2

Cven, yvela, uSualod Tu iribad vmonawileobT ekonomikaSi, amaze

xSirad gvesmis televizoridan Tu ufrosebis saubridan, yovel­

dRiurad gviwevs iseTi amocanebis gadawyveta, rogoricaa: ra unda

viyidoT da ramdeni, sad viSovoT fuli da rogor, gadavcvaloT Tu

ara erTi valuta meoreSi, davagrovoT Tu ara fuli da Tu davagro­

voT – ramdeni da sad? amrigad, ekonomika Cveni cxovrebis ganuyo­

feli nawilia.

da mainc sainteresoa – ra aris ekonomika?

termini `ekonomika~ berZnuli warmoSobisaa (oikos – saxli,

meurneoba da nomos – kanoni, wesi). is saSinao meurneobis

warmoebis xelovneba, codna, wesebis krebulia.

„ekonomikis“ pirvelad gamoyeneba Zv. w. VIII­VII saukuneebis berZen

poets hesiodes miewereba. `ekonomika~ aris Sina meurneobis war­

marTvis xelovneba, codna, wesebis krebuli. mecnierebaSi ki termi­

ni ̀ ekonomika~ SemoiRo Zveli berZnuli istoriografiisa da filo­

sofiis erT­erTma TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma qsenofontma (Zv. w.

427­355). es termini Sinaarsobrivad gaamdidra aristotelem (Zv. w.

384­322), romelmac dawera naSromi saxelwodebiT `ekonomikosi~.

aristotelem mecniereba simdidris Sesaxeb dayo or nawilad: erTs

daarqva `ekonomia~ (sasargeblo nivTebis erToblioba), xolo meo­

res ki – `qrematistika~ (fulis keTebis xelovneba).

droTa ganmavlobaSi, yvelaferTan erTad, sityvebis mniSvnelo­

bac icvleba da gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom termini ̀ ekonomia~ dRes

sul sxva Sinaarsis matarebelia. kerZod,

termini `ekonomia~ niSnavs momWirneobas, xarjebis Semcirebas,

ama Tu im resursis dazogvas.

ekonomika

ra aris ekonomika

qsenofonti (Zv.w.427-355) – Zveli berZeni, aTeneli, istorikosi.

lado papava

3

adamianis arseboba dovlaTis moxmarebis gareSe warmoudgene­

lia. yovelive is, rac moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofilebladaa saWi­

ro, uSualo saxiT bunebaSi iSviaTad moipoveba. swored amitom

aris aucilebeli adamianis moxmarebisaTvis saWiro produqtebis

Sesaqmnelad resursebis (romlebic, raodenobiTa da xelmisawvdo­

mobiT SezRudulia) warmoebaSi gamoyeneba. Tavis mxriv ki, Tuki

resursebisa da warmoebuli produqtebis ganawileba ar moxdeba,

dovlaTis moxmareba SeuZlebeli iqneba. yovelive es sxva araferia,

Tu ara ekonomika, misi Tanamedrove gagebiT.

termini `ekonomika~ dRes ori mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba:

imisaTvis, rom erTmaneTisagan gamijnuliyo `ekonomika~, rogorc

qveynis meurneoba, `ekonomikisagan~, rogorc samecniero da saswav­

lo disciplinisagan, cnobilma ingliselma ekonomistma alfred

marSalma Seqmna termini ̀ ekonomiksi~ (Economics), riTac XIX saukunis

bolos ekonomikuri mecnierebis safuZvlebis aRmniSvneli da sayo­

velTaod gavrcelebuli termini `politikuri ekonomia~ Caanacvla.

termini ekonomiksi nel­nela saqarTveloSic mkvidrdeba.

termini `ekonomiksi~ gamoiyeneba ekonomikis Semswavleli

mecnierebisa da saswavlo disciplinis aRsaniSnavad.

adamianis arsebobisa da ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia iseTi

dovlaTi, rogoricaa kvebis produqtebi, tansacmeli, bina (sax­

li), aveji, WurWeli da sxv. adamianisaTvis aseve aucilebelia, mag­

aliTad, ganaTleba da janmrTelobis dacva. am da sxva dovlaTis

Sesaqm nelad adamianma sxvadasxva saxeobis resursi unda gamoi­

yenos da CarTos moxmarebisaTvis saWiro dovlaTis sawarmoeblad.

am resursebs ekonomikuri resursebi ewodeba da maT ganekuTvneba

buneb rivi, adamianiseuli da adamianis SromiT Seqmnili resursebi.

ra aris ekonomika

ekonomika aris qveynis erTiani

meurneoba, romelSic ATavs iyris

sxvadasxva dargebi (magaliTad,

mrewveloba, soflis meurneoba,

mSenebloba, transporti, ganaTleba,

jandacva da sxv.).

ekonomika aris mecniereba,

romelic swavlobs imas,

Tu rogor ikmayofileben

adamianebi mudmivad mzard

moTxovnilebebs SezRuduli

resursebis pirobebSi.

ekonomika aris rogorc samecniero, ise saswavlo disciplina

alfred marSali (1842-1924) – ingliseli ekonomisti, Tavisi drois gavleniani mecnieri, ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelos – `ekonomiksis principebis~ – Semqmneli.

aristotele (Zv.w. 384-322) – Zveli berZeni filosofosi da mecnieri.

4

ekonomikuri resursebia: bunebrivi, adamianiseuli da adamianis

SromiT Seqmnili resursebi.

bunebrivi resursebia: niadagi, wylebi, haeri, sasargeblo wiaRi­

seuli, tye, cxovelebi da sxv.

adamianiseuli resursi aris mosaxleobis zrdasruli, magram

jer kidev araxandazmuli nawili, romelic dasaqmebulia an eZebs

samuSaos.

adamianis SromiT Seqmnili resursebia: manqana­iaraRebi, inst­

rumentebi, teqnologiuri mowyobiloba da sxv.

adamianis mier Seqmnili resursis gansakuTrebuli nairsaxeobaa

informacia (anu cnobebi raimes Sesaxeb, misi warmodgenis formis

miuxedavad), romlis gareSec ekonomikuri procesi, rogorc aseTi,

ver warimarTeba. kerZod, adamians unda hqondes informacia imis

Sesaxeb, rogor gamoiyenos esa Tu is ekonomikuri resursi Tavisi

moxmarebisaTvis saWiro dovlaTis Sesaqmnelad. bunebrivia, rom

informacias uSualod adamiani qmnis.

informaciis mopovebis SesaZleblobebi arsebiTad gaizarda Ta­

namedrove kompiuterisa da internetis gamoyenebiT, Tumca infor­

macia amiT SeuzRudavi mainc ar gamxdara. jer erTi, kompiuterisa

da internetis gareSe informaciuli masivebis mopoveba SeuZle­

belia, xolo kompiuterisa da internetis qona ar aris sakmarisi

ise Ti informaciis mosapoveblad, romelic fasiania, rom araferi

vTqvaT gasaidumloebul informaciaze.

yvelasaTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom bunebrivi resursebi Sez­

Rudulia. magaliTad, SezRudulia sasoflo­sameurneo savar­

gulebi an sasargeblo wiaRiseuli da sxv. SezRudulia is resursic,

romelic erTi SexedviT aseTad ar gveCveneba, magaliTad, haeri.

mTiani kurorti, sadac gansakuTrebiT gaiSviaTebuli haeria, kar­

gia bronqebisa Tu filtvebis daavadebebiT dasneulebuli adami­

anebis janmrTelobisaTvis, rom araferi vTqvaT bavSvebisaTvis

mis sargeblobaze. magram aSkaraa, rom aseTi kurortebi nebismieri

raodenobis damsvenebels ver daitevs da, maSasadame, gamodis, rom

haeric SezRuduli resursia.

aucileblad unda gvaxsovdes, rom SezRudulia droc. kerZod,

SezRudulia adamianis sicocxlis, weliwadis droebis, dRe­Ramis

xangrZlivoba da a.S. amitom arcTu iSviaTad gamoiyeneba gamoTq­

ma `dro fulia~. es sityvebi ekuTvnis benjamin franklins, cnobil

amerikel politikur moRvawes.

aseve SezRudulia Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenoba.

aqedan gamomdinare, ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom SezRudulia adami­

anis SromiT Seqmnili resursebic.

ekonomika

4

5

bunebrivi resursebisa da Sromisunariani mosaxleobis

raodenobis SezRudulobis gamo SezRudulia adamianis SromiT

Seqmnili resursebic.

Sroma adamianis Segnebuli, mizanSewonili saqmianobaa, romlis

mizanicaa adamianisa Tu mTeli sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa da­

kmayofileba.

SromiTi saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad adamians esaWiroeba

Sromis sagnebi, anu is, razec mimarTulia adamianis Sroma, rac mo­

mavali mza produqtis materialur safuZvels qmnis. Sromis saganze

zemoqmedebas adamiani Sromis saSualebebiT axorcielebs. Sromis

saSualebebia, magaliTad, manqana­mowyobilobebi, meqanizmebi da

sxva. epoqebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian Sromis saSualebebis

srulyofilebiTa da ganviTarebiT.

Sromis sagnebisa da Sromis saSualebebis erToblioba ki aris

warmoebis saSualebebi.

ekonomikuri resursebis SezRuduloba winaaRmdegobaSi modis ada­

mianis moTxovnilebis ganuxrel zrdasTan. adamiani yoveldRiurad

cdilobs daikmayofilos Tavisi mravalferovani moTxovnileba, ma­

galiTad, Wamos esa Tu is kerZi, iyidos esa Tu is nivTi, waikiTxos esa

Tu is wigni, naxos es Tu is filmi da a.S. periodulad asarCevi nivTebis

Tu momsaxurebis areali farTovdeba axal­axali nimuSebiT, magram es

mainc ar cvlis maTi SezRudulobis problemas. magaliTad, ori aTeu­

li wlis win mobiluri telefoni, rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobda, dRes ki

misi sxvadasxva modelis arCevanis Zalze farTo SesaZleblobaa Seqm­

nili, Tumca es SesaZlebloba sulac ar aris SeuzRudavi.

moTxovnilebis ganuxreli zrda winaaRmdegobaSi modis

ekonomikuri resursebis SezRudulobasTan.

ra aris ekonomika

Sroma _ adamianis Segnebu­

li, mizanSewonili saqmianoba,

romlis mizanicaa adamianisa

Tu mTeli sazogadoebis moT­

xovnilebaTa dakmayofileba.

Sromis sagnebia is, razec

mimarTulia adamianis Sroma,

rac momavali mza produq­

tis materialur safuZvels

qmnis.

adamiani Sromis saganze

zemoqmedebas Sromis

saSualebebiT axdens.

warmoebis saSuale-

bebi _ Sromis sagnebi­

sa da Sromis saSuale­

bebis erToblioba.

benjamin franklini (1706-1790) – cnobili politikuri moRvawe, diplomati, mecnieri, gamomgone-beli, Jurnalisti da gamomcemeli. amerikis erT-erTi `damfuZnebeli mama~. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZneblad miiCneva, radgan xeli moawera im sam umniSvnelovanes is-toriul dokuments – aSS-is damou-kideblobis deklaracias (1776 wlis 4 ivlisi), aSS-is konstitucias (1789) da 1783 wlis versalis samSvidobo xelSekrulebas – romlebic safuZv-lad daedo aSS-is, rogorc damou-kidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnas.

5

6

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom moTxovnilebis ganuxreli zrdis

pirobebSi adamianebs ufarTovdebaT arCevanis saSualeba, xolo

ekonomikuri resursebi ki SezRudulia, arCevanis gasakeTeblad

TiToeuli Cvengani xelmZRvanelobs alternatiuli RirebulebiT.

alternatiuli Rirebuleba (romelsac xandaxan alternatiul

danaxarjebs an ekonomikur Rirebulebasac uwodeben) aris arCev­

anis gakeTebisas uaryofil variantebTan SedarebiT saukeTeso

Rirebuleba (anu sxvadasxva saxeobis saqonlis ekvivalenturi

gacvlis raodenobrivi safuZveli). kerZod, ama Tu im saqonlis

(dovlaTis) warmoebisas Cven SeiZleba davTvaloT, es saqoneli rom

ar gvewarmoebina, mis sanacvlod ras da ramdens vawarmoebdiT. ma­

Sasadame, warmoebuli saqonlis alternatiuli Rirebuleba aris

im raodenobis is sxvadasxva saqoneli, romlis warmoebaze uari

vTqviT imis gamo, rom SezRuduli resursebi warvmarTeT romeli­

Rac sxva saqonlis sawarmoeblad.

alternatiuli danaxarji SeiZleba gamoixatebodes natural­

uri erTeulebiT (magaliTad, im saqonlis CamonaTvalSi, razec

uari vTqviT) an fuladi ekvivalentiT (im saqonlis fasebis jamSi,

razec uari vTqviT). alternatiuli Rirebuleba SeiZleba droiTi

erTeulebiTac gamovxatoT (is dro, romelic ̀ davkargeT~ im arCev­

anis gamo, romelic gavakeTeT).

ganvixiloT pirobiTi magaliTi. davuSvaT, adamians SeuZlia iyi­

dos ori sxvadasxva saqoneli А da B, Tanac mas orive erTnairad unda

rom hqondes, radganac isini erTnairad akmayofileben mis moTxov­

nilebas. aseve davuSvaT, rom mas А saqonlis SesaZenad gadasaxdeli

aqvs N raodenobis fuli, xolo B saqonlis SesaZenad – M raodeno­

bis fuli, Tanac N<M. aSkaraa, rom M aris А saqonlis alternati­

uli Rirebuleba, xolo B saqonlis alternatiuli Rirebulebaa N. radganac А saqonlis alternatiuli Rirebuleba M metia B saqonlis

alternatiuli Rirebuleba N-ze, amitom ukeTesia adamianma air­

Cios А saqoneli, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, moTxovnilebis dasakma­

yofileblad mas dasWirdeba ufro meti fulis gadaxda.

alternatiuli Rirebuleba aris arCevanis gakeTebisas

uaryofil variantebTan SedarebiT saukeTeso Rirebuleba.

Rirebuleba ki aris sxvadasxva saxeobis saqonlis

ekvivalenturi gacvlis raodenobrivi safuZveli.

ekonomikuri resursebis SezRuduloba adamians ayenebs arCe­

vanis problemis winaSe, anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ekonomikuri

resursebis SezRudulobis gamo TiToeuli adamiani iZulebulia

pasuxi gasces Semdeg sam kiTxvas:

ekonomika

6

7

magaliTad, mSobelma SeiZleba kiTxvaze – `ra?~, upasuxos – `fexsacmeli~, kiTxvaze –

`rogor?~ – `viyidoT~, `visTvis?~ – `SvilisTvis~.

ra vawarmooT da ra moculobiT? ra formis momsaxureba avirCioT da ra masStabis?

rogor vawarmooT esa Tu is dovlaTi an rogor movawyoT momsaxureba?

ekonomikis am sam mTavar kiTxvaze pasuxi aqvT gasacemi ara mar­

to ubralo adamianebs, aramed qveynis prezidents, ministrs, par­

lamentis wevrsa Tu nebismier biznesmens. amas ki xSirad Cven arc

vaqcevT yuradRebas, ise vakeTebT.

ekonomikis Seswavla SeiZleba sxvadasxva doneze moxdes. kerZod,

ganasxvaveben ekonomikis or umniSvnelovanes dones – mikroekono­

mikasa da makroekonomikas.

am ori donis garda, ekonomistebi swavloben mikroekonomikisa

da makroekonomikis `SuaSi~ arsebul e.w. mezoekonomikas. misi Ses­

wavlis obieqti aris ekonomikis Sua, dargobrivi, done. dargobrivi

done, Tavis mxriv, moicavs rogorc calkeul dargebs (magaliTad,

mrewveloba, soflis meurneoba, mSenebloba da sxv.), aseve msxvil

dargobriv gaerTianebebs (magaliTad, agrosamrewvelo kompleqsi,

samxedro­samrewvelo komleqsi da sxv.).

ekonomikaSi aseve gamoiyeneba megaekonomikis cnebac. es termini

aRniSnavs ekonomikuri mecnierebis im nawils, romelic swavlobs

msoflio ekonomikas, misi Semadgeneli nawilebis urTierTqmedebas.

visTvis unda vawarmooT esa Tu is dovlaTi an vis gavuwioT momsaxureba?

ekonomikis mTavari kiTxvebia: ra? rogor? visTvis?

mikroekonomika swavlobs

calkeuli ekonomikuri

subieqtebis (magaliTad,

mwarmoeblebis, firmebis,

momxmareblebis,

daqiravebuli muSebis,

Sinameurneobebis, vaWrebisa

da sxvaTa) saqmianobas.

makroekonomika swavlobs

qveynis ekonomikis, rogorc

erTi mTelis, funqcionirebas.

mezoekonomikis Seswavlis obieqti

aris dargobrivi done, romelic

calkeul dargebs da msxvil

dargobriv gaerTianebebs moicavs.

megaekonomika swavlobs

msoflio ekonomikas da

misi Semadgeneli nawilebis

urTierTqmedebas.

7

8

bavSvoba da pirveli warmatebebi

napoleon bonaparti daibada 1769 wlis 15 agvistos kun­

Zul korsikaze. es kunZuli italielebs ekuTvnodaT da sa­

frangeTs napoleonis dabadebamde sul ramdenime kviriT

adre gadaeca. patara bonapartis mSobliuri ena swored

italiuri iyo da mozardobaSi igi korsikis frangebisgan

gaTavisuflebazec ki ocnebobda. magram roca dro gavi­

da, am romantizmma ambiciebs dauTmo gza – napoleoni male

mixvda, rom misi niWisa da gaqanebis adamianisaTvis korsi­

ka metad mcire sarbieli iyo da kariera safrangeTSi unda

gaekeTebina.

napoleoni Raribi aznauris mravalSvilian ojaxSi izr­

deboda. ojaxs uWirda, magram mamam moaxerxa 10 wlis napo­

leoni saxelmwifo xarjze samxedro akademiaSi gaemwesebi­

na. patara bonapartma ukve maSin gamoavlina Tavisi xasiaTi.

aka demiaSi Tavidan mas dascinodnen korsikuli aqcentisa da

gamoCenili adamianebi

napoleon bonaparti

Tornike SaraSeniZe

napoleoni arkoles xidTan (fragmenti), 1801,

avtori: antuan Jan gro, luvris muzeumi

9

Raribi Cacmulobis gamo, magram napoleonma

muStebis wyalobiT male aswavla yvelas Wkua

da sayo velTao pativiscemac daimsaxura. 15

wlis napoleoni parizSi gadabargda, sadac

Tavisi niWis wyalobiT safrangeTis mTavar

samxedro saswavlebelSi Cairicxa. igi kargad

swavlobda maTematikas da istorias, hqonda

fenomenaluri mexsiereba da kidev ufro metad

fenomenaluri Sromismoyvareoba. dRe­RameSi

mxolod 5 saaTs eZina da danarCen dros ganaT­

lebasa da Sromas uTmobda. male napoleonis

mama gardaicvala da ojaxis rCena ZiriTadad

mas daawva kiserze. safrangeTis momaval im­

perators xSirad SimSilic uxdeboda.

napoleonma samxedro saswavlebeli warma­

tebiT daasrula, magram igi albaT saSualo

oficrad darCeboda, rom ara safrangeTis

revolucia, romelmac `Tavisuflebis, Tanas­

worobisa da Zmobis~ lozungiT qveyanaSi arse­

buli Zirmompali monarqia daangria da niWier

adamianebs gza gauxsna.

safrangeTis revoluciis (1789­1799) periodSi safrangeTi moic­va radikalurma socialurma da politikurma movlenebma, ro­melTac didi gavlena iqonies ara mxolod safrangeTis, aramed mTeli evropis istoriaze.

napoleonis aRmasvla da dacema, 1814, avtori: iohan mixael volci, berlinis germaniis istoriis muzeumi.

10

gamoCenili adamianebi

10

11

gansakuTrebiT gaumarTlaT samxedroebs,

radgan safrangeTis revoluciam evropuli

monarqiebi daaSina da qveyana male mTel kon­

tinentTan omSi aRmoCnda CaBbmuli. prusiis,

avstriisa Tu ruseTis monarqebs eSinodaT,

rom Tanasworobis ideebi safrangeTidan maT

qveynebsac gadaedeboda (da es maT reJimebsac

daamxobda), ingliss ki safrangeTis gaZlier­

ebis perspeqtiva afrTxobda. magram frange­

bi momxvdurebs warmatebiT igeriebdnen da

amaSi napoleonmac Seitana Tavisi wvlili.

1793 wels man saporto qalaq tulonis Stur­

mi moawyo da iq gamagrebuli ingliselebi

gandevna. operacia imdenad mniSvnelovani da

warmatebuli iyo, rom 24 wlis bonapartma ge­

nerloba miiRo. sul male napoleonma pariz­

Si mefis xelisuflebis momxreTa ajanyeba

CaaxSo da amis wyalobiT mas ukve mTeli armia

andes. am armias italiaSi, iq gaba tonebul

avstrielTa winaaRmdeg unda eoma.

ZalauflebaSi mosvla

swored aq daiwyo napoleonis didi kari­

era. 28 wlis generali cudad SeiaraRebuli,

cudad Cacmul­daxuruli da sakmaod mcire­

ricxovani armiiT italiaSi SeiWra da ramde­

nime TveSi daamarcxa avstrielTa gacilebiT

mravalricxovani da ukeT SeiaraRebuli jar­

ebi. safrangeTis mTavroba gaognebuli iyo,

radgan bonapartis armias ZiriTadad mowi­

naaRmdegeTa yuradRebis gafantva evale­

boda da masze did imedebs aravin amyarebda.

avstrieli generlebi ki gaocebuli iyvnen,

radgan maT ver warmoedginaT, rom vinmes

SeeZlo ase eoma. napoleonis meTaurobiT

frangebis armia saocari siswrafiT moZraob­

da, mters Suaze wyvetda da sust adgilebSi

momakvdinebel dartymas ayenebda. italiis

damorCilebis Semdeg bonaparti pirdapir

venisken gaemarTa. SeSinebul avstrielebs

isRa darCenodaT masTan zavi gaeformebinaT

da praqtikulad mTeli italia daeTmoT.

italiuri kampaniis Semdeg napoleonis po­

pularoba da Zliereba imdenad didi iyo, rom

safrangeTis mTavroba SiSis kankaliT eloda

parizSi mis dabrunebas. warmatebul gene­

rals SeeZlo Zalaufleba iolad aeRo xelSi,

radgan mas armia uWerda mxars, korumpirebu­

li mTavroba ki mosaxleobas sZulda. magram

napoleonma gadawyvita axali warmatebuli

kampania wamoewyo, amjerad ukve inglisis

winaaRmdeg. es ukanaskneli Tavisi flotis

wyalobiT saimedod iyo daculi da amitom

napoleonma gadawyvita daertya inglisis

umdidresi koloniisaTvis – indoeTisaTvis.

saamisod man floti aRWurva da Tavis rCeul

armiasTan erTad egviptisaken daiZra. iqidan

napoleoni – italiis mefe, 1805, avtori: andrea apiani, venis

xelovnebis istoriis muzeumi.

napoleoni Tavis kabinetSi, 1812, avtori: Jak lui davidi, vaSingtonis

xelovnebis erovnuli galerea.

Jak lui davidi (frangi mxatvari, 1748-1825, franguli neoklasi-

cizmis damaarsebeli) aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda safrangeTis revolu-

cias da misi Semoqmedebis didi nawili swored am movleniT iyo

STagonebuli. mas Semdeg, rac napoleoni xelisuflebaSi modis,

davidi misi daaxloebuli piri da privilegirebuli mxatvari xde-

ba. igi iziarebda ganmanaTleblobis Sexedulebebs, rom xelovneba

adamianSi maRal moqalaqeobriv grZnobebs unda ayalibebdes. misi

Semoqmedebac amiTia gaJRenTili, asaxavs ra safrangeTis istoriis

umniSvnelovanes etaps.

12

napoleoni xmeleTis gavliT indoeTSi unda

SeWriliyo. jariskacebis garda napoleonma

Tan waiyvana araerTi frangi mecnieri, ro­

melTac egvipte unda gamoekvliaT. saintere­

soa, rom napoleonma egvipteSi laSqrobis

win Tavad gamoigona da jarisaTvis daamza­

debina mzis saTvaleebi (romlebic iqamde ar

arsebobda). ukve mTeli evropa da msoflio

xedavda, rom bonapartis saxiT saqme hqon­

daT ara mxolod samxedro geniasTan, aramed,

aseve, udides organizatorsa da moazrovnes­

Tan, romelic mfarvelobda mecnierebasa da

xelovnebas da romelic Tavis garSemo ikreb­

da uniWieres adamianebsa da profesionalebs.

swored amis wyalobiT unda Seeqmna napo­

leons axlo momavalSi ara mxolod uZleveli

armia, aramed udidesi imperiac. revoluciis

wyalobiT aRzevebuli generali araerTi xe­

lovanisa da inteleqtualis muzad iqca. maga­

liTad, udidesma germanelma kompozitorma,

ludvig van beThovenma mas heroikuli simfo­

niac ki miuZRvna.

egvipteSi laSqroba Tavidan warmatebiT

daiwyo. napoleonma mamluqTa uZleveli

jari daamarcxa, egvipte daimorCila da in­

doeTiskenac daiZra. magram misi armia Zalian

daasusta autanelma sicxem da Savma Wirma da

male ukan dabruneba mouxda. amasobaSi napo­

leonis aryofniT avstrielebma da rusebma

isargebles, maT evropaSi frangebs sZlies,

italia waarTves da uSualod safrangeTs

daemuqrnen. rogorc ki es Seityo napoleonma,

egvipte miatova, mcire amalis TanxlebiT ing­

liselTa flots saswaulebrivad dausxlta

xelidan da safrangeTSi Cavida. iq gaakeTa is,

rasac misgan elodnen – moaxdina saxelmwifo

gadatrialeba da Zalaufleba xelSi aiRo,

rogorc safrangeTis pirvelma konsulma.

napoleonis omebi

1799 wels napaleoni, sakmaod ubralo da

Raribi warmoSobis, Soreuli provinciidan

Camosuli 30 wlis generali, evropisa da

msoflios uZlieresi saxelmwifos mmarT­

velad iqca. aseTi ram istorias ar axsovda.

gamoCenili adamianebi

ludvig van beThoveni, 1820,

mxatvari: ioseb karl Stileri,

beThovenis saxl-muzeumi, boni.

heroikuli, anu gmiruli, me­3 simfonia beThovenma Tavdapirvelad mi­uZRvna napoleons, radganac moxibluli iyo safrangeTis revoluciis ideebiT da miiCnevda, rom napoleoni swored am ideebis gamtarebeli iyo. mogvianebiT, rodesac napoleonma Tavi safrangeTis imperatorad gamoacxada (1804), ganrisxebulma (Tu imedgacruebulma) beThovenma wamoiZaxa: `igi iseTive mokvdavi yofila, rogorc yvela sxva!~ da warw­era `eZRvneba bonaparts~ moaxia nawarmoebis Tavfurcels.

13

napoleonma male daamyara qveyanaSi wesrigi,

Semdeg ki isev italiaSi ilaSqra da iqidan

avstrielebi kidev erTxel gandevna.

ingliselebi xedavdnen ra napoleonSi

erTob saSiS metoqes, mis moSorebas cdi­

lobdnen xan teraqtebis, xanac SeTqmule­

bebis saxiT, magram araferi gamosdiodaT.

napoleonma male brwyinvale diplomatiu­

ri niWic gamoavlina da ruseTi daimegobra,

mag ram aq ingliselebma imarjves da ruseTis

imperatori moakvlevines, ramac frangebisa

napoleon bonaparti

13

napoleoni sen-bernaris uReltexilze, 1800, avtori: Jak lui davidi, arsebobs am naxatis

5 versia, romlebic daculia parizSi, berlinSi, versalSi, riuei-malmezonsa da venaSi.

14

da rusebis daaxloebas bolo mouRo. napo­

leonma gadawyvita, mTeli Zalebi inglisis

damorCilebisaken miemarTa da axali didi

flotis mSenebloba wamoiwyo. ingliseleb­

ma ver moaxerxes ra napoleonis likvidacia,

kontinentis saxelmwifoebTan molaparakebe­

bi wamoiwyes da isini safrangeTis winaaRmdeg

omSi Cabmaze daiyolies. rusebi da avstri­

elebi iolad daTanxmdnen, radgan safran­

geTi metismetad Zlieri iyo, napoleoni ki

evropel monarqebs ukanonod miaCndaT – miT

umetes, rom man Tavi safrangeTis imperato­

radac gamoacxada. garda amisa, safrangeTis

winaaRmdeg samxedro kampanias inglisi afi­

nansebda.

1805 wlis zafxulSi, roca napoleoni ing­

lisze laSqrobisaTvis emzadeboda, safran­

geTis winaaRmdeg axali samxedro koalicia

amoqmedda. safrangeTisaTvis unda daertya

ara mxolod ruseTsa da avstrias, aramed ig­

egmeboda omSi SvedeTis Cabma da Tavad ing­

liselTa jaris gadasmac kontinentze. aseve

dRe­dReze iyo mosalodneli omSi prusiis

Cabmac. napoleons ara mxolod inglisis dapy­

robis gegma CaefuSa, aramed Tavad aRmoCnda

katastrofis winaSe. magram man swrafad Sead­

gina axali gegma, inglisze laSqrobisaTvis

Sekrebili armia ayara da avstrielebisken

daZra. isini manamde gaanadgura, sanam saSve­

lad rusebi movidodnen, Semdeg ki rusebisken

gaemarTa. miuxedavad imisa, rom dro rusebi­

gamoCenili adamianebi

napoleonis imperatorad kurTxeva (1807), avtori:

Jak lui davidi. luvris muzeumi.

15

saTvis muSaobda (maT damxmare Zalebi mosdi­

odaT da prusiac male unda Cabmuliyo omSi),

napoleonma maTi provocireba moaxdina,

brZola moaxvia Tavs da isinic sastikad daa­

marcxa. prusiam omSi Cabma verc moaswro. omi

amiT dasrulda, inglisi ki gadarCa, radgan

amasobaSi misma flotma legendaruli admi­

ral nelsonis meTaurobiT frangebis floti

daamarcxa da napoleoni inglisze laSqrobis

ocnebebs kidev didi xniT daemSvidoba.

1806 wels prusiis jeri dadga. am qveyanam

Tavad gamoucxada omi safrangeTs. napoleoni

amas momzadebuli daxvda, prusiis teritori­

aze SeiWra da daaxloebiT or kviraSi mTeli

qveyana daipyro. prusiis damarcxebis Semdeg

napoleonma ingliss kontinenturi bloka­

da gamoucxada – mis mier damorCilebul ev­

ropas inglisTan vaWroba aukrZala. radgan

inglisis samxedro ZaliT damorCilebas ver

axerxebda, napoleons surda es qveyana ekono­

mikurad mainc daesustebina. magram inglisi

ar nebdeboda. aseve agrZelebda ingliselebis

fuliT frangebis winaaRmdeg oms ruseTi.

1807 wels napoleonma sabolood rusebis wi­

naaRmdegobac gatexa da maTTan SeTanxmebac

gaaforma. ruseTi safrangeTis mokavSired

iqca da kontinentur blokadasac SeuerTda.

napoleonma Tavisi Zveli Canafiqri aisrula.

aqedan moyolebuli napoleoni Secdomas

Secdomaze uSvebda. imisaTvis, rom kontinen­

tur blokadas efeqturad emuSava, man jer

inglisis mokavSire portugaliaSi Seiyvana

jarebi, Semdeg espaneTis taxtze Tavisi Zma

dasva. misda moulodnelad amas espaneTSi

frangebis winaaRmdeg saxalxo omis dawyeba

mohyva, romelsac bolo ar uCanda da napo­

leoni iZulebuli gaxda am qveyanaSi didZa­

li jari Caeyenebina. espaneTis movlenebma

avstrielebi Seaguliana, romlebic ver eg­

uebodnen didZali teritoriebis dakargvas

da gadawyvites, rom xelsayreli dro dadga,

rom napoleonze Suri eZiaT. 1809 wels daiwyo

axali omi, romelic sabolood isev avstriis

damarcxebiT dasrulda, Tumca napoleons

amjerad warmatebis miRweva sakmaod gauWir­

da. omis damTavrebidan male igi avstriasac

daumegobrda – Tavis pirvel meuRles gaSor­

da da avstriis princesaze iqorwina. es ukve

imas niSnavda, rom napoleoni legitimur im­

peratorad aRiares – misi Svili, patara na­

poleoni, romelic 1811 wels daibada, ara

mxolod bonapartebis, aramed avstriis im­

peratorTa dinastiis Camomavali iyo da mis

warmoSobas eWvis qveS veravin daayenebda.

napoleonma Zlierebis zenits miaRwia. saf­

rangeTi praqtikulad mTel kontinentze iyo

gabatonebuli da mis satelit qveynebs bona­

partTa ojaxis wevrebi marTavdnen. inglisi

marto iyo da mxolod Zlieri flotis wyalo­

biT idga fexze. magram amave dros frangebis

mier dapyrobil evropaSi sul ufro da ufro

izrdeboda ukmayofileba. napoleoni ukve

didi xania gmirad ki ara, tiranad aRiqmebo­

da. aSkara iyo, rom erTi kacis mier Seqmnili

uzarmazari imperia did xans ver gastanda.

prusiaSi okupantebis gandevnaze xmamaRla

saubrobdnen, kvlavac grZeldeboda gaaf­

Trebuli winaaRmdegoba espanelTa mxridan.

ruseTi ki kontinenturi blokadiT zaral­

deboda da safrangeTis umcros partniorad

yofnas ver egueboda.

napoleonis dacema

safrangeTsa da ruseTs Soris ufro da

ufro izrdeboda daZabuloba da napoleon­

ma gadawyvita am qveyanasTanac sabolood

gaerkvia urTierTobebi. man naxevarmili­

oniani armia Sekriba da ruseTisaken daiZra.

armiaSi man jariskacebi praqtikulad mTeli

evropidan waiyvana da 1812 wlis zafxulSi

Setevaze gadavida. ruseTi, erTi SexedviT,

napoleon bonaparti

16

ganwiruli Canda. magram sinamdvileSi gan­

wiruli napoleoni iyo. marTalia, rusebi mas

ukve orjer hyavda damarcxebuli, magram Ta­

vad ruseTis teritoriaze omisaTvis igi mzad

ar aRmoCnda. gansxvavebiT italiis, avstrii­

sa Tu prusiisagan, ruseTi Raribi da ganuvi­

Tarebeli iyo. ugzoobisa da ukacrielobis

pirobebSi frangebis jars Tavis gamokveba da

gadaadgileba gauWirda. garda amisa, ruse­

Tis armia brZolas gaurboda da mters ukide­

gano qveynis siRrmeSi ityuebda, gzad ki yve­

lafers anadgurebda. frangebis uzarmazari

armia gzad nel­nela mcirdeboda. rusebi

mxolod moskovTan SeCerdnen da iq mters

sastiki brZola gaumarTes, Semdeg isev ukan

daixies da moskovic cecxls misces. napo­

leonis armiam didi zarali naxa da, rac mTa­

varia, moskovTan brZolam omi ver daasrula

– rusebi samSvidobo molaparakebaze uars am­

bobdnen. bolos da bolos napoleoni mixvda,

rom ruseTSi gaCerebas azri aRar hqonda da

ukan daxeva brZana. magram es arc ise ioli aR­

moCnda, radgan male Zalian acivda. ugzooba­

sa da sakvebis naklebobas ukve rusuli yinvac

daemata, risTvisac franguli armia sruliad

moumzadebeli aRmoCnda. sicive da SimSili

jariskacebs bolos uRebda da rusebic maT

sul ufro da ufro Tamamad esxmodnen Tavs.

roca ruseTidan gaaRwies, frangebis naxevar­

milioniani jaridan 30 aTasamdeRa iyo coc­

xali. imperatorma armiis narCenebi miatova

da saswrafod parizisaken gaeSura, raTa ax­

gamoCenili adamianebi

16

napoleonis moskovidan ukandaxeva, adolf norTerni

(1828-1876), kerZo koleqciidan.

17

ali armia Seekriba. igi kargad xvdeboda, rom

male mas mTeli evropa aujanydeboda.

napoleons kidev hqonda Sansi evropasTan

omi Tavidan aecilebina. avstrielebs ar

surdaT safrangeTis imperiis zedmetad da­

susteba, radgan ruseTis gaZlierebis eSi­

nodaT da neitralitets inarCunebdnen. na­

poleonsac Tavidan ruseTsa da prusiasTan

uwevda brZola da maT sakmaod iolad um k­

lavdeboda. avstrielebma mowinaaRmdege mxa­

reebi dazavebaze daiyolies da samSvidobo

molaparakebebi gaaCaRes. isini napoleons

sTxovdnen dapyrobili miwebis garkveuli

nawili daeTmo da sanacvlod mTeli danarCe­

ni imperia SeenarCunebina. moulodnelad na­

poleonma am SemoTavazebaze uari Tqva. imper­

ators kvlavac sjeroda Tavisi uZlevelobis,

mas miaCnda, rom ruseTSi omi SemTxveviT waago

da rom evropaSi ar arsebobda Zala, romelic

mas brZolis velze daamarcxebda. 10 wliT

adre napoleoni albaT ar dauSvebda msgavs

Secdomas – igi adre yovelTvis xvdeboda,

rom misi samxedro geniac ki ar iyo sakmarisi

yvela mterTan erTdroulad gasamklaveblad

da saWiro iyo maTi daqsaqsva. avstrielebi­

saTvis uaris TqmiT man mtrebis danawevrebis

Sansi xelidan gauSva. avstria male ruseTsa

da prusias miemxro, romelTa ukan inglisic

idga. napoleoni TiTqosda warmatebiT umk­

lavdeboda axal, uzarmazar koalicias da

ramdenime brwyinvale gamarjvebac moipova,

magram sabolood mtris simravlem Tavisi

gaitana. koaliciis jarebi parizSi Sevidnen

da napoleoni iZulebuli gaxda gadamdgariyo

rogorc Tavisi, aseve Tavisi Svilis saxeliT.

napoleoni kunZul elbaze gadaasaxles,

imperatoris tituli SeunarCunes da kunZu­

lic Caabares. safrangeTSi revoluciis Se­

degad gandevnili samefo dinastia dabrunda.

magram es dinastia sruliad iyo mowyvetili

realobas da frangebs male xelaxla Seaziz­

Ra Tavi. am ambebiT Segulianebuli napoleoni

elbidan gaiqca da safrangeTSi gadavida.

mosaxleoba mas taSiT xvdeboda, mis Sesapy­

robad gagzavnili jarebi mis mxareze gada­

vidnen. SeSinebuli mefe parizidan gaiqca,

napoleoni isev safrangeTis gamgeblad iqca.

magram am yvelaferma cota xans gastana. ev­

ropa isev fexze dadga, rom mousvenari impe­

ra tori sabolood moeSorebina Tavidan. 1815

wlis 18 ivniss vaterloosTan (belgia) napo­

leoni inglisisa da prusiis jarebTan brZo­

laSi damarcxda da male igi isev gaasaxles,

amjerad – kunZul elenaze, gacilebiT ufro

uaresi pirobebiT. napoleoni iq gardaicvala

kidec 1821 wlis 5 maiss. oficialurad gar­

dacvalebis mizezad kuWis kibo iqca. arse­

bobs aseve jer daudasturebeli versia, rom

igi mowamles.

boroti Tu keTili genia

da mainc, vin iyo napoleoni? udidesi gmi­

ri da geniosi Tu tirani, romelic adamianebs

mxo lod Tavisi usazRvro ambiciebis dasak­

mayofileblad iyenebda?

daviwyoT iqidan, rom genia SeiZleba iyos

rogorc keTili, ise boroti. yvelaze sasti­

ki diqtatoric ki SeiZleba iyos geniosi. na­

poleoni, sul mcire, samxedro saqmis genia

iyo, romelmac daCrdila iseTi sardlebi,

rogorebic iyvnen aleqsandre makedoneli da

iulius keisari. samxedro niWis garda, udide­

si imperiis SeqmnaSi napoleons aseve daexmara

saxelmwifo marTvis principebis Rrma codna,

diplomatiuri niWi da adamianebis marTvis

unari. anu ganurCevlad imisa, uaryofiTad

SevafasebT mas Tu dadebiTad, SeuZlebelia

napoleon bonaparti

`safrangeTi, armia, avangardi~ – es

iyo napoleonis ukanaskneli sityvebi.

18

imis uaryofa, rom napoleoni yvela drois

erT­erTi uniWieresi adamiani iyo.

gacilebiT ufro rTulia vupasuxoT kiTx­

vas napoleoni gmiri ufro iyo Tu tirani,

keTili genia iyo Tu boroti. albaT – orive

erTad. man udidesi imperia Seqmna, romliTac

frangebi dRemde amayoben. magram am imperiam

arc ise didxans gastana, maSindel omebs ki

uamravi adamiani Seewira. napoleoni adamian­

Ta sicocxles metad civad da pragmatulad

uyurebda. igi Zalian ganicdida misi erTgu­

li marSlebisa da generlebis daRupvas, ma­

gram amave dros ar erideboda aTasobiT ri­

giTi adamianis sikvdilze gaSvebas. egvipteSi

laSqrobis dros man tyved Cavardnili 4 aTa­

si Turqi meomris daxocva brZana da es imiT

gaamarTla, rom mis jars amdeni tyvis Senax­

vis saSualeba ar hqonda.

meore mxriv, ki napoleoni Tavadac uSiS­

rad midioda sikvdilze. amas akeTebda ara

mxolod maSin, roca generali iyo, aramed

(saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi) maSinac, roca impe­

ra tori iyo. gardacvalebis Semdeg mas tanze

araerTi Wriloba upoves, romelTa arsebobas

igi Tavis meomrebs arc umxelda da malulad

mkurnalobda. egvipteSi igi uSiSrad stum­

robda hospitalSi Savi WiriT daavadebul

jariskacebs. swored amis wyalobiT iyvnen

frangebi mzad, rom mas yvelgan gahyolodnen.

napoleonma safrangeTsa da mis kontrols

daqvemdebarebul evropaSi diqtatura daam­

yara. `Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~

praqtikulad daviwyebas mieca. evropis dapy­

robili erebi frangebs emsaxurebodnen. iz­

Rudeboda sityvis Tavisufleba, idevneboda

napoleonis reJimis yvela mowinaaRmdege. ev­

ropis muzeumebsa da sacavebSi Senaxuli xe­

lovnebis Sedevrebi da simdidreebi iZarcve­

boda da safrangeTSi idebda binas. napoleonis

bolo gamoxdomam – kunZul elbidan gaqcev­

am – cudis meti araferi moitana, radgan mas

moh yva axali brZolebi da msxverpli. evropis

liderebma ki frangebs napoleonis gverdiT

dadgoma aRar apaties: qveyanas teritoriebi

waarTves, fuladi gadasaxadi dauweses da mis

teritoriaze saokupacio jari Caayenes.

napoleonis mmarTvelobam saboloo jamSi

rogorc safrangeTs, ise evropas bevri sike­

Tec moutana. magaliTad, man daaarsa safran­

geTis erovnuli banki da Seqmna samoqalaqo

kodeqsi, romelic moqmedebda evropis did

nawilSi da romlis safuZvlebic dRemde ga­

moiyeneba dasavleTSi.

napoleonis drondel safrangeTSi gasaqa­

gamoCenili adamianebi

napoleoni iyo pirveli, vinc fiqrobda gaerTianebul evropaze, erTiani kanonmdeblobiTa da erTiani valutiT.

fontenbloSi ganmartoebuli napoleoni, avtori: pol delaroSi,

laifcigis xelovnebis muzeumi.

19

napoleon bonaparti

ni miecaT niWier adamianebs, es maSin, roca

praqtikulad mTel evropaSi adamianis bedi

damokidebuli iyo mis warmoSobaze. napo­

leoni iyo dampyrobeli, magram amave dros

igi ebrZoda feodalur CamorCenilobas, sib­

nelesa da provincializms. ase, magaliTad,

espaneTSi man inkvizicia gaauqma, italiaSi

ki mospo xelovnurad Seqmnili sazRvrebi da

cicqna saxelmwifoebi da amiT italiel xalxs

gaerTianebis idea STaagona.

napoleonis damarcxebis Semdeg evropa­

Si Zveli feodaluri wesrigi aRdga, magram

es ukve dromoWmuli da ganwiruli iyo. sul

male kontinents axali revoluciebi moedo,

romlebic dasrulda saberZneTis mier da­

moukideblobis mopovebiT, italiidan avst­

riis gandevniTa da italiis gaerTianebiT,

germaniis gaerTianebiT. evropaSi TandaTa­

nobiT gaCnda axali damoukidebeli saxelmwi­

foebi da respublikebi, damkvidrda demokra­

tiuli mmarTvelobis principebi. napoleonis

mmarTvelobidan ori saukunec ar iyo gasu­

li, roca evropa gaerTianda da sabolood

daiviwya omebi da konfliqtebi. paradoqsia,

magram kacobriobis am udides miRwevaSi Ta­

visi wvlili napoleonsac miuZRvis, romelic

istoriaSi swored omebiT Sevida.

napoleonis mmamrTvelobis Sedegebi: • daarsda safrangeTis erovnuli banki • Seiqmna samoqalaqo kodeqsi • biZgi misca axali tipis, Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas evropis kontinentze

napoleonis saflavi invalidTa samxedro panTeonSi,

invalidebis saxlSi, avtori: frangi arqiteqtori lui

tulius ioaxim viskonti (1791-1853)

20

Sesavali

politika arsebiTad sakamaTo cnebaa, radgan mas bevri mniSvne­

loba SeiZleba hqondes da aqvs kidec.

politika adamianTa sazogadoebis gaCenisTanave warmoiSva.

politika

giorgi xelaSvili

politikas uwodeben:

­ ZalauflebisaTvis brZolas

­ mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebsa da am gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebas

­ resursebis gadanawilebis process

­ partiebs Soris urTierTobas

­ zogadad, adamianTa imgvar yoveldRiur saqmianobas, romelic sazogadoebis

mowyobas ukavSirdeba

„politika“ berZnuli sityvaa („politikos“) da „samoqalaqos“

niSnavs. am sityvis FFFFFfuZe „moqalaqesa“ da „qalaqs“ ukavSirdeba,

sadac klasikuri berZnuli sazogadoeba viTardeboda.

ra aris

politika

20

21

politika saSualebaa, romliTac xalxi gansazRvravs, vin iqneba

mTavrobaSi. politikas xSirad „binZurs“ uwodeben, magram politi­

ka ara marto intrigebisa da egoisturi interesebis asparezi, ar­

amed maRali idealebis miRwevis saSualebacaa. es maRali idealebi

SeiZleba iyos samarTlianobis damyareba, politikuri Tavisuf­

lebis gavrceleba, mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis miRweva.

adamianebis qcevis didi nawili politikuria, radgan adamianTa

Soris urTierTobebi xSirad Zalauflebrivia. amitomac, poli­

tikisgan ganze gadgoma, misTvis Tavis arideba, Zalian Znelia.

politikis miznebi da am miznebis miRwevis saSualebebi xSirad

erTmaneTs ar emTxveva.

­ rogor unda SevafasoT politikis moraluri mxare?

­ romelia ufro mniSvnelovani – maRalzneobrivi miznebiT moq­

medeba Tu sasurveli Sedegis nebismier fasad miRweva?

zogi moazrovne miiCnevs, rom maRali miznebis ganxorcieleba

mdabali gzebiT miuRebelia. sxvebi ki fiqroben, rom Tu miRweuli

Sedegi sazogadoebisTvis sasargebloa, mis misaRwevad yvelanairi

saSualeba gamodgeba.

Zveli berZeni filosofosi aristotele (Zv. w. 384­322):

„adamiani bunebiT politikuri cxovelia“.

Cexoslovakiis ukanaskneli da CexeTis pirveli prezidenti

vaclav haveli (1936­2011): „CemTvis namdvili politika...

ubralod, sxva adamianebisTvis samsaxuris gawevaa“.

ra aris

politika

21

22

politika konfliqtisa da TanamSromlobis monacvleobazea age­

buli. urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebis, interesebisa da saWi­

roebebis arseboba niSnavs, rom adamianebsa da adamianTa jgufebs

Soris uTanxmoeba gardauvalia. magram politikis monawileebs isic

kargad unda esmodeT, rom interesebis miRweva da sakuTari mosaz­

rebebis gatana mxolod konfliqtis saSualebiT SeuZlebelia da

sxva adamianebTan TanamSromlobas saWiroebs. amitomac, politika

uTanxmoebebis gadawyvetis Ziebis process warmoadgens.

xdeba isec, rom uTanxmoebis gadawyveta mSvidobianad ver xerx­

deba. am SemTxvevaSi saqme midis revoluciamde da omamde. omi da

Zaladoba politikur miznebs emsaxureba, magram problema isaa,

rom xSirad omisa da Zaladobis Sedegad nadgurdeba yvelaferi,

ris xelSi Casagdebadac adamianebi Zalas mimarTaven.

politikuri ideebi saukuneebs uZlebs da axali formiT brun­

deba sazogadoebaSi. am ideebs xSirad ufro didi Zala aqvs, vidre

yvelaze Zlevamosil SeiaraRebul Zalebs da msoflio religiebs.

politika ar arsebobs ideebis gareSe, radgan adamianebi swored

ideebis garSemo irazmebian TavianTi miznebis misaRwevad. yvelaze

moklevadiani politikuri amocanac ki ideebis met­naklebad mow­

esrigebul nakrebs saWiroebs.

politikas gansazRvravs adamianis buneba, saxelmwifos xasiaTi

da saerTaSoriso sistema. mkvlevarebi ver SeTanxmebulan, Tu ro­

melia am samTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani politikisaTvis. zogs mi­

aCnia, rom adamianis bunebaa yvelafris saTave. es Sexeduleba saw­

yiss religiaSi iRebs. bevri RvTismetyvelis SexedulebiT, adamiani

pirvelyofili, Tandayolili codviT ibadeba, rac mTeli sazoga­

doebis xasiaTs da adamianTa da saxelmwifoTa urTierTobebSi Za­

ladobis problemas ganapirobebs.

sxva filosofosebi ki miiCneven, rom adamianis buneba cvale­

politika

amerikeli politologi robert dali (daibada 1915 wels): „politika

adamianur urTierTobaTa iseTi wyobaa, romelic didwilad moicavs

kontrols, Zalauflebas, gavlenasa da avtoritets“.

prusieli samxedro Teoretikosi karl fon klauzevici (1780­1831):

„omi aris politikis gagrZeleba sxva saSualebebiT“.

ra gansazRvravs politikis bunebas?

22

23

badia. adamiani SeiZleba iyos keTilic da borotic, SeiZleba

Seicvalos cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. amitom sazogadoebis xasiaTs

adamianis Tandayolili Tvisebebi ki ar gansazRvravs, aramed saxel­

mwifos, mTavrobis, sazogadoebis buneba. rac ar unda keTili iyos

adamiani dabadebiT, saxelmwifo mas SezRudvebs uwesebs da xSirad

Zaladobiskenac ubiZgebs. amitomac, swored saxelmwifos bunebaa

damnaSave imaSi, rom adamianTa Soris harmoniis miRweva dRemde Seu­

Zlebeli Seiqna.

moazrovneTa kidev erTi jgufi arc adamianur bunebas miiCnevs

problemebis wyarod da arc saxelmwifos Zaladobriv bunebas. es

moazrovneebi yvelafers saerTaSoriso sistemas abraleben.

maTi azriT, saxelmwifoebs Soris mSvidobis miRweva SeuZlebe­

lia, radgan saxelmwifoebis erovnuli interesebi erTmaneTTan

SeuTavsebelia da qveynebs Soris konfliqti saerTaSoriso urTi­

erTobebis bunebrivi mdgomareobaa. Tu msoflio mSvidoba ver

miiRweva, maSin verc saxelmwifoebi iqnebian mSvidobiani da verc

adamianis buneba gaumjobesdeba.

saerTaSoriso sistema saxelmwifoTa erTobliobaa, romlebic

erTmaneTTan politikuri, usafrTxoebis, ekonomikuri da sxva

aspeqtebiTaa dakavSirebuli.

CineTis mmarTveli mao Zeduni (1893­1971): „politika aris omi

usisxlod, xolo omi aris politika sisxlisRvris TanxlebiT“.

ra aris politika

23

24

Zalauflebapolitikis erT­erTi mTavari kategoria Zalauflebaa.

politika adamianTa urTierTqmedebis iseTi sistemaa, romelic

am Zalauflebis mopovebas, SenarCunebas, gazrdasa da gavrcele­

bas isaxavs miznad. politikaSi Cabmulebi arian ara marto calkeu­

li adamianebi, aramed adamianTa organizebuli jgufebi da mTeli

saxelmwifoebic ki.

Zalaufleba adamianTa urTierTobebSi vlindeba. avtoriteti

da iZulebis muqara Zalauflebis mTavari atributebia.

rogorc italieli saxelmwifo moRvawe da filosofosi makiave­

li ambobda, „jobs mmarTvelis eSinodeT, vidre igi uyvardeT“. iZu­

leba SeiZleba Zalauflebis myari safuZveli iyos. Tumca, rogorc

amerikis prezidenti ronald reigani ambobda, „xiStebze damyare­

buli mTavrobebi fesvebs ver idgamen“. mas amiT undoda eTqva, rom

mxolod Zaladobaze dafuZnebuli Zalaufleba xanmokle da ara­

myari SeiZleba aRmoCndes.

avtoritetiT miRweuli Zalaufleba xSirad Zaladobas gamo­

ricxavs. avtoritetis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos adamianisTvis mi­

werili RvTiuri buneba – magaliTad, Zvelad monarqebi (faraone­

bi, mefeebi, keisrebi, imperatorebi, xalifebi, sulTnebi, Sahebi)

RmerTisgan xeldasxmulad iTvlebodnen da RvTisgan boZebuli

avtoritetiT imyarebdnen Zalauflebas.

xSirad avtoritetis safuZveli lideris qarizmaa – anu is gan­

sakuTrebuli Tvisebebi, romlebsac liders misi momxreebi da mim­

devrebi miaweren.

Cvens droSi avtoriteti kvlavac warmoadgens Zalauflebis sa­

fuZvels. demokratiul qveynebSi am avtoritetis safuZveli le­

politika

Zalaufleba aris unari aiZulo sxva, gaakeTos is, rasac

sxvagvarad ar gaakeTebda.

ingliseli istorikosi lordi aqtoni (1834­1902): „Zalaufleba ryvnis,

absoluturi Zalaufleba ki absoluturad ryvnis“.

nikolo makiaveli (1469­1527): „mizani amarTlebs

saSualebas“.

qarizma – niWi aRafrTovano da gaiyolo xalxi.

24

25

gitimuri da samarTliani arCevnebia, romelic Zalauflebis gan­

maxorcielebels marTvis racionalur­samarTlebriv uflebas

aniWebs.

politikis buneba yvelaze kargad saxelmwifos mowyobasa da mis

qmedebebSi vlindeba.

saxelmwifos marTva mTavrobas akisria, romelic sazogadoeba­

ze kontrols axorcielebs, raTa koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebi

sisruleSi moiyvanos. amitomac xSirad politikas mTavrobasTan,

saxelmwifosTan aigiveben, politikis Seswavlas ki – mTavrobis Ses­

wavlasTan.

politikis gageba SeiZleba rogorc instituciuri, aseve indi­

vidualuri TvalsazrisiT.

­ instituciuri midgoma politikaSi gulisxmobs sajaro sakiT­

xebis kvlevas, mTavrobis qmedebebis Seswavlas da saxelmwifos

funqciebis gansazRvras.

­ pirovnuli midgomis Seswavlis obieqtia kerZo pirebis moR­

vaweoba, mTavrobis gavlenis miRma myofi sakiTxebi da sazogadoeb­

rivi procesebi.

am ori modelidan Cveni arCevani ganapirobebs imas, Tu ramdenad

yovlismomcvelia politika. SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom politika

mxolod mTavrobis SigniT, ufro metic, politikur partiebs So­

ris Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebia. an kidev piriqiT, politikis

sfero gavafarTovoT da davaskvnaT, rom politikuria yvela ur­

TierToba, romelic mocemuli sazogadoebis SigniT warimarTeba.

saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba

saxelmwifo – adamianTa organizebuli erToba

saerTo mTavrobis xelmZRvanelobiT.

germaniis kancleri oto fon bismarki (1815­1898):

„politika SesaZleblis xelovnebaa“.

kerZo politika:

­ individebis moRvaweoba

­ arasamTavrobo sakiTxebi

­ samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

instituciuri politika:

­ sajaro sakiTxebi

­ mTavroba

­ saxelmwifo

ra aris politika

25

26

rogorc vxedavT, sakmaod Znelia gaivlos zRvari „sajarosa“ da

„kerZos“, „politikursa“ da „pirovnuls“ Soris.

demokratia mTavrobis mowyobis erT­erTi formaa, romelSic

mTavrobas xalxi irCevs da mTavroba xalxs emsaxureba. demokrati­

ul sistemaSi yvelaze ukeTaa warmodgenili adamianTa umravleso­

bis interesebi da daculia umciresobis uflebebi. demokratiul

sistemaSi, rogorc wesi, kanonis uzenaesoba cxovrebis wesia, adami­

anis Tavisuflebebi da uflebebi ki xelSeuxebeli Rirebuleba.

Tanamedrove samyaroSi politikis erT­erTi aspeqti saxelmwi­

fosa da religiis urTierTobaa. Tanamedrove epoqaSi, gansakuTre­

biT ki demokratiul qveynebSi, saxelmwifo religiisgan gamijnuli

unda iyos, magram xSirad es ase ar xdeba. religiisa da saxelmwifos

erTmaneTSi Serevam SeiZleba seriozulad daazaralos adamianis

uflebebi: religia, Tavisi xasiaTiT, uzenaesi WeSmaritebis mqa­

dagebelia, politika ki, arsebiTad, dapirispirebuli azrebis, ka­

maTisa da uTanxmoebis asparezia.

politikuri Teoria ikvlevs adamianTa mier Seqmnili mTavrobis

xasiaTs da misi gardaqmnis SesaZleblobas.

politikis Seswavla ioli araa, radgan, bunebisagan gansxvavebiT,

politikas obieqturi kanonebi ar marTavs. politika warimarTeba

ara marto racionaluri da gaazrebuli, aramed iracionaluri da

impulsuri miznebiTa da saSualebebiTac. adamianis bunebis, adami­

anTa sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifoTa sistemis mravalferovneba

TiTqmis gamoricxavs ara marto politikis prognozirebas, aramed

politika

politika, rogorc mecniereba

safrangeTis prezidenti Sarl de goli (1890­1970): „mivedi

daskvnamde, rom politika metismetad seriozuli ramaa

imisTvis, rom politikosebs SevatovoT“.

amerikeli Teologi rainhold niburi (1892­1971): „adamianis unari,

iyos samarTliani, demokratias SesaZlebels xdis; magram adamianis

Tviseba, iyos usamarTlo, demokratias aucileblobad aqcevs ~.

amerikeli politologi harold lasueli (1902­1978): „politika

Seiswavlis, Tu vin ras rodis ratom da rogor miiTvisebs“.

26

27

xSirad politikuri procesebis axsnas da gagebasac ki SeuZlebels

xdis.

politika, rogorc mecniereba, politikur urTierTobebs ram­

denime kuTxiT Seiswavlis:

­ politikuri qceva

­ politikuri struqturebi da funqciebi

­ politikuri fenomenebi

­ politikuri ideebi

­ politikuri dokumentebi

­ politikuri momavali

politikis Seswavla SeiZleba iyos „normatiuli“ an „empiriuli“.

politikisadmi amgvari midgoma „Rirebulebebis“ analizs eyrd­

noba. am Rirebulebebis magaliTad gamodgeba iseTi cnebebi, ro­

gorebicaa „Tavisufleba“, „Tanasworoba“, „progresi“, „ganviTare­

ba“, „samarTlianoba“ da sxv.

empiriuli politikuri mecniereba pasuxs scems kiTxvaze: „ra­

tom?“ empiriuli politikuri mecnierebis gamoyenebis sferoebia

arCevnebi, politikis dagegmva da Sesruleba, movlenebis progno­

zireba da a.S.

politikis Seswavla sxvadasxva meTodiT SeiZleba. tradici­

ulad, politikis gagebis meTodi istoriuli analizi iyo, romelic

momxdari movlenebis dawvrilebiT analizs efuZneboda. ramdenime

aTeuli wlis win mecnierebma gadawyvites ufro zusti samecniero

meTodebi gamoeyenebinaT da politikuri faqtebis da maTi gamomw­

vevi mizezebis ricxvebis saSualebiT Seswavlas mohkides xeli.

raodenobrivi meTodis gamoyenebis kargi magaliTi demokratiul

qveynebSi Catarebuli arCevnebis Sedegebis analizia – „ramdenma vin

vis da sad misca xma arCevnebSi? da romelma faqtorebma ganapiroba

germaneli fizikosi albert ainStaini (1879­1955):

„politika fizikaze rTulia“.

normatiuli politikuri mecniereba cdilobs gasces

pasuxi kiTxvas, Tu rogori iqneboda idealurad mowyobili

sazogadoeba an am sazogadoebis romelime aspeqti.

empiriuli politikuri mecnierebis mizani ki viTarebis

uemocio, miumxrobeli, faqtebiT gamyarebuli analizia.

ra aris politika

27

28

saarCevno xmebis amgvari ganawileba?“

istoriuli da raodenobrivi meTodebi dRemde farTod gamoi­

yeneba politikis SeswavlaSi.

saerTaSoriso politika

saxelmwifoebs Soris ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis asparezi

mTeli msoflioa. saxelmwifoebi ibrZvian TavianTi Zlierebis da

usafrTxoebis gazrdisTvis, xSirad sxva saxelmwifoebis xarjze.

msoflio politikaSi erTi saxelmwifos warmateba sxva qveynebis

mxridan uaryofiT reaqcias iwvevs, radgan saxelmwifoebi erT­

maneTs Znelad endobian.

yvela saxelmwifos qceva, anu maTi sagareo politika, erovnul

interesebs emyareba. saxelmwifoTa sagareo politikaTa er­

Toblioba saerTaSoriso politikas qmnis. saxelmwifoTa mier Se­

q m nili politikuri urTierTobebis sistema Tavad iwyebs saxel­

mwifoebis qcevaze gavlenis moxdenas. Tu saxelmwifo sworad ver

Seafasebs Zalauflebis ganawilebis da wonasworobis viTarebas,

igi SeiZleba dasustdes da msoflio rukidan gaqres kidec.

politika

politikis Seswavlis raodenobrivi meTodis mizani politikuri

procesebis da maTi Sedegebis maTematikuri da statistikuri

saSualebebiT axsna, gageba da prognozirebaa.

germanel­amerikeli politologi hans morgenTau (1904­1980):

„yvela saxelmwifo moRvawe erovnuli interesebiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes,

rac niSnavs, rom iazrovno, rogorc saxelmwifom sxva saxelmwifoTa Soris“.

28

29

saerTaSoriso politikaSi mTavari moqmedi pirebi saxelmwi­

foebia, Tumca saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, reJimebi, regionebi

da, xSirad, individebic seriozul gavlenas axdenen msoflioSi

mimdinare procesebze. saerTaSoriso politikis mizani mSvidobi­

sa da usafrTxoebis miRwevaa, magram, jerjerobiT, kacobriobam am

miznis miRweva ver moaxerxa.

daskvnaTavisi arsiT politika gansxvavebuli mosazrebebisa da intere­

sebis safuZvelze Zalauflebis gadanawilebis asparezia. gansxva­

vebuli azrebi SeiZleba Seexebodes imas, Tu ramdenadaa dasaSvebi

saxelmwifos Careva pirovnebis cxovrebaSi an ramdenad Tanaswori

unda iyos sazogadoeba.

es kiTxvebi uTanxmoebas badebs. uTanxmoebas badebs isic, Tu ro­

gor da ra mizniT unda SeviswavloT politika. politikis Seswav­

lis mizani mravalgvari SeiZleba iyos – sazogadoebis gakeTilSo­

bilebidan dawyebuli piradi gamdidrebiT damTavrebuli.

politika imiTaa saintereso, rom pasuxi ubralo kiTxvaze, Tu

„ra aris politika?“ TavisTavad politikuri aqtia. sazogadoebis

politikuri cxovreba swored uamravi amgvari kiTxvis dasma da

maT ze pasuxis Ziebaa.

ra aris politika

2929

30

religia

30oTxTavi (S – 962), lukas saxarebis dasawyisi,1054 w.

31

bibliabiblia wignTa wignia. kacobrioba am wignSi eZebda pasuxs globalur kiTxvebze: rogor warmoiSva samyaro? rogor gaCnda sicocx­le? vin varT Cven? saidan movdivarT? ra zneobriv­moraluri kategoriebiT unda icxovros adamianma?

bibliaSi bevr kiTxvaze SeiZleba pasuxis povna, oRond TiToeuli

imdens iTvisebs, ramdenis misaRebadac TviTon aris mzad.

biblia berZnuli sityvaa da wigns niSnavs. ufro zustad, berZnebi

bibloss (βίβlos) uwodebdnen papiruss, egviptur mcenares, romlisga­

nac sawer masalas amzadebdnen. masze daweril wigns ewodeboda bib­

lion (βίβlίoν). Semdeg βίβlos ewoda yvela wigns, maTgan gamosarCevad ki

bibliur wigns daurTes ganmsazRvreli epiTeti – wmida. esaa wigni,

romelmac daikanona wodeba wmida wignisa, wmida werilisa.

rodis Seiqmna biblia, ra enaze daiwera, ra Sedgenilobisaa – ai

kiTxvebi, romelTac pirvel rigSi unda vupasuxoT.

biblia Sedgeba sxvadasxva avtoris sxvadasxva dros dawerili

wignebisgan. is moicavs or mTavar nawils: Zvel aRTqmasa da axal

aRTqmas. Zveli aRTqma Seqmnilia XII (qristemde) – II (qristes aqeT)

saukuneebSi, ZiriTadad ebraul enaze, axali aRTqma ki qristianul

epoqaSia dawerili berZnul enaze.

Zveli aRTqma gulisxmobs SeTanxmebas, kavSirs RmerTsa da rCeul

ebrael xalxs Soris, axali aRTqma ki axali kavSiria RmerTsa da kacob­

riobas, RmerTsa da TiToeul adamians Soris.

vin iyvnen ebraelebi da ratom gamoarCia isini RmerTma? Zvelad

ebraelebi ewodebodaT dasavleT­semituri modgmis erebs, romlebic

XVI­XIV saukuneebSi (qristemde) SuamdinareTis sanaxebidan Crdi­

lo­arabul naxevarudabnoSi Camosaxldnen. ibrim – rogorc uwodebd­

nen Tavis Tavs ebraelebi, niSnavs mdinaris gadaRmidan mosuls.

XIII s­Si (qristemde) ebraelebi damkvidrebulan mkvdari zRvis max­

loblad, palestinaSi, sadac isini Serevian iqaur mosaxleobas da

laura grigolaSvili

lailaSis biblia, X-XI s.

moqvis saxareba, XIII s.

32

SeuqmniaT TavianTi saxelmwifo. ebraelebma erTgvarad daagvirgvines

Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizacia, rogorc am didi kulturis

erT­erTma uZvelesma warmomadgenlebma. aRsaniSni isic aris, rom

mTeli maTi kultura moqceulia erT did wignSi – bibliaSi da moicavs

Zveli qveynebis istorias, msoflaRqmasa da esTetikur mimarTebas

samyarosadmi. uZvelesi droidan mokidebuli biblia kacobriobasTan

erTad dResac cocxlobs. is SemaerTebeli xidia Zvel civilizacieb­

sa da axal civilizacias Soris.

bibliuri gadmocemiT, ebraelebi egviptelTa monobidan RvTis

mowodebiT daixsna mose winaswarmetyvelma, romelic Seiqna maTi re­

ligiuri moZRvari, politikuri beladi, damfuZnebeli Zveli aRTqmis

monoTeisturi religiisa*. rogorc Zveli aRTqma mogviTxrobs,

RmerTma ixmo mose da amcno mas: `da aw ukueTu smeniT isminoT QNmisa

Cemisa da daicvaT aRTqumaL Cemi, iyvneT Cemda eri sazepuroL yovel­

Tagan naTesavTa, rameTu Cemi ars yoveli queyanaL” (gamoslv. 19,5).

xalxma ufals aRuTqva yovelives Sesruleba da RmerTma moses si­

nas mTaze ori fiqali (dafa) uboZa, romelzedac aTi mcneba (`deka­

logi~), zneob rivi cxovrebis 10 wesi iyo gansazRvruli. Amis Semdeg

winaswarmety velma samsxverploze Sewiruli xarebis sisxli apkura

xalxs da uTxra: `aha sisxli aRTqumisa, romeli aRTquma­yo RmerTman

Tquenda mimarT yovelTa amaT sityuaTaTMs~ (gamoslv. 24,8).

ufali rCeul ebrael xalxs hpirdeboda aRTqmul qveyanas, romelic dakarguli samoTxis msgavsi iqne­ba. ase Camoyalibda ebraeli xalxis RvTisagan gamor­Ceulobis idea. gamorCeulobis statusi ebraelebs mieniWaT imis gamo, rom RmerTma gamoarCia da gamoixs­na isini gansacdelisgan.

Zveli aRTqma Seicavs 51 wigns da iyofa sam nawilad: kanoni, winas­

warmetyvelebi da dawerilebi.

pirvel nawilSi, romelsac xuTwigneuli (xumaSi), kanoni (Tora)

ewodeba da miewereba mose winaswarmetyvels, moTxrobilia qveynisa

da adamianis gaCenis Sesaxeb, adamisa da evas codvaze, samoTxidan maT

gandevnaze, ebraeli xalxis cxovrebaze palestinaSi.

meore nawilSi gaerTianebulia 4 didi da 12 mcire winaswarmetyve­

lis wignebi. am wignebSi mxilebulia kacTa modgmis codvebi. es mxile­

ba erTgvar gafrTxilebadac gaismis mosalodneli sasjelis Sesaxeb,

Tu ebraelebi ar daicavdnen RvTis mcnebebs.

religia

* mose winaswarmetyvelis pirovnebiT STagonebulma araerTma xelovanma asaxa igi Ta-vis SemoqmedebaSi. gavixsenoT miqelanjelos mose, v. rosinis opera `mose egvipteSi~, a. Sonbergis `mose da aaroni~ da sxv.

dausvamT kiTxva: ra enaze esaubreba RmerTi mose winas-warmetyvels? religiuri isto-riografia gvpasuxobs: RmerTis ena is zeadamianuri idiomaa, romliTac RmerTi angelozebs esaubreba.

winaswarmetyvelTa wignebs didi da mcire ewodaT imis gamo, rom maTi winaswarmety-velebani moculobiT gansxvav-debian erTmaneTisgan, zogi didia, zogi ki – mcire.

mose, 1515, avtori: meqelanjelo buon-aroti, san pietro in vinkoli, romi.

33

mesame nawili aerTianebs sxvadasxva Janris wigns sxvadasxva

avtorisa. am wignebs gansakuTrebuli mizidulobis Zala hqondaT Zve­

ladac da dResac. es wignebia: daviT winaswarmetyvelis `fsalmunebi~,

solomon brZenis `igavni~, `eklesiaste~ da `qeba qebaTaL~, iobis wigni,

esTeris wigni, ivdiTis wigni da sxv. yuradReba gavamaxviloT zogierT

maTganze:

fsalmunni (qarTulad – daviTni) bibliis, Zveli aRTqmis erT­er­

Ti mniSvnelovani wignia. ebrauli tradicia am wigns qebis, didebis

wigns uwodebs, radgan fsalmunTa umetesoba RvTis sadideblad war­

moTqmuli sagaloblebia. berZnul enaze Targmnil bibliaSi ki am wigns

ψάλτεριον (fsalterion) ewodeba. am terminiT aRiniSneboda simebiani

sakravi, aT­ an Tormetsimiani qnari, romlis TanxlebiTac sruldebo­

da ebraul sagalobelTa umravlesoba.

fsalmunTa wignSi gaerTianebulia asormocdaaTi (`asergasisi~)

fsalmuni. azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa sagalobelTa avtoris vinaobaze.

zogi saeklesio moRvawe 150­save sagalobels daviT winaswarmetyvels

miakuTvnebs, zogierTi ki fiqrobs, rom fsalmunebi sxvadasxva avto­

ris mieraa Seqmnili. mTavari mainc is aris, rom daviT winaswarmetyve­

li centraluri figuraa am sagaloblebisa. sxvebi mas hbaZaven, mis

kvals mihyvebian, mis suliskveTebas gamoxataven.

fsalmunebi Tavisi zogadi SinaarsiT exmianeba daviT winaswarmety­

velis cxovrebis gzas, dawyebuls samuel winaswarmetyvelis mier da­

biblia

33

fslmunni, samuel winaswarmetyveli mirons acxebs daviTs.

fsalmunis mkiTxveli godebis kedelTan, ierusalimi, 2007.mefe daviT mefsalmune

34

viTis mironcxebiT, damTavrebuls misi mefobis ukanaskneli wlebiT.

Tumca didi saeklesio moRvawis, grigol noselis (ax.w. 335­394) TqmiT,

`fsalmunTa~ kompozicia ar aris dafuZnebuli istoriul movlenaTa

qronologiur Tanmimdevrobaze, aramed saTnoebaTa asaxviT warmoa­

Cens adamianis amaRlebas RmerTamde. amitom iqca daviTi renesansis

epoqis SemoqmedTaTvis (miqelanjelo, donatelo, verokio da sxv.)

STagonebis wyarod.

eklesiis udidesi mama aTanase aleqsandrieli (ax.w. 297­373), `fsal­

munTa~ brwyinvale komentatori, miiCnevs, rom fsalmunTa umTavre­

si ganmasxvavebeli niSani wm. werilis sxva wignebisgan isaa, rom masSi

sasimRero intonaciiTa da poeturi formiT gamoxatulia TiTqmis

yvela sxva bibliuri wignis Sinaarsi. fsalmunTa meSveobiT adamiani

Seimecnebs Tavisi sulis moZraobas. is RmerTs esaubreba, guls gada­

uSlis mas, Sendobas SesTxovs, aqebs, ganadidebs `sityvier msxverpls~

gaiRebs misTvis.

solomon brZens, daviT winaswarmetyvelis Svils, miiCneven sami

sofiologiuri (sibrZnismetyvelebiTi) wignis avtorad. es wignebia:

`igavni solomonisni~, `eklesiaste~, `qebaL qebaTaL~. es sami wignic

grigol nosels esaxeba erTgvar kibed, romlis meSveobiT adamiani

srulyofas aRwevs.

solomonis wignebs did mniSvnelobas aniWebda kabadokieli mama

basili didi (ax.w. 330­379). misi gagebiT, igavTa wigni emsaxureba ada­

mianis zneobriv aRzrdas, eklesiaste mogviwodebs fuWad, amaod

ar davxarjoT sasicocxlo Zalebi warmavali cxovrebis warmavali

faseulobebisTvis. `qeba qebaTa~ ki warmoaCens sulieri srulyofis

gzas, radgan gamoxatavs siZisa da sZlis Sewyvilebas, e. i. adamianisa

da logosis SekavSirebas.

`qebaLs~ Sinaarss Seyvarebuli wyvilis dialogi warmarTavs. vaJi

warmodgeba siZed, is xan mwyemsia, xan – mevenaxe, xan – mefe­gvirgvi­

nosani (TviT solomon mefe); qali, Seyvarebuli, sZali ki xan mwyemsi

gogonaa, xan – venaxis mcveli, xan – mefis asuli, xan – dedofali. urT­

ierTobaSi isini xan da­Zmad miiCneven erTmaneTs, xan – siZe­patarZ­

lad, xan – col­qmrad. maT garda poemaSi Canan patarZlis megobari

qalwulebi da siZis megobari vaJebi. avtori arsad Cans.

qristianulma msoflaRqmam `qebaLSi, rogorc SevniSneT, dainaxa

`siZisa~ da `sZlis~ siyvaruli, romelic mimaniSnebelia qristesa da

kacobriobis/eklesiis kavSiris saidumloze. miiCneven, rom am wignSi

yvela winaswarmetyvelebaze ufro naTladaa warmodgenili mesiis –

qristes gacxadebis Sesaxeb. saRvTismetyvelo moZRvrebiT, `qebaL~ ki

ar winaswarmetyvelebs mesiis gankacebaze, aramed warmogvidgens mas,

rogorc ukve gankacebuls. `qebaL~ zeimis, netarebis, sixarulis ga­

religia

meFfe solomonisa da sabas dedoflis Sexvedra, 1452-1466, avtori: piero dela franCeska, san franCeskos bazilika, areco, italia.

berZnuli oTxTavi, ioanes saxarebis dasawyisi, XII s.

35

momxatveli wignia. am netarebam aTqmevina solomon brZens frTian ga­

moTqmad qceuli sityvebi: ̀ mtkice ars, viTarca sikudili, siyvaruli~

(qebai 8,6).

qristianobis apologetebma Zveli aRTqma dasaxes axali aRTqmis

moswavebad, axal aRTqmaSi ki Zveli aRTqmis komentarebs xedavdnen.

iudaizmi, romelic Zvel aRTqmas efuZneba, aRiarebs mxolod Zvel

aRTqmas, qristianoba ki – rogorc Zvel, ise axal aRTqmas.

axali aRTqma ieso qristes mowafeTa da mociqulTa mier Seiqmna.

masSi gadmocemulia macxovris moZRvreba SemorCenili mis TviTmxil­

velTa mexsierebaSi da ganaxlebuli suliwmidis mier (ioane 14, 26).

axali aRTqma 27 wignisagan Sedgeba. es wignebia: saxareba (misi Sesaty­

visi berZnuli terminia evangele, romelic qarTul literaturul

tradiciaSic gvxvdeba), igive oTxTavi (radgan saxareba oTxia da dawe­

rilia oTxi maxareblis – maTe, markoz, luka da ioanes mier), saqme mo­

ciqulTa, mociqulTa epistoleebi da gamocxadeba, anu apokalifsisi

ioanesi.

am wignebSi moTxrobilia ieso qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis Sesa­

xeb, qristes mowafeTa samociqulo Rvawlze, samyaros ukanasknel

dReze. oTxi maxareblis wignebs adarebdnen samoTxidan momdinare

oTx mdinares, romlebic rwyaven edemis baRs.

biblia

wyarosTAvis saxareba, X-XI ss. maTe, markozi, luka da ioane maxareblebi.

36

palestinaSi aRmocenebul religias qristes mowa­feebi uqadagebdnen ara mxolod ebraelobas, ara med warmarTebsac. amitom es religia gavrcelda romis mTel imperiaSi. qristes mociqulebi saxarebas avrcelebdnen ara maxviliTa da SubiT, aramed sity­viTa da siyvaruliT.

sagulisxmoa, rom mociqulebs uwodebdnen meTevzurebs, mebadu­

rebs, mesaTxevlebs. marTalia, qristes mowafeTagan zogi marTlac

mebaduri iyo, magram maT es saxeli SeerqvaT imis gamo, rom RvTis

sity vis meSveobiT adamianTa gulebs aqcevdnen badeSi. aki TviT mac­

xovarma mouwoda maT: `da hrqua maT: movediT da SemomidegiT me, da

gyvne Tquen mesaTxevle kacTa~ (maTe 4,19).

axalma aRTqmam safuZveli daudo axal welTaR­ricxvas, romelsac efuZneba mTeli evro­amerikuli civilizacia (sxva welTaRricxva aqvT magaliTad, Cinelebs, arabebs). axalma aRTqmam daamkvidra axa­li gageba axali cxovrebisa, axali adamianisa, axali gzisa, axali galobisa. es is faseulobebia, romelTa meSveobiTac myardeba kavSiri uzarmazari evropuli sivrcis kulturul xalxTa Soris.

religia

36

eTiopiuri biblia, 1350-1450, napovnia gizis udabnos platoze.

petre mociquli, laTinuri biblia, 1407, malmsberis saabato, uiltSiri, inglisi.

37

biblia

mainc ra aris am kulturis safuZvelTa safuZveli?

axali aRTqma axali kavSiria RvTisa da adamianisa. saRvTismetyve­

lo swavlebiT, Tu Zveli aRTqma, sinas mTaze rom daido RmerTsa da

israels Soris, saqorwino kontraqtia samsxverploze mitanili Sesa­

wiris sisxlis SxefebiT beWeddasmuli, axali aRTqma saqorwino kav­

Siria, dabeWdili ieso qristes sisxliT, romliTac jvarcmulma mac­

xovarma gamoisyida codviTdacemuli kacobrioba. cnobilia, rom jer

kidev Zveli aRTqma mianiSnebda morwmuneebs saqorwino urTierToba­

ze RmerTsa da mis rCeul xalxs Soris: `da mogiTxoo Sen Tavisa Cemisa

saukunnod, da mogiTxoo Sen Tavisa Cemisa sarwmunoebiT, da icna Sen

ufali~ (osia 2, 19­20). miiCneven, rom esaa gulmxurvale mowodeba, mox­

moba eklesiisa Seemecnos ufals, gaxdes sZali qristesi.

`qebaTa­qebaTaLs~ komentatorebmac, rogorc aRvniSneT, Zveli

aRTqmis am yvelaze idumal wignSi dainaxes RmrTisa da misi rCeuli

xalxis saqorwino urTierTobis alegoria, sityvisa da sxeulis Sekav­

Sirebis igavi, ieso qristesa da eklesiis, anu qristesa da yoveli ada­

mianis SeerTebis (erTqmnis) ganmadidebeli himni.

bibliaSi SeiniSneba am ideis TandaTanobiT ganviTareba. axali

aRTqmis igavebiT (maTe 25, 1­13; maTe 22, 1­13) gacxadebulia, rom Rmer­

Ti swored qristeSi xorcieldeba siZed. bibliam adamianis srulqmnis

aRmniSvnel universalur simbolod qorwineba miiCnia.

axalma aRTqmam daamkvidra sruliad axali gageba siyvarulisa.

qristianoba RmerTis arsad acxadebs siyvaruls: `RmerTi siyuaru­

li ars~ (1 ioane 4, 8). RmerTi, antikuri religiis RmerTebisgan gansx­

vavebiT, mxolod ki ar uyvarT, aramed TviTonaa ganmsWvaluli yvelas

siyvaruliT. siyvaruli daisaxa adamianis mowodebad, misi Rirsebis

ganmsazRvrelad: ̀ Tqmul ars: Seiyuaro moyvasi Seni da moiZulo mteri

Seni. xolo me getyv Tquen: giyuarded mterni Tquenni~ (maTe 5, 43­44).

siyvaruli zneobiTi ierarqiis saTaveSi moeqca da umTavres ide­

alad gamoikveTa. pavle mociqulma, romelmac sulisSemZvreli himni

uZRvna siyvaruls (1 kor. 13, 4­13), Semdegi sityvebiT daagvirgvina is:

`xolo aw esera hgies: sarwmunoebaL, sasoebaL da siyuaruli, sami ese;

xolo ufroLs amaTsa siyvaruli ars~.

axali aRTqmis (da saerTod bibliis) damamTavrebeli wigni – ga­

mocxadebaL ioanesi (apokalifsisi), romelic samyaros ukanasknel

dRes aRwers, mTavrdeba axali galobiT, romelSic monawileobs

uricxvi raodenoba angelozebisa, maT galobas uerTdeba galoba yo­

vel Ta dabadebulTa, `romelni arian caTa Sina da queyanasa zeda da

ufskrulTa Sina da zRuaTa~ (gamocx. 5, 13). codviT dacemis Sedegad

darRveuli harmonia samyarosi unda aRdges, am harmoniis safuZvlad

ki siyvarulia miCneuli.ioanes gamocxadeba, rusuli xati, XVI s.

38

axali aRTqma daedo safuZvlad axal religias – qristianobas, ro­

melmac Tavis mxriv Camoayaliba Tvisebrivad axali sazogadoebrivi

cnobiereba, axali sakulto da kulturuli arqetipebi. maT axali

kulturis safuZvlebi gansazRvres.

qristianobis RmerTi – pirovnuli samsaxovani erTarseba Rmer­

Ti – aris absoluturi WeSmariteba, sikeTe, mSveniereba, siyvaruli,

arafrisgan yovelives Semoqmedi. adamiani umTavres faseulobad ga­

mocxadda; is Seqmnilia RvTis saxed da xatad, angelozTa darad mini­

Webuli aqvs Tavisufali neba. adamiani pirvelcodvis Sedegad dascil­

da RvTis xats. adamiani movalea aRidginos RvTaebrivi xati. magram

daibada kiTxva: rogor eziareba adamiani RmerTs, Tu TviTon RmerTi

ar Seva adamianSi? amitom moxda RmerTis kacqmna, `amisTMs RmerT­ma­

makacebr moqmed iqmna zeSTa RmerTTaL, raLTa kacebr uwyodnis vnebani

Cuenni da RmrTeebr iNsnides bralTagan, romelTa qalwulad qadagon

qalwuli dedaL,~ – ityvis daviT aRmaSenebeli Tavis ganTqmul sinanu­

lis sagalobelSi.

gavixsenoT isic, rogor esaubreboda Tavis xalxs ilia WavWavaZe,

eris mamad miCneuli didi mwerali da moazrovne: `viT mama zecisa iyav

Senc srulio~, umoZRvra kacs da amiT gvamcno, rom kaci SemZlebel

ars aRsvlad RvTaebis sisrulemde. raodeni didebaa da pativi kacis

bunebisa am eqvs sityvaSi, RvTis bageTagan warmoTqmulSi!.. iRvawe da

RvTis sisrulemde Senc SegiZlian axvide da miaRwioo. esodeni gan­

dideba da aRmateba adamianis Rirsebisa jer manamde ara adamians ar

gaegona~.

qristianulma religiam gansazRvra samyaros mode­li, adamianis roli, evoluciis arsi. yovelive es ki safuZvlad daedo am kulturis eTikur da esTetikur principebs. moZRvreba mSveniersa da amaRlebulze erTnairad gansazRvravda arqiteqturis, mxatvro­bis, musikis, sityvieri da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis ragvarobas. bibliur mxatvrul­saazrovno sivrce­Si Camoyalibda motivebi, Temebi, saxe­simboloebi, romlebic evropuli literaturisa da xelovnebis niSansvetebad iqcnen.

axali aRTqmis samyaro saukuneTa manZilze STagonebis wyaro iyo

mxatvrebisTvis, moqandakeebisTvis, mwerlebisTvis, poetebisTvis,

musikosebisaTvis, arqiteqtorebisaTvis, renesansis epoqam axali si­

cocxle mianiWa bibliur Temebs. miqelanjelo, rafaeli, ticiani, el

greko, rembrandti Sedevrebs qmnidnen Zveli da axali aRTqmis siu­

Jetebze.

religia

38

somxuri biblia, 1256 w.

jruWis II saxareba, XII s.

39

bibliis kulturologiuri mniSvneloba ganuzomelia. nu dagvaviwy­

deba, rom es wigni mxolod `saRmrTo~ daniSnulebisa ar aris. is iyo da

aris `TviTmyofadi poeturi qmnileba, vrceli tilo, sadac warmod­

genilia sityvieri Semoqmedebis, dResdReobiT arsebulis, TiTqmis

yvela Janri. igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, Tanamedrove msoflio mwerlobis

uZvelesi qrestomaTiaa. aq SevxvdebiT folkloruli warmoSobis

sawesCveulebo simRerebs, igav­arakebs, Segonebebs, filosofiur na­

kvesebs, miTosis fragmentebs, saistorio da sayofacxovrebo­doku­

mentur prozas, novelistur ambebs, godebebs, saRvTo sagaloblebs,

sagmiro leqsebs, satrfialo lirikas, diplomatiur mimoweras, ora­

torul sityvas, publicistikasac ki~ (z. kiknaZe).

... qarTveli xalxi qristian erTa Soris dgas. is qristianobis miRe­

bisTanave daewafa biblias, adridanve gadmoTargmna misi calkeuli

wignebi (saxareba, fsalmunni, winaswarmetyvelebi...). Cvenamde moRweu­

li mTliani biblia (oSkis, igive aTonisa) ki 978 wliTaa daTariRebuli.

39

biblia

martvilis saxareba, 1050

40

qarTveli var da Cemi samSoblo, saqarTvelo, miyvars. amave dros,

rogorc qarTvels, Cemi xalxi, Cemi qarTvelebi miyvars. siyvaruls

ra sjobs, magram mainc, ra ufro sworia – samSoblos siyvaruli Tu

mSobeli xalxis siyvaruli? ra ufro zusti samiznea Cemi gulwrfe­

li siyvarulisTvis – samSoblo Tu xalxi?

samSoblos, mamuls berZnulad `patris~ hqvia, es sityva momdina­

reobs sxva – `pater~ sityvisagan, rac `mamas~ niSnavs; ese igi, berZ­

nacionalizmi

patriotizmi da nacionalizmi

levan berZeniSvili

40

41

nuli samSoblo, upirveles yovlisa, `mamulia~.

`patris~ sityvidan iwarmoeba `patriotes~, rome­

lic sityvasityviT `samSobloels~, `mamulels~,

`mamulis kacs~, ̀ Tanamemamules~ niSnavs; Sesabami­

sad, termini `patriotizmi~ sityvasityviT niS­

navs `Tanamemamuleobas~. amJamad qarTul enaSi

termini `patriotizmi~ aRniSnavs samSoblos si­

yvaruls. Sesabamisad, patriotizmi aris erT­er­

Ti mTavari adamianuri grZnobis, siyvarulis gan­

sazRvruli saxesxvaoba.

amrigad, patriotizmi samSoblosadmi siyva­

rulis amaRlebuli grZnobaa. patriotizmis­

gan gansxvavebiT, nacionalizmi grZnoba ar aris,

nacionalizmi aris ideologia, anu ideebis,

Sexedulebebis erToblioba, romelic adamianTa

garkveul jgufSi (magaliTad, saxelmwifoSi) miRe­

bul normad, saxelmZRvanelo ideebad aris aRiare­

buli. am ideologiis mixedviT, eri, anu „nacia”, aris

sazogadoebis fundamenturi nawili da qvakuTxe­

di. laTinuri warmoSobis sityva `nacia~ aRniSnavs

eniT, kulturiT, eTnosiT, warmomavlobiTa da is­

toriiT gaerTianebul xalxs, romelsac, rogorc

wesi, aqvs saerTo teritoria da xelisufleba. rom

gavamartivoT, nacionalizmi aRniSnavs ideolo­

gias, romlis mixedviTac nacias, anu ers, aqvs pri­

oriteti sxva erTeulebTan (magaliTad, eTnikur

umciresobebTan, imigrantebTan an moqalaqeobis

armqone pirebTan) SedarebiT.

41

42

nacionalizmi

patriotizmi Tu nacionalizmi? saqarTvelo ufro mniSv­nelovania Tu qarTvelebi? Tu orive? iqneb – arc erTi? ai, am sakiTxis gasarkvevad aris dawerili es patara werili.

daviwyoT ̀ samSoblos~ cnebiT. bavSvobidan vicnobT am sityvas da

gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba gvaqvs mis mimarT. modi, vcadoT,

ubralo sityvebiT vTqvaT, ra aris samSoblo. upirveles yovlisa,

samSoblo aris qveyana; magram es nebismieri qveyana ki ar aris, esaa

mxolod Cveni qveyana, anu es aris is kulturuli da geografiuli

garemo, romelSic Camoyalibda mSobeli xalxis erovnuli TviT­

myofadoba. es imas niSnavs, rom saqarTvelo aris kulturuli sivrce da geografiuli teritoria, romelzec xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze Camoyalibda qarTveli xalxi, rogorc eri, rogorc TviTmyofadi, sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli da Tavi­seburi nacia.

raki samSoblo Cveni qveyanaa, romelSic Cven CamovyalibdiT, ro­

gorc sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli xalxi, da raki Cven Camogviyalibda

Cveni ena, kultura, istoria da fsiqikuri wyoba da raki swored am

qveynis siyvarulia patriotizmi, es siyvaruli exeba rogorc te­

ri torias, ise kulturul sivrces da am sivrceSi Camoyalibebul

xalxsac, mis enasac, aseve Taviseburebas, nacionalur Tavgada­

savals, anu eris istoriasac.

Zalian martivad rom vTqvaT, patriotizmi aris sakuTari qveynis siyvaruli, rac niSnavs sakuTari miwa­wylis, sakuTari xalxis, sakuTari enis, sakuTari Taviseburebebis, sakuTari istoriis siyvaruls.

nacionalizmis SemTxveva gansxvavebulia. nacionalizmis SemTx­

vevaSi sakuTari naciisadmi kuTvnileba xdeba ara siyvarulis an si­

Zulvilis safuZveli, aramed politikuri principi an politikuri

programa. politikur programas uwodeben ama Tu im politikuri

partiisa Tu partiaTa koaliciis miznebisa da principebis gaazre­

bul CamonaTvals. amgvarad, nacionalizms sxva ganzomileba aqvs,

vidre patriotizms, romelic gulisxmobs Tavisi samSoblosadmi

da naciisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnobas, rac ar aris dakavSirebuli

politikuri moqmedebis romelime programasTan. Zalian xSirad

`nacionalistebis~ umetesoba ayalibebs programas, romelic gan­

kuTvnilia sakuTari naciisTvis, magram xSirad ar Seesabameba sxva

naciebis an imave naciaSi eTnikuri umciresobebis sasicocxlo in­

teresebs (magaliTad, ar iTvaliswinebs maTi enis, kulturis ganvi­

Tarebas, saTanado pativs ar scems maT religias da a.S.). swored amis

42

43

gamo zogierTebi nacionalizms cariel boTls adareben: forma

aris, Sinaarsi ar aris. SeiZleba iTqvas, umravlesobisTvis naciona­

lizms, rogorc formas aqvs mniSvneloba, xolo umciresobebisTvis

mniSvneloba eqneboda im Sinaarss, romelic am formaSi ver moeq­

ca. magaliTad, indoeTSi damoukideblobis miRebamde indoeTis

nacionaluri kongresis partiam nacionalizmis ideebis wyalobiT

SeZlo formalurad da ara Sinaarsobrivad gaeerTianebina iseTi

gansxvavebuli pirovnebebi, rogorebic iyvnen javaharlar neru

(reformatori, romelsac gonivruli dagegmarebisa swamda), kriSna

menoni (orTodoqsi marqsisti) da mahaTma gandi (induisti asketi,

romelic industrializaciis winaaRmdeg gamodioda). zustad ase,

1918 wlis 26 maissac da 1991 wlis 9 aprilsac saqarTvelos damou­

kideblobis aqts qarTuli nacionalizmis saxeliT xeli moawera

parlamentSi warmodgenilma yvela politikurma Zalam – maT Soris

memarjveneebmac, memarcxeneebmac, konservatorebmac, liberaleb­

mac da im adamianebmac, romelTac sakuTari politikuri platfor­

ma im momentisTvis arc hqondaT garkveuli.

nacionalizmis sxvadasxva saxeobas erTi saerTo niSani aqvs: am

niSnis mixedviT, nacionalur kuTvnilebas upiratesoba aqvs ama

Tu im klasis, religiisa Tu rasisadmi kuTvnilebasTan SedarebiT.

Sesabamisad, mTavaria, frangi iyo da mniSvneloba ar aqvs, muSa xar,

43

eJen delakrua (frangi mxatvari, 1798-1863, franguli romantizmis fuZemdebeli), Tavisufleba

barikadebze (1830) Tavisuflebis alegoriul figuras xelSi uWiravs axali safrangeTis simbolo,

samferovani droSa Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba da Zmoba.

mahaTma gandi (1869-1948)

javaharlar neru (1889-1964)

44

kapitalisti xar, qristiani xar, mahmadiani xar, aTeisti xar, TeTr­

kaniani xar, Savkaniani Tu yviTelkaniani. nacionalizmis Tval­

sazrisiT, sayovelTaod cnobili tieri anri, upirveles yovlisa,

frangi fexburTelia da mxolod amis Semdeg milioneri, Savkaniani,

qristiani Tu mahmadiani.

nacionalizmis erT­erTi mimarTuleba SeiZleba zogadad davaxa­

siaToT, rogorc „romantikuli~ nacionalizmi. rogorc cnobilia,

XVIII saukunis evropaSi damkvidrebul ganmanaTleblobis epoqas

universalizmi da racionalizmi axasiaTebda.

swored am universalizmsa da racionalizmze reaqcias warmoad­

genda germanuli romantikuli nacionalizmi.

romantikuli nacionalizmi aris nacionaluri warsulisa da

kulturis gaidealebisken swrafva, rac axasiaTebda romantizmis

gviandel fazas. evropis istoriaSi romantikuli nacionalizmis

xana grZeldeboda napoleonis omebis dasasrulidan (1814) pirveli

msoflio omis dasawyisamde (1914). erovnuli grZnobis mozRvavebam

waruSleli kvali datova evropul istoriaSi, xolo germaniaSi,

italiaSi, saberZneTsa da zogierT sxva qveyanaSi gamoiwvia erovnu­

li saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba.

`romantikosebis~ azriT, adamianebis gageba ufro iolia im eno­

brivi, kulturuli da istoriuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

rac maT akavSirebT garkveul teritoriasTan, vidre saerTo

sakacobrio Tvisebebis konteqstSi. amrigad, fuZemdebluri Rire­

bulebebi, romlebic ayalibeben sazogadoebas da misi yofis gare­

mos aris lokaluri da ara saerTo­sakacobrio.

romantikuli nacionalizmis mniSvnelovani Teoretikosi iyo

io han gotfrid herderi, romelic laparakobda TiToeuli xal xi­

sTvis mniSvnelovan „saxalxo sulze~. ekonomikuri mxare amgvari

nacionalizmisa im rwmenaSia, rom umniSvnelovanes nacionalur re­

sursebs mxolod erovnuli struqturebi unda flobdnen. romanti­

kuli nacionalizmis politikuri gamoxatuleba TviTgamorkvevis

principia. TviTgamorkvevis principi mimarTulia politikuri

cxov rebis iseT mowyobaze, romelic ayalibebs erovnul saxelm­

nacionalizmi

44

iohan gotfrid herderi (1744-1803)

seneka (Zv.w.54-ax.w. 39)

universalizmi aris moZRvreba, romlis mixedviTac

individualuri bedniereba umniSvneloa, Tuki adami­

ans ar gaaCnia samyarosTan, anu `universTan~ (esaa `sam­

yaros~ laTinuri saxeli) solidarobis SegrZneba, rac

SesaZlebelia mxolod kanonebis gaazrebiT da dacviT.

racionalizmi ki filosofiuri mimdina­

reobaa, romelic gonebas (laTinurad – `ra­

cios~) miiCnevs adamianis azrovnebisa da moq­

medebis safuZvlad da misi yvela sasicocxlo

miswrafebis kriteriumad.

45

wifos. am principis mixedviT, xalxi ayalibebs sakuTar erovnul

saxelmwifos. erovnuli saxelmwifo ki esaa suverenuli erToba,

romelSic Warbobs erTi nacia. erovnuli saxelmwifos erT­erTi

upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom misi Zalaufleba, rogorc

moqalaqeTa erTianobisa da nebis bunebrivi ganxorcieleba, SemZ­

lea Seqmnas myari safuZveli kanonieri mTavrobisTvis. meore upi­

ratesoba, didi amerikeli poetis, robert frostis sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom `kargi Robe karg mezoblebs qmnis~.

marTlac, rodesac xalxi sakuTar sazRvrebSi Tavs ekono­mikurad da kulturulad usafrTxod grZnobs, igi Tavis Tav­Si ufro darwmunebulia da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan da sxva xalxebTan molaparakebasac ufro keTilganwyobilad da megobrulad atarebs, ufro metadaa ganwyobili gonivru­li kompromisebisa da urTierTsasargeblo daTmobebisadmi.

amave dros, unda iTqvas, rom nacionaluri saxelmwifo yvela

rTul kiTxvas ver scems pasuxs. amgvari saxelmwifos didi nakli is

gaxlavT, rom igi zustad arasodes ar Seesabameba arsebul realo­

bas.

xalxebi msoflioSi ar arian gadanawilebuli mkveTrad gamijnuli nacionaluri teritoriebis mixedviT da nacio­nalur saxelmwifoebSi yovelTvis arian umciresobebi, rom­lebic problemebs qmnian da Tavis TavSi SeiZleba farul da­mangrevel Zalebsac ki moicavdnen.

anu ise ar aris msoflio mowyobili, rom ungrelebi mxolod

ungreTSi cxovrobdnen, somxebi mxolod somxeTSi an qarTvelebi

mxolod saqarTveloSi. magaliTad, rumineTSi cxovrobs ungru­

li umciresoba (mosaxleobis 6,6%), bulgareTSi cxovrobs Turqi

umciresoba (mosaxleobis 8,2%), sabWoTa kavSiris yofil respub­

likebSi cxovrobs rusuli umciresoba, maT Soris, sakmaod mniSv­

nelovanic, magaliTad, estoneTSi rusuli diaspora mosaxleobis

25,6%­s Seadgens, latviaSi – 27,8%­s.

1914­1918 wlebis omis Semdeg moxda masobrivi demografiuli mig­

racia, mosaxleobis „gacvla~ saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris (pir­

veli msoflio omis Semdeg saberZneTidan TurqeTSi gaiqcnen Tur­

qebi da, piriqiT, manamde TurqeTis mcxovrebi berZnebi saberZneTSi

gadasaxldnen); 1939­1945 wlebis omis Semdeg moxda germanelebis

patriotizmi da nacionalizmi

45

46

gadasaxleba poloneTidan; aseve mosaxleobis mtkivneuli `gacvla~

moxda somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris yarabaRis konfliqtis dros.

verc erTma am iZulebiTma migraciam problema sabolood ver gada­

wyvita da igi naklebad mtkivneuli ver gaxada.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi saqme kidev ufro rTuladaa. mTel evropa­

Si mcxovreb boSebs iseve, rogorc axlo aRmosavleTsa da samxreT

kavkasiaSi mcxovreb qurTebs saerTod ar gaaCniaT sakuTari sa­

xelm wifo, romelsac isini erTaderT samSoblod aRiqvamdnen. amave

dros, es xalxebi sxvadasxvagvar strategias mimarTaven. qurTebi

sakuTari saxelmwifos Camosayalibeblad TavgamodebiT ibrZvian,

xolo boSebi saerTo samSoblos sakiTxs arc ki ganixilaven.

jer kidev senekam (romaeli filosofosi da saxelmwifo moR­

vawe) Tqva, „samSoblo imitom ki ar gviyvars, rom didia, aramed imi­

tom, rom Cvenia~. miuxedavad amisa, Zalian xSirad bevrs unda, rom

misi samSoblo ufro didi iyos. ras niSnavs es sidide? xSirad es,

ubralod, met teritorias niSnavs. saqarTvelos saxmeleTo sazR­

vriT oTxi qveyana esazRvreba da oTxives ukavia teritoria, ro­

melic odesRac, istoriis romeliRac periodSi, Cveni sakuTreba

iyo (tao­klarjeTi – Tanamedrove TurqeTSi, saingilo, anu kaxi

nacionalizmi

46

47

patriotizmi da nacionalizmi

da zaqaTala – dRevandel azerbaijanSi, lore – somxeTSi, soWi

– ruseTSi). aq, yvelgan, darCenilia Cveni yofnis kvali, toponi­

mikis (adgilTa dasaxelebis), hidronimikis (mdinareTa saxelebis),

eklesiebis, cixe­simagreebisa Tu sxva materialuri da aramate­

rialuri kulturis Zeglebis saxiT. Sesabamisad, Cveni samSoblo

dedamiwaze or gansxvavebul adgils ikavebs: erTia is, romelic mas

axla uWiravs, romelic aRiarebulia msoflios mier, xolo meore

is, romelic moicavs yvela teritorias, rac mas odesme daukavebia

(Tanac ar aris aucilebeli, rom es erT droSi momxdariyo). Sesa­

bamisad, Cvens gonebaSi saqarTvelos ori rukaa. erTia is ruka, ro­

melzec asaxulia saqarTvelo saerTaSorisod aRiarebul sazRv­

rebSi (aq igulisxmeba is teritoriebic, romelsac saqarTvelos

xelisufleba amJamad ver akontrolebs); meore ki gaxlavT is ruka,

romelic SesaZloa drosa da sivrceSi arasodes ar yofila swored

aseTi, magram mas ukavia is sivrce, romelic odesme, Tundac mcire

xniT, Cveni samSoblos Semadgeneli nawili yofila. am `rukaze~ Cve­

ni kulturuli nakvalevi sruliad mkafioa. patriotizmi gulisx­

mobs, rom es saxelebic da es Zeglebic Cven iseve gviyvars, rogorc

is saxelebi da Zeglebi, romlebic Cvens amJamindel teritoriazea.

samSoblos siyvarulis grZnoba gvkarnaxobs, rom am materialuri

da aramaterialuri kulturis Cveneul Zeglebs aucileblad unda

mivxedoT da vupatronoT.

swored aq saqmeSi erTveba nacionalizmi. swored saxelmwifoTa

Soris urTierTobis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, nacionalizmis,

anu, am SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifoebrivi midgomis gaTvaliswinebiT, am

ZeglTa dacva SesaZlebelia mxolod mezobel qveynebTan politi­

kuri dialogiT. magaliTad, saqarTvelos xelisuflebasa da Tur­

qeTis xelisuflebas Soris mimdinareobs xangrZlivi politikuri

dialogi TurqeTis teritoriaze arsebuli qarTuli kulturuli

memkvidreobis Zeglebis movla­patronobasTan dakavSirebiT (igu­

lisxmeba Cveni qveynisTvis uzarmazari kulturuli mniSvnelobis

istoriuli Zeglebi oSki, xanZTa, bana, iSxani, parxali da sxv.).

rogorc zemoT moyvanili magaliTidan Cans, moqalaqisTvis sa­

sargebloa rogorc patriotizmi, ise nacionalizmi, Tuki orive

zomierad iqneba warmodgenili. patriotizmi, rogorc samSoblos

siyvarulis grZnoba, ar SeiZleba usazRvro iyos. patriotizms aqvs

Tavisi sazRvari da am sazRvars hqvia adamiani, individuumi. samSob­

los siyvaruli esazRvreba adamianis pativiscemas, mis uflebebs,

mis Tavisuflebebs. ar SeiZleba patriotizmis saxeliT SeizRudos

adamiani da misi uflebebi. aseve zRvari aqvs nacionalizmsac. igi,

47

48

nacionalizmi

rogorc ideologia, aseve SezRuduli unda iyos da misi ukiduresi

gamovlinebebi ar unda iqnes daSvebuli. nacionalizmsac iseve, ro­

gorc patriotizms Tavisi `aRviri~ aqvs, magaliTad, aseTi aRviri

SeiZleba iyos eTnikuri umciresobebis interesebi.

Sesabamisad, daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT: patriotizmi da

nacionalizmi ori urTiergansxvavebuli cnebaa, romlebic adamia­

nisa da misi samSoblos urTierTobebs gansazRvraven. patriotizmi

grZnobaa, xolo nacionalizmi – ideologia. orive maTgani sasar­

geb lo da kargia, Tuki gamoyenebulia zomierad da ar azianebs erT

SemTxvevaSi kerZo adamians da adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisufle­

bebs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebsa

da Tavisuflebebs.

Cvens Tavdapirvel msjelobas rom davubrundeT, daskvna ase­

Tia: samSoblo, ra Tqma unda, unda gviyvardes, magram am siyvaru­

lis saxeliT adamianis sicocxles, Tavisuflebas, sakuTrebas da

bednierebisken swrafvas ziani ar unda miadges. SeiZleba ufro mar­

tivadac vTqvaT: `samSoblo~ didi cnebaa, magram `adamianze~ didi

cneba ar aris. meore mxriv, zomieri da gaazrebuli nacionalizmi

sasargeblo da kargia, magram igi ar niSnavs, rom romelime erTi na­

cia (magaliTad, qarTvelebi saqarTveloSi) sxva naciaze ukeTesi,

aRmatebuli an Rirseulia. nacionalizmis yvelaze swori gaazrebi­

sas nacia sxvadasxva eTnosisgan Sedgeba da saxelmwifos amocanaa,

48

Sesabamisad, daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT: patri­otizmi da nacionalizmi ori urTiergansxvavebuli cne­baa, romlebic adamianisa da misi samSoblos urTier­Tobebs gansazRvraven. patriotizmi grZnobaa, xolo nacionalizmi – ideologia. orive maTgani sasargeblo da kargia, Tuki gamoyenebulia zomierad da ar azianebs erT SemTxvevaSi kerZo adamians da adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.

49

patriotizmi da nacionalizmi

es eTnosebi am debulebas nebayoflobiT aRiarebdnen. Sesabamisad,

qarTuli nacia Sedgeba eTnikuri qarTvelebis, somxebis, azerbai­

janelebis, afxazebis, osebis da sxvebisagan, romlebic arian sa­

qarT velos moqalaqeebi da Tavis erTaderT samSoblod swored

saqarTvelos ganixilaven.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac patriotizmi yalbadaa gagebuli da

gamoiyeneba, rogorc instrumenti adamianis Tavisuflebis, misi

arCevanis uflebis winaaRmdeg, rodesac esa Tu is moRvawe Tavis

binZur politikur ganzraxvebs momxibvleli patriotizmis sa­

saCuqre SesafuT qaRaldSi axvevs, rodesac samSoblos siyvarulis

saxeliT surT gaamarTlon Zaladoba, uzneoba da a.S., gaixseneben

xolme XVIII saukunis cnobili ingliseli poetis, eseistisa da mora­

listis, semuel jonsonis cnobil formulas, rom patriotizmi

`aramzadebis ukanaskneli TavSesafaria~.

daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT: patriotizmic kargia da na­

cionalizmic, oRond – zomierad. mxolod zomieri patriotizmi

da zomieri nacionalizmia kargi da samagaliTo. uzomo da wres­

gadasuli patriotizmi adamianis, rogorc individuumis ufle­

bebs da Tavisuflebebs emuqreba, xolo ukiduresi nacionalizmi

– umciresobebis sasicocxlo uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs uqmnis

safr Txes.

49

patriotizmic kargia da nacionalizmic, oRond – zomi­erad. mxolod zomieri patriotizmi da zomieri naciona­lizmia kargi da samagaliTo. uzomo da wresgadasuli pat­riotizmi adamianis, rogorc individuumis uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs emuqreba, xolo ukiduresi nacionaliz mi – umciresobebis sasicocxlo uflebebs da Tavisufleb­ebs uqmnis safrTxes.

50

vaJa­fSavela Tergdaleulebis, ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis,

iakob gogebaSvilis da sxvaTa, umcrosi Tanamedrove da maTi saqmis

gamgrZelebelia. es iyo axali erovnuli proeqti saqarTvelosTvis,

saqarTvelos dayeneba `erad sxva erTa Soris~, amaTSi ki igulisxmebo­

da evropis TviTgamorkvevis gzaze damdgari erebi.

saqarTvelos evropuli proeqti ar iyo mxolod politikuri pro­

eqti, aramed, pirvel rigSi – msoflmxedvelobrivi. Tergdaleulebi

da, maT kvaldakval, vaJac, xedavdnen, rom is procesebi, rac evropaSi

xdeba, aris ara SemTxveviTi, aramed gangebismieri, rom evropis gamoc­

dilebaa Tavis safuZvelSi qristianuli gamocdileba, qristianuli

faseulobebis mtkivneuli da Seuqcevadi Semosvla istoriaSi: Sromis

gaTavisufleba, pirovnebis gaTavisufleba sxva pirovnebis sakuTre­

bis statusidan, qalebis emansipacia da a.S., am gamocdilebis argageba

da armiReba, maTi azriT, ukve niSnavda istoriis logikidan amovard­

nas mTeli Tavisi tragikuli SedegebiT. anu

evropuli proeqti iTvaliswinebda qarTvelebSi axali su­

liskveTebis, axali sulier­gonebrivi agebulebis dabade­

bas, rac iliam gamoxata lelT­Runias sityvebSi: `Cven Cveni

Tavi Cvenadve gveyudneso~, anu gabedvas imisa, rom sakuTar

xelSi aiRo rogorc piradi cxovrebis, ise qveynis cxov­

rebis sadaveebi, pasuxismgeblobis sruliad axali ganzo­

milebiT.

vaJas mTeli Semoqmedebis laitmotivi swored esaa: Tavis fiqrebs,

naazrevs, piradi sindisis Zaxils mindobili pirovnebebis dabade­

ba, Tundac es dabadeba xdebodes yvelaze arasaxarbielo viTarebaSi,

Tundac am dabadebas mTeli gareSe samyaro uSlides xels.

gamoCenili qarTvelebi

vaJas zogadkacobriuli

proeqti

50

levan gigineiSvili

vaJa-fSavela (daax. 1880-1898). foto aleqsandre roiniSvilisa

51

vaJam Tavis droisTvis Sesaferisi, xarisxiani ganaTleba miiRo. rva

wlis asakSi Telavis sasuliero saswavlebelSi swavlobda. aq miRebuli

ganaTlebiT maincdamainc kmayofili ar iyo. es is periodia, rodesac

mSobliuri ena idevneba dawyebiTi ganaTlebidan. amis winaaRmdeg ga­

modioda iakob gogebaSvili da ara marto is, aramed rusi pedagogikis

iseTi Teoretikosebi, rogorc, magaliTad, k.d. uSinski. vaJa ixsenebs,

rom uazrod gvazuTxinebdnen berZnul da laTinur citatebs, maga­

liTad aseTs: `xaris xarin tiktikin~­so. es cnobili berZnuli andazis

pirveli nawilia: `xaris men xarin tiktei, eris de erin~ – anu wyaloba

wyalobas Sobs, mtroba ki – mtrobas. aq cxadad Cans vaJas ironia da is,

Tu ra sasacilod JRerda es gazepirebuli fraza saswavleblis bavSve­

bisTvis. magram me vfiqrob, es berZnuli andaza sxva bevr andazas So­

ris SemTxveviT ar damaxsovrebia vaJas, aramed is mis bediswerad, misi

msofl mxedvelobis qvakuTxedad unda qceuliyo, razec SemdgomSi vi­

laparakeb.

mowifulobisas vaJa goris saostato seminariaSi swavlobda. aq iyo

nayofieri, mduRare inteleqtualuri cxovreba. axalgazrdebi ecno­

bodnen yvelaze mowinave socialur­politikur ideebs, kiTxulobdnen

caristuli reJimis mankierebebis mamxilebel avtorebs, qmnidnen li­

te raturul da politikur gaerTianebebs.

erTi aseTi gaerTianebis, kerZod ki, rusi narodnikebis magaliTze

Seqmnil gaerTianebaSi cota xniT vaJac Sedioda, magram maleve mia­

tova es wre. rodesac sayvedurobdnen, Cvens krebebze ratom aRar dadixaro,

pasuxobda, `me Cems RerZze miyvars trialio~. es dasamaxsovrebelia: `Cems RerZ­

ze miyvars triali~, anu, rogorc Cans, vaJas ar moewona, ase vTqvaT, `partiuli~

erTianobis suliskveTeba, rodesac piradi xma raRac ideologiur kliSeebs,

stereotipebs unda daemorCilos da maTSi gaiTqvifos. am Tavisi RerZis garSemo

trialSi vaJa uamravs kiTxulobda da goris axalgazrda inteleqtualur wreeb­

Si erT­erTi yvelaze ganaTlebuli, Zlieri argumentaciis unaris mqone studen­

tad iTvleboda.

Tanamedroveebis mogonebebidan cxadad Cans, rom vaJa siRrmiseulad ic nob da

ev ropel da rus moazrovneebs: filosofosebsa da literatorebs; SeeZlo Rr­

mad da dasabuTebulad ekamaTa, magaliTad, iseT rTul sakiTxebze, rogoric iyo

hegelis filosofiuri tradiciis konservatoruli da progresistuli gagebe­

bi, kerZod, vaJa hegeliseuri principis `realoba ­ racionaluria~­s progresul

gagebas uWerda mxars. man poeturi niWi adreve gamoavlina da sayvarelma maswav­

lebelma, goris saostato seminariis direqtorma, dimitri semionovma didi mo­

mavali uwinaswarmetyvela; gamoSvebis dRes man vaJa sxvebSi gamoarCia da uTxra:

`Sen, Cemo luka! getyvi imas, rac SenTvis xSirad miTqvams! bunebiT poeto, talan­

ti ar damarxo, ganaviTare goneba, daakvirdi da Seiswavle cxovreba, ikiTxe sxva­

vaJas zogadkacobriuli proeqti

georg vilhelm fridrix hegeli (1770 ­1831) – germaneli filo­sofosi, germanuli idealizmis warmomadgeneli. hegelis azriT, istoriis epoqebi da social­ur­politikuri struqturebis cvlileba absoluturi, RvTi­uri gonis TviTgamoxatvis sta­diebia, amitom istoria ar aris SemTxveviTi, aramed aqvs Sinagani aucilebloba, RvTiuri logika.

51

52

gamoCenili qarTvelebi

dasxva mimarTulebis wignebi da maSin SeiZleba, rom yovelmxriv Cveni sinamdvile

daasuraTo~.

vaJasTvis mniSvnelovani iyo peterburgSi wasvlac, sadac peterburgis uni­

versitetis iuridiuli fakultetis Tavisufali msmeneli iyo erTi wliT. sam­

wuxarod, usaxsrobis gamo swavla veRar gaagrZela, magram `evropaSi gaWril

sarkmelad~ wodebul qalaqSi misi erTwliani yofna, vfiqrob, misTvisac bedis

ganmsazRvreli sarkmeli unda yofiliyo, radgan erTia wignebi, magram sxvaa uSu­

alo Sexeba da cxovreba civilizaciasTan ruseTis imperiis mowinave evropul

yvelaze daaxloebul qalaqSi.

Tavisi sazogado moRvaweoba vaJam skolis maswavleblobiT daiwyo. es adgili

mas mas mere daatovebines, rac konfliqti mouvida soflis mRvdelTan, romel­

mac daukiTxavad da uceremoniod waarTva skolas teritoria da eklesiis ezos

miuerTa, riTac bavSvebi saTamaSo sivrcis gareSe datova. vaJa ise gaamwara am usa­

marTlobam, rom Semoelaxa kidec es moZalade mRvdeli. ase angariSmiucemlad

aRSfoTeba usamarTlobis gamo damaxasiaTebelia vaJasTvis; Tavad gulwrfeli

qristiani werda erT leqsSi:

`am moZRvrebisTvis jvarze gaekra:

Tavis swavlasa did xeda hrgavda,

rogor ewvala, rogor ecada,

rom ar hyoliyo kaci kacs mglada~.

cxadia, ver aitana amis damwerma, rom adamiani, visac yvelaze metad evaleba

saxarebis mcnebebiT cxovreba, TviTon eqca mglad skolis bavSvebs da RvTismsa­

xuris statusic gamoiyena Tavisi uzneobis imunitetad.

Tavisi cxovrebis ZiriTadi nawili vaJam fSavis ulamazes sofel Cargal­

Si gaatara. aq dawera Tavisi genialuri nawarmoebebis umetesobac. cxovrobda

ukidures siduxWireSi da mwerlobasTan erTad fizikuri Sromac uwevda. aris

mogoneba imaze, Tu rogor Seudga vaJa poema ̀ baxtrionis~ weras: yanas Tibavda fer­

dobze da ucbad STagoneba ewvia, miagdo celi da sirbiliT miaSura saxls, raTa

saswrafod wera daewyo. ocnebobda materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze

da erTxans – TbilisSi sacxovreblad gadasvlaze. erTxel biznesproeqtic scada

amis gamo: Carglis bunebriv samkurnalo wyaroebSi abano moawyo turistebisTvis,

daiqirava mojamagireebi, romlebic uvlidnen am abanos da turistebs xvdebod­

nen. Tumca vaJas es erTaderTi biznesproeqti xanmokle da warumatebeli gamod­

ga. ar aRmoCnda biznesi misi saqme.

vaJas hyavda erTi mdidari naTesavi, romelmac dascinasaviT: `Sen raRaceebs

wer da me naxe amasobaSi ramdeni cxvari myavso~. vaJam uborotod upasuxa: `Sen

rom ar iqnebi, me viqnebio~. vaJa marTlac iqneba yovelTvis, sanam saqarTvelo

da, metic, sanam kacobrioba iarsebebs, radgan pirovnebis dabadebis is impera­

tivi, razec Tavis SemoqmedebaSi saubrobs, gansakuTrebuli ZaliT ki poemebSi

`aluda qeTelauri~ da ̀ stumar­maspinZeli~, zogadkacobriuli imperativia da

adamianis Rirsebis qvakuTxeds Seadgens.

52

53

mokled am or poemas Sevexebi da maT ramdenime pasaJze SevaCereb mkiTxvelis

yuradRebas.

aluda qeTelauri Tavisi Temis, sazogadoebis yvelaze Rirseuli wevria: `sa­

fixvnos TavSi dajdebis~, anu TviT rCeulebSic, vinc safixvnos Seadgenen, gamor­

Ceulia. es iqidanac Cans, rom cxenebis gamtacebeli qistebis gamosadevneblad

wasvlas mxolod aluda gabedavs. erT qists moklavs, meoresTan ki dramatul or­

TabrZolaSi Caebmeba da sasikvdilod daWris mas; `Zmac xom mamikal, mec mamkal, ra

vuTxra madlsa RvTisasa~, – amoigminebs qisti RmerTis sayvedurs. ramxela tki­

vilia aq gamoxatuli sayvareli ZmisTvis SurisZiebis keTilSobili miswrafebis

gawbilebis gamo. magram miuxedavad am tkivilisa, qisti inarCunebs imis Segnebas,

rom aluda marTalia da hqonda ufleba iaraRiT daebrunebina warTmeuli qoneba;

vaJas zogadkacobriuli proeqti

53

Tan misi vaJkacobac daafasa – martom gabeda am sarisko saqmeze wamosvla. es Cans

mis mimarTvaSi: `Tofic Sen dagrCes, rjul­ZaRlo, xels ar Cavardes sxvisasa~.

anu vaJkacma vaJkaci dainaxa da daafasa. naxeT, aludas Sinagani gardatexis pir­

veli impulsi qisti mucalisgan modis: pirvelad swored qistma mucalma daina­

vaJa-fSavela ojaxTan erTad, daaxl. 1895.

54

xa Rirseba misi kulturisa da religiisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli kulturisa

da religiis adamianSi. im dramatuli orTabrZolis dros raRac saerTo da zo­

gadkacobriuli gamoikveTa am or pirovnebas Soris, rac pirvelad mucalma ga­

moxata da aludamac gaiziara. amaSic vaJas azrovnebis sifarTove Cans, radgan am

yvelafriT is ambobs, rom adamianis Rirsebis safuZveli zogadkacobriulia da

yvela religiisa da kulturis adamianSi aRmosaCeni. aluda ar Wris mklavs mu­

cals, rogorc amas tradicia moiTxovs, da metic, ara marto pativs scems mas da

dakrZalavs, aramed gulwrfeli da spontanuri sibraluliT dastiris kidec. am

pirveli biZgis mere iwyeba aludaSi axali dabadebis procesi, romlis safexure­

bi da logikac vaJas didi sizustiT aqvs gadmocemuli. jer, ukan dabrunebisas,

aluda Rrmad Cafiqrdeba sisxlis aRebis saukunovan tradiciaze da am Cafiqre­

biT, dakvirvebiT garkveulwilad emijneba mas, radgan, Tu ginda rames yuradRe­

biT da obieqturad daakvirde, unda gamijno droebiT mainc Seni Tavi misgan. amis

mere xdeba misi pirveli Sexla TemTan, sadac aluda pirdapir ityvis, rom is, rac

misi azriT yvelaze mniSvnelovania adamianSi, kerZod ki, Rirseba da vaJkacoba,

is, rac Seadgens adamianis `kacobas~, ar daiyvaneba winaprebisgan memkvidreobiT

miRebul adaT­wesebze da am adaT­wesebis CarCoebSi gagebul religiaze, aramed

arsebobs ufro maRali gadasaxedi, ase vTqvaT, ze­kulturuli perspeqtiva, ro­

melsac aluda `RvTisSvilebis~ perspeqtivas uwodebs; am `RvTisSviluri~ pers­

peqtividan nebismieri kulturis da religiis adamianis Rirseba awonili da da­

fasebulia:

gamoCenili qarTvelebi

54

55

`Cven vityviT, ‘kacni Cvena varT,

marto Cven gvzrdian dedani,

Cvena vcxondebiT, urjuloT

kuprSi mielisT qSenani’.

am sityviT vwara­maraobT,

RvTisSvilT ukeTes ician!

yvelani marTals amboben,

gana, vinaca hfician”.

aq daufaravi ironiaa da ironia Zalian mniSvnelovani fenomenia: ironiiT Sen

scildebi, emijnebi imas, rac ironiis sagania, rasac dascini, amitom aRar monawi­

leob masSi, ase vTqvaT, ritualuri seriozulobiT.

aludasi ar sjeraT. ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, ar surT rom daujeron, radgan,

Tu aluda ar styuis da Tu man, TemSi yvelaze Rirseulma, `urjulo~ mterSi sru­

li adamianuri Rirseba dainaxa, maSin aluda yvelas ayenebs zneobrivi dilemis,

arCevnis winaSe: dafiqrdnen mis am ucnaur qcevaze, awon­dawonon, Seafason is da

sakuTari TavisTvis miiRon gadawyvetileba, Zveleburi cxovreba gaagrZelon Tu

Tavadac Secvalon damokidebuleba. amisTvis ki Temi mzad ar aris da aludas uc­

naurobas mis silaCres miawers. amitom maSinac ki, roca mindia moitans mucalis

moWril xels aludas vaJkacobis dasamtkiceblad, Temi gulcivad miiRebs amas da

aludas qmedebaze arc amis Semdeg daiwyebs `saxifaTo~ fiqrs.

amis Semdeg vaJa aRwers aludas sizmars, rodesac glovis rigSi Camdgari xe­

vsurebi moklul moZmes stirodnen da Tan Suris saZieblad emzadebodnen. alu­

das salafavi daudges saWmelad, romelic adamianis xorcis aRmoCnda. aludas

SezizR da da aRar Wama. aq mas xma esmis: `ratom ara sWam aludav, ratom xar gaS­

terebuli~. esec mniSvnelovani detalia: `gaStereba~ aq niSnavs Cafiqrebas, Rrma

xedvaSi wasvlas. xma ki, romelic mas ritorikulad ekiTxeba, ratom xar gaStere­

bulio. aris Temis zogadi xma, msoflmxedveloba Tu ideologia, romelic uSlis

adamians Tavisi azrebi da xedvebi Tavad dabados; urCevs Tavi daizRvios am rTu­

li saqmisgan da umravlesobis inercias gahyves.

poemis kulminaciaa scena, roca aludas mTeli mozveri ahyavs mucalis

xsovnisTvis Sesawirad, rasac berdia provokaciad da Tavxedobad miiCnevs. `feri

edeba berdias, feri sxva rigis SiSisa~. arc erTi sxva zedsarTavi ar mouxdebo­

da berdias SiSs, rogorc sityva `sxva rigis~. anu es iyo raRac uCveulo SiSi, ro­

melTanac sxva arc erTi SiSi ar movidoda, TviT sikvdilis SiSic, radgan `sxva

rigi~ gamoxatavs aq mTeli msoflmxedvelobiTi struqturis darRvevis SiSs,

SiSs, rom daamsxvrio is ideologiur­kulturuli kristali, romelSic aqamde

uyurebdi realobas da scado sxvanairadac gaixedo, Tundac am sxvanairad gaxed­

vam cxovrebis wesis Secvla gaiZulos.

sainteresoa, ras ambobs aluda mucalze da mis Zmaze am bolo scenaSi: `ro­

gorc undomlad moklulis, Tavis lamazis ZmisTvina~. daakvirdiT, `lamazs~

uwodebs mas, vinc poemis dasawyisSi mokla rogorc erTi vinme `qurd­kantala

vaJas zogadkacobriuli proeqti

55

56

RliRveli~. anu aludaSi moxda Zirfesviani gardatexa, xedvis kuTxis Zirfes­

viani Secvla, faqtobrivad mucalis TvalebiT uyurebs mucalisve Zmas. aludam

TviTon Sewira mozveri da rodesac xmali amoiRo, vaJa ambobs: `Suqi amoxda

mzisao~. es mZlavri metaforaa. manamde, poemis dasawyisSi xom iTqva: `Satils

jer ar Caswvdomia Suqi SuadRis mzisao, ar CauSveben Camsvlelsa, ca axuria

kldi sao~; anu `kldis ca~, ese igi, myari stereotipebi, ar uSvebs axali xedvebis

Suqs sazogadoebaSi, mze ki mxolod maSin amobrwyindeba, rodesac Tavis pirad

sindiss mindobili adamianebi gaexsnebian da aRmoaCenen WeSmaritebis impera­

tivebs da Semdeg zneobrivi Zalac eyofaT Riad gamoxaton isini. gambedaoba da

zneobrivi Zala aucilebelia, miT umetes, rom ar aris garantia, rom sazogadoe­

ba gagigebs. piriqiT, ufro didi SesaZleblobiT drois koniunqtura, arsebuli

myari Sexedulebebi advilad ar daTmoben Tavis Zalauflebas adamianebis gone­

bebze da siaxlis Semomtani gaiTeleba, rogorc es aludas SemTxvevaSic moxda.

gamoCenili qarTvelebi

56vaJa-fSavela, daaxl. 1895.

57

magram WeSmaritebis msaxureba da gamoTqma, vaJas mowodebiT, ar aris damoki­

debuli im SemTxveviT garemoebaze, warmatebuli iqneba es Tu warumatebeli,

radgan es sindisis absoluturi moTxovna da imperativia. ase rom, aludasnairi

gmirebi ar dagideven Sedegebs: saTqmeli unda gamoiTqvas, gamosaxatavi, unda

gamoixatos da rac mTavaria – samoqalaqo sivrceSi.

msgavsi problematika, aranaklebi ZaliT da dramatizmiT, aris asaxuli va­

Jas `stumar­maspinZelSic~. aqac, pirvel scenaSi, xevsur zviadaursa da qist

joyolas Soris ibadeba raRac urTierToba, romelic ar aris damokidebuli kul­

turul gansazRvrulobaze an religiaze: isini xvdebian rogorc ori monadire:

erTi, joyola – warmatebuli, meore, zviadauri – xelmocaruli. maT erTmaneT­

Si uCndebaT, ase rom vTqvaT, profesiuli solidaroba: ramxela riski, simarjve,

gamarTleba sWirdeba jixvebze nadirobas da ra didi gawbilebaa, rodesac mTel

dRes uSedegod dakargav! qisti joyola amas xvdeba Tavisi keTili guliT da

mzad aris Tavisi nanadirevis naxevari gaunawilos zviadaurs (romelic saxels

daumalavs da nunuad gausaRebs Tavs). amisTvis religiur Teoriasac mimarTavs

daaxloebiT am logikiT, alahma gansazRvra yvelaferi: jixvis mokvla Cemi dam­

saxureba ki ara, alahis wyalobaa, da radgan imave alahma Seni Tavi axla da am dros

Semaxvedra, ese igi, is wyaloba imitom gaiRo CemTvis, rom mere Senc gaexade misi

mowile, amitom mec ver movklavdi jixvs, alahs rom Seni Svela ar ndomebodao da

aqedan daskvna: `wili gdebia Senaca Cemgan moklulsa jixvSia~. es daskvna akvir­

vebs zviadaurs, cxadia, da arc iRebs mas, `sad ar miTesavs, Zmobilo, iq movmka,

sadauria?~, magram zviadauri moixibla Tavidanve joyolas sikeTiT da gulis­

xmierebiT.

mTavari mizezi, albaT, ris gamoc gahyva TavisTvis ase sarisko adgilas swored

am pirovnebis ukeT gacnoba, misiT daintereseba iyo. zviadaurs icnobs joyolas

stumari da mTel sofels mosdebs am ambavs. Temi zviadauris mokvlas gadawyvets

da aRar miaqcevs yuradRebas joyolas piradi sivrcis, misi ojaxis, saxlis xel­

Seuxeblobas: Seuvardebian da stumars gaukoWaven. joyola TavgamodebiT icavs

rogorc stumars, ise Tavis pirad, Temis mier Selaxul Rirsebas. Temis logika

aseTia: Cven Tu am SemTxvevaSi davicaviT ojaxis xelSeuxeblobis wesi, es SeiZle­

ba gamoiyenos zviadaurma da gagveqces, Tu gagveqceva, Cvenze iqneba sircxvili,

rom an doylapiebi varT, an, uaresi, mSiSrebi da ver gavbedeT mosisxlis mokvla.

es gaaZlierebs, Cvenze upiratesobas moapovebinebs Cvens mtrebs, xevsurebs, da

sabolood gagvanadgurebs. amitom Temis siZliere axla iTxovs nebismier fasad

zviadauris mokvlas. dasawyisSi es dilemac ar dgas albaT Temis winaSe: winas­

war fiqroben, rom joyolac daeTanxmebaT, da Tu ara, saboloo ‘koziri’ is aqvT,

rom Seaxsenon: `TviT aman mokla Seni Zma aryianebSi TofiTa~, anu mis mTavar vne­

bas, ZmisTvis SurisZiebis survils, gamoiyeneben imisTvis, rom Tavis ganzraxva

Seasrulon, usayvarlesi adamianisTvis SurisZieba xom iseTi stiqiaa, romelic

yvela princips faravs, miT umetes, rom joyolasTvis es survili cxovrebis um­

Tavresi motivia da yvelgan Tan dayveba: `Zmismkvlelis sisxli swyuria kaci rom

midis gzazeda~ – swored joyolazea naTqvami poemis dasawyisSi. magram aq joyola

vaJas zogadkacobriuli proeqti

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58

moulodnelad, umtkivneulesi pauzis (`TiTqos isari zed gulis kovzze daeso~)

Semdeg mSvidad ambobs: `eg marTalia, iqneba, ra unda miTxraT magiTa? miTc ver

miabamT Tqvens zraxvas Cems gulisTqmasTan ZafiTa~. `Zafi~ aq metaforaa: Zafze

uwvrilesi araferia da Tu ZafiTac ar aris mibmuli, ese igi saerTod arafriT

ar aris mibmuli, anu SurisZiebis vneba da imperativi, daicva stumris usafrTxo­

eba, sxvadasxva ganzomilebebSia, erTmaneTs ar kveTen, da meore Seudareblad,

metic, usasrulod ufro mniSvnelovania (am usasrulobas vaJas meore metafora

`zRva~ gamoxatavs: `Tund zRva emarTos sisxlisa, miTac me ver vuRalateb, vficav

RmerTs, qmnili imisa~). mTeli azri am konfliqtis amaSia:

vaJa gvaswavlis, rom ar SeiZleba sazogadoebam rame warmatebas miaRwios, am

sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris Rirsebis abuCad agdebis xarjze. Rirsebaayri­

li, uflebaayrili moqalaqeebisgan Semdgari sazogadoeba veranair warmate­

bas ver miaRwevs veraferSi, rac kacobriobis istoriam bevrjer da tragiku­

lad aCvena.

garda stumris dacvis imperativisa, joyolaSi raRac sxvac moqmedebs – in­

tuicia, rom zviadauri Rirseuli adamiania, miuxedavad imisa, rom garemoebam misi

Zmis mkvlelad aqcia, amitom ebraleba kidec. es kargad Cans mis sityvebSi: `roca

gascdeba Cems ojaxs, iq moepyariT avada~, anu, faqtobrivad, me TviTon aRar va­

pireb SurisZiebaso, da mere: `uiaraRos awvalebT, guli rasa grZnobs Tavada~, anu

marto moraluri movaleobis moxdis mizniT ki ara, moraluri grZnobis, umweo

mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili adamianis mimarT TanagrZnobis gamoc surs zviadau­

ris dacva.

joyola da zviadaurze aranakleb saintereso personaJia joyolas colic.

isic gamoirCeva Temisgan, radgan mxolod mas Seebraleba zviadauri, SeiZleba ara

marto Tavisi pirovnuli Tvisebebis gamo, aramed imis gamoc, rom cotaTi mainc

gaicno es pirovneba da naxa Tavisi qmris misdami damokidebulebac. is ara marto

uTanagrZnobs zviadaurs, aramed wesis mixedviT daitirebs kidec. aq vaJa drama­

tulad aRwers mis Sinagan Widils, gaorebas: erTi mxriv, aqvs gumani, intuicia,

rom rac gaakeTa, sworia, meore mxriv, mTeli misi aqamdeli codna, Temis wesebi da

msoflmxedveloba masSi ebrZvis am intuicias da brals sdebs mas. mokluli Zmac

ki moeCveneba saflavidan wamomdgari da Tavisive Tmebic ki samduravs eubnebod­

nen, rogorc moRalates da mtris damtirebels. saxlisaken gamoqceuli naxavs,

rom ZaRli mirboda zviadauris cxedris sajijgnad, SeCerdeba, qvebs aiRebs da

gaagdebs ZaRls, yviriliT, vin gaWmevs kai ymis xorcso! mxolod aq aZlevs vaJa

joyolas cols saxels – aRazas. TiTqos is mxolod axla daibada, rogorc da­

moukidebeli, marto Tavisi sindisis damjeri da ara Temis tradicias ayolili

pirovneba. Tan saxelic Sesaferisi misca – `aRaza~, romelic asociaciurad uka­

vSirdeba aRzevebas, am SemTxvevaSi, Temis zogad Sexedulebaze maRla dadgomas.

poemis boloc monumenturi sceniT sruldeba, rodesac sadRac, aramiwier

ganzomilebaSi Cndeba joyola da uxmobs zviadaurs, romelic mkerdze xelgada­

gamoCenili qarTvelebi

58

59

jvaredinebuli, rogorc ziarebis win, gamoCndeba, Semdeg maT aRaza maspinZlobs

da maTi saubari Seexeba stumar­maspinZlobis wess, patiebas, siyvaruls. aqac sim­

boloebia, radgan joyola zneobrivad gacilebiT ufro daxvewili da amaRlebu­

li pirovnebaa, vidre zviadauri: zviadauri mxolod vaJkacobas da Seupovrobas

aCvenebs, joyola ki – Zmismkvlelis patiebas da TanagrZnobas. swored am umaRles

sibrZnes unda eziaros zviadauri. es isev vaJas xedvis sifarToveze metyvelebs,

rom musulmani kacisgan eziareba qristiani kaci umaRles sibrZnes: mtris siy­

varuls, amiT vaJa am saxarebiseuli principis universalurobas usvams xazs.

vaJas zemonaxsenebi gmirebi: aluda, joyola da aRaza gamoxataven pirovnebis

sindisis gaTavisuflebas kulturul­tradiciuli kliSeebisagan. es igivea, rac

evropul gamocdilebaSi rene dekartes `cogito ergo sum~ (`vazrovneb, maSasadame

varsebob~) wertili, anu adamianis martoobis wertili, sadac is damoukideb­

lad iazrebs realobas, Tavad fiqrobs Tavis fiqrebs; an imanuil kantis `sapere aude~, anu gabedo TviTon isibrZno da ar miyve inerciebs; an martin luTeris `aq

vdgavar da sxvanairad ar ZalmiZs~ – ar ZalmiZs, radgan `aq~ Cemi piradi sindisia

da masze Zvirfasi araferi maqvs. rogorc ki adamiani gacvlis am Sinagan xmas, an

ilia rogorc uwodebs, CvenSi arsebul `patara RmerTs~, iq aucileblad moxdeba

pirovnuli katastrofa, adamianis mTeli arsebis dazianeba, rac ase mZlavrad aqvs

aRwerili vaJas albaT yvelaze rTul poema `gvelismWamelSi~ mindias magaliT ze.

`aluda qeTelauri~ da `stumar­maspinZeli~ poemebia pirovnebis gamarjvebaze,

`gvelismWameli~ – pirovnebis marcxsa da tragediaze.

ar SemiZlia ar Sevexo vaJas `baxtrionsac~, kerZod ki, mis erT personaJs –

luxums. luxumi yvelaze ucnauri personaJia mTel poemaSi. zezva gafrindauli

mas Seaxsenebs epizods, rodesac luxums Seebrala mokluli leki, da arcxvens

mas: `Sen Segebrala urjulo, mogiwylianda Tvalebi, rom daenaxeT uTuod moga­

furTxebdnen qalebi~. luxumi ar ekamaTeba da dumiliT miiRebs amas. baxtrionis

vaJas zogadkacobriuli proeqti

60

gamoCenili qarTvelebi

aRebis Semdeg luxumi gauCinardeba da vaJa gaurkvevlobis burusSi tovebs mas,

mxolod gviyveba masze, rom `amboben, maRal kldis ZirSi, uRrans, udaburs tye­

Sia, luxumi iwva daWrili, natyviari sWirs mkerdSia~. am `amboben~­iT vaJa misti­

kur garemos qmnis. luxumis gverdiT binadrobs adamis modgmis mteri gveli,

rome lic yvelafers anadgurebs da nTqavs, magram luxumi Seebraleba, saWmels

uzidavs da zRaparsac uyveba or obol Zmaze. ori oboli Zma asaxierebs Tavad am

gvels da luxums, romlebic umaRlesi sibrZnis, mtris Seyvarebis mcnebis gagebam

daaZmobila, da oblebi imitom arian, rom es sibrZne ar aris yvelasTvis misawv­

domi, bevri mas ver gaigebs da, miT umetes, ver miiRebs. `xaris men xarin tiktei,

eris de erin~.

vaJas mTeli cxovreba awvalebda sicocxlis sazrisi da silamazis, yvelanairi

silamazis – fizikurisa da zneobrivis – faseuloba da daniSnuleba. sakiTxi dgas

martin luTeri (1483­1546) – religiuri reformatori. daupirispirda Tavis Tanamedrove kaTolikur eklesias, radgan, Tavad kaTolik mRvdels, miaCnda, rom eklesiam rig swavlebebSi – magaliTad, indulgenciebis Sesaxeb, romlis damaxinjebuli gagebis mixedviTac adamians SeeZlo codvebis gamosyidva eklesiisadmi Sewiruli fuliT – gadauxvia WeSmarit kaTolikobas da qristianobas. rodesac papma da saeklesio krebam mosTxoves mas Tavis azrebis Secvla da kaTolikuri eklesiis maSindel oficialur poziciasTan Serigeba, luTerma Tqva sabediswero sityvebi: `aq vdgavar da sxvanairad ar ZalmiZs~, ramac dramatulad Secvala mTeli dasavluri civilizaciis bedi.

imanuel kanti (1724­1804) – germaneli filosofosi. Tavis naSromSi `wminda gonebis kritika~ daupirispirda tradiciul filosofias da sruliad axali sistema Camoayaliba. kantis azriT, adamians Tavisufals xdis sakuTar TavSi aRmoCenili zneobrivi kanoni/imperativi, romelsac sakuTar Tavs nebayoflobiT ukanonebs. kantis saflavze koningsbergSi (axlandeli kaliningradi) aseTi warweraa: `ori ram macvifrebs: varskvlavebiT moWedili ca Cems Tavze da zneobrivi kanoni CemSi~.

rene dekarti (1596­1650) – frangi filosofosi, romelmac Tavdayira daayena mTeli manamdeli filosofia da Teologia imiT, rom WeSmaritebis kriteriumad gamoacxada ara RmerTze da samyaroze arsebuli tradiciuli swavlebebi (romlebic, misi azriT, yvela adamianisTvis absoluturad uryevi da cxadi ar iyo, radgan daeWvebis sivrces tovebda), aramed pirovnebis mier sakuTar TavSi aRmoCenili absoluturi da uryevi, yvela adamianisTvis gasagebi sicxade – `vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob~. am uryev sicxadeze agebs Semdeg dekarti yvela danarCen codnas.

60

61

vaJas zogadkacobriuli proeqti

ase, Tu yvelaferi sikvdiliT sruldeba, Tu yvelaferi Tavdeba, maSin ra azri aqvs

silamazes? is, rac rusTavelisTvis an guramiSvilisTvis TavisTavad cxadi iyo,

anu adamianis pirovnuli ukvdaveba da silamazis droze aRmatebuloba, es qris­

tianul­platonuri sicxade, vaJasTvis ase cxadi aRar aris da is, ilias baironze

naTqvami sityvebi rom vTqvaT, marTlac `Tavis sulis wvaSi, eWvebis RrRnaSi eZebs

mourCeneli wylulebis wamals da ukvdavebis Rirss cxovrebas~. vaJas pirovnuli

dramis es mTavari nervi Tengiz abulaZemac aRmoaCina da Tavisi ukvdavi filmi

`vedreba~ swored amas miuZRvna. ramdenime moTxroba aqvs vaJas, sadac es Sinagani

Widili aqvs aRwerili, sadac mas ecxadeba eWvebisa da nihilizmis suli, romelic

qirqiliT Caagonebs, rom arafers ar aqvs azri, rom yvelafris gamauqmebeli sabo­

loo wertili sikvdilia.

ai aq aris nawyveti moTxrobidan `moCveneba~, rodesac es boroti suli mas eub­

neba: `ar waval da verc SegiZlian ZaliT gamagdo. eniT, rac genebos, brZane. Sen

me iotis odnad ver Semdrek imitom, rom me moudrekeli var. srulia Cemi buneba

mudam, arc daiklebs, arc moimatebs aradros. amitom amaoa sul Seni risxva, Seni

wyevla da muqara, iseve amao, rogorc TviT Seni ltolvileba da miswrafeba da

dRevandeli cremli. rad gaviwydeba: yvelafers dasasruli aqvs, – sTqva ra es,

kvlav gaicina~. vaJa pasuxobs: `su, Cumad­meTqi! nu momagoneb imas, rac ar minda

movigono da arc mosagonebelia. eg mec vici, magram miswrafeba, fiqri, grZnoba,

siyvaruli, mtroba da yvela is, rac cxovrebas Seadgens, aZinebs mag fiqrs amaobi­

sas, yvelafris dasasrulisas, wyeulo! Seni buneba amas ver gaigebs, radgan igi Sxa­

mi, sawamlavi aris~. `ho, simarTles roca getyvi, Sxamia, sawamlavia~, ­ ganagrZnobs

suli. aq ucnauria, rom vaJac TiTqos eTanxmeba nihilizmis gardauvalobas, mag­

ram ar urigdeba mas. mas aRar aqvs is rusTavel­guramiSviliseuli uryevi da, ase

vTqvaT, mzamzareuli rwmena maradisobis, aramed TviTon unda aRmoaCinos mara­

disoba Tavis pirad egzistencialur gamocdilebaSi. amiT hgavs baraTaSvils,

romelic Sinagani intuiciiT gaurbis amaoebaze fiqrs Tavisi meraniT. magram,

vfiqrob, baraTaSvilisgan gansxvavebiT, vaJa Tavs aRwevs ganwirulobas da aRmoa­

Cens pirovnuli ukvdavebis da silamazis maradiulobis gancdas Tavis TavSi. amas

metaforulad gamoxatavs zemoxsenebuli moTxrobis dasasruls gamoCenili saT­

no moxuci, romelic gaagdebs nihilizmis suls da etyvis vaJas:

`adeqi, Svilo, adeqi! morwmune xar da iyavi marad morwmune. nu Sesdrkebi, nu

gastydebi! madli da Rvawlia TviT simtkice da rwmena, – sTqva moxucma lmobieris,

tkbilis xmiT, momWida xelzed xeli da amayena. – agero, – sTqva man, – ager, gaixede,

inugeSe, gaixare!.. – me Tvali mivapyari dasavleTs da mkvdari gavcocxldi. sauc­

xoo mnaTobi anaTebda, erTs adgils gaCerebuli, – mze iyo, magram is mze ara, diliT

rom amodis da mieSureba saRamozed goras moefaros; im mzes ar eCqareboda Casv­

la, TviT imas swyuroda enaTa qveynisTvis, TvaldamSeuli ucqeroda Cvens mxares.

me, giJiviT, gonebadabneuli Sevxarodi, Sevstrfodi mnaTobs da muxls vuyridi~.

vaJas `stumar­maspinZeli~ am fraziT sruldeba: `da ufskruls dascqers pirimze,

moRerebulis yeliTa~ – marTlac sasowarkveTilebis ufskruls gamoglija vaJam

Tavisi TavisTvisac da kacobriobisTvisac silamazis maradiulobis rwmena.

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62

iyo dro damoukidebeli saqarTvelos istoriaSi, rodesac

saxeli `erTa liga~ yvelas pirze ekera. gvaRiarebda Tu ara erTa

liga damoukidebel, suverenul saxelmwifod, erTa ojaxis srul­

uflebian wevrad – ai, ra awuxebda qarTvelobas da ra iyo CvenSi

erTa ligis sayovelTao popularobis mizezi. saubedurod, arc

erTa ligam migviRo da arc Cveni damoukidebloba gagrZelda did­

xans. sabolood, 1921 wlis TebervalSi, bolSevikurma ruseTma wina

wlis maisSi saqarTvelo­ruseTs Soris xelmowerili xelSekrule­

ba `Tavze dagvaxia~ da saqarTvelos okupacia moaxdina. mas Semdeg

erTa ligas naklebad ixsenebdnen saqarTveloSi da Tu ixsenebdnen,

ufro – cudi sityvebiT.

erTa ligam (Tavdapirvelad 43 wevri saxelmwifosgan Sedgebo­

da), romelic 1920 wels Seiqmna, formalurad 1946 wlamde iarseba

da mis mimarT ukmayofileba bevrjer gamoiTqva, ususurobis gamo

bevrjer dasacinic ki gamxdara. dRes igi TiTqmis aravis axsovs, ma­

istoria

erTa liga(ingl. The League of Nations frang. La Société des Nations)

aleqsandre rondeli

erTa ligis wevri saxelmwifoebis delegaciebis warmomadgenlebi, parizi, 1919.

63

gram misi sruli daviwyeba arc momxdara da arc aris saWiro, radgan

erTa liga kacobriobis istoriaSi omebis Tavidan acilebisa da ko­

leqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmnis pirveli saerTaSoriso

mcdeloba iyo. swored erTa ligis mware gakveTilebis gaTvalis­

winebiT Seiqmna 1946 wels gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia.

1914­1918 wlebis sisxlismRvreli pirveli msoflio omi germani­

isa da avstria­ungreTis damarcxebiT dasrulda. rom ara aSS­is

didi daxmareba da erT milionamde amerikeli jariskacis gamoCena

didi britaneTis, safrangeTisa da italiis mxareze, germanias ver

moereodnen. ruseTSi 1917 wlis bolSevikuri gadatrialebis (amas

bolSevikurma propagandam Semdeg didi oqtombris socialistu­

ri revolucia uwoda) da am qveynis mokavSireTa rigebidan gasvlis

Semdeg germaniam ukanaskneli Zala moikriba da 1918 wlis pirvel

naxevarSi gadamwyvet Setevaze gadavida. rom ara aSS­is jarebis ga­

moCena frontze, germania axlo iyo gamarjvebasTan.

pirvelma msoflio omma 10 milioni adamianis sicocxle Seiwira,

kidev milionobiT adamiani daiWra da dasaxiCrda. msoflioSi mSvi­

dobis moyvareobis talRa agorda. kacobriobas aRar undoda ome­

bi da bevrs miaCnda, rom sayovelTao mSvidobis miRweva kacobrio­

bis gazrdili Segnebisa da keTili survilis meoxebiT moxdeboda.

1919 wlis parizis samSvidobo konferenciaze gamarjvebulebma

ganixiles msoflio omis Sedegebi da miiRes bevri gadawyvetile­

ba, romlebmac imdroindeli msoflios da, gansakuTrebiT, evro­

pis politikuri ruka Secvala. amave konferenciaze xeli moewera

versalis xelSekrulebas, romelmac axal politikur da ekonomi­

kur viTarebas saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi safuZveli Seuqmna.

parizis konferenciam gadawyvita agreTve erTa ligis Seqmna, raTa

yofiliyo saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelic Tvals miadevnebda

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs da ar dauSvebda Zaladobasa da oms.

kacobriobam Tavisi imedebi erTa ligas – koleqtiuri usafrTxoe­

bis saerTaSoriso organizacias daukavSira. bevrs egona, rom ome­

bi aRar moxdeboda da erTa liga msoflioSi sayovelTao mSvido­

bas daamyarebda. erTa ligis Seqmnasa da sazogadod omis Semdgomi

saerTaSoriso wesrigis mowyobaSi udidesi roli Seasrula AaSS­is

prezidentma vudro uilsonma, romlis mier SemuSavebuli 14 punq­

ti safuZvlad daedo omis Semdgom axal saerTaSoriso viTarebas.

parizis konferenciaze imyofeboda damoukidebeli saqarTve­

los delegacia, romelic amaod cdilobda gamarjvebuli qveynebis

yuradRebis mipyrobas saqarTvelos suverenulobisa da usafrTxo­

ebisaken. samwuxarod, dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma maSin `ver moi­

cales~ kavkasiis sakiTxisa da, kerZod, saqarTvelosTvis.

vudro uilsoni (1856­1924) – aSS­is 28­e prezidenti (1913­1921). misi meTaurobiT aSS 1917 wels Caeba pirvel msof­lio omSi (1914 ­1918), ramac gadaarCina didi britaneTi da safrangeTi da omis Sedegi maT sasargeblod gadawyvita. vudro uilsoni iyo omis Sem­dgomi versalis konferenciis (1919) da erTa ligis (1920­1945) sulisCamdgmeli. cnobilia uilsonis e.w. `14 punqti~, rom­lebic safuZvlad daedo pir­veli msoflio omis Semdgom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs. swored am dokumentSia xazgas­muli `erTa TviTgamorkvevis principis~ sayovelTao gazi­arebis aucilebloba.

aleqsandre rondeli

64

erTa liga 1920 wlis 21 ianvars Seiqmna. misi amocana saerTaSo­

riso mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa da SesaZlo agresoris winaaRmdeg

damsjeli sanqciebisa da Zalis gamoyeneba iyo. erTa ligaSi Seiqmna

sabWo, romlis mudmivi wevrebi iyvnen: didi britaneTi, safrangeTi,

italia da iaponia. imedovnebdnen, rom aSS gaxdeboda erTa ligis

yvelaze gavleniani wevri, magram miuxedavad imisa, rom erTa ligis

erT­erTi sulisCamdgmeli iyo amerikeli prezidenti vudro uil­

soni, 1920 wels aSS­is senatma uari Tqva erTa ligis wevrobaze. aSS­

is senatis azriT, aravis unda SeZleboda mdgariyo aSS­is xelisuf­

lebaze maRla, arc erTi saerTaSoriso organo ar unda yofiliyo

aSS­ze uzenaesi. am garemoebam Tavidanve Seasusta erTa liga.

koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis am axalma organizaciam imTaviTve

daiwyo aqtiuri moRvaweoba da ramdenime sadavo da konfliqturi

viTarebis ganmuxtva SeZlo. 1926 wels erTa ligas SeuerTda ger­

mania. 1934 wels am organizaciaSi gawevrianda sabWoTa kavSiric.

patara warmatebebTan erTad gamoCnda erTa ligis sisuste da

misi Semqmnelebis gulubryviloba da idealisturi damokidebule­

ba. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi wamyvan rols uZlieresi saxel­

mwifoebi asruleben. realuri Zala maT xelSia da isini, upirve­

les yovlisa, sakuTari interesebis dacvaze zrunaven. faSisturi

itali is xelmZRvanelma benito musolinim amitomac Tqva erTa li­

gis Sesaxeb, rom `erTa liga Zalian kargia, roca beRurebi JRur­

tuleben, magram, rodesac arwivebi gamofrindebian, igi uvargi­

sia~. erTa liga ususuri aRmoCnda agresiis ramdenime SemTxvevaSi,

ukve 20­ian wlebSi, radgan agresoris dasasjelad Zalis gamoyeneba

aravin moisurva. 1931 wels iaponia Tavs daesxa CineTis provincia

manjurias. erTa ligam ver aiZula iaponia uari eTqva manjuriaze.

iaponiam ki, Tavidan rom aecilebina kritika erTa ligaSi, 1933 wels

uari Tqva ligis wevrobaze. arc germanias moswonda erTa liga da

1933 wels, faSisti adolf hitleris germaniaSi gabatonebidan

erTi wlis Semdeg, germaniac gavida erTa ligidan.

istoria

benito musolini (1983­1945) – italiis faSisturi partiis Semqmneli da faSisturi ital­iis premier­ministri (1922­1943). 1943 wlis Semodgomidan igi aRar aris premieri, magram e.w. italiis socialuri res­publikis (faSistebis kont­rolqveS darCenili italiis CrdiloeT nawili) meTauria. 1945 wlis 28 aprils daxvrites italielma antifaSistma par­tiznebma. mas saxeliT `duCe~ moixseniebdnen, rac itali­urad belads, liders niSnavs.

64

haile selasie, daaxl. 1942. erTa ligis germanuli, franguli da belgiuri delegaciis wevrebi, Jeneva, seqtemberi, 1926.

65

erTa ligis umweobis aSkara magaliTi iyo 1935 wlis faSisturi

italiis agresia ususuri afrikuli qveynis – abisiniis (dRevande­

li eTiopiis) winaaRmdeg. italiam abisiniis okupireba moaxdina da

igi italiis provinciad gamoacxada. erTa ligis ekonomikurma sanq­

ciebma italia ver SeaCera. SeiaraRebuli Zalis gamoyeneba italiis

winaaRmdeg erTa ligam ver gabeda. abisiniaSi italiis SeWra erTa

ligisTvis sabediswero aRmoCnda, radgan am faqtma misi avtorite­

ti gaacamtvera.

im dros saxeli moixveWa abisiniis axalgazrda imperatorma

haile selasiem, romelmac erTa ligis tribunidan JenevaSi 1936

wlis ivnisSi mgznebare sityva warmoTqva, romelic istoriaSi Sev­

ida. Tavis gamosvlaSi man ganacxada, rom `icavs yvela patara qvey­

anas, romelsac agresia emuqreba~ da rom `didi qveynebis winaSe

patarebi uZlurni rCebian~. ufro adreul gamosvlaSi man 52 saxel­

mwifos delegaciebs ganucxada, rom `rodesme Tqvenc gaxdebiT vin­

mes abisi nia!~ misi sityvebi SemdgomSi araerTgzis gamarTlda.

erTa ligasTan, rogorc msoflioSi mSvidobis damyarebis

SemZ le organizaciasTan, dakavSirebuli imedebi TandaTanobiT

daimsxvra. pirveli yvelaze mZime dartyma erTa ligas iaponiis man­

juriaSi SeWram (1931) miayena. kidev ufro Zlieri dartyma iyo fa­

Sisturi italiis agresia abisiniis winaaRmdeg. kidev erTi dartyma

iyo, rodesac 1926 wels ligaSi Sesulma germaniam 1933 wels qvey­

nis saTaveSi faSisti adolf hitleris Cadgomis Sedegad erTa liga

datova, radgan ligaSi darCena germaniis erovnul interesebsa da

siamayesTan SeuTavseblad gamocxadda (erTa liga hitlerisTvis

pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis damarcxebis da germaniaze sxvaTa

batonobis simbolod iqca!).

30­ian wlebSi msoflioSi da gansakuTrebiT evropaSi saerTaSo­

riso daZabuloba gaizarda. es dakavSirebuli iyo pirvel yovlisa

imasTan, rom wamyvani qveynebi umTavresad sakuTari interesebis

win waweviT iyvnen dainteresebuli da amitom susti qveynebis in­

teresebi xSirad ilaxeboda. im dros evropaSi gaCnda faSisturi

saxelmwifoebi, diqtaturebi. sabWoTa kavSirSi ki 1917 wlidan ko­

munisturi diqtatura gabatonda, romelic msoflioSi komunistu­

ri reJimis damyarebasac apirebda. aziaSi ki swrafad ganviTarebadi

iaponia aseve cdilobda sakuTari gavlenis gafarToebas regionis

sxva qveynebze. amgvar viTarebaSi isedac susti erTa liga, romel­

Sic ar Sediodnen aSS, sabWoTa kavSiri, germania, iaponia da Turqe­

Ti, win ver aRudga agresorebs da saerTaSoriso wesrigis damrRvev

saxelmwifoebs. erTa liga ver axerxebda saerTaSoriso usafrTxo­

ebis damyarebas da agresorebis dasasjelad Zalis gamoyenebas.

adolf hitleri (1889­1945) – germaniis nacional­socia­listuri (faSisturi) partiis damaarsebeli da lideri. 1933 w. igi germaniis saxelmwifos meTauri, umaRlesi mTavar­sardali da mesame raixis (faSisturi germaniis saxel­wodeba 1933­1945­Si) beladi (fiureri) iyo. Tavi moikla 1945 wlis 29 aprils sabWo­Ta jarebiT garSemortymul dedaqalaq berlinSi. hitleri aRiarebulia istoriaSi erT­erT udides damnaSaved da milionobiT adamianis (upir­veles yovlisa, ebraelebis) jalaTad.

erTa liga

66

rodesac 1939 wlis seqtemberSi faSisturi germania da komunistu­

ri sabWoTa kavSiri orive mxridan SeiWrnen poloneTSi, erTa ligis

sruli umweoba kidev ufro aSkara gaxda. iaponiam Tavad miatova

erTa liga 1932 wels, germaniam ki –1933 wels, italiam –1936 wels.

1939 wlis dekemberSi erTa ligidan gaaZeves sabWoTa kavSiri (igi

erTa ligaSi mxolod 1934 wels miiRes), romelic noemberSi Tavs

daesxa Tavis patara da sust mezobels – 4 milioniani mosaxleobis

mqone fineTs. meore msoflio omis wlebSi (1939­1945) erTa liga

mxo lod formalurad arsebobda, xolo ukve 1946 wlisaTvis misi

adgili daikava axalma saerTaSoriso organizaciam – gaerTianebu­

li erebis organizaciam, romelic meore msoflio omSi gamarjve­

buli qveynebis (aSS, sabWoTa kavSiri, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi)

ZalisxmeviT Seiqmna.

ukve iTqva, rom erTa liga saqarTveloSi jer Zalian popularu­

li iyo, Semdeg ki miiviwyes. 1920 wlis 12 ianvars parizis (versalis)

samSvidobo konferenciaze saqarTvelo de faqto damoukideblad

scnes, 1921 wlis 26 ianvars ki erTa ligam de iure aRiara saqarTve­

lo damoukideblad. saqarTvelo Zalian ecada erTa ligaSi gawev­

rianebas, rac mis damoukideblobasa da usafrTxoebas gaamagrebda.

miT umetes, rom bolSevikuri ruseTi, 1920 wlis 7 maiss saqarTve­

losTan dadebuli samSvidobo xelSekrulebis (romelSic ruseTma

aRiara saqarTvelos damoukidebloba!) miuxedavad, Cveni qveynis­

Tvis udides safrTxes warmoadgenda. ruseTi ereoda saqarTvelos

saSinao saqmeebSi, eweoda ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas Cvens qveya­

naSi da 1920 wlis miwurulisTvis saqarTvelo, SeiZleba iTqvas,

garSemortymuli aRmoCnda bolSevikuri ruseTis jarebiT, radgan

rusis jari ukve azerbaijansa da somxeTSi idga. 1920 wlis 16 de­

kembers erTa ligis saerTo sxdomaze saqarTvelos ligaSi gawev­

rianebis kenWisyra Catarda. marTalia, saqarTvelos delegacia da

bevri Cveni momxre Zalian Seecadnen sakmarisi xmebis (16) mopovebas,

magram yvelanairi mcdeloba amao gamodga. kenWisyraSi 24 monawili­

dan mxolod10­ma mogvca xma. amgvari Sedegi ZiriTadad ganapiroba

ramdenime uZlieresi saxelmwifos, gansakuTrebiT ki didi brita­

neTis, uaryofiTma poziciam. maT icodnen, rom saqarTvelos ver

daicavdnen ruseTis SesaZlebeli Semotevisagan da arc erTa ligis

avtoritetis Selaxva undodaT. erTa ligis gareT darCena damou­

kidebel saqarTvelos mtacebeli bolSevikuri ruseTis pirispir

tovebda da sul male, 1921 wlis TebervalSi, ruseTi saqarTveloSi

SemoiWra da bolSevikuri rusuli reJimi daamyara. erTa ligam 1924

wlis saqarTveloSi antirusuli ajanyebis gamo ruseTis damgmobi

rezolucia miiRo, magram amas seriozuli Sedegebi ar mohyolia.

istoria

de faqto (de facto) – niSnavs faqtobrivad arsebuls, magram ara samarTlebrivad, kanonierad aRiarebuls.

de iure (de jure) – kanonieri, samarTlebrivi. magaliTad, Tu romelime qveynis mTavroba gadatrialebis Sedegad sxva qveyanaSi gadaixveweba da mas saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba kvlavadac kanonier mTavrobad aRiarebs, igi de iure mTavrobaa, xolo Tu gadatrialebis Sedegad mosuli mTavroba saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam kanonierad ar aRiara, igi de faqto mTavrobad miiCneva.

erTa ligis Senoba JenevaSi, 1931.

67

erTa liga udavod dadebiTi movlena iyo kacobriobis isto­

riaSi. es iyo saerTaSoriso doneze koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis

sistemis Seqmnis mcdeloba. im dros, pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg,

bevrs egona, rom am gziT SesaZlebeli iqneboda saerTaSoriso Zala­

dobisa da agresiis Tavidan acileba, rom erTa liga omebs dagvaviw­

yebda. samwuxarod, es imedebi ar gamarTlda. erTa liga ususuri

aRmoCnda. 1946 wels Seqmnili axali saerTaSoriso organizacia

bevrad ufro Ronieri gamodga da saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi Tavisi

adgili daimkvidra, Tumca arc saerTaSoriso daZabuloba gamqra­

la da konfliqtebic sakmaod bevri iyo. Tumca didi msoflio omi,

sabednierod, aRar yofila da imedia aRarasodes iqneba.

erTa liga

67

erTa ligis sxdoma, 1936.

68

regioni

rismag gordeziani

Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

69

berZenTa da qarTvelTa Soris urTierTobebi TiTqmis oTx

aTaswleuls – ormoc saukunes – moicavs. msoflioSi Znelia moina­

xos amJamad istoriis asparezze moqmedi sxva iseTi ori xalxi, ro­

melTa Soris kontaqtebs esoden xangrZlivi tradicia eqneboda.

berZnuli miTebis Tanaxmad, evropa maSin daibada, rodesac uze­

naesma RmerTma, zevsma, xaris saxiT movlenilma, moitaca mSvenieri

finikieli asuli evrope da kunZul kretaze gadaiyvana. mas zevsi­

sagan sami vaJi SeeZina – minosi, sarpedoni da radamanTisi. minosi

gaxda kretis Zlevamosili mefe, romlis drosac kunZuli Tavisi

kulturiT da adamianuri Semoqmedebis mraval sferoSi miRweve­

biT mTel xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi erT­erT yvelaze ufro dawi­

naurebul regionad iqca. XIX saukunis meore naxevridan hainrix

Slimanis dawyebulma da Semdgom arqeologTa mTeli Taobebis mier

gagrZelebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma Zveli welTaRricxvis

II aTaswleulSi, anu e. w. legendarul berZnul miTebSi asaxuli am­

bebis epoqaSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi brwyinvale civilizaciebis

arseboba daadastures: kunZul kretaze aRmoCenil kulturas, mi­

Tiuri mefis saxelis mixedviT minosuri, kontinentur saberZneTSi

aRmoCenils ki, homerosis poemebidan cnobili legendaruli mefis,

agamemnonis, sarezidencio qalaqis mixedviT, mikenuri ewoda.

medea da xari,wiTelfiguruli keramika, Jan pol getis muzeumi, malibu, aSS.

kirke da odisevsi, Zv. w. V s. keramika,

aTenis arqeologiuri muzeumi..

70

regioni

berZnebi miiCnevdnen, rom maT damkvidrebamde istoriuli sa­

berZ neTis teritoriebze egeida – xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebi

da balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli – winaberZnul tomebs ekavaT. maTi

kulturis aRmavlobam Tavisi umaRlesi gamoxatuleba minosur

kretaze hpova. ukve im Soreul warsulSi, berZnuli tradiciis Ta­

naxmad, winaberZnul mosaxleobasa da kolxebs Soris erTob mWidro

urTierTobebi arsebula: minosis meuRle da misi Svilebis deda

kolxeTis mefis, aietis, da pasifae iyo, Tavad aietis – mze­Rmer­

Tis, heliosis, samkvidrebeli ki saberZneTSi mdebare efire yofi­

la, saidanac igi kolxeTSi, anu Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTve­

loSi gadasula da iq Zlieri da maRalganviTarebuli kolxeTis

samefo Seuqmnia.

aietis meore da kirke ki, piriqiT, aRmosavleTidan dasav­

leTiT daZrula da italiis teritoriaze uZvelesi kul­

turebis warmoqmnisaTvis gamxdara erT­erTi umTavre­

si biZgis mimcemi. amgvarad, ukve berZnuli miTologiuri

tradiciis mixedviT, Zvel saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli

figurebi aqtiurad yofilan CarTuli im procesebSi, rom­

pasifae da minotavri, atikuri wiTel-

figuriani keramika, Zv. w. 340-320.

70

mocekvave, knosos sasaxlis kedlis

mxatvroba, kreta, Zv.w. 1600-1450

71

lebic xmelTaSuazRvispireTis regionSi berZnebis, laTinebis da

sxva indoevropuli tomebis damkvidrebamde mimdinareobda.

areklaven es miTebi raRac istoriul realobas Tu mxolod berZnuli fantaziis nayofs warmoadgenen?

Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi wamoyenebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom wi­

naberZnul enobriv samyaroSi Zalze mniSvnelovania qarTveluri

elementi. igi Tavs iCens asobiT sityvaSi, romelic berZnuls wi­

naberZnulidan unda SeeTvisebina, im sufiqsebsa Tu prefiqsebSi,

romlebic saberZneTis geografiul saxelwodebebSi gvxvdeba da

aseve winaberZnulidan unda yofiliyo nasesxebi. mecnierebi am mov­

lenas Zv. w. XX saukunis damdegisaTvis kavkasiidan qarTvelur tom­

Ta erTi nawilis egeidaSi gadasaxlebis Sedegad miiCneven.

SegviZlia Tu ara winaberZnuli enebi qarTveluris monaTesaved miviCnioT?

am kiTxvaze saboloo pasuxis gacema Se­

eZ leba minosur kretaze aRmoCenili e.w. A­xazovani damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli

warwerebis gaSifvras, romlebic inaxaven

kunZulis uZvelesi da, Sesabamisad, wi­

naberZnuli mosaxleobis enis warmomav­

lobis saidumlos.

minosuri civilizaciis daqveiTeba im katastrofulma vul­

kanurma amofrqvevam gamoiwvia, romelic egeosis zRvaSi mdebare

kunZul santorinize moxda Zv. w. XVI saukuneSi da romelmac, faq­

tobrivad, waleka minosuri civilizacia. Zveli samyaros istori­

ul asparezze gamovida axali politikuri Zala – mikenuri saberZ­

neTi. male man daiqvemdebara regionis teritoriebis umetesobaze

binadari xalxebi da Zv. w. XV­XIV saukuneebidan, egviptes, asureT­

sa da xeTebis samefosTan erTad, xmelTaSua zRvis auzis wamyvan

saxelmwifod iqca.

mikenuri epoqis berZnebs Zveli avtorebi aqavelebad, argosele­

bad, danaelebad da minielebadac moixseniebdnen xolme. miTebis

mixedviT, swored maT mouwyviaT pirveli Soreuli laSqroba

xomald `argoTi~ kolxeTSi, oqros sawmisis mosataceblad. rom ara

aietis asul medeas – jadoqrobis unaris mqone ulamazesi qalwulis

– daxmareba, argonavtebi da maTi winamZRoli iasoni ver SeZlebd­

nen iolkosis mefe peliasis am urTulesi davalebis Sesrulebas.

qalRmerT afrodites nebiT iasonisadmi movlenilma siyvarulis

grZnobam Caadenina medeas es Ralati da aiZula, gahyoloda ucxo­

elT eladaSi. wlebis Semdgom, rodesac iasonma misi mitoveba da

colad korinTosis mefis asulis moyvana ganizraxa, medeam Suri

iZia misi damcirebis mosurneebze ara marto momavali patarZlisa

da misi mamis, aramed sakuTari Svilebis daxocviTac.

71

Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

72

regioni

7272

73

argonavtebis ciklis Tqmuleba saocar popularobas inarCunebs antikurobidan moyolebuli dRemde. mis-ma siuJetebma da saxeebma STaagona mravali mwerali da xelovani. msoflio literaturis yvelaze popu-larul saxeTa Soris pirvelobas aravis uTmobs me-dea, rac mravalwilad evripides amave saxelwodebis genialuri tragediis msoflio kulturaze udides-ma gavlenam ganapiroba.

saqarTvelosTan daakavSira berZnulma tradiciam kidev erTi

fi gura, qarTveli amiranis oreuli _ promeTe. berZenTa uzenaes­

ma RmerTma, zevsma, igi adamianebisaTvis gaweuli samsaxurisaTvis

da zev sisadmi gamoCenili daumorCileblobisaTvis kavkasionis

erT klde ze miajaWvina, sadac mas arwivi ukortnis yoveldRiurad

RviZls. promeTes gminva argonavtebsac ki SemoesmaT, rodesac

isini kolxeTs miuaxlovdnen. misi xsna mxolod gmirma heraklem

SesZlo. esqiles tragediis – „mijaWvuli promeTes“ – wyalobiT es

RmerTi samudamod tiraniis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da kacobriobi­

saTvis civilizaciis motanis simbolo gaxda.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, erTi mxriv, aietis kolxeTi, oqros saw­

misi, argonavtebi da medea, xolo meore mxriv, udreki promeTe im

simboloebad iqcnen, romlebic aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi ga­

naTlebuli kacobriobisaTvis saqarTvelos identifikaciisas

yvelaze mkafio orientirebs warmoadgenen.

Zv.w. II aTaswleulis bolos xmelTaSuazRvispireT­

Si xdeba klimaturi pirobebiTa da xalxTa intensiuri,

mravalwilad agresiuli gadaadgilebebiT gamowveuli

movlenebi, romelTac araerTi Zveli civilizaciis, maT

Soris mikenuris, daqveiTeba da zogjer asparezidan

gaqrobac ki ganapirobes.

saberZneTSi elinur tomTa gadaadgilebiTa da kul­

turuli daqveiTebiT gamowveuli ramdenime saukuni­

ani pauzis Semdeg Zv. w. IX saukunidan aRmavlobas iwyebs

klasikuri berZnuli civilizacia, romelmac udide­

si gavlena moaxdina jer mTeli evropuli, xolo Semd­

gom ki msoflio kulturis ganviTarebaze. saberZneTi

xdeba polisuri, anu qalaq­saxelmwifoebis, politikurad

savsebiT decentralizebuli, qveyana. es xels uwyobs mrava­

li politikuri da kulturuli centris warmoqmnas saberZneTis

farglebSi da maT Soris mudmivi Sejibris sulis damkvidrebas, rac

kulturis swrafi aRmavlobis safuZveli xdeba. amasTanave poli­

surma sistemam aiZula berZnebi, miwis simciriTa da mosaxleobis

matebiT gamowveuli problemebis gadasaWrelad mTel xmelTa­

Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

73

iasons miaqvs oqros sawmisi, aTenuri

wiTelfiguriani keramikis mxatvroba,

Zv. w. 470-460, metropolitenis

xelovnebis muzeumi, niu-iorki.

mijaWvuli pomeTe, lakoniuri Savfigu-

ruli keramika, Zv. w. 560-550.

medea, pompeis freska, ax. w. 62-79, arqeologiis erovnuli muzeumi, neapoli, italia.

74

SuazRvispireTsa da SavizRvispireTSi axali dasaxlebebis daarse­

bis Tu ukve arsebulebSi fexis mokidebis gzebi eZebnaT.

ase daiwyo procesi, romelsac Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi didi

berZnuli kolonizacia ewodeba da romelmac elini „emigrantebi“

aRmosavleT SavizrvispireTamde, kolxeTis sanapiroebamde moiy­

vana. aq maT, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ganviTarebis maRal safexurze myof

qarTvelur tomebTan mouxdaT urTierToba, romelnic Tavs aiet

mefis kolxeTis memkvidreebad miiCnevdnen da amiT Zalian amayobd­

nen kidec. rogorc Cans, elinTa da qarTvelTa urTierTobis pro­

cesi ormxrivad sasargeblo iyo, radgan igi xels uwyobda vaWrobis

ganviTarebas, gamocdilebis urTierTgaziarebas, eladur produq­

ciasa da kulturul miRwevebTan kavkasielTa ziarebas, elinTa

geografiuli da istoriuli Tvalsawieris gafarToebas. amis Se­

degia is, rom homerosidan moyolebuli TiTqmis arc erT cnobil

berZen avtors ar auvlia gverdi saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli

miTologiuri, istoriuli, geografiuli Tu eTnografiuli xasi­

aTis informaciisaTvis. mas Semdeg, rac asparezze gamodian cnobi­

li berZeni istorikosebi, filosofosebi, geografosebi, mecnie­

rebis sxvadasxva sferos warmomadgenlebi, antikuri saqarTvelos,

berZen­qarTvelTa uZvelesi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb cnobebi sul

ufro da ufro mravalferovani da sruli xdeba. sakmarisia, dRes

gadavSaloT nebismieri wigni, romelic antikuri saqarTvelos is­

torias exeba, rom naTeli gaxdeba Semdegi: am istoriis umniSvnelo­

vanes wyaros Zveli berZeni avtorebis cnobebi warmoadgens. hero­

dote, qsenofoni, hipokrate, platoni, aristotele, straboni,

ptolemaiosi, plutarqosi, arianosi da mravali sxva avtori gvawv­

dis uZvirfases cnobebs Cveni qveynis warsulis erT­erTi yvelaze

ufro saintereso periodis Sesaxeb, rodesac mTeli saqarTvelos

teritoriaze antikuri epoqis qarTveluri saxelmwifoebis Camoy­

alibeba xdeboda.

am cnobebidan Cven vityobT, rom qarTvelur tomebs imxanad eka­

vaT sakmaod vrceli teritoriebi mcire aziis Crdilo­aRmosavle­

TiT mdinare halisidan moyolebuli kavkasionis qedamde, mTeli

aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo, kavkasionis qedis ferdobebi.

berZeni avtorebi am tomTa maTTvis cnobil mraval saxelwodebas

gvawvdian: xalibebi, saspirebi, mosinikebi, makronebi, mosxebi/mesx­

ebi, svanebi, henioxebi, lazebi, abasgebi da a.S. maTi gamaerTianebe­

li saxelwodebebia dasavleT saqarTveloSi – kolxebi, xolo aR­

mosavleTSi – iberia. Sesabamisad, dasavleT saqarTvelos berZnul

wyaroebSi kolxisi/kolxida, xolo aRmosavleTs iberia ewodeba.

ukve im Soreul warsulSi dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze

berZnebisaTvis cnobili mravali qalaqi Tu dasaxleba arsebula.

yvelaze Zveli maT Soris kvitaia, Tanamedrove quTaisia, romel­

regioni

gamarjvebis qalRmerTi nike, Zv. w. II s.

vanis gaTxrebi.

armazis bilingva, Zv. berZnuli da ara-

meuli warwerebi, ax. w. II s. armazisxevi.

75

sac berZnebi mefe aietis sarezidencio qalaqad miiCnevdnen. sain­

teresoa, rom Tanamedrove enaTmecnierTa TvalsazrisiT, es saxel­

wodeba ukve qarTveluri enebis erTianobis doneze, anu Zv. w. II

aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi unda arsebuliyo. aseve Zveli, ukve

didi kolxeTis droidan, yofila cnobili qalaqi fazisi, Tana­

medrove foTi, mdebare amave saxelwodebis mdinaris, Tanamedrove

rionis SesarTavTan. uaxloes momavalSi aq qarTveli da germaneli

mecnierebis erToblivi eqspedicia daiwyebs muSaobas antikuri fa­

zisis yovelmxrivi Seswavlis mizniT. Zveli avtorebi kolxeTisa da

iberiis, anu dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sazRvarze mde­

bare cixe­qalaqs – sarapaniss – kargad icnobdnen. misi nangrevebi

Tanamedrove Sorapanis teritoriaze savsebiT exmianeba berZnebis

aRweras.

kolxeTis miwaze mdebare dasaxlebebs Soris, berZen avtorTa

Tanaxmad, Tavisi mravaleTnikurobiT dioskuria gamoirCeoda,

romelsac ufro gvian sebastopolisi Seerqva da romelic Tana­

medrove soxumis midamoebSi ivaraudeba. aq savaWro mizniT Casul

300­mde sxvadasxva enaze molaparake tomebis warmomadgenelT Sexv­

debodiT. soxumis saxelwodeba rcxilis aRmniSvneli svanuri sity­

vidan cxuim momdinareobs. qarTveluri cxumi, rogorc Cans, iyo am

qalaqis uZvelesi adgilobrivi aRmniSvneli. kolxeTis Crdiloe­

TiT mdebare berZenTa TvalsawierSi moxvedril erT­erT qalaqad

pitiunti, Tanamedrove biWvinTa/picunda saxeldeboda. am saxel­

wodebis rogorc berZnuli, aseve qarTuli variantebis fuZeebi am

enebSi fiWvis aRniSvnel sityvebs Seicaven, Tumca Znelia imis gad­

Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

75

noqalaqevi, qalaqis galavani.

76

aWriT Tqma, aq saqme gvaqvs SemTxveviT damTxvevasTan Tu erTi eni­

dan meoreSi sesxebasTan. dasavleT saqarTvelos mravali antikuri

qalaqidan SeiZleboda kidev ramdenimes gamoyofa, romelTa realo­

bas Tanamedrove arqeologiuri gaTxrebic adastureben: arqeopo­

lisi – Tanamedrove noqalaqevi, surioni – albaT, Tanamedrove vani,

afsarosi – Tanamedrove gonio, petra – SesaZloa, Tanamedrove

baTumi. iberiaSi, anu aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, gamoirCeoda:

mestleta – mcxeTa, harmoZike – armaz cixe, sevsamora – wiwamuri,

Zalisa – Zalisi, artanissa – artanuji. garda amisa, Zveli berZeni

avtorebi saintereso cnobebs gvawvdian saqarTvelos miwa­wyalze,

mdinareebsa da mTebze, florasa da faunaze, warmoebasa da teqnika­

ze. qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

aqvs cnobebs Cvens saxelmwifo gaerTianebebSi arsebul politikur

sistemebze, religiur Sexedulebebze, saganmanaTleblo kerebze.

aleqsandre makedonelis da misi mimdevrebis Zlevamosili

laSqrobebis Sedegad Zv.w. IV saukunis miwurulidan moyolebuli

msoflioSi Seiqmna veeberTela kulturuli sivrce, romlis farg­

lebSic berZnul enasa da kulturas dominanturi adgili eWira. mas

axal mecnierebaSi elinisturi, anu berZnulad molaparakeTa sam­

yaro uwodes. faqtobrivad, es iyo antikurobaSi msoflio saxelm­

76

berZnulwarweriani beWedi vanis gaTx-

rebidan. warweraze ikiTxeba sityva

dedatosi, rac piris saxeli unda iyos,

Zv. w. IV s.

regioni

delfinebi, knosos sasaxlis kedlis mxatvroba, kreta, Zv. w. 1600-1450

77

wifos Seqmnis yvelaze masStaburi cda. misi sulisCamdgmelis, ale­

qsandre didis koncefcia bevr msgavsebas gviCvenebs Tanamedrove

globalistebis ideebTan. berZnulma am dros msoflio enis funq­

cia moipova, xolo aRmosavlur elementebTan sinTezirebulma

berZnulma kulturam danarCeni samyarosaTvis erTgvari modelis

roli ikisra. am procesma, erTi mxriv, mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova

qveynebsa da xalxebs Soris mWidro urTierTobebis SesaZleblobe­

bi, xolo, meore mxriv, biZgi misca msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi

did politikursa da kulturul aRmavlobas. ar aris SemTxvevi­

Ti, rom swored elinistur epoqaSi xdeba antikuri wyaroebisaTvis

iberia, anu aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, msoflio istoriis asparezze

angariSgasawevi Zala, rom Zveli qarTuli saistorio tradiciac

aleqsandre makedonelis epoqasTan akavSirebs mniSvnelovan Zvrebs

qarTlis cxovrebaSi, xolo mefe farnavazs qarTuli saxelmwi­

foebriobis, damwerlobis da sazogadod kulturis did refor­

matorad miiCnevs. elinisturi epoqa romauli batonobis epoqiT

Seicvala, romlis drosac saqarTvelos urTierTobebi antikur

samyarosTan gacilebiT ufro mravalmxrivi da masStaburi gaxda,

Tumca, kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, CvenTvis umniSvelovanes ori­

entirad mainc berZnuli civilizaciis miRwevebi rCeboda.

Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

77

78

– iyo elCi saqarTveloSi, niSnavs iyo elCi

Zalian patara qveyanaSi, miT umetes, roca

warmoadgen msoflioSi uZlieres saxelmwi­

fos. Cveni qveynebis saerTaSoriso statusebs

Soris arsebuli es gansxvaveba ra gavlenas ax­

dens am ori qveynis urTierTobebsa da Tqvens

rolze?

– ar vfiqrob, rom es gansxvaveba iseTi di­

dia, rogorc xalxs hgonia. saqarTvelo aSS­

ze patara qveyanaa, vgulisxmob teritoriasa

da mosaxleobas, magram didia Tavisi guliT,

miswrafebebiTa da valdebulebebiT. Cven

marTlac vgrZnobT, rom vexmarebiT am qveya­

nas fexze dadgomasa da sakuTari gzis pov­

naSi. qarTvelebi ki Zalian stumarTmoyvare

xalxia da afaseben imas, rasac Cven vukeTebT.

demokratiis Seneba advili ar aris da es erT

dReSi ver moxdeba. gamowvevaa iseTi insti­

tutebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic pirovnebeb­

ze ar iqneba damokidebuli, profesionaluri

Jurnalistikis iseTi kulturis damkvidre­

interviu

interviu mis

aRmatebulebasTan,

aSS-is sagangebo da

sruluflebian elCTan

saqarTveloSi, baton

riCard norlandTan

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mimarT saqarTveloSi yovelTvis didi interesi iyo, am

qveynis unikalurobisa da istoriaSi Setanili wvlilis gamo, magram saqarTvelos damou­

kideblobis dasawyisidanve es interesi gaasmagda. aSS dRemde gadamwyvet rols asrulebs

Cveni qveynis mxardaWeris saqmeSi. bevri Cveni axalgazrda swavlobs aSS­Si, bevri fiqrobs,

rom wava saswavleblad aSS­Si da, amdenad, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom swored aSS­is elCTan in­

terviuTi viwyebT.

amasTan, gvinda didi madloba gadagixadoT im daxmarebisTvis, romlis meSveobiTac Se­

saZlebeli gaxda am Jurnalis gamocema. iyo idea da amis xorcSesxma swored amerikis mxaris

mxardaWeriT gaxda SesaZlebeli. imedi gvaqvs, rom Jurnali swored im ideas moemsaxureba,

romelic safuZvlad daedo mis Seqmnas – saqarTvelos mozard Taobas damatebiT miawodos sx­

vadasxvanairi informacia, gauxsnas Semecnebis sxvadasxva kari da daexmaros misTvis sainte­

reso codnis gaRrmavebaSi.

79

interviu aSS-is elCTan riCard norlandTan

ba, romelic liderebs axlodan daakvirde­

ba. es aris garkveuli gamowvevebi, magram mi­

maCnia, rom saqarTvelom mniSvnelovani gza

gaiara. zogadad aSS­sa da saqarTvelos erT­

nairi valdebulebebi aqvT demokratiisa da

evroatlantikuri faseulobebisa da insti­

tutebis mimarT. aSS ganagrZobs saqarTvelos

mTavrobisa da suverenitetis mxardaWeras,

amave dros saqarTvelo Tavad gansazRvravs

usafrTxoebis sakuTar politikas. rogorc

elCi, me madlobeli var im siTbosTvis, ro­

melsac viReb mTavrobisa Tu sazogadoebis

mxridan.

– rogor fiqrobT raSi mdgomareobs ameri­

kis unikaluroba da raSi – saqarTvelos uni­

kaluroba?

– me var bednieri, rom var amerikeli.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi aris mTeli

msoflios xalxebis, kulturis, enebisa da

istoriis kombinacia. es SesaniSnavi nazavi,

romelsac amerikelebi Cveulebriv `sadnob

qvabad~ moixsenieben, realurad warmoadgens

amerikis gansakuTrebulobis safuZvels. gva­

qvs jazi da bluzi, gvyavs Cveni damfuZnebeli

mamebi, romelTac hqondaT axali qveynis xed­

va, gvaqvs ekonomikuri da samxedro Zliere­

ba, romelic momdinareobs industriuli

r e vo luciidan, da survili, rom SevecadoT

mainc, rom viyoT sikeTis globaluri Zala.

am CamonaTvalidan nebismieri Cven gvaqcevs

unikalurad da vfiqrob, rom es yvelaferi

iqamde midis, rom TiToeul adamians SeuZlia

ipovos amerikis unikalurobis Tavisi nawi­

li nebismier adgilas, sadac ki wava. yvelas,

vinc ki yofila aSS­Si, Tavisi daRi dausvams

Cveni qveynisTvis, umuSavia misi gaumjobese­

bisTvis da daucavs sxvebTan erTad. mraval­

ferovneba gaerTianebuli saerTo mizanis

garSemo aris is, ris gamoc me mixaria, rom var

amerikeli.

saqarTvelo imdeni kuTxiT aris unikalu­

ri, rom Znelia yvelafris CamoTvla. daviw­

yoT eniT, radganac Zalian mniSvenlovania,

rogor gamoxatavs kultura Tavis Tavs. qar­

Tuli ena sruliad gamorCeulia da ar vic­

nob iseT adamians, miuxedavad imisa, esmis Tu

ara es ena, rom ar iyos moxibluli am eniT.

gasaocaria, roca xedav asoebs da gesmis

TanxmovanTa uCveulo simravle. saqarTve­

los unikaluroba aseve qarTul cekvasa da

polifoniur musikaSia. iuneskom qarTuli

polifonia kacobriobis kulturuli memk­

vidreobis nawilad aRiara. qarTuli cekva

ki saocrad dinamikuri da aRmafrTovanebe­

lia. unikaluroba Tavad qarTuli xasiaTis

nawilicaa, me vfiqrob, TiToeuli qarTveli

grZnobs amas da amayobs Tavisi qveynis su­

liT, istoriiT da miRwevebiT.

– bevrs amerika hgonia uproblemo qveyana,

romelic imTaviTve Camoyalibda sirTuleeb­

is gareSe. Tumca es ase ar iyo da amerikis

istoriis manZilze arsebobda seriozuli

gamowvevebi, maT Soris, samoqalaqo omi da

dapirispirebuli socialuri moZraobebi.

rogor fiqrobT, ra roli hqonda am dapir is­

pirebebs qveyanaSi da im demokratiad Camoya­

libebaSi, romelsac dRes is warmoadgens?

– aSS bevri sxva qveynis msgavsad idga da

dResac dgas mniSvnelovani gamowvevebis wi­

naSe. yvela Taobas TavTavisi dabrkolebebi

aqvs, dawyebuli didi depresiidan samoqa­

laqo uflebebisTvis moZraobiT damTavre­

buli da merec. zogierTi gamowveva, magaliT­

ad, rasizmi, sruliad ar gamqrala. magram

rodesac Cven vfiqrobT am gamowvevebze, Cven

aRmovaCenT, rom swored maT gagvaerTianes

rogorc qveyana da gaaZlieres Cveni demokra­

tiuli faseulobebi. Cven kvlavac vcdilobT

mivaRwioT „ufro srulyofil erTobas“,

rogorc es Cvens konstituciaSi weria. Ti­

Toeuli qveyana uSvebs Secdomebs, magram

Cven vcdilobT gavaumjobesoT, viswavloT,

80

saidanac SegviZlia da win wavideT. es aris is,

rac dagvexmara warmatebaSi – yovelTvis vi­

moZravoT win, SevecadoT viswavloT warsu­

lis gakveTilebiT, Tumca ar viyoT warsuliT

moculi.

– adre bavSvebs undodaT fizikosoba, in­

Jinroba...… axla yvela bizness an diplomatias

eswrafvis, es albaT imitom, rom saqarTvelo

gaxda damoukidebeli. ras urCevdiT im axal­

gazrdebs, romelTac undaT diplomatiuri

samsaxuri?

– Cemi damokidebuleba yovelTvis aseTi

iyo: Tu SegiZlia waikiTxo Jurnali `ekono­

misti~ Tavidan bolomde da gaigo Sig ra we­

ria, maSin SeZleb diplomatiur samsaxurSi

mosaxvedrad gamocdis Cabarebas. vfiqrob,

mniSvnelovania ucxo enis swavla. enis swavla

ar gWirdeba imisTvis, rom moxvide diploma­

tiur samsaxurSi, magram Tu apireb iq darCe­

nas, maSin es aucilebelia. istoriis swav­

lac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, radganac Sen

Seabijeb sxvadasxva qveynis istoriaSi da Tu

ar ici sad Sedixar, maSin gagiWirdeba gaigo,

Tu ra xdeba.

– rogor gagondebaT skolis wlebi? ras

swavlobdiT yvelaze didi interesiT?

– me miyvarda istoria da mainteresebda

Cavwvdomodi civi omis safuZvlebs, vacnobi­

erebdi ra yvela Cvenganis valdebulebas – aR­

gvekveTa birTvuli holokosti. me vfiqrob­

di, rom amisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo rusuli

enis swavla. universiteti daviwye ekonomikis

SeswavliT, radgan vfiqrobdi, rom amiT ukeT

vipovidi samsaxurs. magram kargad maxsovs

rogor gavacnobiere, rom verasdros gavxde­

bodi kargi ekonomisti da rom bevrad ufro

mainteresebda istoria. ramdenime araCveu­

lebrivma profesorma jorjTaunis univer­

sitetSi gamiRrmava es interesi.

– ra gavlena moaxdina Tqvens ojaxze Tqven­

ma diplomatiurma karieram?

– me gamimarTla, rom davqorwindi iseT

adamianze, romelic iziarebda msoflioSi

mogzaurobisa da Cveni Svilebis sxvadasxva

qveyanaSi gazrdis Cems interess, miuxeda­

vad imisa, rom am garemoebam misi, iuristis,

kariera sakmaod gaarTula. Cemi meuRle, meri

harTneti, muSaobda saerTaSoriso iuridi­

ul kompaniebSi bahreinsa da moskovSi, aseve

xelmZRvanelobda jorjTaunis universite­

tis iuridiul centrSi stipendiis programas

iuristi qalebisTvis ugandidan dawyebuli

uzbekeTiT damTavrebuli. dResdReobiT igi

wers Cveni uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarT­

lis, rut bader ginsbergis biografias, ro­

melic qalTa uflebebis dacvis pioneri iyo.

Cveni ori Svili – denieli da qeiTi, orive

iuristia da orive dainteresebulia msof­

lio movlenebiT. denieli aswavlis msoflio

istorias zeda klasebSi, qeiTi ki Tavisuf­

lad flobs arabuls da apirebs SeuerTdes

adamianis uflebaTa damcav jgufs, rogorc

ltolvilTa advokati. denielis meuRle,

jeni, eqimia, maT ori wlis gogonas eli hqvia.

unda vaRiaro, rom diplomatobis naklo­

vaneba swored Svilebisa da SviliSvilebis­

gan Sors yofnaa. mamaCemi diplomati iyo da

darwmunebuli var, isiamovnebda saqarT­

veloSi Cveni monaxulebiT, Seecdeboda ra

garkveuliyo politikaSi da damtkbariyo

qar T uli samzareuloTi da kulturiT. de­

daCemi, romelic 93 wlisaa, alchaimeris

seniTaa mZimed daavadebuli, igi TbilisSi

CvenTan erTad cxovrobs da vfiqrob, is isev

diplomatia, oRond – mdumare.

interviu