14
1 +0414-/# ’-64+047/78+2#7/0197 2’8+6/ *’3 (/4-+40/2/’ 41+. & @3?3 2 ?F:3??36 836>H DH3? @;? 2 )((+)0((/ BCA9& DEF6; 2 39CA7=AE7=@A>A9; F@;G7CD;E3D D3? C3EF>3@9; 83=F>E3D B7CE3@;3@ ?3@36A *()(

Ekologi Pertanian,Agroekosistem,Siklus Biokimia

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Ekologi Pertanian,Agroekosistem,Siklus Biokimia

1

+0414-/# ’-64+047/78+2#7/0197 2’8+6/

*’3

(/4-+40/2/’

41+. &

@3?3 2 ?F:3??36 836>H DH3?

@;? 2 )((+)0((/

BCA9& DEF6; 2 39CA7=AE7=@A>A9;

F@;G7CD;E3D D3? C3EF>3@9;

83=F>E3D B7CE3@;3@

?3@36A

*()(

Page 2: Ekologi Pertanian,Agroekosistem,Siklus Biokimia

2

DAFTAR ISI

Halaman judul ………………………………………………………………………………………………………........ 1

Daftar isi ………………………………………………………………………………………………………................ 2

Bab I : Ekologi pertanian .……………...…………………………………………................. 3

Bab II : A. Agroekosistem .……………...…………………………………………................. 4

B. Struktur Agroekosistem .……………...……………………………………………. 4

a.Struktur biotik ……………………………………………………………………….. 4

b. Produsen primer ………………………………………………………………….. 5

c. Konsumen .……………...…………………………………………................... 6

d. Pengurai .……………...…………………………………………..................... 6

e. Abiotik .……………...…………………………………………........................ 6

C. Fungsi dalam agroekosistem .……………...…………………………………….. 7

a. Produktivitas primer .……………...…………………………………………… 7

b. Aliran energy ……………………………………………………………………….. 9

c. Daur nutrisi bahan ………… …………………………………………………….. 9

d. Faktor-faktor ……………………………………………………………………….. 9

e.Pengendalian pengganggu……………………………………………………… 10

Bab III : Siklus Biogeokimia .……………...………………………………………….............. 12

A. Siklus Nitrogen (N2) ……………...…………………………………………............ 12

B.Siklus Fosfor ……………...…………………………………………........................ 13

C. Siklus Karbon dan Oksigen ……………...………………………………………….... 13

Diagram biogeokimia ……………...………………………………………….......................................... 14

Page 3: Ekologi Pertanian,Agroekosistem,Siklus Biokimia

3

(’( /+AEBE?@ 5=FH:D@:D

;Z[QTIP MSWTWOQ XMY[IUI SITQ LQ O\VISIV WTMP 7YVMZ[ :IMSMT ZMWYIVO IPTQ JQWTWOQ XILI [IP\V

)0-0& ;Z[QTIP QVQ JMYIZIT LIYQ JIPIZI _\VIVQ _IQ[\ dWQSWZe _IVO JMYIY[Q Y\UIP LIV dTWOWZe _IVO

JMYIY[Q QTU\& =IYMVI Q[\ ZMKIYI PIYNQIP MSWTWOQ JMYIY[Q QTU\ [MV[IVO UISPT\S PQL\X LITIU

Y\UIPV_I I[I\ LIXI[ LQIY[QSIV R\OI ZMJIOIQ QTU\ [MV[IVO Y\UIP [IVOOI UISPT\S PQL\X&

EM[IXQ :IMSMT UMVLMNQVQZQSIV MSWTWOQ ZMJIOIQ [W[IT P\J\VOIV%P\J\VOIV UISPT\S PQL\X

I[I\ WYOIVQZUM LMVOIV TQVOS\VIOIV WYOIVQS LIV QVWYOIVQSV_I& BILI [IP\V )1.) 3VLMIY[PI

UMUJMYQSIV LMNQVQZQ JIP^I MSWTWOQ Q[\ ILITIP Z[\LQ QTUQIP [MV[IVO LQZ[YQJ\ZQ LIV SMTQUXIPIV WYIOVQZUM&

=MU\LQIV XIYI MSWTWOQZ[ "IPTQ MSWTWOQ# UMUWLQNQSIZQSIVV_I ZMPQVOOI MSWTWOQ ILITIP Z[\LQ QTUQIP [MVI[VO

QV[MYSZQ%QV[MYISZQ _IVO LIXI[ UMVM[\SIV LQZ[QJ\ZQ LIV SMTQUXIPIV WYOIVQZUM&

BILI XYQVZQXV_I LQ[QVRI\ LIYQ JQWTWOQ$ UISPT\S PQL\X LIXI[ LQJIOQ I[IZ L\I JIOQIV JMZIY

_IQ[\$ PM^IV LIV [\UJ\PIV& =ML\I SMTWUXWS QVQ ZIVOI[ [MYOIV[\VO SMXILI NIS[WY%NIS[WY _IVO

ILI LQT\IY LQYQV_I JIQS Q[\ ZMKIYI TIVOZ\VO UI\X\V [QLIS TIVOZ\VO& 6MVOIV SI[I TIQV [QLIS ILI

ZI[\ UISPT\S PQL\X X\V LQ L\VQI QVQ _IVO LIXI[ JMYLQYQ ZMVLQYQ [IVXI JMYOIV[\VO LMVOIV NIS[WY

TIQVV_I& 8IS[WY T\IY _IVO UMUXMVOIY\PQ SMPQL\XIV UISPT\S PQL\X QVQ LQZMJ\[ LMVOIV

TQVOS\VOIV&

E\R\IV \[IUI UMUXMTIRIYQ MSWTWOQ [IVIUIV ILITIP UMUXMYWTMP PIZQT _IVO WX[QUIT LIYQ

[MSVQS J\LQLI_I _IVO LQTIS\SIV LIV UMVRIOI TQVOS\VOIV LIV XMVO\YIVOIV XMVOO\VIIV JIPIV

SQUQI LITIU IS[Q]Q[IZ J\LQLI_I \V[\S UMVKMOIP [MYRILQV_I LMOYILIZQ TQVOS\VOIV UMVRILQSIV

XMVOM[IP\IV MSWTWOQ [IVIUIV ZMUISQV XMV[QVO LITIU UMYIVKIVO JIVO\V ZQZ[MU J\LQLI_I

XMY[IVQIV& BMUIVNII[IV Z\UJMY LI_I TQVOS\VOIV ZM WX[QUIT LMVOIV LIUXIS ZMUQVQU\U U\VOSQV

UMY\XISIV ZQZ[MU XMY[IVQIV _IVO UMVO\V[\VOSIV LMVOIV YMZQSW TMJQP SMKQT&

Page 4: Ekologi Pertanian,Agroekosistem,Siklus Biokimia

4

(’( //

’$ ’?FE=AEG@GH=C

3OYWMSWZQZ[MU "MSWZQZ[MU XMY[IVQIV# LQ[IVLIQ WTMP SWU\VQ[IZ _IVO UWVWZXMZQNQS LMVOIV

S\UX\TIV JMJMYIXI O\TUI& 7SWZQZ[MU XMY[IVQIV ZIVOI[ XMSI ISIV SMSMYQVOIV$ 4><?@$

PIUI’XMV_ISQ[ ZMLIVOSIV XILI MSWZQZ[MU ITIU LMVOIV SWU\VQ[IZ _IVO SWUXTMSZ LIV JIV_IS

ZXMZQMZ UMUX\V_IQ SMUIUX\IV \V[\S JMY[IPIV [MYPILIX OIVOO\IV QSTQU LIV UISPT\S XMY\ZIS&

6ITIU IOYWMSWZQZ[MU$ [IVIUIV LQXIVMV LIV LQIUJQT LIYQ TIXIVOIV \V[\S SWVZ\UZQ

UIV\ZQI’[MYVIS ZMPQVOOI [IVIP XMY[IVQIV ZMTIT\ SMPQTIVOIV OIYIU%OIYIU LIV SIVL\VOIV \VZ\Y%

\VZ\Y IV[IYI TIQV @$ B$ =$ LIV TIQV%TIQV& FV[\S UMUMTQPIYI IOIY SMILIIV XYWL\S[Q]Q[IZ [M[IX [QVOOQ

SQ[I UMVIUJIP X\X\S XILI [IVIP XMY[IVQIV Q[\& DMKIYI N\VOZQWVIT IOYWMSWZQZ[MU LQKQYQSIV

LMVOIV [QVOOQV_I TIXQZ [YIVZNMY MVMYZQ LIV V\[YQZQ [MY\[IUI LQ 5>/C7;5 4<<2 16/7; LMVOIV LMUQSQIV

PMUMWZ[IZQZ SMKQT&

($ 7HFIAHIF ’?FE=AEG@GH=C

,"+=;>5=>; -49=45

=MJIV_ISIV [IVIUIV UMY\XISIV [IVIUIV ZMU\ZQU$ JIQS /;A/9 UI\X\V 07/;A/9& EIVIUIV

LQXMTQPIYI LMVOIV XWX\TIZQ U\YVQ$ JQIYX\V JMJMYIXI O\TUI [\UJ\P JMYZIUI%ZIUI [IVIUIV&

4MVQP O\TUI$ ZMTIT\ ILI LQ TIXIVOIV$ [\UJ\P XILI SWVLQZQ _IVO JQIYX\V SILIVO%SILIVO

S\YIVO UMVO\V[\VOSIV& =MJIV_ISIV O\TUI$ LQZMJIYSIV LITIU JMV[\S JQRQ XILI ^IS[\ XMVMJIYIV

LIV R\OI UMTIT\Q IQY QYQOIZQ LIV JQVI[IVO XMYIV[IYI& EIVIUIV LIV O\TUI UMY\XISIV XYWL\ZMV LIV

SWVZ\UMVV_I [MY\[IUI PMYJQ]WYI$ [MYLQYQ I[IZ JMJMYIXI ZXMZQMZ ZMYIVOOI$ J\Y\VO LIV IUUITQI

SMKQT& BWX\TIZQ LMSWUXWZMY "XMUJ\Z\S# SMJIV_ISIV JIVOZI N\VOQ$ JIS[MYQ LIV VMUI[WLI LIV

ZMJIOIQV_I& BMVOM[IP\IV UMVOMVIQ SIYIS[MYQZ[QS NMVWTWOQ LIV NQ[WZWZQWTWOQ "SMXILI[IV$ NYMS\MVZQ

LIV XMY[\UJ\PIV# MSWZQZ[MU [IVIUIV XILI QV[MY]IT )- PIYQ ISIV UMVOOIUJIYSIV LQVIUQSI

P\J\VOIV [IVIUIV LMVOIV O\TUI % ZMYIVOOI % J\Y\VO& D[\LQ UMVOMVIQ >3;$ Z[Y\S[\Y SPTWYWNQT

"R\UTIP SPTWYWNQT [MYLQZ[YQJ\ZQ XILI LI\V$ KIJIVO LIV JI[IVO# _IVO UMV_MY[IQ XYWNQT JQWUIZ LIV

XWTI XMV_QUXIVIV MVMYZQ XILI XYWL\ZMV XYQUMY UMUJMYQSIV QVNWYUIZQ UMVOMVIQ IS[Q]Q[IZV_I&

Page 5: Ekologi Pertanian,Agroekosistem,Siklus Biokimia

5

-"*;9/><08 :;470;

FV[\S UMVOMVLITQSIV O\TUI [MYJIQS IV[IYI TIQV ILITIP LMVOIV UMVOI[\Y LI\Y PQL\X

JMYZIUI LMVOIV [IVIUIV& BMVMTQ[QIV LQ TIXIVOIV UMV\VR\SSIV JIP^I ILI QVLQSIZQ JIP^I O\TUI

ZIVOI[ JMY]IYQIZQ LIYQ TIXIVOIV SM TIXIVOIV [MYOIV[\VO [QXM [IVIUIV LIV U\ZQU XMY[\UJ\PIV&

DQNI[ NQZQS LIV SQUQI [IVIP$ NIS[WY QSTQU UQSYW LQ LMSI[ XMYU\SIIV [IVIP$ LWUQVIZQ JMVQP

O\TUI UMU\VOSQVSIV ILIV_I ]IYQIZQ S\ITQ[I[QN LIV S\IV[Q[I[QN LITIU NTWYI O\TUI LQ TIXIVOIV

XMY[IVQIV&

=IVL\VOIV MVMYZQ XMY \VQ[ JMYI[ RIYQVOIV LIV R\UTIPV_I LITIU =6B@<:/?? UMV\VR\SSIV

Z[Y\S[\Y Z\JZQZ[MU XYWL\ZMV LITIU MSWZQZ[MU&

=WVZMV[YIZQ SITWYQ LQ JMJMYIXI [IVIUIV ZMJIOIQ JMYQS\[ 2

=IVL\VOIV MVMYOQ XILI JMJMYIXI [IVIUIV "= KIT’OY JMYI[ SMYQVO#

EIVIUIV 6I\V 5IJIVO 4\IP 3SIY

<IO\VO ";VLQI#

<IO\VO "<MYUIV#

:MTQIV[\Z IVV\Z

EYQ[QK\U IMZ[Q]\U

BPIZMWT\Z I\YM\Z

AY_‘I ZI[Q]I

+$,,-

,$(,-

+$,(,

+$./*

+$0/(

,$)*.

+$),-

,$)--

,$(),

,$(/,

($(/+

+$.0,

,$(*-

,$*1)

-$(),

,$)(1

,$,10

,$((-

*$0(-

+$)1*

,$.))

,$(*,

,$*./

+$-/0

D\UJMY 2 =&5& ?QZYI ")10(#

FU\Y [IVIUIV LIV SWUXWZQZQ SQUQI UMUJI^I XMVOIY\P [MYPILIX ]IYQIZQ SIVL\VOIV

MVMYZQ& 6Q JMJMYIXI ]IYQM[IZ XILI SIVL\VOIV MVMYZQ _IVO [QVOOQ [MYRILQ ZMTIUI XMY[\UJ\PIV

]MOM[I[QN LIYQ I^IT&

Page 6: Ekologi Pertanian,Agroekosistem,Siklus Biokimia

6

."(98<>708

=IYMVI XYWL\ZMV _IVO PWUWOMV UISI PIV_I JMJMYIXI JQVI[IVO _IVO ZMZ\IQ ZIRI

UMVOIUJQT JIOQIV LIYQ MSWZQZ[MU [MYZMJ\[& CIV[IQ UISIVIV ZIVOI[ ZMLMYPIVI LMVOIV * % +

[QVOSI[IV [YWNQS& >MJQP%TMJQP LMVOIV JMJMYIXI IS[Q]Q[IZ XMVOWTIPIV [IVIP$ QYQOIZQ$ XMV_QIVOIV LIV

ZMJIOIQV_I _IVO UMUXMVOIY\PQ JQVI[IVO LITIU [IVIP LIV SILIVO%SILIVO PIT QVQ XMVOIY\PV_I

ZIVOI[ [MOIZ ZMPQVOOI [MYKQX[I SWVLQZQ JIY\& =WU\VQ[IZ [IVIUIV PIV_I LIXI[ LQRILQSIV [MUXI[

[QVOOIT JQVI[IVO SMKQT _IVO PIV_I LI[IVO ZMKIYI [MUXWYMY&

/"*082>;,4

=IYMVI XYIS[MS%XYIS[MS XMUMTQPIYIIV IV[IYI TIQV XMU\X\SIV$ XMVOO\VIIV XMZ[QZQLI ZMY[I

SMKQTV_I SIVL\VOIV JIPIV WYOIVQS UISI UMUXMYZMUXQ[ IS[Q]Q[IZ LMSWUXWZMY’XMVO\YIQ LITIU

MSWZQZ[MU XMY[IVQIV&

0"$-49=45

BYIS[MS JMYKWKWS [IVIU _IVO JMYJMLI LIXI[ UMV_MJIJSIV SWUXWZQZQ NQZQS LIV SQUQI^Q [IVIP

_IVO JMYJMLI& BMU\X\SIV SQUQI$ QYQOIZQ LIV XWTI LYIQVIZM UMV_MJIJSIV XMYJMLIIV S\ITQ[IZ

[IVIP&

5QYQ%KQYQ [IVIP XMY[IVQIV 2

% U\LIP [MYMYWZQ

% TIXQZIV SMZ\J\YIV +( KU

% IS\U\TIZQ OIYIU LQ TIXQZIV JI^IP "XMTQVLQIV#

% UQZSQV JIPIV WYOIVQS

FV[\S UMVOM]IT\IZQ Z[Y\S[\Y IJQW[QS IOYWMSWZQZ[MU SQ[I LIXI[ UMVOMZ[QUIZQ R\UTIP

V\[YQMV "@$ B$ =$ LIV ZMJIOIQV_I# _IVO ILI LITIU JQWUIZ LIV [IVIP XILI ZM[QIX ^IS[\ LMVOIV

LMUQSQIV LIXI[ \V[\S UMUXMY[QUJIVOSIV XMU\X\SIV LIV QYQOIZQ _IVO [MXI[&

Page 7: Ekologi Pertanian,Agroekosistem,Siklus Biokimia

7

)$,ID?G@ *:B:C ’?FE=AEG@GH=C

,"*;9/>5=4?4=,< :;470;

6IYQ [QVRI\IV XYWL\S[Q]Q[IZ WYOIVQS LMVOIV UIZ\SIV MVMYZQ$ IOYWMSWZQZ[MU L\VQI ZII[ QVQ

UMVOPIZQTSIV )( UQT_IY [WV JIPIV SMYQVO’[IP\V&

5IPI_I UI[IPIYQ _IVO UIZ\S SM SIVWXQ [IVIUIV LQO\VISIV LITIU XYWZMZ NW[WZQV[MZQZ

_IVO UMVOPIZQTSIV SMS\I[IV LITIU XYWL\S[Q]Q[IZ WYOIVQS& BMVMTQ[QIV LIYQ JMJMYIXI LQZQXTQV

UMVOPIZQTSIV Z\I[\ SMZQUX\TIV JIP^I ZMSIYIVO ILI + UMSIVQZUM NW[WZQV[MZQZ QITIP ZQST\Z =MT]QV$

5, % IZIU LMSIYJWSZQTI[ LIV UM[IJWTQZUM IZIU OYIZ\TIKMIV& DMR\UTIP [IVIUIV XMV[QVO "RIO\VO$

O\TI$ ZPWYO\U LIV ZMJIOIQV_I# UMUX\V_IQ RIT\Y 5,& BYWL\S[Q]Q[IZ JMYZQP [IVIUIV 5, TMJQP [QVOOQ

LIYQ [IVIUIV ZQST\Z =MT]QV& EIVIUIV ZMTIUI X\VKIS U\ZQU XMY[\UJ\PIV UMVOSWV]MYZQ . % 0!

[W[IT MVMYZQ ZQVIY UI[IPIYQ SM JIPIV WYOIVQS LITIU XYWL\SZQ SW[WY& BYWL\SZQ JMYZQP YI[I%YI[I a

XYWL\SZQ SW[WY Q[\X\V PIV_I -(! _IVO LIXI[ \V[\S PM[MYW[YWX "PM^IV LIV UIV\ZQI#&

7NQZQMVZQ SWV]MYZQ MVMYOQ JMYJMLI SIYMVI 2

% JMLI ]IYQM[IZ

% U\ZQU XMY[\UJ\PIV

% SWVLQZQ XMY[\UJ\PIV’XMY[IVIUIV

Page 8: Ekologi Pertanian,Agroekosistem,Siklus Biokimia

8

:\J\VOIV IV[IYI MVMYZQ ZWTIY LIV XYWL\SZQ JMYZQP’SW[WY "= KIT’KU*’PY#

EIVIUIV CILQIZQ DWTIY BYWL& 4MYZQP BYWL& =W[WY 3\[PWYcZ

9\TI ":I^IQQ# ,&((( )1( +(. ?WV[QM[P$ b.-

<IO\VO ";ZYIMT# .&((( )1( ,(- ?WV[QM[P$ b.-

9\TI JQ[ ";VOOYQZ# *&.-( ),, *(* ?WV[QM[P$ b.-

9IVL\U ";VLQI# )&-./ ,+ -- 6^Q]MLQ$ b/(

BILQ ";VLQI# *&1(, .( % DQVOP$ ?=$ b/,

D\UJMY 2 =&5& ?QZYI ")10(#

6IN[IY /& BYWL\SZQ XYQUMY JMYZQP "O’U*’PY# LIV MNQZQMVZQ SWVZMV[YIZQ MVMYZQ "!# [IVIUIV

XMY[IVQIV

EIVIUIV BB@ TIUIV_I

[IVIU

DMU\ZQU MSM ! 3\[PWYcZ

9IVL\U "LQIQYQ LIV

LQX\X\S#

1$1.%)($.- +$1(%,$(0 )$11%*$*1 ?QZYI LIV BIV%

LM_$ b/*

BMIYT UQTTM[ "[IS

LQIQYQ LIV LQX\X\S#

*)$)* .$1, % ?QZYI LIV BIV%

LM_$ b/*

<IO\VO "LQIQYQ LIV LQ%

X\X\S#

,$-(%0$+. )$+*%*$., ($10%)$,0 ?QZYI LIV BIV%

LM_$ b/*

BILQ "LQIQYQ LIV LQ%

X\X\S#

),$0*%)-$.- -$),%-$,1 *$-0%*$1) @I_IY$ b/*

BILQ "[IS LQIQYQ LIV

[IS LQX\X\S#

/$/,%)+$.1 *$.1%+$1( )$-(%+$1( DQVOP$ b/,

D\UJMY 2 =&5& ?QZYI ")10(#

Page 9: Ekologi Pertanian,Agroekosistem,Siklus Biokimia

9

-"$64;,8 080;<4

EIVIP XMY[IVQIV UMY\XISIV MSWZQZ[MU [MYZ\JZQLQ _IVO LQXMYT\SIV \V[\S UMUJ\I[ SWVLQZQWX[QU\U _IVO LQQVOQVSIV LMVOIV [\R\IV MNQZQMVZQ XYWL\ZMV XILI [QVOSI[ JI[IZ UISZQU\U&D\JZQLQ Q[\ [MV[\ ZIRI ZIVOI[ LQXMYT\SIV$ TMJQP%TMJQP LMVOIV ^IS[\ ZQVOSI[ PIY\Z UMVOPIZQTSIV$ZMXMY[Q XILI SMJIV_ISIV [IVIUIV ZMU\ZQU IV[IYI .( % 1( PIYQ ZIRI Z\JZQZ[MU XYWL\ZMV UMVKIXIQSMUIZISIV LIV MNQZQMVZQ NW[WZQV[MZQZ UMV\Y\V SIYMVI \U\Y&

DM[MTIP XIVMV SQYI%SQYI 0- % 1(- MVMYZQ [MYIS\U\TIZQ LITIU JIOQIV I[IZ [IVIP _IVO SMU\LQIVUIZ\S SM 5>/C7;5 4<<2 16/7; _IVO ZMLMYPIVI [MY\[IUI UMTQX\[Q UIV\ZQI LIV [MYVIS&

?MV\Y\[ ,7;56 !$’&%" XILI XILQ XYWL\SZQ JMYZQP - % .(! JMYJMV[\S RMYIUQ LIV JQRQ& 6ITIUIOYWZQZ[MU LIMYIP ZMLIVO "[MUXMYI[M# TMJQP -(! MVMYZQ _IVO LQXIVMV$ LQO\VISIV ZMJIOIQUISIVIV [MYVIS \V[\S XYWL\SZQ LIOQVO LIV Z\Z\ "XYW[MQV#&

6Q LIMYIP [YWXQSI ZMJIOQIV JMZIY XWX\TIZQ UIV\ZQI PQL\X LMVOIV [QVOSI[ MVMYZQ YMVLIP ZMLIVO LQLIMYIP [MUXMYI[M$ [QVOOQ& 7VMYZQ _IVO UIZ\S SM 23@>7@A? 4<<2 16/7; )( % )-! LIYQ XYWL\SZQJMYZQP&

<MYIUQ LIV LI\V RI[\P SM [IVIP LIV ISIY%ISIY UMY\XISIV Z\UJMY UIZ\SIV MVMYZQ SQUQI SMLITIU Z\JZQZ[MU [IVIP& <\UTIP QVQ \U\UV_I [QLIS UMVK\S\XQ \V[\S UMUMTQPIYI SMZ\J\YIV[IVIP XILI [IYIN WX[QU\U& 7VMYZQ _IVO UIZ\S SM LITIU d23@>7@A? 4<<2 16/7;e JMT\U JIV_ISLQSM[IP\Q ZIUXIQ ZII[ QVQ&

."&,>; 8>=;4<4#-,3,8

6ITIU MSWZQZ[MU [MYMZ[YQIT Z\UJMY’UQVMYIT LIYQ [IVIP$ ZMKIYI ITIUQ Z[I[\Z V\[YQZQLQXMTQPIYI WTMP ILIV_I XYWZMZ LI\V 4QWOMWSQUQI&

6Q LITIU IOYWMSWZQZ[MU ZMJIOQIV JMZIY V\[YQZQ [MYQS\[ ZMJIOIQ PIZQT XIVMV LIV [QLIS SMUJITQ TIOQZMKIYI ITIUQ ZMPQVOOI LQXMYT\SIV XMU\X\SIV& =IYMVI Q[\ LI\Y _IVO JQIZI [MYRILQ [MYX\[\Z’IZQSTQS&

/"’,5=9;!1,5=9;

DMU\I _IVO JMYXMVOIY\P [MYPILIX Z[Y\S[\Y LIV N\VOZQ MSWZQZ[MU JMYXMVOIY\P X\TI LQ ZQVQ&=MK\ITQ Q[\ ILI NIS[WY TIQV _IVO JMYXMVOIY\P IV[IYI TIQV 2

)& =WUXM[QZQ "QV[YI’IV[IY ZXMZQNQS#

*& BMVOMTWTIIVV_I IV[IYI TIQV 2

% XMUJIRISIV

Page 10: Ekologi Pertanian,Agroekosistem,Siklus Biokimia

10

% XMYOQTQYIV [IVIUIV

% YW[IZQ XMVOMTWTIIV

% XMUJISIYIV

% XMU\X\SIV

% QYQOIZQ

% XMVMVLITQIV PIUI’XMV_ISQ[

% ]IYQM[IZ JIY\

6IYQ ZMSQIV JIV_IS XMVOMTWTIIV Q[\ ZMJIOQIV JMZIY [MTIP LQJQKIYISIV XILI LQZQXTQV QTU\TIQV ZMXMY[Q QTU\ JMYKWKWS [IVIU$ XMVOMVLITQIV XMVOOIVOO\ LIV TIQV%TIQV& FV[\S [QLISUMVOITIUQ L\XTQSIZQ UISI LQ ZQVQ PIV_I ISIV LQJQKIYISIV UMVOMVIQ XMVOMVLITQIV PIUI’XMV_ISQ[LQXIVLIVO LIYQ ZMOQ MSWTWOQ&

0"*08208/,64,8 :0822,822>

3XI _IVO LQJQKIYISIV LQ ZQVQ TMJQP JMYZQNI[ SWVZMX$ ZMLIVOSIV [MWYQ%[MWYQ _IVO TMJQPUMVLITIU R\OI XYIS[MS%XYIS[MS XMVOMVLITQIVV_I Z\LIP LQJQKIYISIV LQLQZQXTQV QTU\ PIUI$ QTU\XMV_ISQ[ LIV QTU\ O\TUI&

6Q L\VQI JQVI[IVO LIV [\UJ\PIV LQSMVIT ILIV_I Z[YI[MOQ PQL\X$ _IQ[\ Z[YI[MOQ Y "XILI Z\I[\MSZ[YMU# LIV Z[YI[MOQ = "XILI MSZ[YMU _IVO TIQV#&

Y % LQIUJQT LIYQ Y\U\Z XMY[\UJ\PIV XWX\TIZQ

= % LQIUJQT LIYQ IZQU[W[ I[IZ S\Y]M ZQOUWQL

5QYQ%KQYQ UIZQVO%UIZQVO ILITIP ZMJIOIQ JMYQS\[ 2

% D[YI[MOQ Y 2 <MVQZ%RMVQZ SMPQL\XIV _IVO PQL\XV_I <==<>@A;7?$ RILQ JMYZQNI[ 2

% ?MVMUXI[Q PIJQ[I[V_I PIV_I ZMKIYI [YILQZQWVIT

% ?WJQTQ[IZV_I [QVOOQ

% FS\YIV [\J\PV_I SMKQT$ ZMPQVOOI XMYT\ MVMYZQ _IVO JMZIY& =IYMVI PIT%PIT LQ I[IZ$

UISI [QLIS UMUX\V_IQ UMSIVQZUM XMY[IPIVIV LIV SWUXM[QZQ& 6MVOIV LMUQSQIVLIXI[TIP LQV_I[ISIV 6723 LIV ?338&

% ?MUIVNII[SIV PIJQ[I[ ZMKIYI KMXI[

Page 11: Ekologi Pertanian,Agroekosistem,Siklus Biokimia

11

% 3LIV_I YMXYWL\SZQV_I JMZIY& DMJIOIQ KWV[WP 2 TITI[$ V_IU\S&

% D[YI[MOQ = 2 _IQ[\ RMVQZ%RMVQZ SMPQL\XIV _IVO UMVRIOI PIJQ[I[ ZMLMUQSQIV Y\XI IOIY

[QLIS Y\ZIS$WTMP SIYMVI Q[\ XWX\TIZQV_I ZMTIT\ LQ JI^IP LI_I L\S\VO PIJQ[I[V_I&

6MVOIV LMUQSQIV 2

% ?MV_MZ\IQSIV LQYQ LMVOIV PIJQ[I[

% ?MUX\V_IQ UMSIVQZUM ILIX[IZQ$ SWUXM[QZQ LIV XMY[IPIVIV

ZMP\J\VOIV LMVOIV Z[YI[MOQ PQL\X SMPQL\XIV LQ I[IZ UISI UISPT\S XMVOOIVOO\ [QLIS [MYTMXIZ

LIYQ ZQNI[ Q[\& DMWYIVO XMUQTQS XMYSMJ\VIV SWXQ LIV KWSTI[ LQ 3NYQSI _IQ[\)+*-(.

!$’&&" JMYLIZIYSIV XMVOITIUIVV_I UMVMU\SIV JIP^I ZM[QIX KIYI XMVOMVLITQIV PIV_I KWKWS

\V[\S XMVOOIVOO\ LMVOIV Z[YI[MOQ PQL\X

Page 12: Ekologi Pertanian,Agroekosistem,Siklus Biokimia

12

(’( ///

7@ABIG (@E?=EA@C@:

?I[MYQ _IVO UMV_\Z\V [\J\P WYOIVQZUM JMYIZIT LIYQ J\UQ& ?I[MYQ _IVO JMY\XI

\VZ\Y%\VZ\Y [MYLIXI[ LITIU ZMV_I^I SQUQI _IVO UMY\XISIV ?I[MYQ LIZIY UISPT\S PQL\X LIV [IS

PQL\X&

DQST\Z JQWOMWSQUQI ILITIP ZQST\Z \VZ\Y I[I\ ZMV_I^I SQUQI _IVO UMVOITQY LIYQ SWUXWVMV

IJQW[QS SM JQW[QS LIV SMUJITQ TIOQ SM SWUXWVMV IJQW[QS& DQST\Z \VZ\Y%\VZ\Y [MYZMJ\[ [QLIS PIV_I

UMTIT\Q WYOIVQZUM$ [M[IXQ R\OI UMTQJI[SIV YMISZQ%YMISZQ SQUQI LITIU TQVOS\VOIV IJQW[QS ZMPQVOOI

LQZMJ\[ ZQST\Z JQWOMWSQUQI&

DQST\Z%ZQST\Z [MYZMJ\[ IV[IYI TIQV2 ZQST\Z IQY$ ZQST\Z WSZQOMV$ ZQST\Z SIYJWV$ ZQST\Z VQ[YWOMV$

LIV ZQST\Z Z\TN\Y& 6Q ZQVQ PIV_I ISIV LQJIPIZ + UIKIU ZQST\Z$ _IQ[\ ZQST\Z VQ[YWOMV$ ZQST\Z NWZNWY$

LIV ZQST\Z SIYJWV&

’$ 7@ABIG 3@HFE?=D !3%"

9IZ VQ[YWOMV JIV_IS [MYLIXI[ LQ I[UWZNMY$ _IQ[\ 0(! LIYQ \LIYI& @Q[YWOMV JMJIZ LIXI[

LQ[IUJI[’LQNQSZIZQ [MY\[IUI WTMP [\UJ\PIV _IVO JMYJQV[QT ISIY "UQZITV_I RMVQZ XWTWVOIV# LIV

JMJMYIXI RMVQZ OIVOOIVO& @Q[YWOMV JMJIZ R\OI LIXI[ JMYMISZQ LMVOIV PQLYWOMV I[I\ WSZQOMV

LMVOIV JIV[\IV SQTI[’ XM[QY&

E\UJ\PIV UMUXMYWTMP VQ[YWOMV LIYQ LITIU [IVIP JMY\XI IUWVQI "@:+#$ QWV VQ[YQ[ "@(*% #$

LIV QWV VQ[YI[ "@(+% #& 4MJMYIXI JIS[MYQ _IVO LIXI[ UMVIUJI[ VQ[YWOMV [MYLIXI[ XILI ISIY

>MO\U LIV ISIY [\UJ\PIV TIQV$ UQZITV_I ),;<4066, .;08,=," DMTIQV Q[\$ [MYLIXI[ JIS[MYQ LITIU

[IVIP _IVO LIXI[ UMVOQSI[ VQ[YWOMV ZMKIYI TIVOZ\VO$ _ISVQ $@9=9-,.=0; <:" _IVO JMYZQNI[ IMYWJ

LIV %69<=;4/4>7 <:" _IVO JMYZQNI[ IVIMYWJ& *<?@<1 ?=# LIV(;/0/3;/ ?=# "OIVOOIVO JQY\# R\OI

UIUX\ UMVIUJI[ VQ[YWOMV&

Page 13: Ekologi Pertanian,Agroekosistem,Siklus Biokimia

13

($7@ABIG ,EG>EF

6Q ITIU$ NWZNWY [MYLIXI[ LITIU L\I JMV[\S$ _IQ[\ ZMV_I^I NWZNI[ WYOIVQS "XILI [\UJ\PIV

LIV PM^IV# LIV ZMV_I^I NWZNI[ IVWYOIVQS "XILI IQY LIV [IVIP#&

8WZNI[ WYOIVQS LIYQ PM^IV LIV [\UJ\PIV _IVO UI[Q LQ\YIQSIV WTMP LMSWUXWZMY "XMVO\YIQ#

UMVRILQ NWZNI[ IVWYOIVQS& 8WZNI[ IVWYOIVQS _IVO [MYTIY\[ LQ IQY [IVIP I[I\ IQY TI\[ ISIV [MYSQSQZ LIV

UMVOMVLIX LQ ZMLQUMV TI\[& ATMP SIYMVI Q[\$ NWZNI[ JIV_IS [MYLIXI[ LQ JI[\ SIYIVO LIV NWZQT&

8WZNI[ LIYQ JI[\ LIV NWZQT [MYSQSQZ LIV UMUJMV[\S NWZNI[ IVWYOIVQS [MYTIY\[ LQ IQY [IVIP LIV TI\[&

8WZNI[ IVWYOIVQS QVQ SMU\LQIV ISIV LQZMYIX WTMP ISIY [\UJ\PIV TIOQ& DQST\Z QVQ JMY\TIVO [MY\Z

UMVMY\Z&

)$ 7@ABIG 0:F;ED <:D 4AG@?=D

6Q I[UWZNMY [MYLIXI[ SIVL\VOIV 5A* ZMJIV_IS (&(+!& D\UJMY%Z\UJMY 5A* LQ \LIYI

JMYIZIT LIYQ YMZXQYIZQ UIV\ZQI LIV PM^IV$ MY\XZQ ]\TSIVQS$ XMUJISIYIV JI[\JIYI$ LIV IZIX XIJYQS&

=IYJWVLQWSZQLI LQ \LIYI LQUIVNII[SIV WTMP [\UJ\PIV \V[\S JMYNW[WZQV[MZQZ LIV UMVOPIZQTSIV

WSZQOMV _IVO VIV[QV_I ISIV LQO\VISIV WTMP UIV\ZQI LIV PM^IV \V[\S JMYMZXQYIZQ&

:M^IV LIV [\UJ\PIV _IVO UI[Q$ LITIU ^IS[\ _IVO TIUI ISIV UMUJMV[\S JI[\JIYI LQ

LITIU [IVIP& 4I[\JIYI ISIV LQUIVNII[SIV TIOQ ZMJIOIQ JIPIV JISIY _IVO R\OI UMVIUJIP SILIY

5(* LQ \LIYI&

6Q MSWZQZ[MU IQY$ XMY[\SIYIV 5(* LMVOIV I[UWZNMY JMYRITIV ZMKIYI [QLIS TIVOZ\VO&

=IYJWVLQWSZQLI JMYQSI[IV LMVOIV IQY UMUJMV[\S IZIU SIYJWVI[ _IVO ISIV [MY\YIQ UMVRILQ QWV

JQSIYJWVI[& 4QSIYJWVI[ ILITIP Z\UJMY SIYJWV JIOQ ITOI _IVO UMUXYWL\SZQ UISIVIV \V[\S LQYQ

UMYMSI ZMVLQYQ LIV WYOIVQZUM PM[MYW[YWN TIQV& DMJITQSV_I$ ZII[ WYOIVQZUM IQY JMYMZXQYIZQ$ 5A*

_IVO UMYMSI SMT\IYSIV UMVRILQ JQSIYJWVI[& <\UTIP JQSIYJWVI[ LITIU IQY ILITIP ZMQUJIVO LMVOIV

R\UTIP 5(* LQ IQY&

Page 14: Ekologi Pertanian,Agroekosistem,Siklus Biokimia

14

*@:?F:C (@E?=EA@C@: