neglect.

10. Thanks to a lifetime of sitting in this position his left leg is warped out of shape.

V. General Knowledge (20 points)

A. Directions: Choose the best to fill in the blank or answer the question.(10 points)

1. What kind of figure of speech is used in lines “Till all the seas gone dry, my dear,/ And the rocks melt with

the sun,/ And I will love thee still, my dear.”

A. oxymoron B. metonymy C. understatement D. hyperbole

2. ____ is defined as “an author’s careful arrangement of incidents in a narrative to achieve a desired effect.”

A. setting B. tone C. plot D. exposition

3. As a literary approach, ____ can be defined as a discourse that concerns itself particularly with literature

written in English in formerly colonized countries.

A. Marxist criticism B. Feminist criticism

C. Postcolonial Criticism D. Psychoanalysis criticism

4. Which one of the following plays is not regarded as the most important tragedies of William Shakespeare?

A. Romeo and Juliet B. Othello C. King Lear D. Macbeth

5. The publication of ___ symbolized the real beginning of British Romanticism.

A. Lyrical Ballads B. Leaves of Grass C. Pride and Prejudice D. Walden

6. ___ won the 2017 Nobel Prize for Literature.

A. Alice Munro B. Doris Lessing C. Margaret Atwood D. Kazuo Ishiguro

7. All theories about the origin of language are hypothetical in nature. Which of the following is not a theory /

hypothesis about the origin of language?

A. Innateness hypothesis. B. The evolutionary theory.

C. The divine-origin theory. D. The invention theory.

8. Which of the following falls under the category of semantics?

A．PS Rules B. IC Analysis

C. Componential Analysis D. Error Analysis

9. ___ is designed to discover mainly what the testee does not know about the language. A test of such kind

can help the teacher to find out what is wrong with the previous learning and what should be included in

the future teaching work.

A. Achievement test B. Proficiency test

C. Diagnostic test D. Aptitude test

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10. Which of the following descriptions about the London School is INCORRECT?

A. One of the chief representatives of London School is M.A.K. Halliday.

B. It stresses the importance of context of situation aspect of language.

C. It stresses the importance of the system aspect of language.

D. It is best known for its contribution to phonology.

B. Directions: Candidates are FREE to choose any FIVE from the following TEN terms and explain them in

plain English on the answer sheet. (10 points)

1. Endocentric construction

2. Syntax

3. Assimilation

4. Functional sentence perspective

5. Cohesion

6. Stream of Consciousness

7. Gothic fiction

8. Critical Realism

9. Protagonist

10. Harlem Renaissance

VI. Reading Comprehension (40 points)

Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers

marked［A］,［B］,［C］or［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.

Be sure to write down your choice on the answer sheet.

Passage A

In the first age, we created gods. We carved them out of wood; there was still such a thing as wood,

then. We forged them from shining metals and painted them on temple walls. They were gods of many

kinds, and goddesses as well. Sometimes they were cruel and drank our blood, but also they gave us rain

and sunshine, favourable winds, good harvests, fertile animals, many children. A million birds flew over us

then, a million fish swam in our seas.

Our gods had horns on their heads, or moons, or sealy fins, or the beaks of eagles. We called them

All-Knowing, we called them Shining One. We knew we were not orphans. We smelled the earth and rolled

in it; its juices ran down our chins.

In the second age we created money. This money was also made of shining metals. It had two faces:

on one side was a severed head, that of a king or some other noteworthy person, on the other face was

something else, something that would give us comfort: a bird, a fish, a fur-bearing animal. This was all that

remained of our former gods. The money was small in size, and each of us would carry some of it with him

every day, as close to the skin as possible. We could not eat this money, wear it or burn it for warmth; but as

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if by magic it could be changed into such things. The money was mysterious, and we were in awe of it. If

you had enough of it, it was said, you would be able to fly.

In the third age, money became a god. It was all-powerful, and out of control. It began to talk. It began

to create on its own. It created feasts and famines, songs of joy, lamentations. It created greed and hunger,

which were its two faces. Towers of glass rose at its name, were destroyed and rose again. It began to eat

things. It ate whole forests, croplands and the lives of children. It ate armies, ships and cities. No one could

stop it. To have it was a sign of grace.

In the fourth age we created deserts. Our deserts were of several kinds, but they had one thing in

common: nothing grew there. Some were made of cement, some were made of various poisons, some of

baked earth. We made these deserts from the desire for more money and from despair at the lack of it. Wars,

plagues and famines visited us, but we did not stop in our industrious creation of deserts. At last all wells

were poisoned, all rivers ran with filth, all seas were dead; there was no land left to grow food.

Some of our wise men turned to the contemplation of deserts. A stone in the sand in the setting sun

could be very beautiful, they said.

You who have come here from some distant world, to this dry lakeshore and this cairn, and to this

cylinder of brass, in which on the last day of all our recorded days I place our final words: Pray for us, who

once, too, thought we could fly.

1. According to the passage, money is “mysterious” because it ___.

A. can speak to human beings.

B. seems to be omnipotent.

C. is a symbol of wealth.

D. is a sign of grace.

2. In the passage, “age” refers to ____.

A. Different phases of civilization.

B. The recorded year in human history.

C. Different social systems in human history.

D. The scale of intelligence of human beings in history.

3. Which of the following statement about gods described in the passage is true?

A. Gods always bless human beings.

B. Gods are more often than not ferocious in the age of metals.

C. Gods are created, carved out of wood or metals.

D. Gods are symbols of human’s greed.

4. Which of the following statements about “deserts” is NOT true?

A. No life survives in the deserts.

B. Deserts are nothing but a process of desertification.

C. It is human being’s greed for money that leads to the prevalence of deserts.

D. Deserts result in wars, plagues and famines, which causes more deserts.

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5. From this passage, we know that ____.

A. Human beings will go extinct by themselves one day.

B. Human beings are living in the fourth age.

C. The earth will become more and more inhabitable since there will never be enough money.

D. The author is pessimistic of the future of human beings.

Passage B

Safety is a concern of everyone who flies or contemplates it. I can provide you with volumes of

information about the attention to safety given by the airline industry. No other form of transportation is as

scrutinized, investigated and monitored as commercial aviation.

Yet if you decide to hold onto the belief that flying is dangerous, then these reassuring safety facts are lost

to you. Statistics and figures that prove airline transportation to be the safest way to travel relate to our logical,

reasoning, rational mind. Most passengers who have knowledge of the commercial airline industry believe that

flying is safe. But when something occurs that we don’t understand, any of us can become quickly frightened.

That’s why I encourage you to study as much as you need to reassure yourself about the industry and to take

some of the mystery out of commercial flight.

However, some small thing may occur on one of your flights that you haven’t studied. If you become

startled or frightened at that time, the statistics that I am about to present may come in handy. An airline

accident is so rare, when some unfamiliar noise or bump occurs, your response need not be, “Oh, no! What’s

wrong?!” Instead, it can be something like, “I’m not sure what that sound was, but there’s nothing to worry

about.” Feel free to press your overhead call button to page a flight attendant whenever you want to ask about

unfamiliar sights or sounds. But you needn’t jump to fearful conclusions.

Dr. Arnold Barnett, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has done extensive research in the field

of commercial flight safety. He found that over the fifteen years between 1975 and 1994, the death risk per

flight was one in seven million. This statistic is the probability that someone who randomly selected one of the

airline’s flights over the 19-year study period would be killed in route. That means that any time you board a

flight on a major carrier in this country, your chance of being in a fatal accident is one in seven million. It

doesn’t matter whether you fly once every three years or every day of the year.

In fact, based on this incredible safety record, if you did fly every day of your life, probability indicates

that it would take you nineteen thousand years before you would succumb to a fatal accident.

Perhaps you have occasionally taken the train for your travels, believing that it would be safer. Think

again. Based on train accidents over the past twenty years, your chances of dying on a transcontinental train

journey are one in a million. Those are great odds, mind you. But flying coast-to-coast is ten times safer than

making the trip by train.

How about driving, our typical form of transportation? There are approximately one hundred and thirty

people killed daily in auto accidents. That’s every day -- yesterday, today and tomorrow. And that’s forty-seven

thousand killed per year.

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6. According to the passage, which of the following statement about transportation safety is correct?

A. The safety of the train is the most concerned one among people.

B. The safety of commercial aviation is the most concerned one among people.

C. The safety of driving is the most concerned one among people.

D. The safety of different transportations is equally concerned among people.

7. Dr. Arnold Barnett’s finding that “the death risk per flight was one in seven million” means ___.

A. whether a person flies every three years or every day of the year, he will be safe.

B. It is not likely for a person to be in danger during flight.

C. The possibility of encountering deadly accident is extremely slim.

D. One will die if he flies for seven million times.

8. According to the author, for those who worry about the safety of flying, they should ___.

A. study the flight industry and disclose the mysteries of it.

B. be familiar with the statistics and figures as much as possible.

C. not argue with others about the safety of the plane.

D. not forget that trains and cars are no safer than flying.

9. According to the passage, the author argues that ___.

A. trains are not as safe as driving.

B. driving is more dangerous so people tend to travel by train.

C. taking the train to travel is more dangerous than flying so people tend to take flight.

D. people still feel the threat of death even they know flying is rather safe.

10. What is the best title for this passage?

A. The Safest Transportation B. Safety Matters

C. No Statistics, No Safety D. Misunderstanding about Flying

Passage C

New nature writing is a relatively new literary genre, but it’s become so popular that Barack Obama

included one of these books, H is for Hawk, by Helen Macdonald, in his summer holiday reading list.

What is this new genre? New nature writing combines memoir with the author’s experience with nature.

The author has suffered a trauma, and they turn to the natural world for solace. In H is for Hawk, Helen

Macdonald tells of the unexpected loss of her father in her late thirties. To distract herself from her grief, she

attempts to tame a hawk. It’s not surprising that Obama would choose this book — he, too, lost hi

Similarly, Amy Liptrot, in her book The Outrun, describes her return to the isle of Orkney, where she took long

walks and rebuilt a stone wall as a way of recovering from alcohol addiction and the breakup of a relationship.

These are but two of many recent examples.

Writing about nature as a way of easing the pain of illness or trauma is nothing new, of course. John Keats,

for example, wrote his poem Ode to a Nightingale in 1819 as he battled tuberculosis.

The natural environment seems not only to help us heal, but also to unblock our creative powers. In his

novel Amsterdam, Ian McEwan describes the frustration of his main character, Clive Linley, who feels blocked

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as he tries to finish a musical composition. He leaves London because, as McEwan writes, Linley knew he

“needed mountains, big skies. The Lake District, perhaps”.

What is it about nature that’s so healing and so inspiring? It seems that just looking at a natural object has

a powerful and positive effect.

Roger Ulrich at the University of Delaware examined the medical records of 46 patients who’d undergone

gall bladder surgery between 1972 and 1981. Twenty-three of them convalesced in a ward that looked out onto

an open space full of trees, while the other 23 had a view of a brick wall. Ulrich found that those who viewed

the trees had a shorter post-operative stay and took fewer strong analgesics than did the other patients.

Whatever it is that the natural environment does for us — whether it’s something in the environment itself,

or the exposure to natural light or an increase in exercise that stimulates the release of endorphins — it seems

that experiencing the natural world has great power.

Distilling that experience into words, music or art can help us even more. As Helen Macdonald explained

in a recent interview, writing down her experiences gave her a sense “that something was done, and it was a

goodbye to my father and to that time”.

Next time you feel blocked creatively, therefore, or you seek relief from pain as you recover from a

trauma, make sure you spend some time in natural surroundings.

11. Which one of the following cannot exemplify that nature is a way of relieving pain and trauma?

A. H is for Hawk B. The Outrun

C. “Ode to a Nightingale” D. Amsterdam

12. Ulrich’s experiment shows that ___.

A. Barack Obama is wise to read the new nature writing.

B. patients will never suffer from gall bladder after successful surgery.

C. those patients having a view of wall tend to suffer from psychological problem.

D. those patients having a view of lives tend to recover better and faster.

13. According to the passage, what cannot be concluded or inferred?

A. Nature makes people feel peaceful and comfortable.

B. Nature will remind people of the sweet memories in the past.

C. Nature helps people overcome traumatic experiences.

D. Nature is more often than not inspiring for people.

14. New nature writing ____.

A. is a kind of literary critical approach

B. is regarded as a new type of writing

C. is not new at all since its relevance to nature writing

D. stems from people’s desire to recall the past

15. From the passage we know that ___.

A. nature is omnipotent.

B. nature is full of mysteries which makes it powerful.

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C. nature can heal, both physically and psychologically.

D. nature has healing power and hospitals should be built within nature.

Passage D

Identity, as academics define it, falls into two broad categories: “achieved” identity derived from personal

effort, and “ascribed” identity based on innate characteristics.

Everyone has both, but people tend to be most attached to their “best” identity — the one that offers the

most social status or privileges. Successful professionals, for example, often define their identities primarily

through their careers. For generations, working-class whites were doubly blessed: They enjoyed privileged

status based on race, as well as the fruits of broad economic growth.

White people’s officially privileged status waned over the latter half of the 20th century with the demise of

discriminatory practices in, say, university admissions. But rising wages, an expanding social safety net and

new educational opportunities helped offset that. Most white adults were wealthier and more successful than

their parents, and confident that their children would do better still. That feeling of success may have provided a

sort of identity in itself.

But as Western manufacturing and industry have declined, taking many working-class towns with them,

parents and grandparents have found that the opportunities they once had are unavailable to the next generation.

That creates an identity vacuum to be filled.

Arlie Russell Hochschild describes a feeling of lost opportunity. Her subjects felt like they were waiting in

a long line to reach the top of a hill where the American dream was waiting for them. But the line’s uphill

progress had slowed, even stopped. And immigrants, black people and other “outsiders” seemed to be cutting

the line.

For many Western whites, opportunities for achieved identity — the top of the hill — seem unattainable.

So their ascribed identity — their whiteness — feels more important than ever.

The formal rejection of racial discrimination in those societies has, by extension, constructed a new,

broader national identity. The United States has a black president.

But that broadening can, to some, feel like a painful loss, articulated in the demand voiced over and over at

Trump rallies.

The loss of that comforting hum has accelerated a phenomenon that Robin DiAngelo, calls “white

fragility” — the stress white people feel when they confront the knowledge that they are neither special nor the

default; that whiteness is just a race like any other. Fragility leads to feelings of insecurity, defensiveness, even

threat. And it can trigger a backlash against those who are perceived as outsiders.

Even some conservative analysts who support a multiethnic “melting pot” national identity worry that

unassimilated immigrants could threaten core national values and cultural cohesion.

The struggle for white identity is not just a political problem; it is about the “deep story” of feeling stuck

while others move forward.

There will not likely be a return to the whiteness of social dominance and exclusive national identity.

Immigration cannot be halted without damaging Western nations’ economies; immigrants who have already

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arrived cannot be expelled en masse without causing social and moral damage. And the other groups who seem

to be “cutting in line” are in fact getting a chance at progress that was long denied them.

Western whites have a place within their nations’ new, broader national identities. But unless they accept

it, the crisis of whiteness seems likely to continue.

16. Which identity would most people prefer to accept in society?

A. “achieved” identity B. “ascribed” identity

C. “best” identity D. “feeling of success” identity

17. From the passage, we know that some white people in America ___.

A. are not as competitive and efficient as the black.

B. are highly hostile to the “outsiders” in American society.

C. have lost their privilege in multiple aspects in the past twenty years.

D. are struggling for their traditional “ascribed” identity.

18. What is NOT many Western whites’ understanding of American dream?

A. It loses its significance in the new age.

B. It is no longer available since they are topped down from the privileged status.

C. It is hard to realize since immigrants are cutting their way.

D. It means that whites should have the priority to lead a happy life.

19. What has led to the identity vacuum of the white people?

A. equal access to university admissions

B. the recession of industry and manufacture

C. the decline of white people’s officially privileged status

D. the process of globalization

20. Which of the following statement about American identity is NOT correct?

A. Obama’s victory as president indicates that American identity has become broader.

B. Trump’s victory as president signifies the crisis of whiteness.

C. Dismissing the immigrants is not a wise way to solve the present identity problem.

D. The core national values and cultural cohesion is threatened by the broader American identity.