Effects of exercise on cvs & resp s

آية آية البقرة 3232البقرة

Gad El-Mawla Abd El-AzizProfessor of PhysiologyMansoura University

M.B., B.Ch. 1974 Mansoura University, Egypt.

M.Sc. (Physiology) 1980.

PhD. (Physiology) 1984.

Professor of Physiology (1994).

E-mail: [email protected]

Effects of muscular exercise on CVS and Respiratory systems

IntroductionIntroduction▪The stress of heavy exercise on The stress of heavy exercise on

the body systems is much more the body systems is much more than any other stresses.than any other stresses.▪If extremes of exercise are

continued for slightly prolonged time, they may be fatal.

▪The metabolism of the body The metabolism of the body during a marathon race during a marathon race increases 2000 % above normal.increases 2000 % above normal.

Exercise physiologyExercise physiology

▪It is the study of the changes It is the study of the changes which occur in body organs and which occur in body organs and systems during exercise. systems during exercise.

▪It deals with the causes of these It deals with the causes of these changes, mechanisms, significance changes, mechanisms, significance and limits.and limits.

▪It includes all types of exercise in It includes all types of exercise in all persons, young or old, athletes, all persons, young or old, athletes, normal or diseased.normal or diseased.

Sports physiologySports physiology

Sports physiologySports physiology▪It is a study of the ultimate limits It is a study of the ultimate limits

to which most of the body to which most of the body mechanisms can be stressed.mechanisms can be stressed.

▪The aim of this study is to make The aim of this study is to make athletes stronger and faster, to athletes stronger and faster, to win in competitions, to exceed the win in competitions, to exceed the World or Olympic records, and to World or Olympic records, and to gain medals.gain medals.

Sport physiology makes athletes Sport physiology makes athletes stronger and faster, to win in stronger and faster, to win in

competitionscompetitions

Sport physiology, to reach the top, to Sport physiology, to reach the top, to exceed the World or Olympic records, and exceed the World or Olympic records, and

to gain medals and cups.to gain medals and cups.

Sports MedicineSports Medicine▪It is the study of the diseases or It is the study of the diseases or

trauma which occur during sports.trauma which occur during sports.

▪The aim of this study is to prevent The aim of this study is to prevent and treat sport trauma, and and treat sport trauma, and rehabilitate the athletes after these rehabilitate the athletes after these trauma. trauma.

▪In sport medicine the following In sport medicine the following specialties must act together; exercise specialties must act together; exercise physiology, physiotherapy, physiology, physiotherapy, orthopedic, surgery , psychiatry and orthopedic, surgery , psychiatry and medicine.medicine.

▪It is a line of treatment

used in most lesions of

musculoskeletal system.

Therapeutic exerciseTherapeutic exercise

▪An exercise program is established to manage each part of the body and each type of the lesion.

Therapeutic exerciseTherapeutic exercise

Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on circulationcirculation

1) HR: ( up to 200 b / min, HR Max) due to:

1- Conditioned ref. 2- Emotions

3- Bainbridge reflex 4- Alam Smirk ref.

5- Sympathetic 6- Adrenaline

7- T 3 & T 4 8- CO2, H+, O2

9- Temperature 10- Respiration

I. Systemic effects:

Benefits of Exercise

Exercising increases the pulse rate which means

more oxygen is being delivered to active tissues.

Exercising within the target heart rate range

increases the strength of the heart.

The stronger the heart the lower the resting

heart rate.


2) SV: (up to 200 ml / beat ) due to:

Starling's law Blood temperature Sympathetic stimulation Adrenaline secretion Coronary blood flow

Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on circulationcirculation3) VR: due to:

Contraction of muscles squeezes BV between ms fibers.

Blood volume due to contraction of spleen Respiration negativity of the thorax HR Rapid emptying of veins Force from

front Force of ventricular contraction Force

from behind


4) COP: (up to 35 - 40 liters / min) due to:

HR

SV , COP ( 9 folds ) = HR × SV

VR , VR to the heart = COP pumped from

the heart.


5) Coronary blood flow due to:

Anrep's reflex,

Sympathetic stimulation.

Adrenaline secretion.

Cardiac metabolism metabolites


6) ABP due to: Peripheral resistance due to stim. of VCC:Peripheral resistance due to stim. of VCC:

o- McDowell's reflexo- CO2, H+, O2 stimulate VCC directly & reflexlyo- Activity of respiratory center o- Sympathetic stimulation.

COP due to:COP due to:o- HR which leads to Diastolic BP.o- SV which leads to Systolic BP.


7) Work of the heart:

The work (10 times or more):

Potential work = COP x ABP

Work of the whole heart: 480 Kg. Meter/ hour.

COP. Arterial BP. Velocity of blood flow ( the work 20 %).


8) Mechanical Efficiency of the heart:

ME of the heart is the percentage ratio of the

work done to the total energy expenditure.

ME of the heart equals 20 % during rest, 30% ME of the heart equals 20 % during rest, 30%

during muscular exercise, 40% in athletes during muscular exercise, 40% in athletes

during exercise.during exercise.


9) Cardiac Reserve:

Cardiac reserve is the difference between work

of the heart during rest and that done during

sever muscular exercise . Mechanism: HR reserve; by accelerationHR reserve; by acceleration SV reserve; by dilatation (SV reserve; by dilatation ( EDV) and also EDV) and also

by by ESV ESV Hypertrophy of the cardiac muscleHypertrophy of the cardiac muscle


1) Blood flow to the active muscle: COP ABP. VD of the B.V of the active muscles:

oLoven's reflex CO2, H+, O2

oLactic acid, adenosine, histamine, N2O, K+ etc. temperature of the active muscle VD.oReactive hyperemia Sympathetic stimulation.

II. Local effects in active muscle:


2) Tissue fluid formation and lymph flow:

Cap. BP filtering force.

Capillary permeability.

3) O2 supply to the active muscle:

Shift of O2 dissociation curve to the Rt.

Pressure gradient of O2 .

II. Local effects in active muscle:

Distribution of blood during Exercise

Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on RespirationRespiration


I. Increase pulmonary ventilation:

It from resting 8 to 120-160 L / min.

It is due to rate and depth of respiration, which results from stimulation of the respiratory center.



(A) Nervous mechanism: (A) Nervous mechanism:

1- Conditioned reflexes 2- Emotions

3- Hering Breuer Reflex 4- Paradoxical Reflex

5- From respiratory ms. 6- Harrison's Reflex

7- From the muscles & joints



(B) Chemical mechanism: (B) Chemical mechanism:

1- CO2 tension:

a) Direct action on the R.C

b) Reflex action on chemo-receptors

2- H+ concentration of blood:

3- O2 tension:



(c) Physical mechanism: (c) Physical mechanism:

Impulses from thermal receptors to the

respiratory center,

These receptors are stimulated by increase

temperature accompanying muscular exercise.


II. ↑ Gas Exchange at the lungs:

↑ Pressure gradient of gases

↑ Surface area of the pulmonary mb

↓ Thickness of the pulmonary mb


III. ↑ O2 consumption:

The basal O2 consumption is 250

ml/min.

It increases 8 - 12 fold during severe

exercise.

In endurance athletes it can increase to

16 - 20 fold, i.e. 4 - 5 liters O2 / minute.


Increase OIncrease O22 during exercise comes from: during exercise comes from:

↑ COP.

↑ Skeletal muscle blood flow.

↑ Pulmonary ventilation.

Shifting of O2 dissociation curve to right.

III. ↑ O2 consumption:


III. ↑ O2 consumption (VO2 Max):

VO2 max is the maximum amount of oxygen

in ml, one can use in one minute / kg of body

weight.

It is a good measure for physical fitness.

It denotes the capacity of the body to

generate power.


VOVO22 maxmax is defined by Fick’s Equation: is defined by Fick’s Equation:

VOVO22 max = COP ( A.Omax = COP ( A.O2 content2 content – V.O – V.O2 content2 content))

Cooper test: The distance covered running in 12

minutes is measured. VO2 Max = (d 12 - 505) / 45

ml/ kg/min

Other VO2 max Tests: 6 min Cycle test, Home step

test, Treadmill test, Fitness walking test, 2.4 Km run test.

III. ↑ O2 consumption (VO2 Max):

VO2 MAX TEST

Direct measurement of VO2 max:


Normal data for VO2 max:Male (values in ml/kg/min):


Normal data for VO2 max:Female (values in ml/kg/min):

Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on RespirationRespirationNormal data for VO2 max:

Ideal VO2 max scores for various sports:

خــيرا اللـه جزاكـم

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Effects of exercise on cvs & resp s