從閱讀到寫作：從閱讀到寫作：提升高提升高//國中學生英文能力與多元功能的致勝關鍵國中學生英文能力與多元功能的致勝關鍵

2009全民英檢英語教師研習營

July 25, 2009

李振清李振清世新大學英語系客座教授世新大學英語系客座教授

((前教育部國際文教處處長、前教育部國際文教處處長、APEC EDNET APEC EDNET 國際協調人國際協調人))ccli@cc.shu.edu.tw

http://cc.shu.edu.tw/~cte/gallery/ccli/

補習！補習！補習！

大學學測與指考

外交小尖兵英語競賽

幼兒與兒童英語

國中基測

考試領導教學：英語文實用能力如何脫穎而出？英語教師的教學策略與熱忱可以激發學生的英語潛能。

Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star. How I wonder what you are.Up above the world so high.Like a diamond in the sky.Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star. How I wonder what you are.

Listen, Sing, (Think,) Speak, Draw and Write.

VocabularyPronunciation

GrammarCognition

Textual / Grammatical / Illocutionary / Sociolinguistic CompetenceCommunicative Language Ability (CLA)

55年(1954 – 2009)來的大學聯考、學測、指考英語考科之教育啟示

閱讀能力培養是提升英語文多元能力的基礎。

閱讀、聆聽、口說、寫作

中/大學生「英語焦慮」? Why? How to resolve?對英語文特質的欠缺瞭解 (English as a phonetic language)

學習方法的錯誤 ( Ignoring “five-skills integration”)

Challenging students for linguistic productivity through the practice of holistic skills -- reading, listening, speaking, writing.

提升英語文(統整)實用能力, 尤其是寫作與口語表達能力的培養，需從有效的廣泛閱讀著手。方法正確、自可提升高中生的英語文統整能力, 與英語學習的興趣；同時也可幫助老師達到教學相長的愉悅境界。

提升英語文(統整)實用能力、增廣見聞、開拓國際視野、陶冶品格與素養。

2008年英文有五人拿98分；作文「令人印象深刻的廣告」則有四人拿滿分。然而，零分人數高達13,544人。2009年：英文作文零分更高達 22,462 人。

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 4 9 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 89 94 99

分數

人

數

百

分

比

91年

92年

93年

94年

95年

96年

97年

2002 – 2009 大學指定考科考試「英語科」成績分佈圖

40.9% (0-20分) - 2007

2.09%(80-98分)

2007

低分顯著減少26.1% （2008）20.58 (2009)

高分顯著增加8.36% (2008)7.06% (2009)

Students canStudents can’’t write/speak/read/listent write/speak/read/listen))! Why? Impact?! Why? Impact?

2009年大學學測英文作文22,462人考零分！Why?國際化教育與人才培育：何去何從？

均標39.34%（2008）42.22 (2009)

「看圖作文題」: 用地震災難圖片要考生寫出文長120單字的短篇作文。貼近生活經驗；測驗考生的英文基本寫作能力、詞彙、時態與文法結構之運用。

earthquake = earth + quake (Sichuan earthquake, May 12, 2008)looking at, photograph, sad, amazed, tragic, natural disaster, people killed, missing, survive, survivors, houses collapsed, classrooms were ruined, destroyed, rebuild, constructiona farmer, approached, examined, government, protect lives

2009年大學學測英文作文22,462人考零分！一個英文句子都寫不出來！Why?

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Reading Listening Speaking Writing

Taiwan

China

Korea

Hong Kong

Singapore

2007 TOEFL iBT 台、中、韓、港、星「讀、聽、說、寫」能力比較中學生英文基礎薄弱、大學生疏於閱讀與寫作，英文程度自然低落

政府部門的英文網站也不靈光！

72

78

77

80

100

iBT 滿分: 120

English, English Everywhere: 1982 - 2009

從(高等)教育、政治、外交、文化、科技研究與發展到金融，英語幾乎已經成為人類各種行業的共同語言。(2005)2010世界將有1/2的人口以英語溝通

全方位提升中學生英語文能力的必要性與迫切性

Oct 29, 2000China Times中國時報

Foreign Language Learning

ENGLISH (for all levels of schools)

JAPANESE100 (27) schools, 13,750 sts.

FRENCH 93 (24) schools, 7,700 sts.

GERMAN34 (10) schools, 1,100 sts.

SPANISH24 (7) schools, 610 sts.

加強並延續國中小英語能力的培養與實際運用

• 詞彙應用• 語法練習及綜合測驗•「說、寫、譯」練習• 提昇英語文境界以邁向國際化、全球接軌、指考、學測、全民英檢、拓福、多益…

1. 人類對外太空所知非常有限，但長久以來，我們對它卻很感興趣。

2. 太空科技的快速發展，使我們得以探索他的奧秘。

大學學測的基本內涵與啟示

英文作文 In the English class last week. (120 words)

翻譯

Neil Armstrong 1969

Human (Mankind’s) knowledge of the outer space is very limited, but we are very much Interested in it for a long time.

The rapid development of space technology has enabled us to explore its mystery.

人類對外太空所知非常有限，但長久以來，我們對它卻很感興趣。

太空科技的快速發展，使我們得以探索它的奧秘。

2007 大學指考 - English

從寫作與翻譯顯視的中學生(高職生)英語文潛能，絕不可忽視。

This writing is not that bad. However, it reflects the proper teaching strategies urgently needed by the English teachers .

What if the world without electricity? We may live in the dark at night, working in the office without aircondition, and the worst thing is that we can not use the computer. In (our) daily life, the computers are used to deal with great numbers of statistices, and the communication in long distance. However, there will be a lot of inconvience if we lived without electricity.

It is very bad that live in the world without electricity. We can not live as our acients millions before. Electricity, however, is the singificant power to make the world go around. The stockmarketin the Wall street will dissappear without it. The most important for me is that I can not hear any good songs on my iPod. I am a music-addicted. Secondly, I may throw my XBOX 360 into the garbage, if it cannot start without power. After all, the electricity provide us a very convience life, and we are no longer living on earth without it. (A student’s writing for the exam.)

Vocabulary, Syntactic (Grammatical) Errors, Contents, Organization, …

Meaningful reading and discussion can help eliminate the errors.

2007 大學指考 - English

毫無範圍的英文考試內涵，只有靠閱讀素養來因應。

英文單字記憶的基本訣竅

英文單字記憶的基本訣竅

依照依照Phonic &Phonic &MorphologicalMorphologicalRulesRules大聲朗讀大聲朗讀從而融會貫通從而融會貫通

March 19, 2008 Taipei Times

GRACE IN MOTIONStudents from elementary and junior high schools in Taipei dance during an annual interschool performance at the Taipei Cultural Center yesterday.

interschoolinteractiveinterchangeinterplayInternetinterstateinterview

LISTENING READINGSPEAKING WRITING

LANGUAGE

COMMUNICATION

Spoken Written

Receptive Skills

Productive Skills

INTERPRETING TRANSLATING

(英文)閱讀素養及語文能力/Reading literacy - impact

(Duff 2008; Krashen 2007; Li 2007, 2008; Robinett 1978)

“New Directions in Research on Classroom Interaction”Professor Patricia A. Duff

APEC Education Reform Summit and “Foreign Language Policies, Research, and Educational Posibilities”

“The need for culturally sensitive, multilingual citizens in the 21st century/global economy” (Duff 4/27/2004)

INPUT INPUT INTERACTIONINTERACTION INTAKE OUTPUTOUTPUT (TASKS)A generation of studies on input, interaction, and output in second language (L2) classrooms has shown convincingly, that all three of these elements are crucial for successful language development. New research drawing on sociocultural theory, activity theory, and language socialization also stresses the importance of sufficient exposure tolanguage, suitable opportunities for interaction (e.g., in task-based activities), guided assistance or scaffolding by teachers and peers, and opportunities for practice ( Duff 2008: 14)

2001Considerations for Teaching an ESL/EFL Reading-Writing Course

By Barbara Kroll(PP. 219-232)

Syllabus designTechniques to help writers get startedAssignment designTeacher and peer responses to writingBuilding knowledge backgroundThe ESL/EFL (writing) teachers need to have solid scholarly training to develop their own approach to the teaching of writing (speaking, reading, and listening), enabling them to choose methodologies and materials which arise from principled decisions that they can articulate to others.“Process approach” vs. “learner-centered” – TPR, Group Dynamics, …

專書 Books

雜誌 Journals, Magazines

報紙 Newspapers

小說 Novels

電影、電視 Films, TV

網際網路 the Internet

大學生藉由閱讀以提升英文實用能力的路徑

2008

Hurricane Katrina 2005

Reading, reading, reading! (Literacy)Develop writing and speaking skills through extensive reading.Writing as a metalinguistic activity (Olson 1997; Little 2008)

For years, we have loved a particular security guard in our Manhattan office building. In fact, most of us at The Kaplan Thaler Group think the world of him. A large, jovial man in his mid-fifties, Frank brightenspeople’s day by giving everyone who walks into our building a huge, warm greetings. “Hello, Linda!”“Hello, Robin!” he’ll say. “Happy Friday!”

1. Vocabulary (Lexicon) pick up.2. Idiomatic expressions.3. Grammatical appreciation.4. Cultural learning and cognition.5. Application of the target language.

To me, one of the greatest books ever written is Charles Dickens’s A Christmas Carol. Why? Because of its simple premise: Doing the right thing makes you feel better. It’s not a religious thing. It’s just that doing good things will improve your life. Let’s face it, you cannot eat the whole pie oryou’ll make yourself sick. Eat some, and then give whatever is left over to other people. (Jay Leno)

The Tonight Show withJay Leno (NBC)

Decent vocabulary, useful structures, styles, ethics, values

China, the World's Capital

As this millennium dawns, New York City is the most important city in the world, the unofficial capital of planet Earth. But before we New Yorkers become too full of ourselves, it might be worthwhile to glance at dilapidated Kaifeng in central China.

Kaifeng, an ancient city along the mud-clogged Yellow River, was by far the most important place in the world in 1000. And if you've never heard of it, that's a useful warning for Americans - as the Chinese headline above puts it, in a language of the future that many more Americans should start learning, "glory is as ephemeral as smoke and clouds."

Thinking of Kaifeng should stimulate us to struggle to improve our high-tech edge, educational strengths and pro-growth policies. For if we rest on our laurels, even a city as great as New York may end up as Kaifeng-on-the-Hudson.

Nicholas D. Kristof 紀思道The New York Times May 22, 2005

《哈利波特與死神聖物》

The two men appeared out of no where, a few yards apart in the narrow, moonlit lane. For a second they stood quite still, wands directed at each other’s chests; then recognizing each other, they stowed their wands beneath their cloaks and started walking briskly in the same direction. (Chap. 1, P. 1)

He felt his heart pounding fiercely in his chest. How strange that in his dread of death, it pumped all the harder, valiantly keeping him alive. (Chap 34, P. 691)

Harry woke nearly next morning., wrapped in a sleeping bag on the drawing room floor. A chink of sky was visible between the heavy curtains. It was blue of watered ink, somewhere between night and dawn, and everything was quiet except for Ron and Hermione;s breathing. (Chap 10, P. 176)

Monday, July 6, 2009 (SAN JOSE (AFP)

Happiest and Greenest Country

Costa Rica is the happiest place on earth, and one of the most environmentally friendly, according to a new survey by a British non-governmental group.

The New Economics Foundation looked at 143 countries that are home to 99 percent of the world's population and devised an equation that weighed life expectancy and people's happiness against their environmental impact.

By that formula, Costa Rica is the happiest, greenest country in the world, just ahead of the Dominican Republic.

Latin American countries did well in the survey, occupying nine of the top 10 spots. Australia scored third place, but other major Western nations did poorly, with Britain coming in at 74th place and the United States at 114th.

The New Economics Foundation's measurements found Costa Ricans have a life expectancy of 78.5 years, and 85 percent of the country's residents say they are happy and satisfied with their lives.

Those figures, taken along with the fact that Costa Rica has a small "ecological footprint," combined to push the small nation to the top of the list.

Costa Rica has a peaceful reputation because it does not have an army, and is also known for its protected ecological zones and national slogan of "pure life."

http://green.yahoo.com/news/afp/20090704/lf_afp/environmentcostarica.html

廣泛蒐集多元實用之英文閱讀資料，培養師生的英文讀寫興趣與能力。

Having spent

2009 大學英文指考

廣泛有效的英文閱讀練習，不但實際提升英文能力，甚至考試時都可直接、有效、迅速地切入預期(expected)的正確答案。

2009 國中基測 -- English

閱讀是提升英文能力，與因應任何考試的絕對基礎

2009 國中基測 -- English

Reading enables students to developinterest in passion for English, therebyenhancing their English proficiency.

The joy of reading and writing

Reading to WRITE with support of the Internet and (teachers) MOTIVATION -- from the EFL classroom to the library, and to the work station for timed writing, and PUBLICATIOIN in the long run. Reading and writing matter.

Reading to WRITE with support of the Internet and (teachers) MOTIVATION -- from the EFL classroom to the library, and to the work station for timed writing, and PUBLICATIOIN in the long run. Reading and writing matter.

Second Draft

Failing in EnglishMarch 27, 2007

Learning outcome as manifested in publication or formal presentation can serve as the students’ best incentive and motivation for further learning.

http://www.taipeitimes.com/

藉由多元管道的師生互動可有效提升學生英語文實用能力。

梅岡城故事

師生互動過程中的即時回應與鼓勵，是提升學生英語文興趣的要素。

Harvard

UC BerkeleyGeorgetown

Oxford

英文、宏觀、多元、圓融、創新、全球意識

師生共同培養英文閱讀的興趣與能力(Motivation)。延伸英文閱讀的功能至聽、寫、說、譯等多元能力。活化英語文教學策略以便激發學生的英文潛能。體認英語文永續學習與國際觀培養的師生共識。Read aloud. Enjoy English reading and writing.

[129] 2009/06/16 世新菁英的哈佛大學國際啟示[128] 2009/02/18 蓋茲堡演說的經典內涵與修辭藝術[127] 2009/02/04 閱讀是提升高中生英文能力的致勝關鍵[126] 2009/01/14 語言學家葛瑞鐸看21世紀的英語新發展[125] 2008/12/04 提升大學生英文素養的多元互動策略[124] 2008/12/04 Bachman 教授理論延伸的大學指考英文命題藝術[123] 2008/11/19 從大學指考探討高中生英文寫作能力的問題[115] 2008/08/20 大學指考英文成績回穩的多元啟示[114] 2008/08/06 大學指考翻譯與作文彰顯的英語文能力培養之道[99] 2008/02/13 2008 年學測所凸顯的英語文學習訣竅 (下)[98] 2008/02/06 2008 年學測所凸顯的英語文學習訣竅 (上)[97] 2008/01/30 高中生邁向國際化教育的英語文準備策略[96] 2008/01/16 以泛讀與知識背景提昇英語實用能力的策略[94] 2007/12/19 Group Dynamics 激發的英語文說寫功能[93] 2007/12/12 提昇英文閱讀素養是人才培育的基礎[92] 2007/12/05 APEC 計畫下的大學生英語文能力挑戰[91] 2007/11/21 藉廣泛閱讀以提昇英語文能力的教學策略[90] 2007/11/14 提昇高中生英語文統整能力的教學策略（下）[89] 2007/11/07 提昇高中生英語文統整能力的教學策略（上）[77] 2007/07/11 以閱讀為核心的 2007 年大學英文指考[58] 2007/01/10 善用 e-mail 的互動功能以歷練英語文溝通能力[57] 2007/01/03 英文和華語文教學的本土發展與國際接軌[40] 2006/08/23 激發高職生英語潛能的基本途徑[21] 2006/04/19 提昇資優生的英語能力以拓展視野與品格[20] 2006/04/12 高中生的英文潛能開發[13] 2006/02/22 增進英語文多元能力的單字記憶法（下）[12] 2006/02/15 增進英語文多元能力的單字記憶法（上）

For your reference:

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