Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
ekxZn'kZd e.My
eq[; laj{kd
ekuuh; Jh oklqnso nsoukuh
f'k{kk jkT; ea=h ¼Lora= izHkkj½
jktLFkku ljdkj
laj{kd
Jh ujs'kiky xaxokj
'kklu lfpo
Jh tksxkjke Jherh vkuUnh
vk;qDr vk;qDr
jktLFkku izkjfEHkd f'k{kk ifj"kn~]t;qij jktLFkku ek/;fed f'k{kk ifj"kn~]t;qij
Jh ih-lh- fd'ku Jh uFkey fMMsy
funs'kd funs'kd
izkjfEHkd f'k{kk jktLFkku] chdkusj ek/;fed f'k{kk jktLFkku] chdkusj
eq[; ekxZn'kZd
Jherh :def.k fj;kj flgkx
funs'kd
jktLFkku jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkku] mn;iqj
la;kstd
Jh ukjk;.k yky iztkir
mifuns'kd
jk-jk-'kS-v-iz-la-mn;iqj
mi la;kstd
Jh fo".kqnÙk ’kekZ
mifuns'kd ¼d-½
jk-jk-'kS-v-iz-la-mn;iqj
lg;ksx
Jherh lqyxuk jkW;
f'k{kk fo'ks"kK ;wfulsQ] t;iqj
leUo;d
Jherh ’kf’kdyk calhoky
vuqla/kku vf/kdkjh jk-jk-'kS-v-iz-la-mn;iqj
2
3
f’k{kd f’k{kk ikB~;Øe vk/kkj i=
xq.koRrkiw.kZ f’k{kk ds fy, mBk;s tk jgs loky ;g gS fd d{kkvksa esa i<+us okys cPps viuh d{kk ds vuq:i
vf/kxe Lrj ugha j[krs gSaA d{kk esa fofo/krkiw.kZ ekgkSy gS vkSj cPps vk;q vuq:i d{kkSUufr ys jgs gSaA blls
cPpksa dh vk;q ,oa visf{kr vf/kxe Lrj esa xsi c<+rk tk jgk gSA bl xsi dks izkjfEHkd d{kkvksa ls de djuk
gekjh izkFkfedrk gksuh pkfg,A bl dM+h esa f’k{kdksa dh d{kk esa cPpksa ds lkFk dke ds rjhds] d{kk&d{kh;
f’k{k.k izfØ;k,¡ rFkk muds lkFk var%fØ;k ds rjhdksa esa cnyko fd;k tkuk visf{kr gS] tSlk fd
vyx&vyx f’k{kk vk;ksxksa dh vuq’kalk rFkk vkjVhbZ esa Hkh mYysf[kr gSA
xq.koRrk f’k{kk ds fy, lokyksa esa egÙoiw.kZ loky ;g Hkh gS fd D;k f’k{kdksa ds O;kolkf;d dkS’ky
fodkl ds fy, dksbZ nh?kZdkfyd dk;ZØe gS] tks f’k{kdksa dks bu visf{kr cnykoksa ds fy, rS;kj dj mudh
{kerk lao)Zu dj ldsA orZeku esa blds fy, foHkkx }kjk fofHkUu izdkj ds izf’k{k.k dk;ZØe vk;ksftr fd;s
tkrs jgs gaS rkfd f’k{kdksa ds dkS’kyksa ¼skills½ esa vfHko`f) gks ldsA
f’k{kdksa ds lkFk f’k{k.k fo/kk ij fujUrj dke fd;k tk jgk gSA bu xr o"kksZa esa f’k{kdksa ds lkFk
fofHkUu izdkj ds izf’k{k.k] dk;Z’kkyk,¡] dk;Zxksf"B;ksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k gSA buds ek/;e ls ;g iz;kl
fd;k x;k gS fd f’k{kd ,oa laLFkkiz/kkuksa esa mudh vko’;drk ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr visf{kr dkS’kyksa dk
fodkl fd;k tk ldsA tSls&
cky dsfUnzr xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr f’k{k.k]
cPpksa ds lkFk fe=rkiw.kZ O;ogkj]
f’k{k.k ;kstuk fuekZ.k ,oa lrr vkdyu ds rjhds]
laLFkkiz/kku ds fy, yhMjf’ki ,oa izcU/ku bR;kfn
jkT; esa foxr o"kksaZ esa f’k{kdksa ds lkFk fd;s x;s dke ds vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij ;g eglwl fd;k x;k
fd f’k{kdksa dh {kerk lao)Zu ds fy, ,d O;kid f’k{kd f’k{kk ikB~;Øe (comprehensive teacher
education curriculum) dh t:jr gSA ftlls fo|ky; dh leLr izfØ;kvksa esa bl izdkj ls cnyko
yk;k tk lds fd cPpksa dk vf/kxe Lrj mudh vk;q ,oa d{kk ds visf{kr Lrj ds vuq:Ik gks ldsxk rFkk
blls f’k{kdksa ds O;kolkf;d dkS’ky esa Hkh xq.kkRed lq/kkj gks ldsxkA
f’k{kdksa dh {kerk lao)Zu ds fy, fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh igpku dj rhu o"khZ; ÝseodZ dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k
ftlesa jkT; Lrj ij jktLFkku izkjafHkd f’k{kk ifj"kn~] jktLFkku ek/;fed f’k{kk ifj"kn~] ,lvkbZbZvkjVh]
;wfulsQ ,oa cks/kf’k{kk lfefr vkfn vdknfed ,oa iz’kklfud bdkbZ;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh jghA bl ÝseodZ esa
f’k{kdksa dks visf{kr dkS’ky Lrj rd igq¡pkus ds fy, izf’k{k.k@dk;Z’kkyk@vkWu ykbu dkslZ] iBu lkexzh
vkfn ek/;e lq>k;s x;s FksA
f’k{kd f’k{kk ÝseodZ dks fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, izR;sd o"kZ dk le;c) ikB~;Øe r; fd;k x;kA bl
ikB~;Øe dh fØ;kfUofr djus ds fy, izf’k{k.k ekWM~;wy rS;kj dj izf’k{k.k fn, x,A
f’k{kd ds dkS’ky Lrj esa visf{kr lq/kkj djus ,oa ,lvkbZD;wbZ ds fØ;kUo;u gsrq bl o"kZ ds ,Mokal
izf’k{k.k ekWM~;wy dks fuEu ,izksp ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj fd;k x;k gS&
fofHkUu lzksrksa ¼’kks/k@v/;;u½ ls izkIr fo"k; vk/kkfjr tkudkfj;ksa dks ekWM~;wy esa LFkku fn;k x;k gSA
ikB~; lkexzh dks cky dsfUnzr ,oa xfrfof/k ds vk/kkj ij fØ;kfUor dj muds lS)kafrd i{k ij le>
cukus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
d{kk&d{k dh okLrfod fLFkfr;ksa ¼vdknfed ,oa izcU/ku½ ds vk/kkj ij j.kuhfr cukdj izHkkoh f’k{k.k
djus esa f’k{kd dks l{ke cukus ds fy, iz;kl fd, x, gSaA
4
izf'k{kdksa ds fy,
izf'k{k.k gsrq lkekU; n`f"V ,oa dk;Zfof/k
izf'k{k.k ds lanHkZ esa dqN ,sls vko';d ewY; gSa tks fd izf'k{k.k ds izHkko dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA ;g ewY;
izf'k{k.k dh 'kSyh ,oa izfØ;kvksa esa ifjyf{kr gksrs gSa o muds p;u ds vk/kkj Hkh gksrs gSaA bUgsa ,d izf'k{k.k ds
lanHkZ esa ,d izfØ;kRed n`f"Vdks.k ds :i esa Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS tks fd izf'k{k.k izHkkoh vkSj lkFkZd cukus
ds fy, vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSaA bl n`f"Vdks.k ,oa mlds vUrxZr vkus okyh izfØ;kvksa dks fuEufyf[kr :i esa
le>k tk ldrk gSA
lgHkkfxrk ,d lalk/ku ds :i esa & laHkkxh tks Hkh Kku o {kerk,¡ ysdj izf'k{k.k esa vkrs gSa mls ,d
lalk/ku ds :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd izf’k{kd laHkkfx;ksa d s vuqHko ,oa Kku dks
vk/kkj cukdj viuh ckr dks dg ldrs gSaA
izf'k{kd lgk;d (facilitator) ds :i esa & izf’k{kd dks ,d lgk;d ds :i esa ns[ks tkus dh t+:jr
gSA izf’k{kdksa dks laHkkfx;ksa ds lkFk Kkuo/kZu dh izfØ;k esa lg;ksxh ds :i esa dk;Z djuk gSA vFkkZr
izf’k{kd laHkkfx;ksa ds lh[kus ds rjhdksa vkSj Lrjksa dks Bhd ls le>sa vkSj mlh ds vuq:i viuh dk;Z
;kstuk dk fuekZ.k djsaA
yphyh ;kstuk & ,d izHkkoh dk;Z;kstuk esa vko’;drkuqlkj yphykiu (flexibility) j[kk tk ldrk
gSA tSls&laHkkfx;ksa ds iwoZ Kku] {kerkvksa] xfrfof/k;ksa esa lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh] lq>ko vkfn ds vk/kkj ijA
xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr & xfrfof/k ubZ vo/kkj.kksa dks le>us dk ,d izHkkoh rjhdk gSA xfrfof/k ds t+fj,
lHkh laHkkfx;ksa dh lgHkkfxrk dks lqfuf'pr Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bls Bhd ls le>k Hkh tk ldrk
gSA xfrfof/k;ksa ds nkSjku izf’k{kd dh cgqr vge Hkwfedk curh gS fd og ;g lqfuf'pr djsa fd lHkh
lewg lgh fn'kk dh vksj c<+ jgs gSa vkSj muds lkFk ,d lkFkZd okrkZyki cuk jgsA
Mk;jh ys[ku & Mk;jh ys[ku vius vki esa laHkkfx;ksa vkSj izf’k{kd ds fy, lh[kus dh izfØ;k gSA ,d
vkSj ckr] ;gk¡ lEHkkfx;ksa ds fy, Mk;jh ys[ku vius vuqHkoksa] 'kadkvksa] vftZr Kku vkSj lq>koksa dks
O;oLFkk nsrk gS vkSj vius fopkjksa ds izfr ltxrk c<+krk gSA ogha nwljh vksj Mk;jh ys[ku izf’k{kd ds
fy, Hkh izfriqf"V dk lk/ku gS ftlds vk/kkj ij og ;g tku ldrs gSa fd laHkkxh fdl izdkj vkSj
fdruk le> ik jgs gSa vkSj mlds vuq:i vkSj D;k&D;k dk;Z djok, tkus pkfg,A
v/;;u lkexzh dk iz;ksx & bl ckj eq[; lanHkZ O;fDr o f’k{kd nksuksa ds fy, izf’k{k.k ekWM~;wy ,oa
v/;;u lkexzh lefUor :Ik esa nh tk jgh gSA izf’k{kd ;g lqfuf’pr djsa fd izR;sd f’k{kd izf’k{k.k ds
nkSjku ekWM~;wy dks i<+ yasA blds fy, vko’;d gS fd izf’k{kd ppkZ ds nkSjku fujUrj v/;;u lkexzh
dk mYys[k djasA
5
fnu dk lesdu ¼key massage of the day½ & izfrfnu dh lekfIr ij 10 ls 15 feuV dk le;
fnuHkj ds l=ksa esa gqbZ ppkZvksa ds lesdu ds fy, j[ksaA bl lesdu esa l=ksa ds eq[; fcUnqvksa dk
iqujkoyksdu fd;k tkuk gSA blds fy, fuEu rjhds gks ldrs gSa tSls&
iz’u iwN dj ¼iz’u bl izdkj gks ldrs gaSa½
o vkt fnuHkj fdu eqn~nkssa ij ppkZ dh xbZ \
o bu ppkZvksa esa vkidh D;k le> cuha \
o bu eqn~nkssa ij vkids dkSuls iz’u vuqRrfjr jgs \
fDot ds }kjkA
milewg esa lesduA
vU; dksbZ rjhdk tks vkidks mi;qDr yxsA
6
fnolokj le; lkj.kh
fnol
izkFkZuk l=
9%00 ls
9%30
l=&1
9%30 ls 11%00
l=&2
11%15 ls 12%45
l=&3
1%45 ls 3%15
l=&4
3%30 ls 5%00
lk;adkyhu@
jkf= 6%00 ls
7%30
izFke iath;u ,oa
lkexzh
forj.k
Ikfjp;] izf’k{k.k ds
mn~ns’;] vis{kk,¡]
fo"k; vk/kkfjr iwoZ
ij[k
ikB~;iqLrdksa esa fn, x,
izkDdFku] f’k{kdksa ls----,oa
vko’;d funsZ’kksa dh le>
vkjafHkd xfrfof/k;k¡
fp= iBu]
ckyxhr] fp=
dFkk] cqfu;knh eksM+
,oa dfork,¡
d{kk 1
lh[kus&fl[kkus dh
izfØ;k
¼i<+uk&fy[kuk½
fo"k;ksa ,oa
dykvksa dk
baVhxzs'ku
f}rh; lHkk l=]
izfrosnu
izkjafHkd Lrj ij
lh[kus&fl[kkus dh
izfØ;k
¼i<+uk&fy[kuk ½
dgkuh f’k{k.k &f’k{k.k
;kstuk ,oa vkdyu
dfork f’k{k.k
&f’k{k.k ;kstuk]
vkdyu
izLrqrhdj.k ,oa
leh{kk
fuca/k f’k{k.k
f’k{k.k ;kstuk]
izLrqrhdj.k]
vkdyu ,oa leh{kk
lwpuk ,oa
lapkj
izkS|ksfxdh
r`rh; lHkk l=]
izfrosnu
cgqd{kh;
&cgqLrjh; f’k{k.k
iz'u i= fuekZ.k dkS’ky]
vk/kkj js[kk vkdyu]
jpukRed vkdyu]
;ksxkRed vkdyu ds iz’u
;ksxkRed vkdyu
iz’u i=
izLrqrhdj.k
Lk`tukRedrk
fo/kk f’k{k.k ds
nkSjku ltukRedrk
ds volj
dgkuh] i=] izkFkZuk
i=] laokn] fuca/k
ys[ku
,lvkbZD;wbZ
izHkkoh Ldwy
prqFkZ lHkk l=]
izfrosnu
ge vkSj gekjk [kkuiku ?kVd ,oa d{kk f‛k{k.k dh izfØ;k,¡ ,lvkbZD;wbZ
izHkkoh Ldwy
iwoZ ij[k
Ik;kZoj.k v/;;u
fo’k; f‛k{k.k
v/;kiu vuqHko ,oa
pqukSfr;k¡
¼ih-ih-Vh-½
Hkkstu dh fofo/krk
ij ikB izn'kZu ,oa
ppkZ
ककषावार, घटक क
अवधारणा
बिनदओ पर समझ
िनाना ,rn~uqlkj
योजना िनाना,
और समह दवारा
परसततीकरण
i;kZoj.k v/;;u esa
cgqd{kh; f‛k{k.k
;kstuk& izn‛kZu ,oa
ppkZ
i;kZoj.k v/;;u esa
cgqd{kh; f‛k{k.k ;kstuk&
vH;kl l=
iape lHkk l=]
izfrosnu
हमारा पररवश और ससकबत ?kVd ij
d{kk f‛k{k.k dh izfØ;k
gekjs xkSjo ?kVd ij
d{kk f’k{k.k dh izfØ;k
ts.Mj
laosnu'khyrk
हमारा पररवश एवa ससकबत
पर चचाा और परदशान -
ककषावार घटक क
गबतबवधयो क
माधयम स
चकबिसट को
बकसी वयबि बवशष को
उदाहरण सवरप ित हए ,
fdlh O;fDr fo’ks"k dks
mnkgj.k Lo:Ik ysrs gq,
mldh vyx&vyx
7
अवधारणा बिनदओ पर
समझ िनाना ,rn~uqlkj
योजना िनाना, और समह
दवारा परसततीकरण
कस भरा जाए को
समझना
उसकी vyx&vyx
fof/k;ksa tSls fd
jksy&Iys] dgkuh fo/kk
vkSj izn’kZu }kjk lewg
esa dk;Z djrs gq,
?kVd ij lEHkkfx;ksa
dh le> cukukA
fo’ks"krkvksa dks
vyx&vyx fof/k;ksa tSls
fd jksy&Iys] dgkuh fo/kk
vkSj izn’kZu }kjk lewg esa
dk;Z djrs gq, ?kVd ij
lEHkkfx;ksa dh le>
cukukA
"k"B lHkk l=]
izfrosnu हमार गौरव ?kVd ij
d{kk f‛k{k.k dh izfØ;k
vkdyu
iksLV VsLV ,oa lekiu
सभाबगयो को उपसमह म
काया दकर ,घटक क िहतर
बशकषण क बिए काया योजना
तयार करना बवगत सतरो म
हए बशकषण बवधा और
Vh,y,e ij ppkZ
djukA
;ksxkRed vkdyu ds fy, rS;kj fd,
tkus okys isij isfUly VsLV gsrq
iz'u&i= fuekZ.k dh le> la'kksf/kr
Cywe VsDlksukWfse ds vk/kkj ijA
O;k;ke l= % izkr% 6%00 ls 6%30 cts rd] lqcg dk uk'rk % 7%30 ls 8%30 cts rd] pk; % izkr% 11%00 ls
11%15 cts rd] nksigj dk Hkkstu % 12%45 ls 1%45 cts rd] pk; 3%15 ls 3%30 cts rd] jkf= Hkkstu % 8%00
ls 9%00 cts rd
8
vuqØef.kdk
Ø-l- l=
i`"B Øekad
1 Ikfjp;] izf’k{k.k ds mn~ns’;] vis{kk,¡] fo"k; vk/kkfjr iwoZ ij[k
2 ikB~;iqLrdksa esa fn, x, izkDdFku] f’k{kdksa ls----,oa vko’;d funsZ’kksa dh le>
3 vkjafHkd xfrfof/k;k¡ fp= iBu] ckyxhr] fp= dFkk] cqfu;knh eksM+ ,oa dfork,¡
4 d{kk 1 lh[kus& fl[kkus dh izfØ;k ¼i<+uk&fy[kuk½
5 d{kk 1 ls vkxs lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k ¼i<+uk&fy[kuk ½
6 dgkuh f’k{k.k &f’k{k.k ;kstuk ,oa vkdyu
7 dfork f’k{k.k & f’k{k.k ;kstuk] izLrqrhdj.k] vkdyu] leh{kk
8 fuca/k f’k{k.k& f’k{k.k ;kstuk] izLrqrhdj.k] vkdyu ,oa leh{kk
9 cgqd{kh; ,oa cgqLrjh; f’k{k.k
10 iz'u i= fuekZ.k dkS’ky & vk/kkj js[kk vkdyu] jpukRed vkdyu] ;ksxkRed vkdyu
ds iz’u
11 ;ksxkRed vkdyu iz’u i= izLrqrhdj.k
12 Lk`tukRedrk & fo/kk f’k{k.k ds nkSjku ltukRedrk ds volj & dgkuh] i=] izkFkZUkk
i=] laokn] fuca/k ys[ku
13 fo"k;ksa ,oa dykvksa dk baVhxzs'ku
14 lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh
15 ,lvkbZD;wbZ izHkkoh Ldwy
16 ts.Mj laosnu'khyrk
9
l=&1 ifjp;] izf‛k{k.k ds mn~ns‛; ,oa vis{kk,¡
Hkwfedk&
fiNys dbZ o"kksZa ls jkT; esa f’k{kd izf’k{k.kksa esa xq.koÙkk lq/kkj gsrq dbZ igy gks pqdh gSaA muesa ls
egRoiw.kZ igy gS f’k{kd izf’k{k.kA blds fy, rhu o"kZ dk comprehensive curriculum ds vUrxZr
ekWM~;wy fuekZ.k ,oa f‛k{kd&izf‛k{k.k dk;Z vk;ksftr fd, tk jgs gSaA bu dk;ksZa esa csfld ekWM~;wy] ,dhd`r
ekWM~;wy ,oa ,Mokal ekWM~;wwy ds varxZr 9 dkslZ ‚kkfey fd, x, gSaA jkT; ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ls ,dhd`r
ekWM~;wy vk/kkfjr izf‛k{k.k ds voyksdu ,oa f‛k{kdksa ls izkIr QhMcSd ds vk/kkj ij mudh t:jr dks le>rs
gq, bl lky jkT; Lrj ij izf‛k{k.k ds fy, ,Mokal ekWM~;wy ys[ku dh ,izkssp esa cnyko fd;k x;k gSA
f‛k{kdksa ds lkFk blls igys f‛k{k.k ds vyx&vyx fl)kUrksa ,oa igyqvksa ij dk;Z gqvk gS ysfdu okLrfod
:i ls ns[kk tk, rks ,d f‛k{kd dks mudh d{kk easa 40&45 feuV dh le; lhek esa ,d ls vf/kd fo/kk
vFkok fl)kUr ij ,dhdr :i esa dk;Z djuk cgqr dfBu gSA bl okLrfodrk dks le>rs gq, bl ckj
ekWM~;wy dh lajpuk esa ifjorZu djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA ikB~;Øe vFkok ikB~;iqLrd ls fo’k; oLrq dks
i<+krs le; f‛k{kd f‛k{k.k eas iz;ksx dh tkus okyh fo/kkvksa ls :c: gks ik,axsA mu fo/kkvksa ds egÙo dks
le>rs gq, xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr f‛k{k.k] vkdyu] l`tukRedrk dk vH;kl cPpksa ds lkFk fdl izdkj djsaxs]
bl ij le> cuk ik,axsA bl ekM~;wy ds ek/;e ls ;g iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd dksbZ Hkh f‛k{kd bl s i<+krs
gq, ;g le> ik, fd og dSls f‛k{k.k ds mu fl)kUrksa dks ,dhdr :i ls viuh d{kk&d{kh; izfØ;kvksa esa
<yrs gq, ns[k ikrs gSa rkfd og vius f‛k{k.k dks csgrj cuk ik,A
mís’;
laHkkfx;ksa dk vkil esa ifjp; gks ldsxk] f>>d nwj gks ldsxhA
izf’k{k.k ds mn~ns’; ,oa vko’;drk ds egŸo dks le> ldsaxsA
izf’k{k.k esa laHkkfx;ksa dh vis{kk,¡ tku ldsaxs vkSj dk;Z ;kstuk cuk ldasxsA
xfrfof/k &1
laHkkfx;ksa ls vkSipkfjd ifjp; ysuk ftlesa viuk uke] inLFkkiu LFkku] ,lvkbZD;wbZ ls
lacaf/kr vius laf{kIr vuqHko] fuokl vkSj Lo;a dh :fp vkfn dk lekos’k gksA lEHkkxh ifjp; nsrs le;
vius uke ds izkjfEHkd o.kZ ls ’kq: gksus okys fo’ks"k.k dk iz;ksx dj uke cksysaA tSls fdlh dk uke
fnus’k gS rks og vius uke ds izFke o.kZ ls vkjEHk gksus okyk ,d 'kCn uke ls igys tksM+s & n so fnus’k ]
ljy lqeu] izlUu izdk’k------------------------
xfrfof/k&2
lanHkZ O;fDr }kjk laHkkfx;ksa dks xksy ?ksjs easa cSBkdj&,d xsan vkil esa ,d&nwljs laHkkxh dks Qsad dj mudk
ifjp; tkuukA
funsZ’k %&
fdlh laHkkxh dk ifjp; nksgjk;k ugha tk,A
10
izR;sd laHkkxh dks viuk ifjp; nsus dk ekSdk nsaA
le;kof/k dk /;ku j[ksaA
xfrfof/k&3
lanHkZ O;fDr ppkZ ds fy, fuEufyf[kr iz’u cM+s lewg esa j[ksxk ,oa ml ij lewg esaa ppkZ djds lesfdr :Ik
ls izf’k{k.k ds mn~ns’;ksa dks mHkkjsxkA
iz’u dqN bl izdkj ds gksaxs&
1- f’k{kd izf’k{k.k dh vko’;drk D;ksa \
2- izf’k{k.k dks ysdj vkidh ekU;rk,¡ D;k gSa \
3- izf’k{k.k dh fo"k;oLrq dSlh gksuh pkfg, \
mDr ppkZ ds fcUnqvksa ds vk/kkj ij lesdu djrs gq, izf’k{k.k ds mn~ns’;ksa] vko’;drk vkSj egÙo ij ihihVh
ds ek/;e ls le> cukbZ tk,xhA tSls&
laHkkxh cky dsafnzr f’k{k.k fo/kk,¡] vkdyu f’k{k.k izfØ;k esa vkbZ pqukSfr;ksa vkSj buds lek/kku dh
rjQ tkx:d gks ldsaxsA
cgqd{kh; ,oa cgqLrjh; f’k{k.k ds fofHkUu vk;keksa ij le> fodflr dj ldsaxsA
xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr f’k{k.k izfØ;k dh xq.koÙkk ij le> fodflr dj ldsaxsA
d{kk&d{kh; izfØ;k esa vkdyu rFkk vkdyu ds rjhdksa ij le> cuk ldsaxsA
Hkk"kk f’k{k.k fo/kkvksa dh vkjafHkd f’k{k.k izfØ;kvksa dh le> fodflr dj ldsaxsA
izf’k{k.k ls vis{kk,¡
laHkkfx;ksa dh izf’k{k.k ls fofo/k vis{kk, ¡ ,oa pqukSfr;k¡ fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa ds vk/kkj ij ladfyr dh tk,axh
rFkk izf’k{k.k ds nkSjku mu ij le> cukus dk dk;Z fd;k tk,xkA
1- ikB~;iqLrd ,oa ikB~;Øe ls lacaf/kr
2- jpukRed vkdyu] ;ksxkRed vkdyu izfØ;k ls lacaf/kr
3- d{kk&d{kh; izfØ;k ls lacaf/kr
mi;qZDr lHkh pqukSfr;ksa dks vyx&vyx pkVZ ij fy[kokdj d{k esa iznf’kZr dh tk,xhA buesa ls dksbZ Hkh
,d lewg fo’ys"k.k dj lewg esa izLrqrhdj.k djsxkA bu lHkh leL;kvksa ij lanHkZ O;fDr }kjk izfriqf"V ,oa
lq>kokRed fVIi.kh nh tk,xhA
11
l=&2 ikB~;iqLrdksa esa fn, x, izkDdFku] f‛k{kdksa ls-- ,oa vko‛;d funsZ‛kksa dh le>
Hkwfedk & fofHkUu izf‛k{k.kksa] fon~;ky; voyksdu ,oa f‛k{kdksa ls ifjppkZ ds voljks a ij fudydj vk;k fd
gekjh ikB~;iqLrdksa dk v/;;u@v/;kiu mfpr rjhdksa ls ugha fd;k tkrk gSaA ;fn dqN f‛k{kdksa }kjk fd;k
Hkh tkrk gSa rks ikB~;iqLrdksa esa fn, x, ^^f‛k{kdksa ls-----------^^ dk vkys[k dk v/;;u fd, fcuk f‛k{k.k dk;Z
‚kq: dj fn;k tkrk gSA
izR;sd ikB~;iqLrd esa *f‛k{kdksa ls --------- *uke ls vkys[k ,oa txg&txg vko‛;d funsZ‛k fn, x, gSa
tks f‛k{kd dh le> dks fodflr djrs gSa rFkk f‛k{k.k dk;Z djus esa lgk;d fl) gksrs gSaA lkFk gh ckyd ds
lh[kus dh izo`fr fodflr djus esa ,oa fo’k;oLrq dks ckyd rd igq¡pkus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA
mn~ns‛;&
¼1½ f‛k{kd ikB~; iqLrdksa esa fn, x, izkDdFku] f‛k{kdksa ls o fofHkUu i`’Bksa ij fn, funsZ‛kksa dks i<+dj le>
ldsaxs A
¼2½ izkDdFku---- f‛k{kdksa ls-------- i’Bksa ij fn, x, funsZ‛kksa dks viuh f‛k{k.k izfØ;k esa mi;ksx dj ldsaxsA
¼3½ f‛k{kd ikB~;iqLrdksa esa fn, x, Øe ls ikB~;Øe dks le> ldsaxsA
ppkZ ds fcUnq &
¼1½ ikB~; iqLrdksa esa fn, x, izkDdFku] f‛k{kdksa ls rFkk vko‛;d funsZ‛kksa dks j[krs gq, vko‛;drk D;ksa gS \
¼2½ D;k ;g gekjh ikB~;iqLrd@fo’k;oLrq dh le> cukrh gSa \
¼3½ D;k ;g lc gekjh f‛k{k.k izfØ;k esa ennxkj gksrh gSa \
vko‛;d lkexzh &
¼1½ d{kk 1 ls 5 rd dh ikB~;iqLrdsaA
¼2½ lacaf/kr izkDdFku] f‛k{kdksa ls---------- dh izfr;k¡@ihihVh A
xfrfof/k& 1
lanHkZ O;fDr laHkkfx;ksa ls ppkZ djrs gq, uhps fy[ks gq, ¼ikB~;iqLrd d{kk 1 ds i`-la Vi o vii½ f‛k{kdksa ls---------
lacaf/kr izR;sd laHkkfx;ksa ls viuh&viuh iqLrd esa i<+us ds fy, dgsa] lkFk gh Lo;a lLoj okpu djrs gq, ppkZ
djsa&
¼1½ i<+h gqbZ lkexzh ls D;k le> LFkkfir gqbZ \
¼2½ vU; ikB~;iqLrdksa esa Hkh ;g lkexzh i<+uh pkfg, \ ;fn gk¡ rks D;ksa \
xfrfof/k nks&
¼1½ laHkkfx;ksa dks 5 milewgksa esa ck¡V nsa A
¼2½ d{kk 1 dh ikB~;iqLrdsa miyC/k djk,¡ A
¼3½ uhps cuh rkfydk dks ‚;keiV~V ;k dkMZ‛khV ij cuk,¡ rFkk laHkkfx;ksa ls iwfrZ djk,¡ A
12
Ø-la ikB~;iqLrd dh i’B la[;k fn, x, funsZ‛k dk fooj.k funsZ‛kksa dh mi;ksfxrk
funsZ‛k&
¼1½ laHkkfx;ksa }kjk rS;kj dh xbZ rkfydk dks cM+s lewg esa pLik djrs gq, lk>k djsa A
¼2½ rkfydk esa leLr izLrqfr;ksa ds i‛pkr~ vko‛;d fcUnqvksa dks mHkkjsa] mudks ‚;keiV~V ij fy[ksaA
¼3½ izR;sd laHkkxh ls uhps cus vkdyu&i= dks Hkjokdj mu izi=ksa dks feyh if=dkuqek dkMZ‛khV ij yxk, a¡
A
l= QhMcSd izi=
uke laHkkxh fo|ky; CykWd
ftyk eksckbZy ua-
1- ikB~;iqLrdksa esa f‛k{kdksa ds fy, vko‛;d funsZ‛kksa dh vko‛;drk D;ksa \
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- D;k ikB~;iqLrdksa esa fn, x, vko‛;d funsZ‛kksa ls f‛k{k.k izfØ;k csgrj gksrh gSa \ ;fn gk¡ rks dSls \
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- vkidh nf’V ls ikB~;iqLrdksa esa f‛k{kdksa ds fy, vkSj dkSu&dkSu ls funsZ‛k gksus pkfg, \
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
gLrk{kj
funsZ‛k & lanHkZ O;fDRk lewg esa laHkkfx;ksa ls ckrphr dj bl izdkj ds volj nsa ftlesa fdlh laHkkxh dk
dksbZ iz‛u ;k lq>ko gS rks iz;kl djsa fd mu iz‛uksa ds mRrj Hkh laHkkfx;ksa ls gh fudyok,¡A
lesdu & l= dk lesdu djrs gq, lanHkZ O;fDr Li’V djs fd izR;sd ikB~;iqLrd esa fn, x, izkDdFku]
f‛k{kdksa ls------------------lacaf/kr ;Fkk& fo’k;&oLrq ij vk/kkfjr fn, x;s funsZ‛kksa ls ikB ~;iqLrd ds ikB~;Øe]
fo’k;oLrq dh le> rks cUkrh gh gS] lkFk gh fo’k; oLrq vFkok vf/kxe lwpd ij f‛k{k.k izfØ;k dks csgrj
cukus esa Hkh lgk;d gksrs gSaA f‛k{kd tgk¡ ,d vksj dsoy ikB~;oLrq ij gh fuHkZj jgrk gS ogha mldh
mn~ns‛;ksa ,oa vU; lanHkZ lkexzh dks d{kk esa mi;ksx ysus dh Hkh le> fodflr gksxhA f‛k{kd dks u dsoy
ikB~;oLrq dks jVk nsus ,oa yxkrkj ,d tSlh gh xfrfof/k;ksa dks d{kk esa djokus ls eqfDr feysxh cfYd mls
ubZ&ubZ xfrfof/k;ksa dks d{kk esa vk;ksftr djokus ds Hkh volj feysaxs vkSj :fp Hkh c<+sxhA fdlh Hkh ikB
ij dke djkus dh Li’Vrk Hkh c<+sxhA
13
l=&3 vkjfEHkd xfrfof/k;k¡ ¼ fp= iBu] ckyxhr] fp= dgkuh iBu] cqfu;knh eksM+½
Hkwfedk % vkjEHk esa cPpkas ds fy, fon~;ky; dk okrkoj.k u;k gksrk gS] cPpksa ds fy, okrkoj.k dks lgt
cukus dh vko‛drk gksrh gS] blds fy, d{kk 1 dh ikB~;iqLrd esa vkjfEHkd xfrfof/k;k¡ ¼i`’B laa[;k 1 ls 14
rd½ nh xbZ gSaA cPpk vius vuqHkoksa dk lalkj vius lkFk ysdj vkrk gS vr% f‛k{kd dk nkf;Ro cu tkrk gS
fd mlds vuqHkoksa dk bLrseky lalk/ku ds :Ik esa djsA bu vuqHkoksa dk mi;ksx d{kk ,d esa nh xbZ
xfrfof/k;ksa dks djokrs le; fd;k tk,A bu xfrfof/k;ksa ds vHkko esa cPpksa dks vfHkO;fDr djus esa f>>d
,oa i<+us&fy[kus esa dfBukbZ eglwl gksrh gSA ftlls cPps dk lh[kuk ugha gks ikrk gS rFkk mlds lh[kus dh
xfr ean gks tkrh gSA blh dks /;ku es j[krs gq, d{kk&1 dh ikB~;iqLrd esa cPpksa ds i<+us&fy[kus dh {kerk
fodflr djus ls iwoZ muds vuqHko vk/kkfjr ,oa :fp vuqlkj vkjfEHkd xfrfof/k;ksa ij dk;Z fd;k tkuk
vfr vko‛;d gSA
1- iqLrd eas fp= fn, gSa] bu fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls i<+uk&fy[kuk lh[kus ls iwoZ cPpksa dks muds vuqHko ck¡Vus]
muds vuqHkoksa dks foLrkj nsus rFkk mUgsa ekSf[kd vfHkO;fDr ds volj nsrs gq, mudh f>>d dks nwj dj
lgt cukus dk dk;Z djuk gSA ikB~;iqLrd esa dqN dFkk fp= fn;s gSa bu fp=ksa dks Øe'k% tksM+rs gq,
cPpksa }kjk fp= dFkk dks iwjk fd;k tkuk gSA ftlls cPpksa esa dYiuk] fpUru ‚kfDr dk fodkl gks ldsA
2- ikB~;iqLrd esa ckyxhr] LFkkuh; xhr] cky&dFkk] LFkkuh; [ksy rFkk jpukRed @l`tukRed xfrfof/k;k¡
Hkh lekosf‛kr gSA ftuls cPpksa dh l`tu‛khyrk dk fodkl ,oa fo‛ys’k.k djus dh le> dks cy iznku
fd;k tkrk gSA ikB~;iqLrd esa dqN ,slh lkexzh nh xbZ gS tks flQZ i<+us ds fy, gS vkSj i<+dj vkuUn
ysus ds fy, gS] tSls ckyxhr] LFkkuh; xhr] LFkkuh; ifjo s‛k vkfn dks /;ku esa j[kk x;k gSA
3- vkjfEHkd xfrfof/k esa ys[ku iwoZ vH;kl ds fy, js[kkfp= vaxqfy;ksa dh Nki ls cuus okys fp= ,oa
cqfu;knh eksM+ ftlls ckydksa dh ekalisf‛k;ksa@dykbZ dks lk/kus dk iz;kl gksA
mÌs‛; %
1- cPpksa ds fy, fo|ky;h okrkoj.k lgt gks ldsxkA
2- cPpksa dh f>>d dks Hk;eqDr okrkoj.k ls nwj dj ldsaxsA
3- cPpksa esa ys[ku laca/kh iwokZH;kl fodflr dj ldsaxsA
4- vkjfEHkd xfrfof/k;ksa dh le> fodflr dj] vuqeku yxkdj iBu dj ldsaxsA
5- fp=ksa esa fNis vFkZ dks xzg.k dj lkFkZd laokn dj ldsaxsA
6- vkjafHkd xfrfof/k;ksa ij dke djus ds rjhdksa ij le> cuk ldsaxsA
vko‛;d lkexzh %
¼1½ d{kk 1 o 2 dh ikB~;iqLrdsaA
¼2½ d{kk 1 ikB~;iqLrd dh i`’B la[;k 1 ls 14 rd dh ih-ih-Vh-A
¼3½ dkMZ ‚khV] LdSp isu] isfUly] jcj] o ‚kkWiujA
¼4½ lacaf/kr vkys[kA
¼5½ ckyxhr o dforkvksa ij vk/kkfjr lhMhA
14
ppkZ ds fcUnq %
¼1½ d{kk&1 esa fgUnh Hkk’kk dk ikB~;Øe D;k gS \
¼2½ fgUnh Hkk’kk f‛k{k.k ¼d{kk&1½ izfØ;k dgk¡ ls rFkk dSls izkjEHk dh tkrh g Sa \
¼3½ fgUnh Hkk’kk f‛k{k.k ikB~;iqLrd d{kk ,d esa izkjfEHkd xfrfof/k;ksa dk D;k egRo gS \
¼4½ vkjfEHkd xfrfof/k;ksa dh f‛k{k.k izfØ;k D;k gksuh pkfg, \
¼5½ dSls djsa fp=ksa] dFkkvksa ij ckr \
lanHkZ O;fDr;ksa ds fy, %
lanHkZ O;fDr mDr fo’k; oLrq ij viuh le> cukrs gq, buds mÌs‛;] xfrfof/k;k¡] f‛k{k.k dh izfØ;k lgk;d
lkexzh vkfn ij viuh idM+ etcwr cuk,¡A lanHkZ O;fDr Lo;a Hkh ,d izLrqfr rS;kj djsaA
f‛k{k.k izfØ;k
xfrfof/k 1&izLrqrhdj.k
lanHkZ O;fDr uhps fn, x, ckyxhr] ppkZ] fp=] dgkuh] dfork vkfn ls viuh izLrqfr vkjEHk djsaA mlds
i'pkr~ n`‛; fp= ¼esjk xk¡o½ ij viuk izLrqrhdj.k nsaA laHkkfx;ksa ls ikB ij ckrphr djrs gq, ikB dk
fodkl djsaxs ftlesa fuEukuqlkj f‛k{k.k izfØ;k djsa &
d{kk&1 dh fgUnh ds i`’B la[;k 1 dks [kqyokdj Øec) ppkZ djsa&
;g fp= fdldk gS \
bl fp= esa vki dks D;k&D;k fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS \
bl fp= esa dkSu&dkSu gS \
bl fp= esa vkids vkl&ikl ds ifjos‛k ls lacaf/kr D;k&D;k fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS \
bl fp= esa dkSu D;k dj jgk gS \
bl fp= esa dkSu&dkSu ls tkuoj gSa \
mDr iz‛u uewus ds rkSj ij fn, x, gSaA lanHkZ O;fDr Lo foosd ls vU; iz‛u fufeZr dj ldrs gSa A
15
¼1½ mDr izLrqfr dk Øe D;k Fkk \
¼2½ izLrqfr esa dkSu&dkSu ls lh[kus ds vf/kxe lwpd vk jgs gSa \ mDr lh[kus ds lwpdksa ij ppkZ djrs gq,
mUgsa lwphc) djsaA
xfrfof/k % 2
lanHkZ O;fDr laHkkfx;ksa dks NksVs lewgksa esa foHkkftr dj fuEukuqlkj fo’k;&oLrq ck¡V nsa vkSj fuEufyf[kr
fcUnqvksa ij izLrqrhdj.k gsrq rS;kjh djok,¡&
cky&xhr
gekjk I;kjk&I;kjk xk¡o] txr ls U;kjk&U;kjk xk¡o
¼1½ ?kjksa esa xk; jaHkkrh gS] cgfu;k¡ ikuh ykrh gSa
gekjk-------------------------------------
¼2½ jke us gy dks pyk fn;k] cht xksih us Mky fn;k
gekjk--------------------------------------
¼3½ chp esa dq¡vk fujkyk gS] rky ehBs ty okyk gS
gekjk--------------------------------------
¼4½-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
gekjk---------------------------------------
16
izkjafHkd xfrfof/k;ksa dk uke lh[kus ds lwpd f'k{k.k izfØ;k@xfrfof/k
lewg&1 n`‛; fp=ksa ij ckrphr
¼esjk xk¡o] esjk ‚kgj½ ¼1]3½
lewg&2 fofHkUUk fp=ksa ij ckrphr
¼Qy] lCth] i‛kq&i{kh½
lewg&3 cqfu;knh eksM+ ¼i`’B la[;k 10]11½
lewg&4 Ckyxhr ¼i`’B la[;k 2]9½
lewg&5 fp= dFkk ¼i`’B la[;k 13½
lewg&6 vaxwBs ds Nkikadu ¼i`’B la[;k 12]14½
lewg&7 vkjfEHkd xfrfof/k;ksa ij dk;Z djus ds
fy, lgk;d lkexzh dh lwph cukukA
lewgokj rS;kjh djrs gq, fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dks /;ku esa j[kus ds fy, dgsaxs&
cPpksa dks vius vuqHko lk>k djus ds cjkcj volj feysaA
cPpksa dks dYiuk‛khyrk] jpukRedrk ds volj feys a rFkk viuh ckr dg ldasA
cPpksa dks lacaf/kr xfrfof/k dks vius ifjos‛k ls tksM+dj vfHkO;fDr djus ds volj izkIr gkssaA
cPpksa dks LFkkuh; Hkk’kk dk mi;ksx djus ds volj feys aA
bu xfrfof/k;ksa ij rS;kjh ds nkSjku dkSu&dkSu ls vf/kxe lwpd vk jgs gaS] mUgsa pSdfyLV ls feyku
dj lwphc) djsaA
lanHkZ O;fDr lewgokj izLrqfr ysaA
izLrqfr ds ckn vU; lewgksa dks viuh ckr dgus o lq>ko nsus dks dgsaA
xfrfof/k&3 % lanHkZ&O;fDr izR;sd laHkkxh dks vkys[k i<+us ds fy, nsa rFkk fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds ek/;e ls
laHkkfx;ksa ls QhMcSd ysaA
QhMcSd izi=
vkys[k dks i<+us ds ckn D;k le> cuh \
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vkys[k esa dksbZ nks ckrsa tks vkids fy, ubZ gSa \
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vkys[k vkSj bl l= ds ckn vki vkjafHkd xfrfof/k;ksa ds laca/k esa vius Hkk’kk f‛k{k.k esa D;k&D;k cnyko
djsaxs \
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
17
lesdu % bl ikB~;iqLrd ds ek/;e ls gesa cPps esa Hkk"kkbZ {kerkvksa dk fodkl djuk gSA cPPkk ?kj ds
okrkoj.k lss fo|ky; ds vkSipkfjd okrkoj.k esa vkrk gSA mls f'k{k.k ls tksM+us ds fy, ?kjsyw
ifjos’kh; okrkoj.k miyC/k djk;k tk,A ftlls cPpk lgt gksdj i<+us dh 'kq:vkr dj ldsA
blds fy, l= ds vkjEHk esa vkjfEHkd xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, d{kk esa mfpr volj cukuk f'k{kd dk
nkf;Ro gSA bu xfrfof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls d{kk esa euksjatu dk ekgkSy cukuk gekjk mÌs’; ugha gS]
vfirq cPps dh Hkk"kkbZ {kerkvksa dks loaf)Zr djuk gSA
uksV % vkjafHkd xfrfof/k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr uewus ds :i esa dqN fp= yxk,¡A tSls& cqfu;knh eksM+] vaxwBs
ds Nki vkfnA
lh[kus dh lEizkfIr
1- f'k{kd fp=ksa@fp= dFkkvksa ds egÙo dks le> pqds gksaxsA
2- f'k{kd dh {kerkvksa dk fodkl gksxk] ftlls d{kk esa bl izdkj dk dk;Z izHkkoh gks ldsxkA
3- vuqeku yxkus] fparu dh ;ksX;rk vkSj Hkk"kk;h vfHkO;fDr dh {kerk dk fodkl gks ldsxkA
18
vkys[k&vkjfEHkd xfrfof/k;k¡
vkUrfjd Hkk"kk cPps ds tUe ls gh ’kq: gksrh gSA tks cpiu esa vf/kd fodflr gksrh gSA thou ds
igys nks o"kksZa ds nkSjku cPps ds fopkj ekSf[kd gksrs gSaA blds ckn /ofu cPpksa ds lkspus esa ,d vge
Hkwfedk vnk djus yxrh gSA NksVs ckyd tks ge dj jgs gksrs gSa mlds ckjs esa vDlj vius vki ls
ckrsa djrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA blfy, bl le; buds lkFk ekSf[kd Hkk"kk ij vf/kdkf/kd dke gksuk
pkfg,A ckydksa ds lh[kus ds iz;klksa dks lkFkZd lg;ksx feyuk vko’;d gSA ckydksa dks muds
vuqHko fopkj vkSj Hkkxhnkjh ds vk/kkj ij Kku dh jpuk ds volj miyC/k djk,¡A ckyd vkl&ikl
dh nqfu;k ls cgqr gh lfØ; :i ls tqMs+ gksrs gSaA
vc rd ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ckydksa dh vkokt vkSj vuqHkoksa dks d{kk esa vfHkO;fDr ugha feyrhA
mUgsa iz’u iwNus vius lh[kus ij fparu djus] lgikfB;ksa ls ppkZ djus rFkk lh[ks x, Kku dks
okLrfod thou esa iz;ksx djus vkSj u, vuqHko ysus gsrq Hkjiwj volj feyus pkfg,A
ge tkurs gSa fd d{kk ,d ds ckydksa ds fy, fo|ky;h ekgkSy u;k gksrk gS ij oks vius lkFk i;kZIr
Hkk"kkbZ {kerk dks lkFk ysdj vkrs gSaA fo|ky; ds u, ekgkSy dks lgt vkSj Lohdk;Z cukus ds fy,
mUgsa I;kj vkSj Lusg;qDr ?kj tSls ekgkSy dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ckyd Hkk"kk dh n`f"V ls cksyus]
lquus] le>us ,oa oLrqqvksa dks igpkuus dh {kerk j[krk gSA mlds vuqHkoksa] Lo;a dh tkudkjh ,oa
le>us dh {kerk dks vkxs c<+kus dh vko’;drk gSA ,sls le; esa jaxhu fp=ksa ¼ftUgsa og igpkurk gS½
ds ek/;e ls mldh tkudkjh dks ¼Kkr ls vKkr dh vksj½ iqLrd esa nsus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA jaxhu
lqanj fp=ksa okyh iqLrd dks ns[kdj ckyd iqLrd dh vksj LokHkkfod gh vkdf"kZr gksxkA
ge ckydksa ds lkFk ?kqyus&feyus gsrq fp= izn'kZu dj xhr o dfork gko&Hkko lfgr xkdj mUgsa Hkh
viuh ekSf[kd vfHkO;fDr dk iw.kZ volj iznku djsaA iqLrd esa ckydksaa ls tqM+s lqanj fp= esjk
xk¡o@esjk ’kgj ds ek/;e ls xk¡o o ’kgj dh ppkZ djsa] blh izdkj vU; i'kq&if{k;ksa] Qy&lfCt;ksa
ds fp= ds ek/;e ls o vU; mudh tkudkjh dks lfEefyr djrs gq, ppkZ djsaA rkfd ckydksa dks
vius vuqHkoksa dks ckaVus dk volj fey ldsaA bu voljksa ds lkFk gh mUgsa js[kk fp= cqfu;knh eksM+
fcUnqvksa dk feyku djrs gq, vkd`fr o fp= fuekZ.k rFkk muesa jax Hkjus dk volj miyC/k djkuk
pkfg,A
bl izdkj ckyd vius fe=ksa dh nqfu;k esa Lo;a dh :fp vkSj {kerk ij dk;Z djrs gq, Øekxr :i
ls i<+us o fy[kus dh izfØ;k ij vkxs c<+ ldsaA
19
l= %& 4 d{kk 1 esaa lh[kuk&fl[kkuk ¼i<+uk&fy[kuk½
Hkwfedk %&tc cPps igyh ckj fo|ky; vkrs gSa rc os vius ifjos‛k ls dbZ vuqHko ys dj vkrs gSaA buesa ls dbZ
vuqHko Hkk’kk ls tqM+s gksrs gS aA ge cPps ds lkFk lquus&cksyus mldh f>>d nwj djus ,oa eq[kj
djus dh xfrfof/k;k¡ djrs gSaA
cPpksa dh f>>d [kRe gks tk;s] os eq[kj gks tk;s vkSj f‛k{kd ,oa cPps esa lgt lEcU/k cu tk,
rc ge muds lkFk i<+us ,oa fy[kus ij dke ‚kq: djrs g aSA izkjaHk esa gh ;fn cPps i<+uk ,oa
fy[kuk lh[kus dh vksj iszsfjr gks tk, rks vxyh d{kkvksa esa lEiw.kZ f‛k{k.k izfØ;k vklku gks
tk,xh vkSj cPps lgtrk ls lh[k ik,¡xsA
i<+us dk vFkZ dsoy o.kZ igpku u gksdj lUnHkZ ls vFkZ xzg.k djuk gSA gekjh d{kk&d{kh;
xfrfof/k;k¡ bl rjg dh gksuh pkfg, ftlls fd cPps lgtrk ls i<+uk ,oa fy[kuk lh[k ldsA
viuh f‛k{k.k izfØ;k esa cPps ds Hkk’kkbZ vuqHko] :fp] ifjos‛k laLd`fr ,oa lUnHkksZa dks LFkku ns dj
lh[kus&fl[kkus ds dk;Z dks :fpizn cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g egÙoiw.kZ ftEesnkjh izkFkfed Hkk’kk
f‛k{kdksa ij gSA
mÌs‛; %&
¼1½ fgUnh Hkk’kk dh izd`fr ij le> cuk ikukA
¼2½ cPpksa dh :fp] vftZr vuqHkoksa dk f‛k{k.k ¼ys[ku&iBu½ esa mi;ksx dh le>A
¼3½ ikB~;iqLrdksa ,oa ikB~; lkexzh ij dk;Z djus esa f‛k{kdksa dh le> cukukA
xfrfof/k & 1
pj.k & 1 n{k izf‛k{kd lanHkZ i)fr ij ifjp;kRed fVIi.kh djrs gq, ikB~;iqLrdksa dh ,izksp Li’V
djsxkA
?kj viuk gSa fdruk lqUnjA
ns[kks bldks ckgj vUnj A
ckj&ckj mPpkj.k djokdj ?kj ,oa ?kj ds fp= esa lkeatL; LFkkfir
djuk rFkk ?kj ij ppkZ dj fuEu okD; rd vkukA
lanHkZ okD; & viuk ?kj lqanj gSa A
dq¡th ‚kCn & ?kj
?kj
20
mPpkj.k & iw.kZ ‚kCn dk ckj& ckj mPpkj.k o ,d o.kZ ij gkFk j[kdj nwljs o.kZ dk mPpkj.k vH;kl
djkukA o.kZ ,oa /ofu dk lkeatL; cukukA
dq¡th o.kZ & ?k & ckj&ckj mPpkj.kA
uohu ‚kCn & ?kV] ?kVk] ?kaVk] ?kuk A
uohu dq¡th o.kZ & **V** izfØ;k lrr A
xfrfof/k %&2
pj.k & 1- izf‛k{kd izR;sd laHkkxh dks o.kZ;qDr ,d& ,d ‚kCn fy[kk dkMZ nsdj xkssys esa [kM +k djsxk A
2- Lo;a cksMZ ij ,d dq¡th o.kZ fy[kdj fdlh ,d laHkkxh dks ‚kCn dkM~lZ esa ls dq¡th o.kZ <w¡<us dks dgsxk
3- izf‛k{kd dq¡th o.kZ ,oa laHkkxh cnyrs gq, ikap & N% dq¡th o.kksZ ij dke djsxkA
4- dq¡th o.kZ fy[krs gq, o <w¡<us ds ckn i<+dj vko‛;d :i ls mPpkj.k djsxk A
funsZ‛k %&
¼1½ leLr laHkkfx;ksa ds fy, vyx&vyx ‚kCn okys dkMZ gksaxs A
¼2½ izR;sd dq¡th o.kZ ds dkMZ 25&30 izfr‛kr gksaxsA
izf‛k{kd bl dk;Z ds iw.kZ gksus ij laHkkfx;ksa ls ppkZ djrs gq, ,izksp ,oa ‚kCnksa esa ls o.kZ igpku djus dk
egRo izfrikfnr djsxk A izf‛k{kd nks o.kksZ dks feykdj fcuk ek=k ds lkFkZd ‚kCn jpuk ij le> cukus dk
iz;kl djsxkA
xfrfof/k & 3
izf‛k{kd lelr lEHkkfx;ksa dks ik¡p lewgksa esa foHkkftr dj igys ls fu/kkZfjr o.kZ ,oa ek=k dkMZ nsxkA
izFke lewg & ?k] j] p] y 16
f}rh; lewg& v] c] e] u 22
rrh; lewg& ¥] [k] vk] k 26
prqFkZ lewg& n] o] b] f 30
iape lewg& d] l] bZ] h 37
21
leLr lewgksa dks dkMZ nsdj izf‛k{kd funsZ‛k nsxk fd vki bu dkMZ~l dks bl rjg tek,¡ fd lkFkZd ‚kCn
cusA
tSls&
leLr lewgksa esa dkMZ tek dj cuus okys ‚kCnksa dks ikB~;iqLrd ds i`- la- ls feyku djus dks dgsxkA lHkh
lewgksa ls ‚kCn cuus dh izfØ;k dk izn‛kZu djok,xk vkSj fuEu iz‛uksa ij ppkZ djsaxsA
1- ;g izfØ;k D;ksa dh xbZ \ dksbZ nks dkj.k crkb;sA
2- bl izfØ;k esa Hkk’kk f‛k{k.k ds dkSu&dkSu ls mÌs‛;ksa ij dk;Z gks jgk Fkk \
3- bl izfØ;k dks vkSj fdl dkS‛ky ls tksM+ ldrs gSa \
4- tks ‚kCn vkius cuk, muesa ls dkSu&dkSu ls ‚kCn ifjos‛k ls lacaf/kr ugha gSa \
izkIr mÙkjksa dks ysrs gq, izf‛k{kd Li’V djsxk fd tks ‚kCn lewgksa }kjk izkIr gq, og vf/kdka‛k ifjos‛k ls
lacaf/kr gSA blh ckr dks cy nsrs gq, Li’V djsxk fd Hkk’kk lh[kus dh LokHkkfod izfØ;k tSls cPps ds
vuqHko] tUetkr {kerk] ifjos‛k ,oa :fp dks vk/kkj cuk dj ;g dk;Z fd;k tk, rks Js’B jgsxkA
xfrfof/k& 4
iwoZ esa cus gq, lewgksa esa izf‛k{kd izR;sd lewg dks ys[ku vH;kl dk;Z fuEukuqlkj djus dks
dgsxkA
izFke lewg & ikB~;iqLrd dh i`-la- 15] 40] 64
f}rh; lewg& ikB~;iqLrd dh i`-la- 21] 45] 68
rrh; lewg& ikB~;iqLrd dh i`-la- 25] 50] 73
prqFkZ lewg& ikB~;iqLrd dh i`-la- 29] 54] 80
iape lewg& ikB~;iqLrd dh i`-la- 36] 59] 83
bl izfØ;k ds vuqlkj izR;sd lewg cqfu;knh eksM+ ij /;ku nsrs gq, fn, x, o.kZ ek=k dks fy[kus dk
vH;kl dj ,d pkVZ cuk dj izfØ;k dks iwjs lewg esa iznf‛kZr djsaxsA rRi‛pkr~ izR;sd lewg dks
nks&nks lanHkZ fp= ns dj mudk uke izfØ;kuqlkj fy[kus dks dgsxkA izzf‛k{kd fuEu iz‛u djsxkA
iz- 1 tc mDr xfrfof/k d{kk&d{k esa djrs gSa rks cPpksa dks lkspus o djus ds volj feyrs gSa \
iz- 2 ;g xfrfof/k fdu Hkk’kkbZ n{krkvksa dks mHkkjrh gSa \
?k j
?k
22
lesdu& izf‛k{kd lHkh xfrfof/k;ksa ls izkIr laHkkfx;ksa ds fopkjksa dks vk/kkj cukrs gq, Li’V djsxk fd Hkk’kk
lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k D;k o dSlh gks \ viuh lesdu fVIi.kh esa fuEu fcUnqvksa dk lekos‛k
vfuok;Z :i ls djsaA
¼1½ cPps esa Hkk’kk lh[kus dh tUetkr {kerk gksrh gSA
¼2½ cPpk igyh ckj fo|ky; eas vkrk gS] rc og vius ifjos‛k ls foLr`r vuqHko ys dj vkrk gSA Hkk’kkbZ
n`f’V ls og {ks=h; Hkk’kk esa ckrphr djrk gS] lkFk gh Hkk’kk dh tfVy lajpukvksa dks tkurk&le>rk gSA
¼3½ Hkk’kk f‛k{kd dk nkf;Ro gS fd og cPps dh {ks=h; Hkk’kk ,oa fo|ky;h Hkk’kk ds chp iqy dk dke djsA
mlds }kjk lh[kh xbZ {ks=h; Hkk’kk dk lEeku djrs gq, ek/;e Hkk’kk rd yk,A
¼4½ Hkk’kk f‛k{k.k dk;Z xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr gksa] D;ksafd cPpk djds lh[kus esa Lo;a dks lgt vuqHko djrk gSA
xfrfof/k mlds vuqHko] fpUru] vuqiz;ksx ,oa fu’d’kZ rd igq¡p ,oa ;g ifjos‛k] laLd`fr] :fp ,oa lanHkksZa ls
tqM+sA
¼5½ Hkk’kk f‛k{k.k d{kk&d{k eqfnzr&lkexzh ;qDr gksA
23
l= %& 5 izkjafHkd Lrj ij lh[kuk&fl[kkuk
Hkwfedk& lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k dk dsUnz cPpk] tc ,d o’kZ fo|ky;h O;oLFkk] okrkoj.k ,oa
vuq‛kklu esa jg dj vuqdwyu dj pqdk gksrk gS rc og vius lanHkksZ ls okD;] ‚kCn] o.kZ ls ifjfpr
gks dj nSfud thou esa mi;ksx djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA
bl voLFkk eas f‛k{kd cPpksa dks ys[ku&iBu ds vkxs ds Lrj ij ys tkus dk dk;Z djrk gSA mlds
ifjfpr o.kksZa ls u;s ‚kCn] ‚kCnksa ls u;s okD; ,oa lanHkZ cukuk fl[kkrk gSA dgkuh] dfork i<+us
lquus esa :fp ysuk lh[krk gSA f‛k{kd mudh :fp ds vuqlkj mls cksyus ¼vfHkO;fDr½] i<+us ,oa
fy[kus ds volj iznku djrs gSaA
mÌs‛;&
1- d{kk 1 ls vkxs dh ikB~;iqLrdksa ij dk;Z djus dh le> cukukA
2- f‛k{k.k izfØ;k esa Lrjkuqlkj cnyko djukA
3- fofo/k ikB~; lkexzh ij ljy rjhdksa ¼oSdfYid½ ls dk;Z djus dh le> c<+kukA
vko‛;d lkexzh& ikB~;iqLrd] ‚kCn dkMZ] ek=k dkMZ] pkVZ] Ldsp isu] ekjdj isu] Mcy lkbMsM
Vsi] isfULky] jcj fp= ¼Qwy] nqdku] i{kh] izkd`frd½
ppkZ ds fcUnq&
¼1½ d{kk&1 ls vkxs dh ikB~;iqLrdksa ij dk;Z djus dh izfØ;k D;k o dSls \
¼2½ cPpksa eas ifjorZu dks voyksfdr dj f‛k{k.k dk Lrj c<+kukA
¼3½ O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ij dk;Z dSls djsa \
xfrfrf/k &1
¼1½ izf‛k{kd leLr laHkkfx;ksa dks 3&3 ds lewgksa esa foHkDr djsxkA
¼2½ lHkh lewgksa dks igys ls fufeZr pkj fp= ,oa pkj okD; fy[kh fpV nsxkA
¼3½ izR;sd lewg dks fp= ns[k dj ,oa okD; i<+dj LorU= :i ls 5 okD; fy[kus dks
dgsxkA
¼4½ dqN p;fur lewgksa dk izLrqrhdj.k djk,xkA izLrqrhdj.k ds i‛pkr~ fuEu iz‛u djsxkA
iz- 1 vkids }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z fdl Lrj dk gS \
iz- 2 D;k ;g dk;Z d{kk 2] 3 o 4 ds Lrj ds cPpksa ds lkFk fd;k tk ldrk gSa \ ¼gk¡] uk½
iz- 3 D;k d{kk 2] 3 o 4 ds cPpksa dk ys[ku vkidh rjg gksxk \ ¼gk¡] uk½
iz- 4 ;fn ugha rks D;ksa \
izf‛k{kd leLr mRrjksa dks tksM+rs gq, Li’V djsxk fd d{kk 2] 3 o 4 ds cPpksa dh fyf[kr
vfHkO;fDr f‛k{kdksa tSlh ugha gksxhA muds }kjk dh xbZ xyfr;k¡ tSls& orZuh] okD; foU;kl]
‚kCn p;u ,oa rkjrE;rk vkfn gksus ds ckotwn mudh vfHkO;fDr dks udkjs ugha oju~ mfpr
lEeku nsaA muds dk;Z ls muds Lrj dk vkdyu dj d{kk&d{kh; izfØ;k esa
vko‛;drkuqlkj f‛k{k.k djk,¡A
24
xfrfof/k & 2
¼1½ izf‛k{kd lEHkkfx;ksa dks d{kk&2 dh ikB~;iqLrd ls i`’B 13] 48] 49] 60] 61 i<+us dks
dgsxkA
¼2½ i< +s x, i`’Bksa esa ls vuqLokj ,oa vuqukfld o.kksZ okys ‚kCnksa dh lwph cukus dks dgsxkA
¼3½ lwph ds ‚kCnksa dks mPpkfjr djrs gq, cksMZ ij fy[ksxkA
¼4½ rRi‛pkr~ vuqukfld ,oa vuqLokj ;qDr ‚kCnksa dks vyx&vyx djsaxsA
¼5½ izf‛k{kd vuqukfld ‚kCnksa dk mPpkj.k vuqLokj yxkdj djus dks dgsxkA
¼6½ izf‛k{kd vuqLokj ;qDr ‚kCnksa dk mPpkj.k vuqukfld yxkdj djus dks dgsxkA
izf‛k{kd laHkkfx;ksa ls fuEu iz‛u djsxkA
1- vkidks cny dj mPpkj.k djus esa D;k dfBukbZ eglwl gqbZ \ vFkok /ofu esa D;k
ifjorZu gqvk \
2- vuqLokj o vuqukfld esa eq[; varj D;k gSa \
esjk nksLr
esjk ?kj
esjk fo|ky;
esjk xk¡o
25
mPpkj.k djrs le; laHkkfx;ksa dks gksus okyh dfBukb;ksa ij ppkZ djrs gq, ladfyr djsxkA
ladfyr leL;kvksa dk lek/kku fuEukuqlkj djus dk iz;kl djsxkA
ys[ku esa ge bldk /;ku ugha j[k ikrs gSa tcfd cPpsa Hkh mPpkj.k lgh ugha djrs gSaA
1& vuqLokj ¼&a ½ ,oa vuqukfld ¼&¡½ :i esa fy[kk tkrk gSA
2&vuqLokj ¼&a ½ d] p] V] r] i] oxZ ds iape o.kZ dk Loj jfgr :i gSA ftl o.kZ ij
vuqLokj yxk gSa mlds ckn okys o.kZ dk iape v{kj gksrk gSA
3&vuqLokj ¼&a ½ ftl o.kZ ij yxk gksrk gS mlds ckn mPpkfjr gksrk gSA
4&vuqukfld ¼&¡½ :i esa fy[kk tkrk gSa ,oa ftl o.kZ ij yxk gksrk gSa mlds lkFk gh
mPpkfjr gksrk gSA
5&vuqLokj dk mPpkj.k ukd ls gksrk gSa ,oa vuqukfld dk mPpkj.k ukd ls de eq[k fooj
ls vf/kd gksrk gSA
6& vuqLokj iw.kZ:is.k O;atu gSa ,oa vuqukfld Loj gSaA
xfrfof/k& 3
¼1½ izf‛k{kd leLr laHkkfx;ksa dks ,d xksys esa cSBus dks dgsxkA
¼2½ izf‛k{kd ,d ‚kCn dk mPpkj.k djsxk ,oa laHkkfx;ksa dks funsZ‛k nsxk fd leku y; ds u,
‚kCn cksydj fy[ksaA
¼3½ pkj leku y; ds ‚kCn gksus ij u, laHkkxh ls u, ‚kCn ds y; ds leku y; ds u, 4
‚kCn mPpkj.k dj fy[ksaxsA
¼4½ ;g izfØ;k vfUre laHkkxh rd pysxhA
¼5½ cksMZ ij 10&12 ‚kCnksa ds 40&45 leku y; ds ‚kCn fy[ks tk,¡xsA
lwph dj.k ds i‛pkr~ izf‛k{kd laHkkfx;ksa ls fuEu iz‛u djsxkA
iz- 1 vki bu ‚kCnksa esa D;k lekurk ns[k ik jgs gSa \
iz- 2 ikB~;iqLrd esa ,sls ‚kCnksa dk mi;ksx dgk¡&dgk¡ ns[k ikrs gSa \
izkIr mÙkjksa dks ysdj izf‛k{kd Li’V djsxk fd leku y; okys ‚kCnksa esa vfUre v{kj] ek=k
mPpkj.k dh lekurk gS rFkk rqdcUnh] ckyxhr] ,oa dforkvksa esa budk iz;ksx ns[k tkrk gSA
izf‛k{kd nks ;k pkj leku y; ds ‚kCn nsdj rqdcanh djokdj izLrqrhdj.k djok,xkA
xfrfof/k&4
¼1½ izf‛k{kd cksMZ ij ikB~;iqLrd ls dqN jdkj ,oa jsQ okys ‚kCnksa dks fy[ksxkA
xoZ] izxfr] ioZ] Vªd] czt] g’kZ] Øe] Mªe] /keZ] izrki] deZ] Hkze] VªsfQd] Vªsu] jk’Vª vkfnA
¼2½ bu ‚kCnksa dk mPpkj.k laHkkfx;ksa ls djok,xk] iz‛u djsxkA
¼1½ ¼ z½¼ Z ½ okys ‚kCnksa dk mPpkj.k n`f’V ls D;k vUrj gSa \
¼2½ bu ‚kCnksa esa **j~** o **j** ds :i okys ‚kCn vyx dhft,A
izkIr lwph ds vuqlkj izf‛k{kd Li’V djsxk fd @iw.kZ **j** gS ,oa Z Loj jfgr **j~**
gSA ckj&ckj mPpkj.k vH;kl djokdj bl rF; dks iq’V djsxkA tc ge *j* ds
fofHkUu :iksa dks fyfic) djrs gSa rks ¼j½ f‛kjksjs[kk ds Åij rFkk ¼j½ ikbZ ds uhps fy[kk
tkrk gSa] lkFk gh xksy isV okys o.kksZa ds lkFk ¼j~½ dks fy[kus ds rjhds ij Li’V le>
cuk,xkA ppkZ ds i‛pkr~ iz‛u djsxkA
¼1½ xoZ& x~+v+j~+ o~+v
¼2½ czt& c~+j~ +v+t~+v
¼3½ jk’Vª& j~+vk+ ‘k~+V~+j~+v
26
iz‛u&D;k gekjh d{kk&2 dh ikB~;iqLrd esa *j* ds vU; :i gSa \
d{kk&2 dh ikB~;iqLrd ds ikB&9 **lwjt dk :eky** ikB esa vk;s *j* ds ‚kCnksa dks
i<+ok;sxk] mPpkj.k ,oa ys[ku vH;kl djok,xkA ys[ku vH;kl esa fuEu dk;Z i=d mi;ksx
djsxkA
laHkkfx;ksa }kjk ikB esa vk;s ‚kCnksa esa ls d`ik&d~~+_+ i~+vk] o`{k&o~+_+d~+‘k
bu ‚kCnksa dks ysdj izf‛k{kd Li’V djsxk fd ;g *j* dk :i u gksdj ¼_½ dk :i gSA
funsZ‛k& fn, x, ‚kCnksa esa ls mfpr ‚kCn Nk¡Vdj fjDr LFkku esa fy[kksA
i`Foh] xoZ] jk’Vª] izxfr] izrki
¼1½ egkjk.kk--------------------------------------esokM+ ds jktk Fks A
¼2½ gesa vius ns‛k ij---------------------------------------------------gSA
¼3½ ge-------------------------------------------------------------ij jgrs gSaA
¼4½ usiky gekjk iM+kslh------------------------------------ gSA
lanHkZ O;fDr Li’V djsxk fd f‛k{k.k ds nkSjku ftl ikB esa bl izdkj ds ‚kCn vk, rHkh mu ‚kCnksa
ds mPpkj.k ,oa ys[ku vH;kl djok, rFkk mPpkj.k esa vUrj ls ifjfpr djk,A
xfrfof/k la[;k&5 la;qDr v{kjk sa dk ‚kq) mPpkj.k ,oa ys[ku vf/kxe
pj.k&
1- n{k&izf‛k{kd laHkkfx;ksa ds vkB lewg cukdj nks&nks la;qDr v{kjks a dks vyx&vyx dj
fy[kus gsrq dgsxkA
2- la;qDr v{kjksa dks i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ fy[kus ds i‛pkr~ laHkkfx;ksa dks muds ‚kq) mPpkj.k gsrq
dgsxkA
3- dqN la;qDrk{kjksa ds mPpkj.k ,oa ys[ku esa ,d:irk dh txg fHkUurk ns[kdj vkSj lqudj
n{k izf‛k{kd mu fHkUurkvksa dks fpfg~ur djk,xkA
4- n{k izf‛k{kd la;qDr v{kjksa ds ys[ku o mPpkj.k dk okLrfod fu;e Li’V djrs gq, mudh
‚kq)rk dk egÙo Li’V djsxkA
} = n~+ o
| = n~+ ;
Ùk = r~+ r
Ä = d~+r
= = r~+ j
Vª = V~+ j
eZ = j~+e
rZ = j~+ r
{k = d~+ ‘k
K = t~+ ¥
J = ‚k~+ j
‘Üo = ‚k~+ o
à = g~+ u
à = g~+ o
} = n~+ o
é = u~+ u
27
laHkkfx;ksa ds vkBksa ¼U;wukf/kd Hkh½ lewg mi;qZDr fof/k ls dekscs‛k mnkgj.k izLrqr djsaxs rFkk
muds }kjk la;qDr :i esa ys[ku ds i‛pkr~ muds mPpkj.k esa fuEukafdr fHkUurk,¡ izdV gks
ldrh gSaA
{k= d~+ ‘k = PN ;Fkk {kek dks PNek] fHk{kk dks fHkPNk] fo{kksHk dks foPNksHk cksysaxsA
K= t~+ ¥ = X; ;Fkk foKku dks foX;ku] vkKk dks vkX;k] vK dks vX; cksysaxsA
à= g~$u ¾ Ug ;Fkk fpà dks fpUg] fpfàr dks fpfUgr
iwokZà& iwokZUg] e/;kà&e/;kUg] vijkà&vijkUg
à ¾ g~$o ¾ à ;Fkk vkàku dks vkOgku] foày dks foOgy
| ¾ n~$; ¾ /;@/k ;Fkk fo/;ky;@fo/kky;] oS| dks oS/k] oS/;
**;Fkk mPpkj.k rFkk ys[ku ,oa ;Fkk ys[ku rFkk mPpkj.k** dk fu;e ;Fkkor~ laLd`r ,oa
fgUnh esa gh ykxw gS rFkk bl fu;e dk Hkk’kk f‛k{k.k esa vuqdj.k o vuqikyu Hkh fd;k tkrk
gS ijUrq vaxszth] :lh] ÝSap] :isfu‛k] vjch] phuh ,oa vÝhdu Hkk’kkvksa esa izk;% ughaA
cky&eu izkFkfed d{kkvksa esa /ofu;ksa dk fyfi :i tSlk Lohdkj djrk gS og mu fyfi
:iksa dk oSlk gh mPpkj.k vkthou djrk gS vr% fgUnh ‚kCnksa esa vkbZ /ofu;ksa ds Øekuqlkj
mPpkj.k ,oa ys[ku dk lkoZHkkSfed&lkoZtfud&lkoZdkfyd fu;e dk vocks/k o ikyu
t:jh gks tkrk gSA
la;qDrk{kj ys[ku dk fu;e&;fn fdlh ‚kCn esa nks O;atu fujUrj vk, gks vFkkZr~ igyk
O;atu Loj jfgr gks rks nksuksa O;atuksa esa ls izFke O;atu dks Åij rFkk f}rh; ;k ijorhZ
O;atu dks izFke@iwoZorhZ O;atu ds uhps fy[kdj mu nksuksa O;atuksa dks la;qDr :i esa Hkh
fy[kk tk ldrk gS rFkk mudk mPpkj.k Hkh muds Øe ds vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSA
lokZf/kd izpfyr la;qDrk{kjksa ds fyfi :iksa dh fodkl ;k=k&
28
blh rjg ‚ks’k la;qDrk{kj fufeZr gksaxsA
1- bl xfrfof/k dk mÌs‛; la;qDr v{kjksa dk ‚kq) mPpkj.k o ys[ku fl[kkuk gSA
2- la;qDr v{kjksa ds orZeku izpfyr fyfi :iksa dh mRifÙk ls ysdj vc rd dh fodkl ;k=k
le>kuk gSA
3- Kku] ;K] ftKklq vkfn ‚kCnksa esa vk, la;qDrk{kj K dk mPpkj.k ,oa mldk vH;kl
lanHkZO;fDr viuh fuxjkuh eas **¥** ds :i esa djok, rFkk K dk **X;** :i esa v‛kq)
mPpkj.k u djok,¡A
4- v{kj] {kqnz] {kksHk vkfn ‚kCnksa esa vk, la;qDrk{kj {k dk mPpkj.k vPNj] PNqnz] PNksHk ds :i esa
u djds {k esa la;qDr gksus okyh ewy /ofu;ksa dk gh ‚kq) ,oa Li’V mPpkj.k vD’k;] D’kqnz]
D’kksHk vkfn ds :i esa djok,¡ rFkk leLr laHkkxh bl ‚kq) mPpkj.k dk vH;kl Li’V
djsaxsA
29
**;Fkk mPpkj.k&rFkk ys[ku ,oa ;Fkk ys[ku rFkk mPpkj.k** dh bl fo‛ks’krk dks
laLdr&fgUnh esa v{kq..k cuk, j[kus ds fy, mi;qZDRk leLr v‛kqf) fuokj.k dk iz;Ru
fd;k x;k gSA
lesdu&d{kk&2 ds cPpksa ds lkFk f‛k{kd dke djs rc og d{kk& 1 esa fd, x, dk;ksZa dks /;ku esa
j[ksaA d{kk&2 esa vkrs&vkrs cPps fo|ky; ds okrkoj.k esa lgt gks tkrs gaSA bl voLFkk esa cPpk
lanHkZ ds ‚kCn] o.kZ igpkurk gS vkSj fy[krk gSA blls vkxs ds Lrj ij bl d{kk esa dk;Z fd;k
tkuk gSA Hkk’kk esa ek=k ;qDr ‚kCn] okD; fuekZ.k] vuqLokj&vuqukfld] **j** ds :i] leku y; ds
‚kCn vkSj LorU= ys[ku vkfn ds :i esa Lrj c<+rk gSA ;g Lrj mRrjksRrj vxyh d{kkvksa esa c<+rk
gSA Hkk’kk ds c<+rs Lrj dks ljyre :i ls f‛k{k.k izfØ;k esa mi;ksx fd;k tkuk vko‛;d gSA
lh[kus dh lEizkfIr&
LorU= ys[ku iBu+ dj le>uk] okD;&fuekZ.k] fp= ds lw{e o izR;{k igyqvksa ij voyksdu
djukA
i<+dj le>uk] ekSf[kd mPpkj.k] vuqLokj&vuqukfld dk Hksn le>ukA
dYiuk‛khyrk] rqd feykuk vkfnA
30
l= %& 6 Hkk"kk f’k{k.k esa dgkuh dh Hkwfedk
Hkwfedk%&dgkuh esa ckrphr djus vkSj dqN lgt <ax ls dgus dk Hkko izeq[k gksrk gSA mldk
O;kogkfjd thou dh ?kVukvksa ls ,d laca/k curk gSA bldk ,d vksj cksyus ls rFkk nwljh vksj
dYiuk ls cgqr xgjk fj’rk gSA euq"; ,slk izk.kh gS ftlds ikl euu djus vkSj ;kn j[kus dh
{kerk gSA oks blfy, O;fDr dgykrk gS fd oks [kqn dks vfHkO;Dr djuk pkgrk gSA mlesa [kqn dks
O;DRk djus dh vn~Hkqr {kerk gksrh gSA Hkk"kk Hkh vius eu ds fopkjksa dks dgus dh vdqykgV vkSj
cSpsuh ls iSnk gqbZ gksxhA ;gh ckr dgkuh Hkh djrh gSA dgkuh esa vrhr vkSj Hkfo";] dYiuk vkSj
;FkkFkZ] Le`fr vkSj fopkj] lp vkSj >wB vkfn bl rjg ls ?kqys&feys gksrs gSa fd bUgsa vyx djuk
eqf’dy gksrk gSA
ge esa ls gj O;fDr gj jkst vusd dgkfu;ksa ds chp ls xqtjrk gSA bUgha ?kVukvksa] lwpukvksa] n`’;ksa
dks vius vuqHkoksa] dYiukvksa vkSj Le`fr;ksa ls tksM+dj ,d ,slk :Ik ns nsrk gS] tks ifjfpr gksrs gq;s
Hkh vn~Hkqr yxrk gSA iqjkuk gksrs gq;s Hkh u;k ,glkl fnyk tkrk gSA vr% ge bl l= es
ikB~;iqLrd dh dgkuh ij dke djrs gq, dgkuh ds fofHkUu vk;keksa ij Hkk"kk dh izeq[k {kerkvksa ds
fodkl dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dke djsaxsA
mn~ns’; %&
1- Hkk"kk f’k{k.k esa dgkuh dh Hkwfedk dks le> ldsaxsA
2- dYiuk’khyrk] laosnu’khyrk] vuqeku yxkus dh {kerk] ewY; cks/k] lkSUn;Z cks/k] Lej.k o
Øec)rk] rkfdZdrk] ’kCndks"k dk fodkl ,oa ekSf[kd o fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr dk fodkl dj
ldsaxsA
3- dgkuh lqukus ,oa dgkuh jpuk dk vkdyu dj ldasxsA
lkexzh %&pkVZ isij] dgkuh fp= pkVZ] jhe isij] vkys[k& dgkuh lqukus dk gquj&40 dkWih] cqf)eku
[kjxks’k dh 40 izfr;k¡a] Ldsp] jcj] 'kkiZuj] Ldsy vkfnA
pj.k 1 ¼v½ &dgkuh lqukuk le;%& ¼15 feuV ½
uksV& lanHkZ O;fDr laHkkfx;ksa dks dgkuh lqukus ds fy;s fdlh Hkh :fpdj dgkuh dk pquko djrs
gq, vFkok layXud ls fyf[kr dgkuh ysdj mfpr gko&Hkko ,oa :fpdj rjhds ls dgkuh dks lquk
ldrk gSA
¼c½ dgkuh lqukus ds ckn lanHkZ O;fDr d".k dqekj th dk vkys[k^dgkuh lqukus dk gquj^
O;fDrxr #i ls i<+ok,xk rFkk vkys[k ls cuh le> ij lkewfgd :Ik ls fuEu fcUnqvkas ij foe’kZ
fd;k tk,xkA
ppkZ ds fcUnq&
izkjfEHkd d{kkvksa esa dgkuh lqukus dk D;k egÙo gS \
dgkfu;kas dk p;u dSlk gks vFkok dSlh dgkuh pqusa \
dgkuh lqukus dk egÙo uSfrd f’k{kk gS vFkok dksbZ vkSj cM+k mn~ns’; \
dgkuh lqukuk D;k ,d dkS’ky gSA gk¡ rks dSls \
f}rh; pj.k&ikB~;iqLrd dh dgkuh& cqf)eku [kjxks’k ¼d{kk&4½ le;& 30 feuV
lUnHkZ O;fDr d{kk 4 ds ikB ij laHkkfx;ksa dks dke djk;sxk ftlls d{kk&d{k esa dke djus ds
rjhdksa dks f’k{kd le> lds axsA dgkuh dks chp esa jksddj lanHkZ O;fDr ckrphr djsxkA
31
izfdz;k& dgkuh lqukdj chp&chp esa jksdj ckrphr }kjkA
pj.k-1 fdlh ou eas ----------------------------------------------------------- iz.kke djds cSB x;kA
iz’u&[kjxks’k dks nsjh ls vkus ij flag us [kjxks’k ls D;k dgk gksxk \
Pkj.k&2 [kjxks’k dks ns[kdj -------------------------------------------------- rkdroj gks tk;sxkA
iz’u&dgkuh esa vkxs D;k gqvk gksxk-------------------------A
Pkj.k&3 [kjxks’k us dgk-------------------------------------------------------------- ls ukp mBsA
bl pj.k es lanHkZ O;fDr dgkuh dks iwjh djsxkA dgkuh iwjh gksus ds ckn laHkkfx;ksa }kjk lquh
dgkuh
dks mfpr o vuqfpr ds lanHkZ esa fuEu iz’ukas ij ckr dh tk ldrh gS %&
1- Tkaxy ds lHkh tkuojkas us feydj 'ksj dk fojks/k D;ksa ughas fd;k \
2- [kjxks’k }kjk 'ksj dks /kks[ks ls ekjuk mfpr Fkk ;k vuqfpr vkSj D;ksa \
funsZ’k& d{kk&d{k eas f’k{kd dgkuh eas vk;s dfBu 'kCn] la;qDr o.kZ okys ’kCnkas dks cksMZ ij
fy[kdj cPpkas ls i<+okuk] fy[kokuk] mu ’kCnkas dk okD;ks a es iz;ksx djrs gq, fy[kokus dk dke Hkh
dj ldrk gSA
uksV%&mi;qZDr ppkZ djus ds ckn f’k{kd mfpr y;] rky] mrkj] p<ko gko&Hkko ,oa ’kCnkas ds Li"V
mPpkj.k ds lkFk bl dgkuh dks ,d lkFk lquk ldrk gS vFkok cPpksa ls muds 'kCnksa esa d{kk eas ;s
dgkuh lquok ldrs gaSA
r`rh; pj.k& ikB~;iqLrd dh dgkuh iwjh djus ds ckn lanHkZ O;fDr laHkkfx;ksa ls dgkuh lqukus ls
iwoZ rS;kjh ij fuEu iz’u ds vk/kkj ij ckrphr djsxk rFkk muds fopkjksa dks cksMZ ij fy[ksxkA
¼15 feuV ½
iz’u&d{kk e sa dgkuh lqukus vkSj ml ij dk;Z djus fy, D;k&D;k rS;kjh gksuh pkfg, \
laHkkfx;kas ls vk, tokckas dks ’kkfey djrs gq, rS;kjh i{k dks fuEu fcUnqvkas es a lesfdr fd;k
tk,xkA
1- d{kk eas dgkuh lqukus ls iwoZ dgkuh dks i<+rs gq, dgkuh lqukus dk vH;kl dj ysuk
pkfg,A
2- i<+us ds ckn dgkuh dh jksdus dh txg r; dj ysuh pkfg,A dgkuh dks ,slh txg
jksduk pkfg, tgk¡ lquus okyksa dh ftKklk c<+sA
3- dgkuh dks jksd dj dh tkus okyh ckrphr ds fcUnq igys gh r; dj ysus pkfg,A
4- dgkuh ij dke djus ls iwoZ ;fn dqN lkexzh vkfn pkfg, rks mls igys ls rS;kj dj ysaA
uksV& f’k{kd }kjk cPpkas dks lqukbZ dgkuh dks muds 'kCnksa es lqu ldrk gSA dgkuh ij fp=kadu
djok ldrk gSA blh dgkuh ls cPpkas dks ,dkfHku;] ukVd o dgkuh ds ik=ksa dks vk/kkj cukdj
jksy Iys djus dks izsfjr dj ldrk gSA mijksDr dk;Z djus ds ckn ;kstukuqlkj cPpkas ls mDr ikB
ds vH;kl dk;Z Hkh djok;k tk ldrk gSA
32
dgkuh &;kstuk dk <k¡pk le;& 30 fefuV
d{kk& 4 lEiw.kZ d{kk ds fy, ;kstuk fnukad -------------------------- ls --------------------- rd
ikB &cqf)eku [kjxks’k vo/kkj.kk& dgkuh ij jpukRed dk;Z
lEiw.kZ d{kk ds fy;s vf/kxe mn~ns’; &
dgkuh dks i<+dj vkuUn ysuk ,oa Lo;a ds vuqHkoksa ls tksM+ukA
ifjfpr yksxksa ls ckrphr dj lwpuk ,d= djuk ,oa lewg esa crkukA
i<+dj le>uk ,oa i<+s gq, ds Hkko laf{kIr :i esa viuh Hkk"kk esa lewg esa lqukukA
fo"k; ds vuq:i mlds dkj.k dks le>rs gq, ppkZ esa Hkkx ysukA
fo"k;oLrq dk laf{kIrhdj.k djukA
fofHkUu izdkj ds eq[kkSVs cukuk ,oa eq[kkSVksa ds vuqlkj vfHku; djukA
lEiw.kZ d{kk ds fy, izLrkfor xfrfof/k;k¡
¼lkewfgd] milewg ,oa O;fDrxr½
Lkrr vkdyu ;kstuk leh{kk ,oa vuqHko
lkewfgd dk;Z
dgkuh dk vkn’kZ okpu o vuqdj.k okpuA
dgkuh dk ik=kuqlkj vfHku;A
fp=ksa ij [kqyh ppkZA
vius ifjos’k ds i’kq&if{k;ksa ds ukeksa dh lwph
cukukA
fp=ksa ij vk/kkfjr iz’u iwNukA
dgkuh dFku o iz’uksÙkj ls foLrkjA
dgkuh dk ukVdh; eapuA
milewg dk;Z
dgkuh dk milewgokj ik=ksa ds vuqlkj dFku A
ik=kuqlkj vfHku;A
fp= cukuk ,oa jax la;kstu djukA
'kCn o vFkZ ys[ku A
ikyrw o taxyh i’kqvksa ds ukeksa dh lwph cukukA
**izfr** milxZ tksM+dj u, 'kCn cukukA
laKk o loZuke 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fy[kukA
eq[kkSVs cuokukA ‘
O;fDrxr ;kstuk%&
uksVcqd esa vH;kl dk;Z djokukA
dk;Zi=d ij dk;Z djokukA
f'k{kd }kjk vkdyu
cPpksa ds iwoZKku] :fp]
lgHkkfxrk o vfHkO;fDr dh
fLFkfr dk voyksdu dj ntZ
djukA
cPpksa }kjk fd, tk jgs dk;ksZa esa
cPpksa dh le> dk vkdyu
djukA
milewgksa esa fd, tk jgs dk;Z
;Fkk&ik=kuqlkj vfHku;]
jax&la;kstu] ys[ku] lwphdj.k]
l`tukRedrk] uohu 'kCn fuekZ.k
djus dh fLFkfr dk voyksdu
dj ntZ djukA
cPpksa dks fn, x, i`Fkd&i`Fkd
dk;Z dh fLFkfr dk voyksdu
33
iqLrdky; dk mi;ksx djukA
lqys[k djokukA
dgkuh ds vk/kkj ij fp=kadu o jaxkadu djokukA
dgkfu;ksa dk ladyu djokukA
dj ntZ djuk ,oa cPpksa dks
izfriqf"V nsukA
{kerk lao)Zu dh ;kstuk
dgkuh dk 'kh"kZd fy[kokrs gq, v/kwjh dgkuh dks
iwjk djasxsA
n`';ksa ls dgkuh cuokus dk dke djasxsA
dkYifud ys[ku djasxs& tSls] eaS edM+h gksrk rks----
dgkuh dk vUr fy[kasxsA
dgkuh ds [kkyh LFkku Hkjrs gq, dgkuh iw.kZ
djsaxsA
milewgksa esa 'kCnksa ls dgkuh cuk;saxsA
ikB~;iqLrd ds iz’uksRrj djokukA
cPpksa }kjk fy[ks x, 'kCnksa] fd,
x, dk;ksZa esa cPpksa dh igy o
le> dk vkdyu dj ntZ
djukA
lanHkZ ds vuqlkj D;k] D;ksa]
dkSu] dSls iz’uksa ds mRrj okD;ksa
es O;ofLFkr fy[k ikrs gSa dk
voyksdu djds vkdyu dks
ntZ djukA
lewg 2 ds fy, f’k{k.k mn~ns’; &
o.kkZd`fr;ksa ij le> cukuk] lh[kh xbZ ek=kvksa ls 'kCn cukuk] ljy okD; cukuk o fy[kuk] iz’uksa
ds mÙkj fy[kuk] lk/kkj.k okD;ksa dk iBu o ys[ku djukA
34
Lkewg&2 dh vko’;drkuqlkj f’k{k.k ;kstuk
¼lkewfgd dk;Z] milewg dk;Z] O;fDrxr dk;Z½
Lkrr vkdyu ;kstuk leh{kk ,oa vuqHko
lEiw.kZ d{kk ds fy;s f’k{k.k ;kstuk
o.kkZd`fr;ksa dh le> ds fy, xfrfof/k djkukA
’kCn] ek=k o mudh vo/kkj.kk ij dke djukA
vuqdj.k okpu] lanHkksZ dk iBuA
i<+us&fy[kus ls lEcaf/kr vH;kl djukA
ljy okD; iBu ,oa ys[ku djukA
ljy iz’uksa ds mÙkj dkWih esa fy[kkukA
milewg dk;Z
iqLrdky; dh iqLrdksa dks i<+uk o ckrphrA
iqLrd ls ek=k ds 'kCn Nk¡VukA
’kCnksa ls okD; cukukA
i<+us&fy[kus ls lEcaf/kr vH;klA
O;fDrxr dk;Z
uksVcqd esa vH;kl dk;Z djokukA
dk;Zi=d ij dk;Z djokukA
Lrjkuqlkj@lanHkZ i<+okukA
Jqfr ys[ku o lqys[k djokuk
’kCn o ljy okD;ksa dks i<+dj
cuh le> dk vkdyu djukA
lh[kh xbZ ek=kvksa ij cuh
le> ,oa fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr dk
vkdyu dj ntZ djukA
iBu lkexzh dks mrkj&p<+ko
,oa /kkjk izokg xfr ds lkFk
i<dj uohu ’kCnkoyh dks xzg.k
dj ikrs gaS ;k ugha dk vkdyu
djuk A
i<+dj le>us ,oa fyf[kr
vfHkO;fDr dk vkdyu dj ntZ
djuk ,oa cPpksa dks izfriqf"V
nsukA
lh[kus dh lEizkfIRk
dgkuh dks /;ku iwoZd lqudj le>rs gq, viuh izfrfdz;k O;Dr djrs gaS] iz’u iwNrs g aS rFkk
laosnukvksa vkSj fopkjksa dh ¼fyf[kr] ekSf[kd½ vfHkO;fDr djrs gaSA
Hkk"kk dh ckjhfd;ksa ij /;ku nsrs gq, viuh Hkk"kk x<+rs gaS vkSj bldk bLrseky djrs gaSA
i<+us ds izfr mRlqd jgrs gSa vkSj iqLrdky; ls viuh ilan dh fdrkcksa dks Lo;a pqudj i<+rs gaSA
fofHkUu mn~ns’;ksa ds fy, fy[krs gq, vius ys[ku esa fojke fpg~uksa tSls& iw.kZ fojke] vYifojke]
iz’uokpd fpg~u dk lpsru bLrseky djrs gaSA
viuh dYiuk ls dgkuh o.kZu fy[krs gq, Hkk"kk dh l`tukRedrk iz;ksx djrs gaSA
nwljksa }kjk dgh tk jgh ckr dks /;ku ls lqudj viuh izfrfdz;k O;Dr dj iz’u iwNrs g aSA
lquh jpukvksa dh fo"k;oLrq] ?kVukvksa] fp=ksa] ik=kas] ’kh"kZd vkfn ds ckjs e as ckrphr djrs gaS@iz’u
iwNrs gaS] viuh jk; nsrs gaS] viuh ckr ds fy;s rdZ nsrs gaSA
dgkuh dks viuh rjg ls viuh Hkk"kk esa dgrs gq, mles viuh dgkuh@ckr tksM+rs gaSA
vU; lanHkZ ls lEcaf/kr jpukvksa ls u;s 'kCnksa dks lanHkZ es le>dj mudk vFkZ xzg.k djrs gaSA
35
dgkuh ij jpukRed dk;Z dk mnkgj.k
mn~ns’;%&dgkuh ds fofHkUu vk;keksa ds }kjk fpUru] fo’ys"k.k] dYiuk ,oa rdZ djusa dh {kerk ,oa
fyf[kr o ekSf[kd vfHkO;fDr ,oa iqLrdky; ls izpqj ek=k es i<+us ds volj nsrs gq, Hkk"kk dk
fodkl dj ldsaxsA
rjhdk & milewgkas esa dk;Z
izfdz;k&dgkuh fuekZ.k o izLrqfr
Hkwfedk%& lanHkZ O;fDr lewg esa ckr j[ksxk fd dgkfu;kas ds ek/;e ls cPpkas ds jpuk lalkj dks
foLrkj fn;k tk ldrk gSA vc ;g rks fufoZokn rF; gS fd lokZf/kd :Ik ls cPpksa es a Hkk"kk ds
fodkl dks dgkfu;ksa ds fofo/k vk;keksa ds }kjk fodflr vkSj le) fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% blh
vk/kkj ij ge dgkuh ds fofo/k vk;keksa ds lkFk dke djrs gq, le> cukus dk iz;kl djsaxsA lkFk
gh i<+us&fy[kus ds dkS’kyksa ij ,d lkFk dke fd;k tkuk visf{kr gSA cPpksa dks iqLrdky; dh
iqLrdkas ls cgqr lkjh dgkfu;ksa dks i<+us ds volj nsuk rFkk mudks yxkrkj ys[ku dk;Z djokus
dk dke djuk gksxkA
blds ckn lanHkZ O;fDr lewg ds vk/kkj ij 5 vFkok 6 xzqi cukdj muds dgkuh fuekZ.k ds fuEu
vk;kekas dk VkLd nsxkA
1- lewg& ’kCnksa ls dgkuh cukvk s fo|ky;] eSMe] NqV~Vh] eEeh] isM+] o"kkZ] cPps] Hkw[kA
2- lewg & v/kwjh dgkuh iwjh djksA mldk uke Hkh fy[kks ¼,d esa<d] ,d pwgk vkSj ,d phaVh cgqr vPNs nksLr FksA ,d ckj rhuksa lSj dks fudysA os ,d cM+s
ls rkykc ds fdukjs ig¡qpsA esa<d us rSjus dh lksphA mlus rkykc esa Nykax yxk nhA ysfdu pwgs
vkSj phaVh dks rSjuk ugha vkrk FkkA os fdukjs mnkl [kM+s FksA esa<d mUgsa ns[kdj g¡lus yxkA pwgs
vkSj phaVh dks cqjk yxk---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------
36
3- lewg & fp= @n`’; ns[k dj dgkuh fy[kks
4- lewg & [kkyh LFkkuksa dks Hkjrs gq, dgkuh iwjh djks ,oa ’kh"kZd Hkh fy[kksA
uhps fy[ks x|ka'k dks Ikgys nks ckj /;ku ls Ik<+uk gSA rhljh ckj Ik<+rs le; [kkyh LFkku dks Hkjuk
gSA
¼ ,d ckj fdlh dkj.k ls ,d xksnke esa vpkud vkx yx xbZA mlesa gtkjksa :Ik, ds vkyw Hkjs
IkM+s FksA ml xksnke dk ekfyd viuk eky ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- flj IkhVrk
,d rjQ --------------------------------------------------------------FkkA Ikkl&IkM+ksl ds yksx ------------------------------------cq>kus
Ikz;Ru dj jgs FksA la;ksx ls -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------jkLrs ls xksiky HkkaM-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------fudysA og fdlh dke ls ---------------
---------------------------------jgs FksA lkeus -----------------------tyrk ns[kdj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------ogk¡ :d x, vkSj Ikkl ds eksrh dh nqdku ls ued -------------------------------------------A-----------------xksnke ds
v/ktys vkyw cM+s --------------------------------------------------------[kkus yxsA ogk¡ mUgksaus brus -------------------------- ----------------
-----------------------------fd mudk ----------------------- Hkj x;kA fQj ------------------------------------Ikj gkFk Qsjrs gq, mUgksaus
,d -------------------------------------------------------------------yh vkSj ml eksrh ls gh----------------------------------------------ih;k A-----------
----------------------,d fdukjs xksnke ds ----------
ekfyd dks -------------------------------------------------------------------Fkkedj cSBs ns[kk rks ml ds Ikkl ------------------------------------
----------------cksys] D;ksa nknk ------------------------------IkdM+dj D;ksa cSBs gks \ ;g D;k bl rjg eq¡g -------------------------
------------------------------cSBus dk le;
gS \ xksnke dk ------------------------------------------------------------------- cksyk] ftldk tkrk gS] ogh ------------------------------------
----------------------------gSA eq>s D;k djuk pkfg, vkSj ------------------------------ugha] bls rqEgkjs tSls IksVw ugha --------------
---------------------------------A tkvks] IksV Hkjus ls dksbZ dksuk -------------------------------------------jgk gks rks Ikphl&Ikpkl ----
37
--------------------------------------------------------------yks vkSj viuk ----------------------------------ukiksA xksiky ------------------le> x,
fd xksnke ds ekfyd -------------------------mudk vkyw [kkuk fcydqy -----------------------ugha -----------------------------gSA
og---------------------------------------ekfyd ds -------------------------- vkdj cksys] vPNk rc rks Bhd&Bhd -------------------------
-------------------------vki gh ns ldrs gaSA dSlh [kcj \ ----------------------ekfyd us --------------------IkwNk ;gh fd bl
ckj dk ----------------------Ikwjk dj fy;k gS] vc xksnke esa nksckjk--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------ftlls fQjA xksiky HkkaM+ us ----------------------dgk vkSj vius ------------------------------------------------vkxs c<+ x,A
5- dgkuh dk dksbZ uke fy[krs gq, mlds vUr dks fy[kksA
¼iqjkus tekus eas ,d jktk FkkA mls dgkuh lquuk cgqr ilan FkkA ,d fnu mlus ?kks"k.kk dh] ^^tks
Hkh eq>s lcls yEch dgkuh lquk;sxk] mls ,d gtkj lksus dh eksgjas bZuke eas nwaxkA^^ [kcj lqudj
dgkuh lqukus cgqr yksx vk;sA ,d vkneh us dgkuh [kRe djus eas ,d gIrk yxk;kA nwljs us nl
fnu rd dgkuh lqukbZA rhljs us dgkuh dks ,d eghuk pyk;kA mudh dgkuh lquus ds ckn jktk
;gh dgrk] ^^vkius tks dgkuh eq>s lqukbZ gS og bruh yach ugha gSA^^ mUgs bZuke fn;s fcuk gh ykSVk
nsrkA ,d prqj dgkuhdkj us blds ckjs es lquk vkSj fdlh Hkh rjg jktk ls iqjLdkj ikus dk
fu’p; fd;kA
og jktk ds ikl x;k vkSj cksyk ^^egkjkt] eq>s ,d cgqr yach dgkuh vkrh gSA ml dgkuh dks iwjk
djus es esjh ftUnxh chr tk;sxhA^^ jktk us mRlkg ls dgk] ^^ vksg] ,slh ckr gS rks lqukvks dgkuh!
^^dgkuhdkj us dgk] exj esjh ,d ’krZ gSA dgkuh lqurs le; vki ^fQj------^ fQj------^ ,slk iwNrs
jgsaxsA^^ jktk us rqjar 'krZ eku yhA dgkuhdkj us dgkuh lqukuk 'kq: fd;kA ^^,d ns’k esa ,d ckj
[kwc o"kkZ gqbZA Qly vPNh gqbZA tgk¡ ns[kks ogk¡ ioZr tSls /kku dk <sj FkkA ;g ns[kdj ml ns’k ds
ea=h us vkns’k fn;k] ^^,d cMs HkaMkj dk fuekZ.k dhft;sA ns’k Hkj ds /kku dks bl HkaMkj es a cpkdj
jf[k;sA vdky iM+s rc Hkh fpUrk djus dh t:jr ugha iMsxhA vkns’k ds vuqlkj ,d cMs HkaMkj dk
fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA ml izdkj dk HkaMkj fdlh Hkh ns’k es ugha FkkA ml 'kkunkj HkaMkj dks ns[kus
nwj&nwj ls yksx vk;sA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dgkuhdkj dks ,d gtkj Lo.kZ eqnzk,a nh tk,¡A^^ mlds ckn gh jktk us pSu dh lkal yhA
6- fuEu dgkuh dks i<dj iwjk djks rFkk mldk fp=kadu Hkh djks
,d Fkh phaVhA ckgj ?kweus fudyhA mlh jkLrs esa jksVh dk VqdM+k fn[kkbZ fn;kA mlus mls
yq<+dkdj ys tkus dh dksf’k’k dhA og VqdM+ksa dks ugha ys tk ldhA mlus lkspk&jksVh dk VqdM+k
Hkkjh gSA ny dh vkSj phafV;ksa dks cqyok yw¡ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mijksDr dgkuh dk fp=kadu dhft,A
38
lHkh lewgksa dk dke iwjk gksus ds ckn lanHkZ O;fDr lHkh lewgksa dk izLrqrhdj.k djk;sxkA lkFk gh
dgkuh dh izLrqfr dks jkspd rjhds ls djus ds fy;s izR;sd lewg dks izksRlkfgr djsxkA
izLrqfr ds ckn lanHkZ O;fDr lkewfgd ppkZ djus ds fy;s fuEu iz’ukas ds ek/;e ls ckrphr djsxkA
ppkZ ds fcUnq&
tc ge n`’; fp=k as ls dgkuh cuk jgs Fks ml le; gekjs fnekx esa D;k fopkj vk jgs Fks\
v/kwjh dgkuh dks iwjk djrs le; D;k fopkj vk jgs Fks \
ftl le; vki yksx dke dj jgs Fks] ml le; fnekx dSls lfdz; gks jgk Fkk \
lesdu%&laHkkfx;ksa }kjk crk;s x;s fopkjksa dks cksMZ ij fy[kk tk;sxkA mlds ckn laHkkfx;ksa }kjk
vk;s fopkjksa dks ’kkfey djrs gq, lqxedrkZ lesdu djsxkA gtkjkas o"kksZ ls fo’o ds tuekul eas
dgkfu;kas dk O;kid izHkko jgk gSA izkphu dky ls dgkfu;ksa ds }kjk uSfrd f’k{kk ,oa /kkfeZd f’k{kk
nsus dk lcls izpfyr vkSj izHkkoh vk/kkj jgk gSA gekjh iapra= dh dgkfu;ksa ds }kjk fo".kq 'kekZ us
jktiq=ksa dks f’kf{kr djus dh egRrh ftEesnkjh dk fuoZgu fd;kA vr% dgkuh ds O;kid lalkj dk
f’k{k.k es mi;ksx djrs gq, ge Hkk"kk ds lkjs dkS’kyks a dk :fpiw.kZ ,oa vkuannk;h rjhds ls fodkl
dks lqfuf’pr dj ldrs g aSA ;fn ge la{ksi esa dgsa rks bl izdkj ds dke cPpksa ds lkFk djk;s
tk;s rks cPpksa esa fuEu izdkj dh {kerkvksa dk fodkl gks ldsxkA
i<dj le>uk
dYiuk’kfDr dk fodklA
laizs"k.k dkS’ky
Hkfo";ok.kh djuk
vuqeku yxkuk
’kCn dks"k esa o`f)A
fpUru dk fodkl djuk] O;fDrRo dk fodklA
l aosnu’khyrk dk fodkl
fyf[kr ,oa ekSf[kd vfHkO;DrA
uksV&;gk¡ lanHkZ O;fDr izeq[krk ls tksMs+ fd fy[kus&i<+us ij ,d lkFk dke gksuk t:jh gS vr%
cPpksa dks iqLrdky; dk mi;ksx i<+us esa djokus dk lk;kl iz;kl gksuk gh pkfg;sA
Lkh[kus dh laaizkfIr
Hkk"kk dh ckjhfd;ksa ij /;ku nsrs gq, viuh Hkk"kk x<+rs gSa vkSj mldk bLrseky djrs gaSA
fofo/k izdkj dh lkexzh& iqLrdky; dh iqLrdsa] lekpkj i=] cky dfork,¡] cky if=dk,¡ vkfn eas
vk;s izkd`frd] lkekftd ,oa vU; laosnu’khy fcUnqvksa dks le>rs g aS vkSj mu ij ppkZ djrs gaSA
i<+h gqbZ lkexzh vkSj futh vuqHkoksa dks tksM+rs gq, muls mHkjh laosnukvksa vkSj fopkjksa dh
¼fyf[kr@ekSf[kd½ vfHkO;fDr djrs gaSA
Hkk"kk dh ckjhfd;ksa] tSls& 'kCnksa dh iqujko`fRr] loZuke] fo’ks"k.k] ts.Mj] vkfn ds izfr lpsr jgrs
gq, fy[krs gaSA
dgkuh dks fy[krs gq, le>rs gq, ljkgrs gaS vkSj ’kCnksa dk mi;qDr iz;ksx djrs gq, fy[krs gS aA
dgkuh ds fofHkUu mn~ns’;ksa ds fy;s Ik< +rs gSa rFkk fy[krs gq, fojke fpg~uksa] tSls& iw.kZfojke]
vYifojke] iz’uokpd fpg~uksa dk fy[kus&i<+us esa lpsr bLrseky djrs gaSA
viuh dYiuk ls dgkuh fy[krs gq, Hkk"kk dk l`tukRed iz;ksx djrs gaSA
39
vkys[k&dgkuh lqukus dk gquj & —".kdqekj
cPpksa dks dgkuh lqukuk okdbZ ,d gquj gSA vkb, ns[krs gSa dkSu&dkSu lh ckjhfd;k¡ gksrh
gSa dgkuh lqukus esaA
;g cM+s vQlksl dh ckr gS fd gekjs çkbejh Ldwyksa esa igyh nks d{kkvksa ds fy, çfrfnu dgkuh
lqukus dh dksbZ vyx *?kaVh* ugha gksrhA ;fn ,slh O;oLFkk gksrh rks cPpksa dks Ldwy esa fVdk, j[kus
dh leL;k de&ls&de ,d gn rd lqy> tkrhA cgqr ls yksx dgsaxs fd eSa bl leL;k dh
xaHkhjrk dh vogsyuk dj jgk gw¡A cgqr laHko gS fd esjk lq>ko lqudj dbZ Åaps vf/kdkjh fgdkjr
ds Hkko ls eqLdqjk,aA muds fo'kky vuqHko vkSj ç'kklfud Kku us ;g le> vo'; muds fnekx ls
gVk nh gksxh] tks esjh le> esa muds ikl ,d le; esa t+:j jgh gksxh] fd dgkuh lqukus dk cPpksa
ij ,d tknqbZ vlj gksrk gSA
;g cgqr gh xgjs vQlksl dh ckr gS fd gekjh v/;kid çf'k{k.k laLFkk,¡ Hkh dgkuh lqukus dks
xaHkhjrk ls ugha ysrh gkykafd muesa ls dqN vius ikB~;Øe esa dgkuh lqukus ds egÙo dk ft+Ø
t+:j dj nsrh gSaA
esjs eu esa ,d ,sls fnu dh dYiuk gS tc NksVs cPpksa dks i<+kus okys gj f'k{kd ls ;g vis{kk dh
tk,xh fd de&ls&de rhl ikjEifjd dgkfu;ksa ij mldk vf/kdkj gksA vf/kdkj ls esjk vk'k; gS
fd ;s dgkfu;k¡ mls vPNh rjg ;kn gksa rkfd og mUgsa bRehuku vkSj vkRefo'okl ds lkFk lquk
ldsA ;g ,d ,sls lekt ds fy, dksbZ cM+h ckr ugha gS ftlds ikl gt+kjksa dgkfu;ksa dh ,d yach
fojklr gSA rhl ,slh dgkfu;k¡] ftUgsa v/;kid viuh et+hZ ls tc pkgs lquk lds] çkbejh Ldwy ds
igys nks ntksZa dk ekgkSy cny dj j[k nsaxhA 'krZ bruh Hkj gS fd nSfud ikB~;Øe esa dgkuh
lqukus dks ,d lEekutud txg bl [kkfrj nh tk, fd dgkuh lqukuk vius vki esa egÙoiw.kZ gSA
dgkfu;k¡ dgk¡ ls yk,¡ \
fiNys iSjkxzkQ esa eSaus ,d fo'ks"k.k dk bLrseky fd;k gS ftls eSa vc vkxs c<+us ls igys Li"V
djuk pkgrk gw¡A eSaus fy[kk gS fd eSa ikjEifjd dgkfu;k¡ lqukus ds i{k esa gw¡A ;qok v/;kidksa dks
dgkuh lqukus dk çf'k{k.k nsus dk esjk vuqHko crkrk gS fd tc muls lqukus yk;d dgkfu;k¡
ryk'kus dks dgk tkrk gS] rks os çk;% cPpksa dh fdlh if=dk esa Nih gqbZ dgkfu;k¡ ys vkrs gSaA
muesa ls dqN yksx dkWfeDl dFkk,¡ mBk ykrs gSa vkSj dqN yEcs pqVdqys vkSj vlyh ?kVukvksa ds
c;ku ;kn djds ys vkrs gSaA ;g lgh gS fd bl fdLe dh lkexzh dks Hkh *dgkuh* dh Js.kh esa j[kk
tk ldrk gS] ysfdu bl rjg dh çR;sd dgkuh ls ge çkbejh Ldwy esa i<+us okys N% ;k lkr
lky ds cPpksa ij tknqbZ vlj djus dh mEehn ugha dj ldrsA
ijEijk ls feyh gqbZ dgkfu;ksa esa ,slh fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSa tks ledkyhu dgkfu;ksa esa] ftUgsa ge
fofo/k :iksa vkSj ek/;eksa esa ns[krs gSa] vfuok;Zr% ugha ikbZ tkrhaA bu fo'ks"krkvksa dh ppkZ ge tYnh
djsaxs] ysfdu igys eSa ikjEifjd dgkfu;ksa ds dqN lzksrksa dk ft+Ø djuk pkgw¡xkA lcls igys
iapra=] tkrd] egkHkkjr] lglz jtuh pfj=] foØekfnR; dh dgkfu;k¡ vkSj fofHkUu bykdksa dh
yksd&dFkk,¡ lgt vkSj le`) lzksrksa dh Js.kh esa j[kh tk ldrh gSaA buds ckn ge dFkk
lfjrlkxj] xqfyLrka vkSj cksLrka dh dgkfu;k¡ vkSj nqfu;k Hkj dh yksd&dFkkvksa dks j[k ldrs gSaA
;s lzksr vklkuh ls miyC/k ugha gSaA blfy, ;fn dksbZ ikB~;Øe esa dgkuh lqukus dks ,d fu;fer
txg nsuk pkgrk gS rks mls bu reke lzksrksa ls pquh xbZ dgkfu;ksa dk ,d ladyu cukuk gksxkA
40
dgus yk;d dgkuh
,d vPNh dgkuh esa dkSu&lh fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSa] ;g tkuus ds fy, ,d ljy jkLrk ,d ,slh
dgkuh dh tk¡p djus dk gS ftls cPps ihf<+;ksa ls vkuaniwoZd lqurs vk jgs gSaA iapra= dh 'ksj vkSj
[kjxks'k dh dgkuh ,d ,slk mnkgj.k gSA bl dgkuh dk dFkkud mruk vklku ugha gS ftruk ge
dgkuh ls vius ifjp; ds dkj.k eku ysrs gSaA D;ksa u ge igys bl dgkuh ds çeq[k eksM+ ;kn dj
ysaA
dgkuh esa ,d fnu og vkrk gS tc uUgsa [kjxks'k dks cw<+s 'ksj ds lkeus is'k gksuk gksrk gSA 'ksj ds
njokt+s igq¡pus rd [kjxks'k us bruh nsj dj nh gS fd 'ksj Hkw[k ds ekjs ikxy gks jgk gSA ;g
fu.kkZ;d {k.k 'ksj ds lkFk fdlh Hkh rjg dh lkSnsckth ds fy, ,dne vuqi;qDr gS D;ksafd 'ksj
xqLls ls cqjh rjg Hkjk cSBk gS] ysfdu [kjxks'k vuqi;qDr {k.k esa viuh ckr j[krk gS fd mls bruh
nsj dSls gks xbZ\ jkLrs esa ,d nwljs 'ksj ls feyus dh ckr iwjh rjg >wB gS] ysfdu ;g ckr Hkw[k]
ukjkt+ 'ksj ds 'kkgh fnekx esa cSB tkrh gSA vc og igys vius çfr}a}h ls fuiVuk pkgrk gS vkSj
blds fy, og [kjxks'k ds lkFk ml dq,a dh rjQ py iM+rk gS tgk¡ nwljs 'ksj ds jgus dh ckr
mls crkbZ xbZ gSA bl nwljs fu.kkZ;d {k.k esa [kjxks'k viuh /kks[ksckt+h vkSj 'ksj dh ikxy ukjkt+xh
vkSj bZ";kZ] ftls mlh us txk;k gS] ij Hkjkslk djds vkxs c<+rk gSA dq,a esa viuh ijNkbZ ns[kdj
'ksj vkik [kks cSBrk gS vkSj dwndj ej tkrk gSA vkb,] bl iqjkuh] ifjfpr dgkuh dks t+jk ckjhdh
ls ns[ksaA igyh ckr rks ;g gS fd dgkuh dh fo"k;oLrq esa dksbZ mins'k ugha gSA mYVs] ;g dgkuh
lh/ks&lh/ks bl rjg ds xaHkhj lokyksa ls tw>rh gS& tSls fd fdlh Hkh ikf'od rkdr ds lkeus ;k
ekSr ds okLrfod [krjs ls vius dks dSls cpk;k tk,A vkerkSj ij cPpksa ls ckrphr ds nkSjku ge
,sls ç'uksa dks ugha mBkrs] ysfdu t+kfgj gS fd cPpksa dh ,sls ç'uksa esa xgjh #fp gksrh gSA ge iwN
ldrs gSa fd bl #fp dk D;k dkj.k gS] ij bl loky dh ppkZ eSa dqN nsj esa d:¡xkA bl chp eSa
,d vkSj cM+h fo'ks"krk ij fopkj djuk pkgrk gw¡A ;g dgkuh ,d ,sls NksVs çk.kh dh gS tks ,d
cM+s rkdroj çk.kh }kjk iSnk dh xbZ eqlhcr ls tw> jgk gSA bl eqlhcr ls cpus ds fy, NksVk
çk.kh ,d ,slh rjdhc dk ç;ksx djrk gS ftls ge vkerkSj ij vuSfrd dgrs gSaA
bl rjdhc ij vey djrs le; [kjxks'k O;fDrRo ds dqN mEnk xq.kksa dh felky is'k djrk gSA
bu xq.kksa esa lkgl] [krjs ds lkeus vkRefo'okl] fdlh ?kVuk ds vafre {k.k rd viuk fnekx BaMk
j[kus dh {kerk vkSj vius ls T+;knk rkdr vkSj mez okys ls mfpr crkZo djuk 'kkfey gSA
gesa bl ckr ij Hkh xkSj djuk pkfg, fd dgkuh fdruh rst+ xfr ls vkxs c<+rh gSA 'kq#vkr esa
,d vthc&lh O;oLFkk ykxw dh tkrh gS ftlds rgr jkst+ ,d tkuoj LosPNk ls cw<+s jktk dk
f'kdkj cusxkA bl rjg dh nSfud O;oLFkk LFkkfir gksus ds ckn tYnh gh NksVs [kjxks'k dh ckjh
vkrh gS vkSj dgkuh dk dsUnzh; fgLlk çdV gksrk gSA ckdh ?kVuk,¡ cgqr rst+h ls ?kVrh gSa] D;ksafd
vius dks cpkus dh ,d [krjukd j.kuhfr r; dj ysus ds ckn [kjxks'k ,d Hkh {k.k cckZn ugha dj
ldrkA dgkuh lquus okyk laoknksa ds t+fj, ,d ds ckn ,d fLFkfr ls */kDdk [kkrs gq,* vkxs c<+rk
gSA ;g Li"V jgrk gS fd lquus okys ds ikl bl ckr dk dksbZ fodYi ugha gS fd og fLFkfr dks
[kjxks'k dh fuxkg ls ns[ksA
;g laf{kIr fo'ys"k.k mu dkj.kksa dh igpku ds fy, i;kZIr gS ftuls bl dgkuh dks cPpksa ds chp
Hkkjh yksdfç;rk feyh gSA lcls igyh ckr ;g gS fd dgkuh mUgsa ,d ,slk pfj= ;kuh ghjks nsrh
gS ftlds lkFk os iwjk rknkRE; cSBk ldrs gSaA ;g pfj= gS [kjxks'kA dgkuh esa mldh Hkwfedk mlh
rjg dh pqukSfr;ksa vkSj eqlhcrksa ls xqt+jrh gS tSlh fd cPps vius nSfud thou esa vDlj eglwl
41
djrs gSaA og NksVk vkSj 'kfDrghu gS] mls ,d ,slk dke djuk gS tks og djuk ugha pkgrk] mls
,d ,sls çk.kh ds gkFkksa ekjs tkus dk Mj gS ftlds ikl iwjh lÙkk Hkh gS vkSj 'kkjhfjd rkdr HkhA
[kjxks'k dh ifjfLFkfr ds bu igyqvksa ls feyrs&tqyrs igyw gj cPps dh ft+Unxh esa mHkjrs jgrs gSaA
;|fi ge mUgsa vDlj ns[k ugha ikrs D;ksafd ge ekrk&firk vkSj v/;kid dh Hkwfedk,a fuHkkus esa
csgn O;Lr jgrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ge esa ls cgqr de yksx ;g tkurs gSa fd vpkud gksus
okyh e`R;q dk Mj cpiu esa fpUrk ds lcls cM+s lzksrksa esa 'kkfey gSA fdlh cM+s vkSj et+cwr O;fDr
ls vkeuk&lkeuk gksus dh vk'kadk Hkh blh çdkj dh fpUrk iSnk djrh gSA
dgkuh 'kq: gksrs gh cPpksa dk /;ku blfy, [khaprh gS D;ksafd cPps Lo;a dks dgkuh esa ns[k
ldrs gSaA blds ckn dgkuh esa gksus okyh ?kVukvksa ls muds vkd"kZ.k dks cy feyrk gSA uUgk
[kjxks'k ,d j.kuhfr pqurk gS vkSj og dkjxj fl) gksrh gSA og u dsoy mlds fy, lQy gksrh
gS] cfYd leL;k dks ges'kk ds fy, vkSj lcds fy, [kRe dj nsrh gSA NksVs cPpksa dks blh rjg dk
gy ilan vkrk gSA [kjxks'k dh j.kuhfr ds vkd"kZ.k dk ,d vkSj dkj.k ;g gS fd og cPPks esa
ges'kk ikbZ tkus okyh ,d Hkksyh&Hkkyh bPNk ij vk/kkfjr gS& cgkuk cukus dh bPNkA nsjh ls vkus
ds [kjxks'k }kjk fn, x, cgkus esa ,d vkSj vkd"kZ.k ;g gS fd mldk mÌs'; viuh tku cpkuk
ugha] 'ksj dks ekjuk Hkh gSA okLro esa [kjxks'k dh nqfo/kk blfy, bruh dfBu gS fd D;ksafd og
vU;k;h dks tku ls ekjs cxSj [kqn dks cpk ugha ldrkA blh rjg dgkuh cp fudyus dk ,d
tcjnLr ukVd is'k djus ds fy,] cgknqjh ls fd, x, uk'k dk bLrseky djrh gSA ;fn mlesa
dksbZ uSfrdrk gS rks og vkRe&j{kk dh uSfrdrk gh gSA bl ckr dks Hkh ge rHkh Bhd ls ns[k ldrs
gSa tc ge dgkuh dks cPps dh fuxkg ls ns[ksaA ;fn ge cM+ksa dh fuxkg ls bl dgkuh dks ns[kus
dh ft+n djsa rks ge blh fu"d"kZ ij igqapsaxs fd ;g ,d vuSfrd dgkuh gS& tSlh fd og njvly
gS HkhA
t+:jr D;k gS \
vc rd ;g Li"V gks x;k gksxk fd cPpksa ds fy, ,d vPNh dgkuh lquus dk uSfrdrk ;k uSfrd
f'k{kk ls dksbZ laca/k ugha gS ;k de&ls&de lh/kk laca/k ugha gSA vf/kd xgjs Lrj ij [kjxks'k vkSj
'ksj dh dgkuh esa ,d çsjd ckr gSA og fn[kkrh gS fd [krjs ds lkeus fnekx BaMk j[kus ds D;k
Qk;ns gSaA dgkuh ;g Hkh fn[kkrh gS fd lksp&le> vkSj dYiuk ls dke ysuk fdruk egÙoiw.kZ gSA
ysfdu ;s ckrsa ikjEifjd vFkZ esa *uSfrd f'k{kk* ugha dgh tk ldrhA okLro esa egku ikjEifjd
dgkfu;k¡ 'kk;n gh ikjEifjd vFkZ esa uSfrd f'k{kk nsrh gksaA gekjs fy, T+;knk t+:jh bl ckr ij
xkSj djuk gS fd dgkuh lqukus dk mÌs'; cPps dk uSfrd fodkl djuk ugha gSA dgkuh lqukus ls
gksus okys ykHk dkQh vyx gSa] vkSj os bl çdkj gSa%
dgkfu;k¡ vPNh rjg lquus dh {kerk dk fodkl djrh gSa% vPNk Jksrk dkSu gS\ og tks vUr rd
lqurk jgsA ;g ckr ge cgqr ls yksxksa ds ckjs esa ugha dg ldrsA ;gk¡ rd fd vkSipkfjd cglksa ds
nkSjku Hkh yksx yxkrkj Vksdrs jgrs gSaA bldk dkj.k mudh ;g ekudj pyus dh vknr gS fd
mUgsa igys ls irk gS fd cksyus okyk D;k dgsxkA ,d vkSj dkj.k ;g gS fd muesa lquus dk /kS;Z
ugha gksrkA vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha fd lquus dks vc flQZ ,d dkS'ky ugha] cfYd ,d joS;k ekuk
tkus yxk gS ftls çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, Åaps Lrj ds çca/ku vkSj ç'kklu ds dkslZ miyC/k gSaA
dgkuh lqukus ls gekjh ft+Unxh ds ml fu.kkZ;d nkSj esa /kS;ZiwoZd lquus dh {kerk fodflr gksrh gS
tc lquus dh vknr vkSj mlesa fufgr joS;k thou Hkj pyus okyh vknrksa dk :i ys ldrs gSaA
42
;g ckr FkksM+h vthc gS fd vPNs Jksrk gekjs ml ns'k esa nqyZHk gks x, gSa tgk¡ ,d iqjkuh
vkSj et+cwr ekSf[kd laL—fr jgh gSA esjk vankt+ gS fd bl ifjfLFkfr dk laca/k cpiu esa dgkuh
lqukus dh vogsyuk ls gSA ,slk yxrk gS fd vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds ikl cPpksa dks fu;fer :i ls
dgkuh lqukus dk le; ugha gSA bl deh ds ifj.kke vc Li"V gksrs tk jgs gSaA
dgkuh lqukus ls vankt+ yxkus dk çf'k{k.k feyrk gS% viuh ilan dh dgkfu;k¡ cPps ckj&ckj
lquuk pkgrs gSaA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd dgkuh ls ,d ckj viuk ifjp; gks tkus ij os bl
ifjp; dk bLrseky xkSj ls lquus dh viuh c<+rh gqbZ {kerk dk ijh{k.k djus ds fy, djrs gSaA
LokHkkfod gS fd ;s ijh{k.k vutkus esa gksrk gSA cPpksa dks bl ckr ls [kq'kh gksrh gS fd dgkuh dks
nwljh ;k rhljh ckj lqurs le; os lQyrkiwoZd vankt+ yxk ldrs gSa fd vkxs D;k gksxkA vankt+
ds lgh fl) gksus dk vkuUn gh og buke gS tks dgkuh lquus ls ,d vuqHkoh Jksrk dks feyrk gS]
vkSj ;g flQZ vkuUn ugha gSA blls dgkuh lquus okys cPps dh vankt+ yxkus dh {kerk ls fo'okl
Hkh c<+rk gSA lokZaxh.k fodkl esa bl fo'okl dh ,d xgjh Hkwfedk gksrh gS& [kkldj i<+us dh
{kerk ds fodkl esaA ;g {kerk Ldwy ds 'kq#vkrh nks o"kksZa dh lcls cM+h pqukSrh gksrh gSA lk{kjrk
vkSj i<+us dh {kerk ds fodkl esa vankt+ yxkus dh {kerk ds ;ksxnku dh foLrr ppkZ eSaus viuh
iqLrd *cPps dh Hkk"kk vkSj v/;kid* esa dh gSA
vankt+ yxkus dh {kerk dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku vU; fo"k;ksa] fo'ks"kdj xf.kr vkSj foKku esa Hkh gSA
xf.kr dh i<+kbZ esa fu;eksa ds bLrseky ls leL;k dk gy fudkyus dk lS)kafrd egÙo gSA
dgkfu;ksa esa Hkh fu;e gksrs gSaA QdZ ;gh gS fd ;s fu;e :idksa dh 'kDy esa gksrs gSaA felky ds rkSj
ij dbZ dgkfu;k¡ bl fu;e dk ikyu djrh gSa fd NksVs çk.kh cM+ksa dks /kks[kk nsdj fot; çkIr
djrs gSaA [kjxks'k vkSj 'ksj dh dgkuh esa ;gh gksrk gSA dgkfu;k¡ lqurs&lqurs cPps muesa fufgr
fu;e idM+ ysrs gSa] vkSj ;g idM+ mudh vankt+ yxkus dh {kerk dks csgrj cukrh gSA
dgkfu;k¡ gekjh nqfu;k dks QSykrh gSa% eSa ml nqfu;k dh ckr dj jgk gw¡ ftls ge vius flj ;k
fnekx esa ysdj pyrs gSaA dgkfu;k¡ mls bl vFkZ esa QSykrh gSa fd ge muds t+fj, ,sls yksxksa vkSj
fLFkfr;ksa dks tku ysrs gSa ftuls gekjk okLrk viuh ft+Unxh esa dHkh ugha iM+kA loky gS fd ,sls
yksxksa ;k fLFkfr;ksa dks tkuus ls D;k Qk;nk gS\ Qk;nk ;g gS fd os thou dk vax gSaA Hkys ge
O;fDrxr :i ls mUgsa u tkurs gksa ij os gesa fnekxh :i ls ijs'kku djrh gSa] [kkldj cpiu esa&
ysfdu ,d lkekU; vFkZ esa ;g ijs'kkuh thou Hkj pyrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, NksVs cPps cqjs
vknfe;ksa dh fQØ djrs jgrs gSa] Hkys gh muds vklikl dksbZ cgqr cqjk vkneh u gksA blh rjg os
Hkhrj ;g vk'kk djrs gSa fd mUgsa fdlh csgn gksf'k;kj] lqUnj ;k vPNs balku ls feyus dk ekSdk
feysxkA vkn'kZ :i dh dYiuk vkSj Hk;adj foifÙk dk Mj] nksuksa gh cky&euksfoKku esa 'kkfey gSaA
ikjEifjd dgkfu;k¡ bl euksfoKku dks O;aftr djrh gSa] vkSj blhfy, os cPpksa dks vklkuh ls [khap
ysrh gSaA dgkuh lquus ls NksVk cPpk] tks vHkh lk{kj ugha cuk gS] viuh okLrfod nqfu;k ls dgha
cM+h nqfu;k ds dfYir :i dk vuqHko ik ysrk gSA
,d ckr vkSj Hkh gS fd dgkfu;ksa ls feyus okyk vuqHko csrjrhc ugha gksrkA mYVs] ;g
vuqHko gekjh vjktd nqfu;k dks ,d larks"ktud Øe ;k cqukoV esa <ky nsrk gSA ,d xgjs vFkZ esa
;g ,d *uSfrd cqukoV* gksrh gS & ysfdu ,d vke vFkZ esa ughaA detksj thrrk vo'; gS] ysfdu
dbZ ckj xyr lk/kuksa dk ç;ksx djdsA Hkw[ks 'ksj ls [kjxks'k dk >wB cksyuk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
43
dgkuh lqukuk vkSj i<+uk
var esa] dgkuh dgus dk egÙo ge cPps ds Hkk"kkbZ lk/kuksa ds foLrkj esa ns[k ldrs gSaA 'kCn ,d
cgqr gh futh lEifÙk gksrs gSaA os gesa ,d cgqr futh vFkZ esa lalkj dh pht+ksa dks vyx&vyx uke
nsus dh {kerk nsrs gSaA ysfdu nwljh rjQ 'kCn ,d ,slh lkekftd lEifÙk Hkh gS ftldk bLrseky
ge nwljksa ls vius vuqHko ckaVus ds fy, djrs gSaA 'kCnksa dh ;g nks&rjQk ç—fr gh mUgsa vFkZ nsrh
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, cPps dks vius futh vuqHko ls ;g ekywe gksrk gS fd Hkw[k yxus ij 'ksj dks
dSlk eglwl gks jgk gksxkA dgkuh cPps dks *Hkw[kk* 'kCn dk vFkZ bl rjg QSykus esa enn nsrh gS
fd mlesa 'ksj Hkh 'kkfey gks tk,A cPps ftruh T+;knk dgkfu;k¡ lqusaxs] mudh 'kCnkoyh esa mruk gh
nwljksa ds vuqHkoksa dk vFkZ 'kkfey djus dh lkeF;Z vkrh tk,xhA bl rjg ns[ks a rks cpiu esa lquh
xbZ dgkfu;k¡ vkxs pydj i<+us dh {kerk dk vk/kkj curh gSaA
okLro esa dgkuh ds lanHkZ esa Åij dgh xbZ pkjksa ckrsa i<+us ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gSA i<+us dh {kerk
cPpksa dk ifjp; Hkk"kk esa fufgr fu;eksa vkSj lajpukvksa ls djkrh gSA vPNh rjg i<+us dh {kerk
gksf'k;kjh ls vankt+ yxkrs pyus dh vknr ij fuHkZj gSA Hkk"kk ds fu;eksa ls ifjfpr gksdj cPps ;g
vankt yxk ysrs gSa fd okD; ;k dFku esa vkxs D;k vkus okyk gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls dgkuh lqukuk
cPpksa dks lk{kj cukus ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA
dgkuh lqukus dk dkS'ky
dgkuh lqukus dh dyk ij vf/kdkj ikus ds bPNqd O;fDr ds fy, t+:jh gS fd og Le`fr dks
xaHkhjrk ls ysaA ;fn dgus okys dks dgkuh Bhd ls ;kn ugha gS rks og vPNh ls vPNh dgkuh dks
Hkh pkSiV dj ldrk gSA ;kn dj ysus ls vkRefo'okl c<+rk gS vkSj dgkuh dgus okyk bRehuku
eglwl djrk gSA dgkuh lquus okyksa ls fj'rk cukus ds fy, bRehuku ;k pSu cgqr t+:jh gSA
nwljh ckr ;g gS fd tc rd dgkuh vPNh rjg ;kn gks tkrh gS rks dgus okyk mls ,d [kkds ;k
[kkyh uD'ks dh rjg bLrseky dj ldrk gSA
bl uD'ks dks viuh lqfo/kk ;k lquus okyksa ds ewM ds vuqlkj Hkjk tk ldrk gSA dgkuh dks NksVk
;k cM+k djuk cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA fdlh fnu vki pkgrs gSa fd tYnh&tYnh ml fcUnq ij
igq¡p tk,¡ tgk¡ [kjxks'k 'ksj ds lkeus [kM+k gSA fdlh vkSj fnu vkidh bPNk gksrh gS fd dgkuh ds
igys fgLls dks QSyk,a] bl ckr dh foLrr ppkZ djsa fd Hkkstu ds bart+kj esa 'ksj ds eu esa
dSls&dSls fopkj vk jgs gksaxs vkSj 'ksj dh xqQk dh rjQ tkrs gq, [kjxks'k ds fnekx esa dkSu&dkSu
lh ckrsa vkSj j.kuhfr;ka mHkj jgha gksaxhA
dgkuh dks ysdj cPpksa ds lkFk laokn dbZ rjg ds fodYi is'k djrk gSA vki pkgsa rks ukVdh; <ax
ls nks vkokt+ksa esa cksysa] b'kkjksa ;k eqnzkvksa ls Hkh dke ysaA laokn dks ltho cukus ds fy, vki gkFk
dh dBiqrfy;ksa dk ç;ksx Hkh dj ldrs gSaA vki dejs ds ,d dksus ls nwljs dksus rd pydj nksuksa
Hkwfedk [kqn fuHkk ldrs gSaA ;s lHkh laHkkouk,a jkspd gSa vkSj os gesa bl ckr dh pqukSrh nsrh gSa fd
ge ,d gh dgkuh dks lky&nj&lky ;k ,d gh lky esa dbZ ckj lqukrs gq, viuh lkeF;Z c<+krs
pysaA
dgkuh lqukuk ;fn fdlh f'k{kd dh nSfud ft+Unxh esa 'kkfey gS rks og dHkh mckÅ ugha gks
ldrhA ij dgkuh dks jkst+ dh ?kVuk cukus ds fy, ;g t+:jh gS fd ge çkbejh Ldwy ds
ikB~;Øe dh viuh /kkj.kkvksa dks xaHkhjrkiwoZd cnysaA
44
dgkuh&lqukus ds fy;s
cl ls mrjdj tsc esa gkFk MkykA eSa pkSad iM+kA tsc dV pqdh FkhA tsc esa ;ksa Hkh D;k Fkk dqy ukS
#i;s vkSj ,d [kr] tks eSaus ek¡ dks fy[kk Fkk & fd esjh ukSdjh NwV xbZ gSA vHkh iSls ugha Hkst
ikšxkA rhu fnuksa ls og iksLVdkMZ tsc esa iM+k Fkk] iksLV djus dks eu gh ugha dj jgk FkkA
ukS :i;s tk pqds FksA ;wa ukS :i;s dksbZ cM+h jde ugha Fkh] ysfdu ftldh ukSdjh NwV pqdh gks]
mlds fy;s ukS :i;s ukS lkS ls de ugha gksrsA
dqN fnu xqtjs] ek¡ dk [kr feyk] i<+us ls iwoZ eSa lge x;kA t:j iSls Hkstus dks fy[kk gksxk]
ysfdu [kr i<+dj eSa gSjku jg x;kA ek¡ us fy[kk Fkk& csVk rsjk ipkl :i;s dk Hkstk gqvk
euhvkMZj fey x;k gSA ^^rw fdruk vPNk gS js ! iSls Hkstus esa dHkh ykijokgh ugha cjrrkA**
eSa blh m/ksM+cqu esa eS xy x;k fd vkf[kj ek¡ dks euhvkMZj fdlus Hkstk gksxk \
dqN fnu ckn ,d vkSj i= feykA pan ykbus Fkha & vk<+h&frjNhA cM+h eqf’dy ls [kr i<+ ik;kA
fy[kk Fkk &HkkbZ ! ukS :i;s rqEgkjs vkSj bdrkyhl :i;s viuh vksj ls feykdj] eSaus rqEgkjh ek¡ dks
euhvkMZj Hkst fn;k gSA ----
fQdj u djukA --------- ek¡ rks lcdh ,d tSlh gksrh gS u ! og D;ksa Hkw[kh jgsa \ ----- rqEgkjk tsc
drjk!
dgkuh f’k{k.k esa vkdyu izfØ;k
miZ;qDr dk;Z esa dgkuh lqukus ds chp esa rFkk vUr esa dh xbZ ckrphr esa izR;sd cPps dks lqudj
le>uk vkSj cksydj vfHkO;fDr djus dk lrr vkdyu ds rgr f’k{kd dks irk py jgk FkkA ;gk¡
Hkk"kk dh nks cM+h {kerkvksa dk vkdyu gks jgk FkkA vxj dksbZ cPpk nksuksa esa Hkkxhnkjh de djrk gS
vFkok ugha djrk gS rks f’k{kd mlds fy;s Hkkxhnkjh ds volj cukus dh ;kstuk cuk ldrk gSA
;kstuk dh leh{kk djus ds ckn mu cPpkas dks /;ku es j[krs gq, ;kstuk eas mfpr cnyko dj
ldrk gSA
dgkuh ys[ku ds fofHkUu vk;keksa ds dke eas f’k{kd izR;sd cPps dh dYiuk] fpUru] fyf[kr
vfHkO;fDr vkfn dke dk lrr vkdyu dj jgk gksxkA bl fu;fer vkdyu eas fdlh cPps dh
fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr esa detksjh yxs rks mlds fy, vusd rjg dh :fpdj ;kstuk cukdj cPpksa dks
fl[kkus dh igy dj ldrk gSA ftu cPpksa esa lh[kus dh xfr de gksrh gS mudks mudh xfr ls
fl[kkus eas lrr vkdyu dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
blds vykok bl rjg ds dke dh izfrfuf/k jpuk,¡ iksVZQksfy;ksa eas yxokdj le;≤ ij izR;sd
cPps dh fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr ds fodkl dks ns[k ldrk gS vkSj mlds vuq:i vkxkeh ;kstuk cuk
ldrk gSA
;kstuk eas dke dk fu:i.k%& ’kkyk esa cPpksa dh ,d ikB dh ikf{kd ;kstuk cukbZ tkrh gS rFkk
,d lIrkg eas cPpkas ds lkFk dke djus ds ckn mldh leh{kk dh tkrh gSA ;fn iwoZ ;kstuk ds
vuqlkj dqN cPps Bhd ls lh[k ugha ikrs gaS rks muds fy, ;kstuk eas cnyko djds cPpksa ds fy,
lh[kuk lqfuf’pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blh vk/kkj dks ysdj dgkuh&f’k{k.k dks orZeku ;kstuk esa
Mkydj dke fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lHkh Lrjksa ds cPpksa ds lkFk & cPpksa ds lkFk mudh iqLrdkas dh dgkfu;k¡ ,oa cgqr lkjh
vU; izdkj dh dgkfu;kas dks lquus lquku]s mu ij fopkj foe’kZ djus] ,d&,d okD; ls
45
dgkuh cukus] v/kwjh dgkuh iwjh djus] n`’; fn[kkdj dgkuh cuokus] dgkuh lqukdj fp=
cuokus rFkk blh izdkj ds dke djrs gq, lHkh Lrjkas ds cPpksa ds lkFk dke djrs gq,
izR;sd cPps dks viuh ckr dgus ds volj fn;s tk ldrs gaSA bl dke ds }kjk muds lkFk
dYiuk djus] dgkuh dh ?kVukvksa ij vkSfpR; o vukSfpR; ij iz’u djus] dYiuk ’kfDr]
rdZ] fo’ys"k.k djrs gq, cPpkas dh ekSf[kd vfHkO;fDr dk fodkl dj ldrs gaSA
d{kk Lrj ds cPpksa ds lkFk ¼lewg&1½ &d{kk Lrj ds cPpkas dks mi lewgakas eas ck¡Vdj mudks
dgkuh dk 'kh"kZd fy[kokrs gq, v/kwjh dgkuh dks iwjk djokus] n`';ksa ls dgkuh cuokus]
dkYifud ys[ku djus] dgkuh dk vUr fy[kus] dgkuh ds [kkyh LFkku Hkjrs gq, dgkuh iw.kZ
djus] 'kCnksa ls dgkuh cuokus] ,d&,d okD; ls dgkuh cuokus] Lora= :Ik ls feydj
dgkuh cukus vH;kl iz’u] iqLrdky; dh iqLrdkas dk iBu dk dke djk;k tk ldrk gSA
d{kk Lrj ls fuEu Lrj ds cPpksa ds lkFk ¼lewg&2½ &d{kk Lrj ls uhps Lrj ds cPps
i<+us&fy[kus ls lEcaf/kr {kerkvksa ds leLr vH;kl] iqLrdky; dh iqLrdakas dk iBu] iBu
ds ckn fp=kadu] muds Lrj ds vuq:Ik lanHkksZ dk iBu rFkk vusd izdkj ds 'kCnkas] okD;kas
,oa lanHkkasZ ds vH;kl dk;Z djok ldrs gaSA
46
l= %&7 dfork f‛k{k.k
Hkwfedk %& dfork dks i<+kbZ ugha i<+h tkrh gSA dfork i<+uk ,d dyk gS] blesa dksbZ viuh
vkstLoh ok.kh esa mfpr y;&rky ,oa gko&Hkko ds lkFk dfork i<+rk gS rks lkeus
okys ds fnyksa fnekx esa ‚kCn fp= cudj mrjrh gSA dfork,¡ izk;% uojl esa fy[kh
tkrh gSa ;Fkk gkL;] ohj] Ük`axkj] d:.k] ohHkRl] vn~Hkqr] jkSnz] ‚kkar o Hk;kudA
dfork f‛k{k.k ls cPpksa esa dYiuk ‚kfDr] vfHkO;fDr dkS‛ky ds lkFk&lkFk uohu
‚kCnk sa dh tkudkjh j[kus dh :fp mRiUu gksrh gSA
mÌs‛; %&
¼1½ dfork dks mfpr y;&rky ds lFk vkuUn ysrs gq, gko&Hkko ls lquk ldasxsA
¼2½ dfork dks lqudj vFkZ xzg.k dj ldsaxsA
¼3½ dYiuk ‚kfDr ,oa eq[kj vfHkO;fDr dk fodkl gks ldsxkA
¼4½ uohu ‚kCnksa dk iz;ksx djrs g q, rqdcUnh ,oa dYiuk ls dfork cukuk ,oa vkxs
c<kuk lh[k ldsaxsA
Lkkexzh %& pkVZ] Ldsp isu] dk;Zi=d] ‚;keiV~V ,oa ikB~;iqLrdasA
ppkZ ds fcUnq%& ¼10 fefuV ½
¼1½ rqd canh D;k gSa \
¼2½ dfork dk vFkZ xzg.k dSls djok ldrs gSa \
¼3½ D;k dfork cukrs le; dYiuk ‚kfDr dk feJ.k vko‛;d gS \
¼4½ izkFkfed Lrj ij dfork dk fuekZ.k dSls djok ldrs gSa \
¼5½ D;k dfork dgus dk dksbZ mÌs‛; gksrk gSa \ ;k flQZ vkuUn izkfIr ds fy, gS \
lanHkZ O;fDr }kjk mDr ppkZ ds ckn ,d dfork dh ikB ;kstuk dk izn'kZu fd;k tk;sxk
,oa fuEu izk:i esa ,d ikB ;kstuk cuokbZ tk,xh& ¼35 fefuV ½
d{kk & 5 lEiw.kZ d{kk ds fy, ;kstuk& fnukad & -------------ls ---------------------
ikB&4 R;ksgkjksa dk ns‛k gekjk vo/kkj.kk & dfork fo/kk dks le>uk
dfork dks lqudj vkuUn ysuk A
dfork dks i<+dj le>uk ,oa le> ds vuqlkj mlds Hkko O;Dr djuk A
Hkkjr ds fofHkUu R;ksgkjksa dks tkuuk A
Hkkjr esa euk;s tkus okys R;ksgkjksa dh lwph cukuk A
i<+h xbZ fo’k; oLrq ds vk/kkj ij iz‛uksa ds tckc fy[kuk A
lEiw.kZ d{kk ds fy, f‛k{k.k ;kstuk
¼lkewfgd dk;Z] mi lewgksa esa dk;Z] O;fDrxr dk;Z½
lrr vkdyu ;kstuk lkIrkfgd leh{kk
lgHkkfxrk] vk jgh
dfBukb;k¡] ;kstuk
47
esa cnyko
lkewfgd dk;Z
dfork lqukuk& d{kk esa okrkoj.k fuekZ.k djus ds
fy, gko& Hkko ds lkFk ,d NksVh lh dfork
lqukbZ tk,xh rFkk la{ksi esa ckr dh tk,xhA
ikB~;iqLrd dh dfork **R;ksgkjksa dk ns‛k gekjk**
dks gko&Hkko o mfpr y;&rky ls lqukbZ
tk,xhA
fp=ksa ij ckrphr rFkk R;ksgkjksa dks eukus ds
rjhdksa ij ppkZ A
milewgksa esa dk;Z
dk;Zi=d ij dk;Z djokukA
v/kwjh dfork dks iwjh djus ds fy, dgsaxsA
dfork dks gko&Hkko ,oa y; rky ls lqukus dks
dgsxsaA
dfork ds R;ksgkjksa dh lwph cuokuk A
rqdcanh ,oa dYiuk ‚kfDr ls u;h dfork dk
l`tu djok,axsA
dfBu ‚kCnksa ds ‚kCnkFkZ iwNs tk,axsA
milewg esa dqN ‚kCnkasa dks nsdj Lora= :i ls
dfork cukus ds fy, izsfjr fd;s tk,axsA
O;fDrxr dk;Z
dfork ds vk/kkj ij fp=kadu ,oa jaxkadu
djokukA
iqLrdky; esa tkdj dfork,¡ <w¡<dj ladyu
djukA
cPpksa ls dfork,¡ lquukA
ikB~;iqLrd dh xfrfof/k djokukA
ikB~;iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl iz‛u djsxsaA
vH;kl i=d ij dk;Z djokukA
dfork lqukus o lquus
ds nkSjku cPpksa dh
lgHkkfxrk ,oa
vfHkO;fDr dk vkdyu
fd;k tk;sxkA
cPpksa ds dk;Z i=dksa ls
fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr dk
vkdyu djukA
[kkstiw.kZ tkudkjh]
lqtukRedrk ,oa
vuqeku dYiuk vk/kkfjr
iz'uksa ds mRrjksa esa
rfdZdrk dh le> dk
vkdyu djukA
fo"k; oLrq ds
vFkZ@ewy Hkko]
l`tukRedrk] ekSf[kd
,oa fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr
dk vkdyu ¼fyf[kr
dk;Z tk¡puk] fVIi.kh
ntZ djuk½ o
izfriqf"V nsukA
-
{kerk lao/kZu %&
euk, tkus okys R;ksgkjksa ij xk, tkus
okys xhrksa dh ,d&,d iafDr;ksa dh
lwph cuokukA
fdlh ,d R;ksgkj ij nl okD;
cPpksa dh dk;Z esa layXurk]
igy] lgHkkfxrk ,oa
l`tukRedrk dk voyksdu
dj vkdyu dks ntZ
ikf{kd leh{kk
---------ls --------------rd
48
fy[kokukA
lkekfld ‚kCn NaVokuk rFkk lwph
cuokukA
dqN ‚kCn nsdj rqdcUnh] l`tuA
djukA
lkekfld ‚kCnksa ij cuh
le> dk vkdyu dj ntZ
djuk A
Lkewg&2 ds fy, f‛k{k.k mn~ns‛; & ek=k;qDr ‚kCnksa dk iBu dj ldsaA
la;qDrk{kj] vuqLokj] vuqukfld ‚kCnksa dks i<+dj mfpr iz;ksx dj ldsaA
/kkjkizokg i<+ lds ,oa uohu ‚kCnkoyh xzg.k dj ldsaA
Lkewg&2 ds fy, vko‛;drkuqlkj f‛k{k.k ;kstuk
¼lkewfgd] milewg ,oa O;fDrxr ½
lrr vkdyu ;kstuk
lkewfgd dk;Z
pkVZ~l@Q~ys‛k dkMZ~l ds ek/;e ls ‚kCn o okD;
dk iBu djokukA
dfork esa vk, vyx&vyx ek=kvksa ds 'kCnksa dks
i<+dj <w¡<uk ,oa mudk mi;ksx dj okD;
cukukA
milewg dk;Z
mPpkj.k ‚kqf) ij dk;Z fd;k tk,xkA
gko&Hkko o y; rky ls dfork lqukus ds fy,
vH;kl djok;k tk,xkA
pkVZ~l@Q~ys‛k dkMZ~l ds ek/;e ls ‚kCn] ek=k o
mudh vo/kkj.kk ij dke fd;k tk,xkA
dk;Zi=d@uksVcqd ij ys[ku dk vH;kl djkukA
lanHkZ iz‛uksa dk ,d ‚kCn esa mÙkj cksyus ds fy,
izsfjr fd;k tk,xkA
O;fDrxr dk;Z
i<+us&fy[kus ds lacaf/kr {kerkvksa ij vk/kkfjr
dk;Zi=dksa ij vH;kl djukA
iqLrdky; dh iqLrdksa dk iBu djkukA
Lrjkuqdwy lanHkksZa dk iBu djkukA
vusd izdkj ds ‚kCnksa] okD;ksa ,oa lanHkksZa ds vH;kl
dk;ZA
cPpksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa
lgHkkfxrk ,oa igy
djus] ek=kvksa dh /ofu
,oa fpg~uksa dh le>
dk voyksdu dj ntZ
djukA
ys[ku&iBu ds fy,
fd;s x, vH;klksa ds
vk/kkj ij vkdyu
ntZ djukA
-
lanHkZ O;fDr }kjk fn, x, izi= esa dfork ls lacaf/kr ikf{kd dk;ksaZ@xfrfof/k;ksa ij rhu lewg
cukdj dk;Z djok;k tk,xkA ¼20fefuV ½
49
lewg 1 lewg 2 lewg 3
lkewfgd dk;Z milewg ds dk;Z O;fDrxr dk;Z
1- f‛k{kd }kjk dfork dk
okpu
2- f‛k{kdksa ds lkFk cPpksa
}kjk nksgjku ds lkFk
cksyuk
3- f‛k{kd }kjk cPpksa ls
dfork dks lquuk
4- ‚kCn mPpkj.k ij
vH;kl djuk
5- vFkZ crkdj O;k[;k
djuk
6- Hkk’kk dh ckr ;Fkk&,d
‚kCn esa mÙkj okys iz‛u]
vU; R;ksgkjksa ds ckjs esa
ppkZ ¼dc] D;kas o dSls
euk;s tkrs gSa\½
7- dfBu 'kCnksa ij dk;Z
djokuk
8- cPpksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ
dforkvksa dk xk;u
djokuk
1- dfork dh vyx&vyx
/kqu cuokuk
2- gko&Hkko o y; rky
ls lqukus dh
izfr;ksfxrk djuk
3- rqdcanh dj dfork dk
l`tu djuk
4- dfork dks eu ls vkxs
c<+kuk
5- R;kSgkjksa dh lwph
cuokuk ,oa R;kSgkjksa ij
xk, tkus okys xhr dh
,d&,d iafDr
fy[kokuk
6- 'kCn nsdj dfork dk
fuekZ.k djokuk
1-dfork dk O;fDrxr
izLrqrhdj.k
2-cks/k iz‛uksa ds mRrj nsuk
3-vU; lanHkZ ikB~;iqLrdsa izsfjr
dj i<+okuk
4-vH;kl iz‛u fyf[kr :Ik ls
djuk
5-R;ksgkjksa okyh dfork ij
nl&nl okD; fy[kuk
6-vU; dforkvksa dk ladyu
cukuk ¼izkstsDV odZ½
7- xk¡o@eksgYyksa es xk, tkus
okys xhrksa dk ladyu djokuk
funsZ‛k%& mi;qZDr dk;Z mnkgj.k Lo:Ik fy[ks tk jgs gaS] blds vykok vki vius Lrj ij vU; dk;Z
djokus dks Lora= gSa A
lanHkZ O;fDr lHkh laHkkfx;ksa dks pkj mi lewgksa esa ck¡Vsxk o fuEukuqlkj dk;Z vkaofVr dj
fuEufyf[kr xfrfof/k;k¡ djok,xkA ¼lewgksa eas djokbZ tkus okyh xfrfof/k;ksa dh izfrfyfi miyC/k
djokbZ tk,xhA ¼20 fefuV ½
lewg &1 xfrfof/k %& ‚kCn dk p;u djrs gq, dfork cukb, A
ns‛k dk--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼>aMk@vaMk½
eqxhZ dk-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼>aMk@vaMk½
HkSal dh------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---¼ckax@Vkax½
eqxsZ dh--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼Vkax@ckax½
dks;y dk --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼ehr@xhr½
Hkaojs dk----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼laxhr@thr½
xhr dks------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼xkuk@ekuk½
eq> dks------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼tkuk@ykuk½
cktjs dh---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼pksVh@jksVh½
50
/kkiw dh------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼eksVh@pksVh½
uk‛rs dk--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼pwgk@iksgk½
x.ks‛kth dk----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼iksgk@pwgk½
jktw dh------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¼ckr@ykr½
lewg & ¼2½ xfrfof/k & dfork dks vius eu ls vkxs c<+kb,&
,d Mky ds iaNh ge
,d Qwy dh ia[kqfM+;k¡ ge
,d xxu ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
,d vukj----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
,d isM+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
,d [ksr-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
,d ?kj---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
,d Ldwy-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
,d xk¡o-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
,d ns‛k--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
lewg &3 xfrfof/k& viuh /kqu cukb;s] lcdks lqukb,&
xgjk ikuh] fNNyk ikuh ]rSj jgh gS] eNyh jkuh
vk¡[ks pedk¡a] nwe ygjk, D;w ]mNy dwn dj ukp fn[kk,¡A
jaxfcjaxh eu dks Hkkrh] ikl cqykvks] dHkh u vkrhA
gkFk c<+kvks] xksrk [kkrh] vkVk Mkyks] pV dj tkrhA
bldk rks thou gS ikuh] eNyh rks gS ty dh jkuhA
51
lewg&4 xfrfof/k& dfork dks i<+dj ,slh gh nks&rhu dforkvksa dk rqdcanh ,oa dYiuk ‚kfDr ls
l`tu dhft,A
,d Fkk [kV[kV] cgqr gh uV[kVA
,d fnu >ViV] x;k oks iu?kVA
te?kV esa gks x;h] mldh [kViVA
yksxksa us cksyk] py gV py gVA
ij vM+ x;k [kV[kV] fiV x;k iViVA
funsZ'k%&
lanHkZ O;fDr izR;sd lewg dh izLrqrhdj.k ysa vkSj vU; lewg dks /;ku ls lquus ds funsZ‛k
nsrs gq, vius vko‛;d lq>ko] fo‛ks’krkvksa dks viuh Mk;jh esa uksV djok;saA
lHkh lewg dh izLrqfr ds ckn lanHkZ O;fDr vko‛;d lq>koksa@ckrksa dks ‚;keiV~V ij fy[ksa
o Li’V djsaA
mi;ZqDr izLrqfr;ksa esa dkSu&dkSu ls vf/kxe lwpd vk jgs gSa \ ml ij ppkZ djrs gq, ‚;keiV~V ij
fuEu rkfydk esa laHkkfx;ksa dh lgk;rk ls lwph c) djsxk ,oa pSdfyLV ls feyku djok,xkA
¼5fefuV ½
izLrqfr esa dh xbZ xfrfof/k dk uke vf/kxe lwpd dk fooj.k pSdfyLV esa Øekad la[;k
lesdu& izkFkfed d{kkvksa esa dfork i< +us dk eq[; mÌs‛; dfork ls ckydksa esa thou ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k
djus ds lkFk&lkFk muds euksefLr’d esa u;s ‚kCnksa dh o`f) djukA tc v/;kid d{kk d{k esa mfpr y;
rky ,oa gko&Hkko ds lkFk dfork i<+rk gS rc ckydksa ds eu esa Hkko ,oa efLr’d esa ‚kCn fp= mHkjrk g S
vkSj oks dfork esa of.kZr fo’k;&oLrq dks thoUr ?kfVr gksrs gq, ns[krk gSA ,slh dfork,¡ cky eu ij LFkkbZ
izHkko NksM+rh gS ftlls ckyd dk dfork ds izfr vkd’kZ.k Hkh c<+rk tkrk gSA dfork i<+us o i<+kus ls
ckyd rqdcUnh djuk] eq[kj gksuk] gko&Hkko ,oa mfpr y; rky ls izLrqr djuk ,oa vFkZ xzg.k djuk
lh[k ldsxkA
lh[kus dh lEizkfIr %&
52
1- dfork dks /;ku ls lqudj le>rs gSa] viuh izfrfØ;k O;Dr djrs gSa] iz‛u iwNrs gSa ,oa vius rjhds
ls jk; nsrs gSaA
2- dfork dks mi;ZqDr mrkj&p<+ko] xfr &izokg vkSj lgh iqV ds lkFk lqukrs gSaA
3- dfork esa viuh ckr tksM+rs gq, dfork dks vkxs c<+krs gSaA
4- rjg&rjg dh dforkvksa }kjk Hkk’kk dh ckjhfd;ksa tSls& ‚kCnksa dh iqujko`fr] laKk] loZuke vkfn dh
igpku o iz;ksx djrs gSaA
5- dfork esa iz;qDr uohu ‚kCnksa dks lanHkksaZ esa le>dj mudk vFkZ xzg.k dj y s[ku esa bLrseky djrs gaSA
53
l=& 8 vkjfEHkd d{kkvkas ds Hkk"kk f’k{k.k es fuca/k dh Hkwfedk
Hkwfedk&izkFkfed d{kkvksa ds f’k{k.k es fofHkUu izdkj dh fo/kkvk as es fuca/k fo/kk ij dk;Z djokus ds
fy;s ikB;Øe es fofHkUu ikBksa dk lekos’k fd;k x;k gSA ;s lekos’k djus ds ihNs cM +k mn~ns’;
jgk gS fd vkxs tkdj cPps lkfgfR;d fo/kkvksa dks i<+us] le>us ,oa mudh jpuk dj ldus dh
{kerkvkas dks izkIr dj ldsaA vr% blh fopkj ds lkFk fuca/k fo/kk dh vo/kkj.kk ij lk>k le>
cukus dh vko’;drk gSA bldks le>us ds ckn ikB;Øe es fufgr fuca/k ds ikB ij cPpksa ds lkFk
dke djkus] i<+us ds volj cukus rFkk ekSfyd ys[ku ds fy;s izsfjr djrs gq, dSls fyf[kr
vfHkO;fDr dh {kerk dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% ge bUgha eqn~nks ij dke djrs gq, le>
cukus dk iz;kl djsaxsA
mn~ns’; %&
fuca/k fo/kk dh vo/kkj.kk ij le> cuk ik,¡xsA
fofHkUu izdkj ds vk;keksa vk/kkfjr ys[ku dk vuqHko dj ik,¡xsA
rkfdZd fparu ,oa l`tukRed {kerk dk fodkl gks ldsxkA
fuca/k fo/kk ij dke djus ds rjhdksa dks tku ldsaxsA
lkexzh& fuca/k fo/kk dk vkys[k] d{kk 4 dk ikB 5 n’kgjk dh izfr] pkVZ 'khV] Ldsp isu
xfrfof/k& 1 fuca/k fo/kk dh vo/kkj.kk Lke;& 25 feuV
lanHkZ O;fDr fuca/k okys vkys[k dks lHkh laHkkfx;ksa dks lkewfgd :Ik ls i<+us ds fy;s nsxkA tc
lHkh laHkkxh vkys[k i<+ ysaxs mlds ckn fuEu iz’uksa ds vk/kkj ij lkewfgd ppkZ djds fuca/k ij
le> cukbZ tk;sxhA
ppkZ ds fcUnq
fuca/k fdls dgrs gaS \
fuca/k dh D;k&D;k fo’ks"krk,¡ gksrh gaS \
fuca/k ds D;k&D;k Hksn gksrs gSa \
vkjfEHkd d{kkvksa eas fuca/k fo/kk ij dke dSls dj ldrs gaS \
lkewfgd ppkZ ds ckn lanHkZ O;fDr vc rd gqbZ ppkZ dk lesdu djsxkA
lesdu%&izkphudky esa fuca/k 'kCn dk iz;ksx fHkUu vFkZ es gksrk Fkk fdUrq orZeku dky eas bldk
vFkZ lkfgfR;d fo/kk ds :Ik tkuk tkrk gSA lHkh fo/kkvksa esa dsoy fuca/k fo/kk gh ,slh fo/kk gS
ftlesa fy[kus okyk Lora= :Ik ls vius euksHkkokas] vuqHkoksa dks viuh gh ’kSyh e as rFkk ljy Hkk"kk esa
ikBdkas ds lkeus j[k ldasA fuca/k ys[kd ds ys[ku esa mlds O;fDrRo ,oa O;fDrijd ’kSyh fo|eku
jgrh gSA ys[kd dh ekufld izofr;ksa ds vuqlkj fuca/k dh fofHkUu 'kSfy;k¡ cu xbZA ;fn ge bl
le> ds lkFk cPpksa dks fuca/k ij dke djkrs gaS rks ,d izdkj dh ’kSyh vkSj fopkj dks ys[ku esa
LFkku ugha nsrs gq, cPpksa ds vius vuqHkokas vkSj fopkjkas dks ys[ku es ykus dk iz;kl gksuk pkfg;sA
cPpkas ds lkFk fy[kus ds lUnHkZ] mlds vklikl dh ftUnxh ds vuqHkokas ls gh ykus gksaxsA ;gk¡ bl
egRoiw.kZ rF; dks nf"Vxr j[kuk t:jh gS fd cPpkas dks ys[ku djkus ds lkFk cPpksa dks fofHkUu
izdkj ds fuca/k i<+us dks feyus pkfg;sA vFkkZr ys[ku vkSj iBu lkFk&lkFk pyuk pkfg;sA cPpksa dks
ftruk vf/kd i<+us ds volj feyasxs mldh fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr mruh gh le`) gksxhA
54
xfrfof/k 2& d{kk 4 ikB 5& n’kgjk ¼fuca/k½ le;%& 25 feuV
lanHkZ O;fDr d{kk 4 ds ikB 5 n’kgjk ij dke djus ls iwoZ f’k{kdkas ls bl ikB ds lEiw.kZ i{k ds
vuqHkoksa ij O;kid ckrphr djuh pkfg;sA
ppkZ ds fcUnq &
vkids xk¡o@’kgj esa dkSu&2 ls R;ksgkj euk;s tkrs gaS \
n’kgjs dk R;ksgkj vki dSls eukrs gaS vFkok ml fnu D;k djrs gaS \
bl R;ksgkj dks D;ksa eukrs gaS \
lanHkZ O;fDr laHkkfx;ksa dks mijksDr lanHkZ esa muds vuqHkoksa ij ckrphr djsxkA ;gk¡ lanHkZ O;fDr
laHkkfx;ksa dks cksyus ds fy;s izksRlkfgr djsxk rFkk cksyus ds i;kZIr volj Hkh nsxkA blh Øe esa
laHkkfx;ksa }kjk vFkok lanHkZ O;fDr }kjk n’kgjk R;ksgkj dh lHkh vUrdZFkkvksa dks gko&Hkko ,oa mfpr
mrkj&p<+ko ds lkFk lquk ldrk gSA
lanHkZ O;fDr mi;qZDr fo"k; ij lEiw.kZ ppkZ ds }kjk cuh le> ds ckn laHkkfx;ksa ls cPpksa ds lkFk
vkxs ds dke djus ds fofHkUu rjhdksa dks lk>k djsxkA
1- d{kk eas f’k{kd cPpksa dks fuca/k ds ikB ^n’kgjk^ dks i< +us ds fy;s dgsxkA
2- cPpkas ds }kjk bl ikB dks le>dj i<+us ds ckn f’k{kd cksMZ ij dfBu ’kCnksa dks fy[kdj
cPpkas ls mPpkj.k djok ldrk gSA tSls& dqd`R;] oRrklqj] rstfLork vkfnA
3- bl dke ds gksus ds ckn f’k{kd cPpk as dks muds Lrjkuqlkj iqLrdky; dh iqLrdkas ls cPpksa
dks fofHkUu izdkj ds fuca/kksa dks i<+us ds fy;s izsfjr dj ldrk gS rFkk dqN fuca/k
d{kk&d{k eas Hkh i<+okdj ckrphr dj ldrk gSA
4- bl pj.k esa f’k{kd cPpkas ls NksVs&2 eqnnksa ij ys[ku dk;Z djok,xkA bl ys[ku dk;Z dks
O;fDrxr ,oa milewgksa esa Hkh djk;k tk ldrk gSA bl ys[ku esa f’k{kd fofHkUu fuca/k ds
izdkjksa dks /;ku eas j[krs gq, ys[ku ds fo"k; r; dj ldrk gSA tSls&esyk] o"kkZ] R;ksgkj]
efUnj] rkykc] izkd`frd n`’;] pk¡nuh jkr] vkfnA
uksV%& mijksDr dk;Z dks lkFk&lkFk djrs gq, ;kstuk eas f’k{kd cPpksa dks ikB e as fn;s x;s vH;kl
dk;Z dks Hkh djk,xkA
Lkh[kus dh laaizkfIr
nwljkas }kjk dgh tk jgh ckr dks /;ku ls lqudj viuh izfrfØ;k O;Dr djrs o iz’u iwNrs g aSA
lquh jpukvksa dh fo"k;oLrq] ?kVukvksa] fp=kas] ik=ksa] ’kh"kZd vkfn ds ckjs eas ckrphr djrs
gaS@iz’u iwNrs gaS] viuh jk; nsrs gaS] viuh ckr ds fy;s rdZ nsrs gSaA
fuca/k dks viuh rjg ls viuh Hkk"kk esa dgrs gq, mleas vius vuqHko @ckr tksM+rs gSaA
izkjfEHkd d{kkvksa eas fuca/k fo/kk ij jpukRed ys[ku le;%& 40 fefuV
lanHkZ O;fDr lHkh laHkkfx;ksa dks N% lewgkas esa ckaVsxkA lewgkas dks ckaVus ds ckn izR;sd O;fDr dks fuEu
dke djus ds funsZ’k ,oa VkLd nsxkA
lkexzh& lQsn dkxt] Ldsp isu] cksMZ ekdZj
mi lewgksa eas fd;k tkus okyk dk;Z
funsZ’k& lHkh milewg fuEu eqn~nksa ij 8 ls 10 iafDr;ksa eas vius fopkjksa dks fy[kasA
lewg 1 cPpksa dks xq.koRrkiw.kZ f’k{kk nsuk D;ksa t:jh gS \ bl ij ,d NksVk fuca/k ys[ku djksA
55
lewg 2 fdlh ,sls i;ZVd LFkku vFkok /kkfeZd LFkku ds ckjs esa fuca/k fy[kks ftls vkius ns[kk gksA
lewg 3 fdlh ,sfrgkfld LFky vFkok lkekftd ?kVuk ij fuca/k ys[ku djksA
lewg 4 eSa i`Foh gw¡ \ ij fuca/k fy[ksA
lewg 5 esjk fiz; ys[kd ij fuca/k fy[kksA
lewg 6 esjk vkn’kZ fo|ky; ij fuca/k fy[kksA
xfrfof/k&3
lanHkZ O;fDr’k% lewgksa ls fy[ks fuac/k ysdj rFkk mudks N% lewgksa esa cny dj iqu% ns nsxk vkSj
mlds lkFk fuEu funsZ’k nsxkA
funsZ’k%&lHkh lewg mudks izkIr jpuk dk fuEu vk/kkjksa ij vkdyu djds fVIi.kh fy[ksA
fo"k; oLrq
Hkk"kk ¼okD; foU;kl] rkjrE;rk ,oa orZuh] vfHkO;fDr ½
lHkh lewgksa ds fVIi.kh fy[kus ds ckn lanHkZ O;fDr mDr jpukvksa dks iqu% ewy lewg dks ykSVk nsxk
vkSj fuEu funsZ’k nsxkA
funsZ’k%&vkids lewg dh jpuk ij izkIr vkdyu fVIi.kh ds vk/kkj ij vius ys[ku esa D;k vki
ifjoZru dj ldrs gSaA ;fn gk¡ rks D;k \ ugha rks D;ksa \ ;fn ifjorZu gqvk gS rks lewg mls cM+s
lewg esa lk>k djasxsA
;gk¡ lanHkZ O;fDr bl izfdz;k esa gq, ijLij vkdyu] fVIi.kh djus vkSj fVIi.kh ds vk/kkj ij mlh
le; lq/kkj djus dh izfdz;k dks tksM+rs gq, pSdfyLV esa ntZ djus dh izfd;k dks Li"V djsxk vkSj
jpukRed vkdyu dh vo/kkj.kk dks iq"V djsxkA
lewg 1 cPpksa dks xq.koRrkiw.kZ f’k{kk nsuk D;ksa t:jh gS\
bl fopkjkRed ys[ku ds fo"k; es rdZiw.kZ foospu] fo’ys"k.k gksrk gS rFkk bles a cqf)rRo dh iz/kkurk
gksrh gSA fy[kus okys ds fpUru euu] v/;;u] rFkk mldh ekU;rkvksa dk izHkko ys[ku eas fn[kkbZ
nsrk gSA blesa ys[ku dh izLrqfr lss mnkgj.k ysdj ckr j[k ldrs gSaA
lewg 2 i;ZVd LFkku vFkok /kkfeZd LFkku
bl o.kZukRed ys[ku ds fo"k; eas oLrq] LFkku] O;fDr n`’; vkfn ds voyksdu ds vk/kkj ij
vkd"kZd ,oa jkspd o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA bl ys[ku dh izLrqfr ds mnkgj.kksa dk iz;ksx djsaA
lewg 3 ,sfrgkfld LFky vFkok lkekftd ?kVuk
bl fooj.kkRed ys[ku ds fo"k; esa ,sfrgkfld LFky] lkekftd ?kVukvksa] LFkkuksa] n`’;ksa vkfn dk
vkd"kZd ,oa jkspd fooj.k fy[kk tkrk gSA bl ys[ku dh izLrqfr ds mnkgj.kksa dk iz;ksx djsa
lewg 4] 5 o 6 &dkYifud ys[ku
dkYifud ys[ku eas dYiuk djrs gq, ,slk o.kZu fd;k tkrk gS tks jkspdrk ds lkFk ftKklk mRiUu
djrk gSA bldks i<+rs gq, ikBd dks yxrk gS fd og n`’; mldh vk¡[kk as ds lkeus ls xqtj jgk
gksA
56
lesdu& ftl izdkj ls geus fuca/k fo/kk ds fofof/k vk;kekas ij dke fd;k blh rjg ls ge ge
cPpkas dks fuca/kksa dks i<+us ,oa fy[kus ds volj muds vuqHkoksa ls tksM+rs gq, nsaxs rks cPpksa eas ys[ku
vkSj iBu ds izfr vkRefo’okl rks c< +sxk lkFk mudh fyf[kr o ekSf[kd vfHkO;fDr dk mPprj
fodkl gksxkA fQj cPpksa dks fdlh Hkh izdkj ds fuca/k dks jVus dh t:jr ugha gksxhA os viuh
lgt ,oa ekSfyd vfHkO;fDr dj ik;asxsA vr% muds fy[ks gq, fopkjksa dks d{kk esa ,d&nwljs cPps
dks i<+us dks izsfjr djuk pkfg,A bl izfdz;k esa cPps ,d nwljs dh le> vkSj fopkjakas ls ifjfpr
gkasxsA ;g izfdz;k cPpkas ds Kku fuekZ.k dk foLrkj djsxhA ikB ij dke djrs gq, f’k{kd ikB e as
vkus okyh ?kVukvksa ls lacaf/kr vFkok fo"k;oLrq ls tqM+h gqbZ dqN izklafxd ?kVuk,¡ Hkh cPpksa dks
lquk,axs rks /;kukd"kZ.k ds lkFk jkspdrk Hkh cusxhA
cPpkas ds ys[ku dks fodflr djus ds fy;s f’k{kd dks ikBks a ds vykok vU; izdkj ds lanHkksZ ls
tqM+rh gqbZ iqLrdas] lanHkZ o vU; izdkj dh iBu lkexzh izpqj ek=k es i<+us] le>us rFkk vkil esa
fopkj foe’kZ djus ds volj cukus dh t:jr gksxhA
Lkh[kus dh laaizkfIr
Hkk"kk dh ckjhfd;ksa ij /;ku nsrs gq, viuh Hkk"kk x<+rs gSa vkSj mldk bLrseky djrs gSaA
fofo/k izdkj dh lkexzh& iqLrdky; dh iqLrdsa] lekpkj i=] cky dfork,¡] cky if=dk,¡ vkfn
eas vk;s izkd`frd] lkekftd ,oa vU; laosnu’khy fcUnqvksa dks le>rs g aS vkSj mu ij ppkZ djrs
gaSA
i<+h gqbZ lkexzh vkSj futh vuqHkoksa dks tksM+rs gq, muls mHkjh laosnukvksa vkSj fopkjksa dh
¼fyf[kr@ekSf[kd½ vfHkO;fDr djrs gSaA
Hkk"kk dh ckjhfd;ksa] tSls& 'kCnksa dh iqujko`fRr] loZuke] fo’ks"k.k] ts.Mj ds izfr lpsr jgrs gq,
fy[krs gaSA
i<+us ds izfr mRlqd jgrs gSa vkSj iqLrdky; ls viuh ilan dh iqLrdksa dks Lo;a i<+dj pqurs gSaA
fuca/k dks le>rs gq, rFkk ’kCnksa dk mi;qDr iz;ksx djrs gq, fy[krs gSaA
fuca/k dks fofHkUu mn~ns’;ksa ds fy;s Ik< +rs rFkk ys[ku eas fojke fpg~uksa tSls& iw.kZfojke] vYifojke]
iz’uokpd fpg~u dk fy[kus o i<us esa lpsr bLrseky djrs gSaA
viuh dYiuk] n`’;koyksdu] fooj.k] o vU; lkekftd fo"k;ks a ij fy[krs gq, Hkk"kk dk l`tukRed
iz;ksx djrs gq, fy[krs gSaA
57
l=&9 cgqd{kh; ,oa cgqLrjh; f’k{k.k
Hkwfedk&
lkekU;r;k ge f’k{k.k izfØ;k dks ikB~;iqLrdksa ds lkis{k ,d lh/kh js[kk dh rjg ns[krs gSa
okLro esa ,slk ugha gSA jktLFkku ds ifjizs{; esa ns[ksa rks fofo/k HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;k¡] laLd`fr;k¡ ,oa
cksfy;k¡ fo|eku gSA bu fLFkfr;ksa esa ,d gh vk;qoxZ ds leLr cPpksa dks ,d gh ikB~;Øe]
ikB~;iqLrd ,oa ,d gh fof/k ls fl[kkuk cM+k dfBu dk;Z gSA ijUrq gekjh 'kS{kf.kd O;oLFkk blh
rjg dh gSA
orZeku esa gekjs jkT; esa vf/kdka'k fo|ky;ksa esa d{kk 1 ls 5 esa i<+kus okys ,d f’k{kd ;k nks
f’k{kd gSaA ,d ;k nks f’k{kd viuh 'kS{kf.kd] ekufld {kerkuqlkj y{; izkfIr gsrq lUu) gSA ge
tkurs gSa fd os rduhdh ,oa f’k{k.k& 'kkL=h; fof/k;ksa ds vuqiz;ksx esa brus leFkZ ugha gSA bUgsa
enn dh vko’;drk gS fd os vius }kjk fd;s tk jgs dk;ksZa dks O;ofLFkr dj ldsa] cPpksa dks fl[kk
ldsa ,oa cPps lgtrk ls lh[k ldsaA
fo|ky;ksa esa lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k] okLrfod fLFkfr;ksa] ekuoh; lalk/kuksa dh deh vkfn
dks n`f"Vxr djrs gq, izksQslj d".k dqekj us bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dk;Z djus gsrq cgqd{kh;&cgqLrjh;
f’k{k.k iz.kkyh dk fopkj fn;k gSA muds vuqlkj os f’k{kd ,d ls vf/kd d{kkvksa dks i<+krs vk jgs
gaSA os bl izfØ;k dks O;ofLFkr :i ls fy[kdj] mfpr le; fu/kkZj.k ,oa xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr f’k{k.k
¼d{kkuqlkj½ dSls dj ldrs gSa \ bl izfdz;k dks laLFkkxr :i nsus dh t:jr gSA
mÌs’; %&
1- cgqd{kh;&cgqLrjh; f’k{k.k vo/kkj.kk ,oa izfØ;k ij le> cuk ldasxsA
2- bl izfØ;k esa dke djus ds rjhdksa ij j.kuhfr;ksa ij le> cuk ldasxsA
3- cgqd{kh;&cgqLrjh; f’k{k.k ;kstuk ij le> cuk dj fØ;kafor dj ldsaxsA
ppkZ ds fcUnq %&
1- orZeku le; esa d{kk&d{k esa cgqd{kh;&cgqLrjh; f’k{k.k laca/kh D;k pqukSfr;k¡ vk jgh gSa
\
2- bu pqukSfriw.kZ fLFkfr;ksa esa f’k{kdksa }kjk D;k iz;kl fd, x, \
3- cgqd{kh;&cgqLrjh; d{kk f’k{k.k D;k] D;ksa o dSls \
l=&izfØ;k %&
loZizFke lanHkZ O;fDr f’k{kdksa ls ppkZ djrs gq, iwNsxk fd vki 2 ;k 3 d{kkvksa dks ,d
lkFk f’k{k.k djkrs gSa rks vki fdu pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gSa ,oa pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk
djus ds fy, vki fdu&fdu j.kuhfr;ksa dks viukrs gSa \ mDr pqukSfr;ksa ,oa j.kuhfr;ksa ij
ppkZ djrs gq, lanHkZ O;fDr }kjk cksM+Z ;k pkV Z’khV ij lesdu fd;k tk,xkA lanHkZ
O;fDr }kjk crk;k tk,xk fd bu ifjfLFkr;ksa esa dk;Z djus gsrq gesa fo’ks"k iz;kl djus
gksaxsA ;s iz;kl d{kk d{kh; mfpr izca/ku o fof/k&izfof/k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gksaxsA f’k{kd ;gk¡
ij dfBukbZ egl wl djrs gSA muds eu esa fuEu iz’u vkrs gSaA
iz- 1- bu dk;ksZa dks ;kstuk&Mk;jh esa dSls fy[ksa \
iz- 2- bu xfrfof/k;ksa dk lQyrkiwoZd lapkyu dSls djsa \
iz- 3- nks ;k rhu d{kkvksa esa le; foHkktu dSls \
iz- 4- jpukRed vkdyu dSls djsa \
58
;fn ge orZeku esa gekjs }kjk cukbZ tkus okyh ;kstukvksa ij utj Mkysa rks Li"V gksrk gS fd og
cgq&Lrjh; dk;Z ds fy, izHkkoh gSA cgqd{kh;&cgqLrjh; f’k{k.k ;kstuk esa gesa dqN cnyko djus
gksaxsA bl fLFkfr esa gekjs ikl 2 ;k 3 d{kk,¡ gksrh gaSA izR;sd d{kk esa vyx&vyx Lrj ds cPps
gksrs gSaA ;gk¡ vko’;drk bl ckr dh gS fd f’k{kdksa dks enn ds fy, ,eth@,e,y ij dk;Z djus
dh mudh le> cukus ds iz;kl fd;s tk,¡A bl izfØ;k ds pj.k fuEukuqlkj gks ldrs gSaA
1- d{kk 1 o 2 rFkk d{kk 3] 4] 5 ds cPpksa dk Lrj fu/kkZj.kA
2- Lrjkuqlkj lewg fu/kkZj.kA
lanHkZ O;fDr ppkZ djrs gq, cgqd{kh; ,oa cgqLrjh; d{kk&d{kh; xfrfof/k;ksa ij le>
fodflr djsxk ,oa bu xfrfof/k;ksa dk cgqd{kh; ,oa cgqLrjh; f’k{k.k esa fdl izdkj mi;ksx
fd;k tk ldrk gS ij Li"Vrk ls ckr djrs gq, izkIr mRrjksa dks rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkDr
djsxkA nks ;k vf/kd d{kkvksa esa ,dy f’k{kd }kjk mn~ns’; ijd dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ftldks bl izdkj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;s ,d gh mn~ns’; ds fefJr lewg Hkh gks ldrs gSa
rFkk vyx&vyx mn~ns’; okys Hkh gks ldrs gSaA
1- lkewfgd dk;Z ftlesa f’k{kd }kjk funsZf’kr fd;k tk jgk gksxkA
2- milewg dk;Z
3- O;fDr xr dk;Z fof/k&izfof/k u 1-
mDr leLr dk;ksZa dks izR;sd d{kk&d{k esa dekscs’k fd;k tkrk gS
d{kk
1 o 2
d{kk
3 ls 5
f’k{kd }kjk lapkfyr
vo/kkj.kk dh le>
ij dk;Z]Q~yS’k
dkMZ]ppkZ]cksM+Z }kjk
]pkVZ }kjk ]vfHku;
cPpksa }kjk lapkfyr
iqLrdky;]izkstsDV dk;Z]dk;Z
i=d]iz’uksRrj]ubZ jpuk
djuk]dyk dk;Z]
vH;kl dk;Z
,dy f’k{kd
f’k{kd }kjk lapkfyr
vo/kkj.kk dh le>
ij dk;Z]Q~yS’k
dkMZ]ppkZ]cksM+Z }kjk
]pkVZ }kjk ]vfHku;
cPpksa }kjk lapkfyr
iqLrdky;]izkstsDV dk;Z]dk;Z
i=d]iz’uksRrj]ubZ jpuk
djuk]dyk dk;Z]vH;kl
dk;Z
59
fof/k&izfof/k u 2
60
dsoy le>us ds fy,
fo"k; &fgUnh d{kk 3] 4 o 5
VeZ
ikB@vo/kkj.kk@Fkhe@?kVd fnukad---------ls-------------rd
f’k{k.k vkdyu ;kstuk
lewg&1 ds cPpksa ds jksy ua-
d{kk&
d{kk&
d{kk&
lEiw.kZ d{kk ds fy, f’k{k.k vf/kxe mn~ns’;%&
lewg&2 ds cPpksa ds jksy ua-
d{kk&
d{kk&
d{kk&
lEiw.kZ d{kk ds fy, izLrkfor xfrfof/k;k¡
¼lkewfgd]milewg ,oa O;fDrxr½
lrr vkdyu ;kstuk leh{kk ,oa vuqHko
¼cPpksa dh
lgHkkfxrk@dfBukbZ ,oa
;kstuk ds cnyko ds
ckjs esa ½
lkewfgd dk;Z%&d{kk&d{k esa f’k{kd ds ikl ,d ls vf/kd d{kk,¡ ,d
lkFk gksrh gSaA blfy, mn~ns’;ksa ds lkis{k lkewfgd xfrfof/k;ksa dks lHkh
cPpksa ds fy, fcanqokj fy[kh tk,¡A
milewg dk;Z %& f’k{kd mn~ns’;ksa ds lkis{k lfEefyr ¼d{kkokj½ ds
milewg ;k fefJr lewg ds fy, xfrfof/k;k¡ fy[kh tk,¡A
O;fDrxr dk;Z %& d{kkokj mn~ns’;ksa ds vuq:i xfrfof/k;ksa dh jpuk dh
tk,A
lkIrkfgd
--------------- ls -------------------
61
lewg&1 ds fy, {kerk lao/kZu ;kstuk
d{kk&
d{kk&
d{kk&
ikf{kd
--------------- ls -------------------
lewg&2 ds fy, f’k{k.k mn~ns’;
;gka ij f’k{kd }kjk VeZ ds var rd ds fy, fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa ¼ikB~;Øe foHkktu iqfLrdk ,oa VeZokj
vkdyu lwpd vadu iqfLrdk]pSdfyLV dh enn ls½ ds vk/kkj ij lfEefyr d{kkvksa esa d{kkLrj ls
uhps ds 'kSf{kd Lrj ds cPpksa ds fy, mn~ns’;ksa dks fy[kk tk,A
lewg&2 ds fy, vko’;drkuqlkj f’k{k.k ;kstuk ¼lkewfgd] milewg] O;fDrxr½
lkewfgd dk;Z%& fu/kkZfjr mn~ns’;ksa ds lkis{k lkewfgd xfrfof/k;ksa dks lHkh cPpksa ds fy, fcanqokj fy[kh
tk,¡A
milewg dk;Z %& f’k{kd mn~ns’;ksa ds lkis{k Lrjkuqlkj milewg ;k fefJr lewg ds fy, xfrfof/k;k ¡
fy[kh tk,¡A
O;fDrxr dk;Z %& Lrjkuqlkj mn~ns’;ksa ds vuq:i xfrfof/k;ksa dh jpuk dh tk,A
laaaLFkk iz/kku dk
vfHker%&
gLrk{kj f’k{kd gLrk{kj laLFkkiz/kku
62
63
Lrjkuqlkj milewg
izLrqrhdj.k&
lkewfgd xfrfof/k;k¡ %& cgqd{kh;&cgqLrjh; izfdz;k esa lkeqfgd xfrfof/k;k¡
ubZ fo"k;oLrq izLrqr djrs le; ,oa fo"k;oLrq dh vo/kkj.kk cukrs le; dh tkrh gaSA tSls dgkuh
lqukuk] ckyxhr djuk] dfork lqukuk vkfnA
izFke lewg%& f’k{kd bl lewg ds cPpksa dks ikB~;iqLrd ds fdlh ikB ij iBu dk dk;Z djsxkA
tSls& v¡xqyh ?kqekdj i<+uk] ’kCn ,oa okD; dks ,d lkFk i<+us ,oa vFkZxzg.k dk vH;klA
Xkfrfof/k;k¡ mn~ns’;
o.kZ @’kCn@okD; dkMZ ij mPpkj.k vH;kl ¼lewg
dk;Z½
funsZ’kksa dks le>dj i<+us o okD;ksa dks
i<+dj vFkZ xzg.k djuk
’kCn& o.kZ dkMZ ij ¼O;fDrxr dk;Z½ o.kZ igpku ,oa mPpkj.k djukA
ikB ds okD;ksa ij mPpkj.k vH;kl ¼f’k{kd funsZf’kr½
okD;ksa dks mfpr xfr o izokg ls i<+ukA
f}rh; lewg & bl lewg ds cPpksa dks f’k{kd lewg dk;Z djus dk funsZ’k nsxkA
Xkfrfof/k;k¡ mn~ns’;
iqLrdky; dh iqLrdsa lewg esa i<+us dks nsxkA viuh ilan dh fo"k;oLrq dks i<+ ikus dh
igy djukA
Lkewg esa 'kCn <w¡<us dk [ksy [ksyus dks dguk ¼dksbZ
i`"B nsdj ½
iBu] lgHkkfxrk ,o igy djukA
r`rh; lewg & bl lewg ds cPpksa dks f’k{kd O;fDrxr dk;Z djus ds funsZ’k nsdj fuEu dk;Z djok
ldrk gSA
Xkfrfof/k;k¡ mn~ns’;
vH;kl dk;Z nsuk vo/kkj.kk dh iq[rk le> cukukA
i<+h xbZ dfork] dgkuh ds Lrj dh nwljh dfork]
dgkuh <w¡< dj i<+ukA
uohu dfork o dgkuh dks i<+dj vkuan
izkIr djukA
IkkB i<+uk i<+dj vFkZ xzg.k djukA
Lkekpkj i<+uk i<+dj le>uk ,oa ubZ tkudkjh gksukA
lesdu%& mDr xfrfof/k;ksa ,oa vH;kl ls ge bl ifj.kke ij igq¡prs gaS fd cgqd{kh; ,oa cgqLrjh;
f’k{k.k iz.kkyh gekjs f’k{kdksa ds fy;s lgk;d gSA bl izfdz;k dks dqN fnDdrksa ds ckotwn
d{kk&d{k esa fdz;kfUor fd;k tk ldrk gSA
dsoy le>us ds fy,
fo"k; &fgUnh d{kk 3] 4 o 5 VeZ &
64
d{kk&3 ikB ,d&ns’k dh ekVh ¼dfork½
d{kk& 4 ikB nks& cqf)eku [kjxks’k ¼dgkuh½
d{kk& 5 ikB ,d&ge Hkkjr ds Hkjr ¼dfork½
fnukad -----------ls -----------------rd
f’k{k.k vkdyu ;kstuk
lewg&1 ds cPpksa ds jksy ua-
d{kk& 3
d{kk& 4
d{kk& 5
lewg&2 ds cPpksa ds jksy ua-
d{kk& 3
d{kk& 4
d{kks& 5
lEiw.kZ d{kk ds fy, f’k{k.k vf/kxe mn~ns’;%&
dfork dks gko&Hkko o mrkj p<+ko ds lkFk i<+uk o xkuk@/kkjk izokg i<+dj le>ukA
fo’k; oLrq dks le>rs gq, vius ifjos‛k tksM+uk] fopkj j[kuk ,oa fy[kukA
leku /ofu] y; ds uohu ‚kCn cukuk] ‚kCnksa ds vFkZ le>uk ,oa lanHkZ ds vuqlkj okD;
iz;ksx djukA
foykse ‚kCn] fØ;k ‚kCn ,oa loZuk‛k ‚kCn dh igpku djukA
fp=ksa o fo’k;oLrq ds ek/;e ls okD; l`tu ,oa dfork] dgkuh dh jpuk djukA
lEiw.kZ d{kk ds fy, izLrkfor xfrfof/k;k¡
¼lkewfgd]milewg ,oa O;fDrxr½
Lkrr vkdyu ;kstuk leh{kk ,oa vuqHko
¼cPpksa dh
lgHkkfxrk@dfBukbZ ,oa
;kstuk esa cnyko ds ckjs
esa ½
Lkkewfgd dk;Z & ¼1½ ckyxhr ¼2½ NksVh dgkuh ¼3½
dfork dks dgkuh ds :i esa lqukuk ¼4½ f‛k{kd }kjk
okpu ¼5½ ikB~;iqLrd dh dgkuh vius ‚kCnksa esa gko&Hkko
ds lkFk lquuk ¼6½ dfork dgkuh iBu ¼7½ ppkZ djuk
f'k{kd }kjk vkdyu
cPpksa ds iwoZKku dks
tkuuk] lgHkkfxrk] Li"V
mPpkj.k] ekSf[kd
vfHkO;fDr dk voyksdu
dj ntZ djukA
lkIrkfgd
---------- ls --------------------
milewg dk;Z& ¼fefJr@d{kkokj½
(III) dfBu ‚kCnksa dk mPpkj.k djokukA
(IV) nwljksa dh HkykbZ ds fy, vki D;k&D;k dke djuk
ilan djsaxs \ lwph cuokuk
ikB~; iqLrd dh dfork dk iBu] dfork dh NwVh gqbZ
iafDr iwjh djukA
(V) dgkuh dk vfHku; rS;kj djokukA
iqLrdky; ls dgkfu;ksa dh iqLrdksa ls dgkfu;k¡ i<+ukA
ijLij vkdyu] Li"V
mPpkj.k] lwpuk laxzg]
vfHkO;fDr] vfHku;] i<+dj
le>uk] i<+us esa :fp]
ifjos'kh; laosnu'khyrk]
vkfn dk voyksdu dj
ntZ djukA
65
O;fDrxr dk;Z
(III) vuqdj.k okpu] dfBu ‚kCnksa ds vFkZ foykse ‚kCn
<w¡<uk] fy[kuk ¼dk;Z i=d½
(IV) ikB~; iqLrd dh dgkuh dfork dk iBu]
(V) iBu djuk] dfBu ‚kCnksa] loZuke ‚kCnksa dh lwph
cukuk] fefJr dk;Z&
dfork o dgkuh vk/kkfjr fp=kadu o jaxkadu
djokukA
ns‛k izse ls lacaf/kr vU; dforkvksa dks ;kn djuk o
lqukukA
dfork@dgkuh@izsjd izlaxksa dk ladyu djukA
lgh mPPkkj.k ds lkFk
iBu] funsZ'k le>dj
vuqiz;ksx ,oa fy[kuk]
'kCnkFkZ] foykse ,oa loZuke
dk iz;ksx] ladyu djuk o
jax la;kstu djus dh
fLFkfr dk vkdyu ¼fyf[kr
dk;Z dks tk¡puk o fVIi.kh
ntZ djuk½ dj izfriqf"V
nsukA
leqg 1 ds fy, {kerk lao/kZu ;kstuk&
fp= o 'kCnksa ds vk/kkj ij okD; jpuk ,oa rqdcUnh djukA
fp= o ‚kCnksa ds vk/kkj ij dfork o dgkuh dh jpuk djokukA
vU; lanHkZ iqLrdksa@v[kckj ls foykse] ;kstd fpg~u] fØ;k
‚kCn o loZukeksa dks NaVokdj lwph rS;kj djokukA
ikB~;iqLrd esa fufgr i<+us fy[kus ls lacaf/kr vH;kl dk;Z
djokukA
'kCndks'k esa 'kCn <qa<okdj vFkZ i<+okukA
cPpksa dh l`tukRed
vfHkO;fDr dk
voyksdu dj ntZ
djukA
foykse] ;kstd fpUg]
fØ;k ‚kCn o loZukeksa
dh tkudkjh ,oa
iz;ksx djus dh fLFkfr
dk voyksdu djukA
ys[ku vfHkO;fDr ,oa
'kCndks'k i<+us dh
fLFkfr dk voyksdu
djukA
Lkewg& 2 lesfdr mn~ns‛;
o.kkZd`fr;ksa dh igpku ,oa lgh mPpkj.k ds lkFk i<+uk o fy[kukA
uohu ‚kCnksa dk l`tu dj i<+uk o fy[kuk] okD; ltu djukA
ek=k Kku ,oa o.kksaZ dk iz;ksx dj ‚kCn cukdj i<+uk o fy[kukA
la;qDrk{kj] vuqLokj] vuqukfld ‚kCnksa dks i<+uk&fy[kuk ,oa iz;ksx djukA
66
lewg 2 ds fy, vko';drkuqlkj f'k{k.k ;kstuk ¼lkeqfgd] milewg] O;fDrxr½
lkewfgd dk;Z&
o.kkZd`fr ds ekWMy ij dk;Z ¼<w¡<dj igpkuuk ½
fofHkUu o.kksZa dh igpku djkdj mPpkj.k
djokukA
pkVZ~l ,oa Q~ys‛k dkMZ~l ds ek/;e ls ‚kCn o
okD; iBu djokukA
:eky >iV~Vk [ksy f[kyokukA
milewg dk;Z&
‚kCn o o.kZ dkMZ ls [ksy [ksyukA
o.kZ o ‚kCn ds dk;Z i=d ij dk;Z djukA
o.kZ dkMZl~ }kjk uohu ‚kCn fuekZ.k djukA
O;fDrxr dk;Z&
uksV cqd] cksMZ ij fy[kokukA
Lrjkuqlkj v[kckj ls ‚kCn NaVokukA
fp= n`‛; ns[kdj okD; l`tu djokukA
dk;Zi=d& dqN o.kksZa ,oa nks ek=k ;qDr 'kCnksa dk
fuekZ.k
ikB esa vk;s gq, la;qDrk{kj] vuqLokj ,oa
vuqukfld ;qDr 'kCnksa dh vyx&vyx lwph
cuokukA
o.kZ&/ofu la;kstu
dh le>] o.kkZd`fr
dh igpkuA
lgHkkfxrk] igy o
fu;e ikyuA
'kCn o okD; fuekZ.k ,oa ys[ku djukA
la;qDrk{kj] vuqLokj
o vuqukfld ‚kCnksa
ds i<+us&fy[kus ,oa
iz;ksx djus dh
fLFkfr dk voyksdu
dj ntZ djukA
Hkk"kk f’k{k.k ls lacafa/kr izLrkfor xfrfof/k;k¡
Lkkewfgd :i esa dh tkus okyh xfrfof/k;k¡
ckyxhr@dfork xk;u
dgkuh lqukuk
vuqHko lk>k djuk
¶yS’k dkMZl
cksMZ ds ek/;e ls
iisV 'kks
vfHku; djuk
fp= pkVZ
lLoj okpu
ppkZ djuk
fMCck ikl [ksy
:eky >iV~Vk [ksy
[ksy
vkWfM;ks@ohfM;ks
vUnktk@vuqeku yxkdj
i<+uk & tSls& gkbZdw@
rqdcanh dfork,¡
ifjos’kh; ?kVukdze ds vuqHkoksa
dks fHkfRr if=dk ds :i es
rS;kj djukA
milewg esa dh tkus okyh xfrfof/k;k¡
,d&,d okD; tksM+dj
ekkSf[kd dgkuh fuekZ.k
djuk
dgkuh fuekZ.k& dgkuh
dk ’kh"kZd fy[kuk] n`’;]
'kCnks ls] v/kwjh dgkuh
iwjh djuk] dgkuh dk
vUr fy[kuk] dgkuh ds
[kkyh LFkku Hkjuk]
itYl& dgkuh ds
fp=ksa dks ?kVukØe ls
tekuk
eq[kkSVs cukuk
phtksa ds uke fy[kuk
dfBu 'kCnkas dh lwph
cukuk
dksykt@iksLVj cukuk
v/kwjh dgkuh@dfork
iqLrdky; dk mi;ksx djuk
oxZ igsyh
vfHku; djuk
[ksy cksMZ ij dk;Z
'kCndks’k ls 'kCn <¡w<+uk
ppkZ djuk
iphZ [ksy
fMCck ikl [ksy
67
dgkuh dks vkxs c<kuk
dgkuh ds okD;ksa dks
?kVukØe ds vk/kkj ij
tekuk
iwjh djkuk
iBu djuk
dfork rqdcaanh ls
cukuk
:eky >iV~Vk [ksy
lwph cukuk& lanHkZ ls fyax]
opu] laKk] foykse] loZuke
O;fDrxr dk;Z ls lacaf/kr xfrfof/k;k¡
dgkuh fuekZ.k ds lHkh
vk;keksa ij dke
eq[kkSVs cukuk
lwph cukuk
mPpkj.k
vuqdj.k vkjfEHkd Lrj
i<+uk
o.kksZ ds Åij dadj
tekuk
nksgjh o.kZ vkd`fr;ksa es
jax Hkjokuk
dk;Zi=d& vH;kl]
vkdyu
uksVcqd esa vH;kl dk;Z
fp= cuokdj ys[ku
djokuk
esjk ladyu
dksykt@iksLVj cukuk
v/kwjh dgkuh@dfork
dks iwjh djkuk
lqys[k
iqLrdky; dh iqLrdksa dks
i<+uk
oxZ igsyh& ’kgjksa ds uke]
lfCt;ksa ds uke] ufn;ksa ds
uke]Qwykas ds uke vkfnA
dfork@dgkuh vius 'kCnksa esa
lqukuk
ekSf[kd ,oa fyf[kr iz’uksRrj
'kCndks’k ls 'kCn <w¡<uk
dkYifud ys[ku djokuk&
tSls& ;fn vki gkFkh gksrs--
68
l=&10 iz'u fuekZ.k dkS'ky
Hkwfedk&izk;% cPpksa ls gksus okyh ckrphr esa iwokZxzg bl rjg ds ns[ks x;s gSa fd 5&6 o"kZ ds cPps
ls cgqr gh lk/kkj.k ls laokn fd;s tkus pkfg;sA os laokn dh tfVy lajpukvksa dks le>us esa leFkZ
ugha gksrs gSaA cPpksa ds lUnHkZ esa ;g /kkj.kk d{kkxr izfØ;k esa dbZ rjg dh my>us iSnk dj ldrh
gSA ;g ge vius vuqHko ls tkurs gSa fd pkj&ik¡p o"kZ dk cPPkk fdlh Hkk"kk dks mldh O;kdjf.kd
lajpuk ds lkFk vkRelkr dj ysrk gSA mlds fy, izfr&fnu gksus okys laokn] muds iz;ksx ,oa mu
ij viuh jk; O;Dr djuk dksbZ eqf’dy dke ugha gSA bl mez esa cPpk fdlh Hkh o;Ld dh rjg
laKkukRed :i ls lfØ; bdkbZ gksrk gSA
cPpksa ls gksus okyh ckrphr esa crkSj f’k{kd gekjh Hkwfedk ;g gS fd mUgsa lfØ; ekurs gq, os reke
volj nsa ftuls muds Kku dks foLrkj nsus] vfHkO;Dr djus] fpUru djus ds volj miyC/k gksaA
Hkk"kk dh d{kk esa ckrphr dk vge LFkku gS ,oa ml ckrphr esa cPps ds lUnHkZ esa mlds vuqHko dk
Hkh viuk LFkku gSA bl izfØ;k esa ge cPpksa ls dbZ rjg ds iz'u djrs gSaA ;g fopkj.kh; fcUnq gS
fd os iz'u fdl rjg ds gkas \ cPps ds fy, oks fdrus mi;ksxh gSa \ bl l= esa ge cPpksa ls fd;s
tkus okys iz’u ,oa Hkk"kk dh d{kk esa iz’u&fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k ij ckrphr djsaxs&
mn~s’; &
1- iz'u cukus ds mn~ns';ksa ij le> cuk ldsaxsA
2- ikB~;Øe.kh; mn~ns’;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, iz’u fuekZ.k dj ldsaxsA
3- iz’u fuekZ.k djr s le; cPpksa ds vuqHko] lanHkZ ,oa mudh {kerkvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,
iz’u cuk ldsaxsA
4- jpukRed vkdyu izfØ;k ds ckjs esa le> ldsaxsA
ppkZ ds fcUnq& ¼10 fefuV½
Hkk"kk dh d{kk esa iz'uksa dk mn~ns'; egt ikB esa nh xbZ ckrksa dks nksgjku djokuk gh D;ksa
gksuk pkfg, \
iz'uksa ds ek/;e ls cPPks viuh ckr dks ekSf[kd ;k fyf[kr :i esa dSls O;Dr djsa \
iz'uksa ds ek/;e ls cPpksa dks ikB~;iqLrd esa nh xbZ jpuk dks vius ifjos'k ls tksM+us esa D;k
enn feyrh gS \
iz'uksa ds ek/;e ls cPpksa dks dYiuk djus vkSj mls ekSf[kd ;k fyf[kr :i esa O;Dr djus
ds volj dSls fn, tk ldrs gSa \
jpukRed vkdyu D;k gS rFkk D;ksa t:jh gS \
jpukRed vkdyu ntZ djus dh izfØ;k D;k gS \
Pkj.k& 1 ¼15 fefuV½
laHkkfx;ksa dks ik¡p milewg esa foHkkftr dj nh xbZ lkj.kh ds vuqlkj d{kk 1 ls 5 rd dh
ikB~;iqLrdksa ds fuEufyf[kr izdj.kksa ij 10&10 iz’uksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k tk,xk A
lewg ,d lewg nks lewg rhu lewg pkj lewg ikap
n`’;
fp=
d{kk 2 dh dgkuh
‘*lwjt dk :eky*
vc rd cgqr cg
pqdk ikuh* dfork
*>hyksa dh uxjh*
laLej.k
ets+nkj
dcM~Mh*
69
pj.k&2 ¼30 fefuV½
lewgokj iz’u fuekZ.k djus ds ckn mldk cMs+ lewg esa izLrqrhdj.k fd;k tk,xkA izLrqrhdj.k djrs
le; lUnHkZ O;fDr iz’uksa dks lEHkkfx;ksa dh lgk;rk ls muds izdkjksa ds vuqlkj cksMZ ij ntZ djrk
tk,xk tSls& iwoZ xfrfof/k esa lEHkkfx;ksa ls tks iz’u cudj vk;s gSaA mudks lUnHkZ O;fDr fuEu
vk/kkjksa dks dsUnz esa j[kdj ckrphr dks vkxs c<+kUks dk iz;kl djsaA bl ckrphr esa ppkZ dk dsUnz
iz’uksa dh Hkk"kk ,oa muds izdkjksa ij gksA lUnHkZ O;fDr ckrphr dks lkjxfHkZr djrs gq, iz’uksa dks
fuEu Jsf.k;ksa esa j[k ldrk gS&
1- ,sls iz’u ftuds tokc esa cPpksa us dksbZ lwpuk ;kn djds tokc fn;k gksA
2- ,sls iz’u ftuds tokc esa cPpksa dks dqN u;k jpus dks feyk gks A
3- iz’uksa ds tokc esa cPpksa us iwoZ fdlh vuqHko dk fo’ys"k.k fd;k gksA
4- iz’uksa ds tokc esa cPpksa us vius iwoZ vuqHko dks mi;ksx esa fy;k gksA
5- ,sls iz’u ftuds tokc esa mUgsa Lo;a ds O;ogkj ;k tokc ij lkspus dk volj feyk gksA
6- ,sls iz'u tks cPpksa ds Hkk"kkbZ dkS'ky] okD; foU;kl] O;kdj.k dh vo/kkj.kkvksa dks le>us esa
enn djrs gksaA
iz’uksa ds izdkj&
Kku@ iwokZuqHko Lke> vuqiz;ksx fo’ys"k.k ewY;kadu Lk`tu
mi;ZqDr iz’uksa dh dqN lkekU; Jsf.k;k ¡ gks ldrh gaSA lUnHkZ O;fDr tc lEHkkfx;ksa ls vk;s gq, iz’uksa
dks bu Jsf.k;ksa esa j[kus dk iz;kl dj jgk gksxk ml le; ;g lEHkkouk gks ldrh gS fd lkj.kh esa
fn;s x;s dqN ds izdkjksa ij gh iz’u cuk, gksaA dqN izdkj vNwrs jg x, gksa ,oa lEHkkxh iz’u
fuekZ.k esa iz;qDr gksus okyh Hkk"kk ,oa blls tqMh+ dqN pqukSfr;k¡ lnu esa j[k ldrs gSaA lUnHkZ
O;fDr bl nkSjku cPpksa dh {kerkvksa] muds lUnHkZ esa ,oa Hkk"kk;h mn~ns’;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,
ppkZ dks lesfdr djus dk iz;kl djsaA dqN uewus ds rkSj ij iz’uksa ds lSV Hkh lEHkkfx;ksa dks nsa ,oa
ml ij Hkh ppkZ djsaA
ppkZ esa fuEu iz’uksa dks dsUnz esa j[ksa& ¼15 fefuV½
1- tc ge iz’uksa dk fuekZ.k dj jgs Fks ml le; geus dkSu&dkSulh ckrsa /;ku esa j[kh \
2- cuk, x;s iz’u d{kkokj ikB~;Øe.kh; mn~ns’;ksa dh iwfrZ dj jgs gS a ;k ugha \
3- cPpksa ds Hkk"kk;h Kku dks tkuus&le>us ds fy, ;s iz’u fdl rjg ls lgk;d g aS \
4- iz’uksa esa iz;qDr Hkk"kk cPps ds Lrj ds vuq:i gS ;k ugha \
5- cPpksa ls iwNs tkus okys iz’u mUgsa lkspus&fopkjus ds volj ns jgs gS a ;k ugha \
mDr iz’uksa ls izkIr mRrjksa ij ppkZ djrs gq, lanHkZ O;fDr Li"V djssxk fd tc ge iz’u&i=ksa
dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa ml nkSjku fdu&fdu ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gSa ,oa iz’uksa ds izdkj
dkSu&dkSu ls gksaxs \ iz’uksa dh bu Jsf.k;ksa dks le>uk Hkh f’k{k.k izfØ;k dk vfHkUu fgLlk gSA
;g izfØ;k cPpksa ds lkFk fd;s tkus okyh vkdyu izfØ;k esa csgrj vk;ke tksM+rh gSA mfpr
vkdyu izfØ;k ds fy, gesa leLr vf/kxe {ks=ksa ij /;ku nsrs gq, lHkh izdkj ds iz’uksa dk
lekos’k dj iz’u&i= fuekZ.k djuk gksxkA
bl ppkZ dks lesfdr djrs gq, layXu CYkwe VsDlksukWfe ¼la’kksf/kr½ iBu lkexzh ds vk/kkj ij
iz'u fuekZ.k ,oa muls tqM+h Jsf.k;ksa ij lk>k le> cu ldsxhA
1- vf/kxe {ks= dks /;ku esa j[kdj iz’uksa ds izdkjksa dk foHkktu dSLks fd;k tk, ftlls cPpksa
dh tkudkjh] le>] vuqiz;ksx] fo’ys"k.k] ewY;kadu ,oa l`tukRedrk dks LFkku feys \
2- iz’uksa esa mRrj&lhek dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, iz’uksa dh Jsf.k;k¡ d{kkokj o vf/kxe Lrjokj
dSls lqfuf’pr fd;k tk, \
70
3- iz’u fuekZ.k ds nkSjku vf/kdka’k vf/kxe {ks=ksa dks lekfgr fd;s tkrs oDr /;ku j[kus ;ksX;
ckrsa D;k&D;k gks ldrh gSa \ gekjs iz’u&i= esa mlds fy, fdrus volj gSa \
jpukRed vkdyu izfØ;k &
D;k& jpukRed vkdyu lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k dk vfHkUu fgLlk gSA ;g vkdyu
lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k ds nkSjku fd;k tkrk gSa ftlesa ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd izR;sd pj.k esa
cPps dSls lh[k jgs gSa \ mUgsa lh[kus esa D;k dfBukbZ eglwl gks jgh gS \ os fdl vo/kkj.kk ds ckjs
esa ugha lh[k ik jgs gSa \ ugha lh[k ikus ds ihNs D;k dkj.k gks ldrs gSa\ ftu cPpksa us lh[kk gS
og fdl rjhds ls lh[kk gSa \ bu lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj lHkh cPpksa dks okaNuh; ifj.kke
izkfIr ds fy, fofHkUu rjhdksa ls nh tk jgh izfriqf"V ,oa leFkZu gh jpukRed vkdyu gSA
D;ksa& lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k ds nkSjku izR;sd cPpk dSls lh[krk gS \ ;g tkuus vkSj mlds
vuqlkj f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa cnyko ¼rjhds] okrkoj.k½ ykus ds fy, jpukRed vkdyu vko’;d gSA
vFkkZr lh[kus esa cPpksa }kjk bLrseky dh tk jgh ;ksX;rk] izfØ;k] vuqHko] n`f"Vdks.k vkfn dks le>
dj mls lh[kus ds mn~ns'; ls tksM+ dj fØ;kdyki djuk rFkk lh[kus ds izek.kksa dh leh{kk djds
mUgsa vko';d i`"Biks"k.k ,oa enn djukA
dSls& ;kstuk esa mn~ns’;ksa ds lkis{k fu;ksftr dh xbZ xfrfof/k;ksa ¼lkewfgd] milewg ,oa O;fDrxr
dk;Z½ ds fØ;kUo;u ;k lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k ds nkSjku cPps fdl izdkj dk;Z dj jgs gSa ;k
lh[k jgs gSa \ bldk lrr :i esa vkdyu f’k{kd }kjk lrr vkdyu ;kstuk ds vk/kkj ij
¼fofHkUu VwYl ,oa rduhd ds ek/;e ls½ fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn ge bl ckr dks ekurs gSa fd gj
cPpk viuh gh 'kSyh ls lh[krk gS vkSj og dsoy Ldwy esa ugha lh[krk cfYd Ldwy ds ckgj Hkh
lh[krk gSA ,sls esa vkdyu djrs le; nks pht+ksa ij /;ku nsuk vfuok;Z gS &
cPps okLro esa D;k lh[k jgs gSa ;g tkuus vkSj le>us ds fy, vkdyu dh cgqr lh fof/k;k¡
mi;ksx esa ysukA
cPps ds ckjs esa rjg&rjg ds lzksrksa ls tkudkjh ,df=r djukA
lesdu& cPpksa ls iwNs tkus okys iz’uksa ij iwoZ esa tks utfj, jgs gSa ,oa bl izfØ;k dks cgqr lhfer
:Ik ls ns[ks le>s tkus dh tks i)fr jgh gS] oks O;kid :Ik ls Hkk"kk;h mn~n’;ksa ,oa cPpks dh
vUrfuZfgr {kerkvksa dks iwjk djus esa leFkZ ugha gSA ge lh[kus okys ds izfr tks utfj;k j[krs gSa oks
gekjh d{kkxr izfØ;kvksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA cPpksa ls fd;s tkus okys laokn esa vFkok tks Hkh iz’u
ge muls iwNs muesa oks reke LkEHkkoukvksa dks ns[kus dk ;Fkk lEHko iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tSls
muds vius vuqHko] le>] fpUru] rd Z djus ds volj vkfnA ,d cPPkk tks vius ifjos’k ls ,d
O;kid lUnHkZ vius lkFk ysdj vkrk gSA fo|ky; Lrj ij ml lUnHkZ dks ,d lzksr ds :Ik esa
mi;ksx ysrs gq, cPpksa ls laokn LFkkfir djus dh t:jr gSA cPps ftu vo/kkj.kkvksa dks tkurs gaS
mUgsa vk/kkj ekudj vkxs dh vo/kkj.kkvksa ij ;fn dk;Z fd;k tk;s rks lh[kuk lqfuf’pr gks ldsxkA
vr% d{kk esa o lkekU; ckrphr esa cPpksa dks de u vk¡drs gq, muds Kku dks le`) ekudj laokn
dks vkxs c<k+uk pkfg,A cPpksa ls iwNs tkus okys Ikz’u laokn o mudh le> dks c< +kus esa lgk;d
gSA iz’u egt fo"k; ds vH;kl dks tkuus dk tfj;k ugha gSA oks ,d volj gS tgk¡ cPps viuh
jk; j[k ldrs gaS ,oa viuh lh[kh gqbZ vo/kkj.kvksa dks iq"V djrs gSaA cPps fdl rjg ds iz’u djrs
gSa \ muds iz’uksa esa D;k fNik gS \ ,d tkx:d f’k{kd bu lc fLFkfr;ksa ds fy, iwoZ ls gh rS;kj
jgs ,slh vis{kk gSA
71
lh[kus dh laizkfIr&
1- iwNs x;s iz’uksa ds mRrj ¼ekSf[kd] lkadsfrd ,oa fyf[kr½ nsrs gSaA
2- vyx&vyx rjg dh jpukvksa@lkexzzh ¼v[kckj] cky if=dk] gksfMZaXl vkfn½ dks le>dj
i<+us ds ckn ml ij vk/kkfjr iz’u IkwNrs gSaA
3- i<h+ jpukvksa dh fo"k;oLrq] ?kVukvksa] fp=ksa] ik=ksa] ’kh"kZd vkfn ds ckjs esa iz’u iwNrs gSa ,oa
iwNs x, iz’uksa ds rdZ iw.kZ mRrj nsrs gSaA
4- jpukRed vkdyu izfØ;k ds ckjs esa le>rs gSaA
72
ifjf'k"V
VSDlksukWfe dh ewy 'kCnkoyh % ifjHkk"kk,¡
VSDlksukWfe ¼Texonomy½ & ,d ifj?kVuk ds laca/k esa oxhZdj.k fl)kUrksa dk ,d leqPp; ;k lajpuk
VSDlksukWfe esa Jsf.k;ksa dk lkrR; ¼Continuum½ ij vofLFkr gksrh gSA
vf/kxe {ks=¼Learning Domains½&vf/kxe ds eq[; vk;ke ;k {ks= Cywe VSDlksukWfe esa ;s oLrqr% fdlh
Hkh vf/kxe dh jpuk djus okyh rhu foek,¡ gS]tks mls iw.kZ cukrh gSA vFkkZr izR;sd lanHkZ esa vf/kxe esa]
fo"k; Kku] mlsd izfr ldkjkRed HkkoukRed eu%fLFkfr rFkk 'kkjhfjd dkS’ky dk lekos’k gksrk gSA ;g
lHkh vk;ke feydj mls lexz o lkjiw.kZ cukrs gaS vkSj fuiq.krk iznku djrs gaSA
vf/kxe Jsf.k;k¡ ¼Categories of Learning½ &Jsf.k;ksa ds ek/;e ls ,d {ks= esa vf/kxe&vuqHkoksa
izfØ;kvksa ,oa O;ogkjksa dks oxhZdr fd;k x;k gSA lkFk gh VsDlksukWfe fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa Jsf.k;kas dks ,d
fuf’pr inkuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA ;g Øe&O;oLFkk {ks= fo’ks"k esa Kku ds fuEu ls mPp Lrjksa
ds Øe dh |ksrd gSA fupys Lrj vkjafHkd gS vkSj mPp ds fy, vk/kkj ,oa rS;kjh dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gaSA
;gk¡ Jsf.k;k¡ lkekU; ls fuiq.krk ds iFk ij Lrjksa ds pj.k gaSA
vf/kxe] f‛k{k.k ,oa vkdyu dh VsDlksukWfe
Cywel~ VSDlksukWfe&laKkRed {ks= dks o"kZ 1999 esa uohure 'kks/k ,oa Kku lanHkksZa esa la’kksf/kr
fd;k x;k gSA bldk la’kksf/kr Lo#i A Taxonomy for learning, Teaching and
Assessing (Lorin W. Anderson and David R.Krathwohl) ds uke ls izdkf’kr
gqvk gSA bls la’kksf/kr Cywe~l VSDlksukWfe Hkh dgk tkrk gSA 'kSf{kd mn~ns’; okD;ksa dh
lajpuk esa laKk ,oa ,d fØ;k iz;qDr gksrh gaSA bu okD;ksa esa fØ;k lkekU;r% vfHkizsr
laKkukRed izfd;k gksrh gS vkSj laKk lkekU;r% ml Kku dks bafxr djrh gSa ftls vftZr
vFkok l`ftr djuk visf{kr gSA 'kSf{kd mn~ns’;ksa ds lVhd fuekZ.k ,oa le> dks izkIr djus
ds fy;s ewy VSDlksukWfe dh ,d vk;keh lajpuk dks cnydj la’kksf/kr VSDlksukWfe esa
f}vk;keh cuk;k x;k gSA blds nks vk;ke gSa&laKkukRed izfØ;k ,oa KkuA bu nksuksa
vk;keksa ds vUrlZEcU/k dks VSDlksukWfe lkj.kh dk uke fn;k x;k gSA laKkukRed izfØ;k okys
vk;ke esa N% Jsf.k;k¡ lfEefyr gSa ¼;kn j[kuk] le>uk] ykxw djuk] fo’ys"k.k djuk]
ewY;kadu ,oa l`tu djuk½A ;g vk;ke laKkukRed tfVyrk ds c<+us ds Øe dks n’kkZrs gaSA
Kku& vk;ke esa pkj Jsf.k;k¡ lfEefyr gS ¼rF;kRed Kku] vo/kkj.kkRed Kku] dk;Zfof/kd
Kku ,oa vf/klaKkukRed Kku½A tks ewrZ ls vewrZ ds lkrR; ij O;ofLFkr gSA
73
la’kksf/kr Cywel~ VSDlksukWfe % f}vk;keh lkj.kh
Kku vk;ke
knowledgedemiensions
laKkukRed izfØ;k vk;ke ¼ the cognative process dimensions½
;kn j[kuk
Remember
le>uk
Understand
Ykkxw
djuk
Apply
fo’ys"k.k
djuk
Analyze
ewY;kadu
djuk
Evaluate
jpuk
djuk
Create rF;kRed Kku
factual knowledge
vo/kkj.kkRed Kku
conceptual knowledge
dk;Zfof/kd Kku
procedural knowledge
vf/klaKkRed Kku
metacognetive
knowledge
74
IKku vk;keThe knowledge dimension
Ø- eq[; izdkj ,oa mi&izdkj ifjHkk"kk ,oa mnkgj.k
rF;kRed Kku og ewy ckrsa tks cPpkas dks fdlh fo"k; esa vkSj mlesa nh
xbZ leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, irk gksuh pkfg,A
1-1 'kCnkoyh dk Kku rduhdh 'kCn Hk.M+kj] laxhr ds fpg~u
1-2 fof'k"V fooj.k ,oa ?kVdksa dk Kku eq[; izkd`frd lalk/ku] lwpuk ds fo'oluh; L=ksrA
vo/kkj.kkRed Kku ,d cM+h lajpuk ds ewy ?kVdksa ds chp ds var%laca/kksa dks
le>uk tks mUgsa ,d lkFk dke djus esa l{ke cukrs gSaA
2-1 oxhZdj.k ,oa Jsf.k;ksa dk Kku HkwoSKkfud dky] O;kikj LokfeRo ds izdkj
2-2 fl)kUrksa ,oa lkekU;hdj.kksa dk
Kku
ik;Fkkxksjl izes;] ek¡x ,oa vkiwfrZ dk fl)kUr
2-3 okn@ifjdYiukvksa] izfrekuksa dk
Kku
fodkl ds fl)kUr] dkaxzsl dh lajpuk
dk;Zfof/kd Kku fdl dk;Z dks fdl izdkj fd;k tk;s ftlls
tk¡pus@[kkstchu ds rjhds] n{krkvksa dks O;kogkfjdrk esa
ykus ds vk/kkj] ifjdYiuk izfØ;k] rduhd ,oa rjhdsA
3-1 fo"k; laca/kh dkS'kyksa ,oa
ifjdYiuk izfØ;k dk Kku
Ikkuh ds jaxksa ls cuk, x, fp=ksa esa bLrseky fd, x,
dkS’ky] iw.kZ la[;k foHkktu dh ifjdYiuk izfØ;k
3-2 fo"k; laca/kh rduhdksa ,oa rjhdksa
dk Kku
Lkk{kkRdkj ysus ds rjhds] oSKkfud rjhdsA
3-3 lVhd rjhds dc bLrseky fd;s
tkus pkfg, bls fu/kkZfjr djus ds
vk/kkjksa dk Kku
iz;ksx ls ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd dc U;wVu dk
nwljk fl)kUr bLrseky gksxk rFkk fdlh ,d fo’ks"k
rjhds ls O;kikfjd ewY; fu/kkZfjr djuk fdruk mfpr
gSA
vf/klaKkRed Kku laKku dk Kku lkekU;laKku izfØ;k ds Kku ds ifjizs{;
esa Lo;a dh laKku izfØ;k dh tkx:drkA
4-1 ;qfDriw.kZ Kku fdlh fo"k; dh fo"k;oLrq esa nh gqbZ bdkbZ;ksa dh :ijs[kk
cukus dk Kku] vuqHkoksa dk bLrseky dj ikus dk Kku
4-2 laKkukRed fØ;kvksa dk Kku
ftlesa lVhd lnaHkhZdj.k ,oa
lizfrc)rk dk Kku 'kkfey gks
izfØ;kvkssa dh fofHkUu laKkukRed ek¡xksa dk Kku
4-3 vkRe&Kku bl ckr dk Kku fd Þ,d fuca/k dh vkykspuk djus esa
rks eSa cgqr l{ke gw¡ ijUrq fuca/k ys[ku esa eSa vl{ke gw¡Þ]
Lo;a ds Kku ds Lrj ds izfr tkx:drk gksuk
IIlaKkukRed izfØ;k vk;keThe cognitive process dimension
Ø- Jsf.k;ka ,oa laKkukRed izfØ;k,a ifjHkk"kk ,oa mnkgj.k
;kn j[kuk& viuh yacs le; dh Le`fr ls izklafxd Kku dks tksM+ ikuk
1-1 vfHkKku@igpkuuk
f’kuk[+r djuk
vius yEcs le; dh Le`fr;ksa ds Hk.Mkj esa Kku ds ml
[k.M dks <w¡<+ ikuk tks nh xbZ oLrq@fopkj ds lkFk
lqlaxr gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,&Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa ?kVh
75
egRoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa dh rkjh[k dh igpku dj ikukA
1-2 vuqLej.k djuk
iqu% izkIr djuk
vius yEcs le; dh Le`fr;ksa ds Hk.Mkj ls izklafxd Kku
dks tksM+ ikuk vFkok iqu% izkIr dj ikukA mnkgj.k ds
fy,& Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa ?kVh egÙoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa dh
rkjh[k dks ;kn j[k ikuk
le>uk & fn, x;s funsZ’kkas ls vFkZ fudky ikukA bu funsZ’kksa esa ekSf[kd] fyf[kr ,oa
vkys[kh; laizs"k.k 'kkfey gSaA
2-1 vFkZ fudky ikuk@ O;k[;k dj
ikuk
Li"Vhdj.k djuk
Hkkokuqokn djuk
fpf=r djuk
vuqokn djuk
,d izdkj dk fp=.k dks nwljs izdkj ds fp=.k esa
cnyukA mnkgj.k ds fy, &egÙoiw.kZ O;k[;kuksa ,oa
nLrkostksa dk Hkkokuqokn djukA
2-2 mnkgj.k izLrqr djuk
mnkgj.k nsdj le>kuk
¼;FkklaHko fp= ds }kjk½
mnkgj.k nsdj le>kuk
¼ ;FkklaHko Bksl oLrq }kjk ½
fdlh /kkj.kk ;k fl)kUr ds fy, dksbZ lVhd mnkgj.k
<¡w<ukA mnkgj.k ds fy, cgqr lkjs fp=dkjksa dh fp=.k
'kSyh ds mnkgj.k nsukA
2-3 oxhZdj.k djuk
Js.khc) djuk
lfEefyr djuk
fu/kkZfjr djuk fd dksbZ oLrq@fopkj fdl Js.kh esa Mkyk
tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ns[ks ;k crk;s x,
ekufld fodkjksa dks Js.khc) djukA
2-4 Lkkjka’k fudkyuk
vewrhZdj.k djuk
lkekU;hdj.k djuk
,d lkekU; dF;@fo"k; vFkok eq[; fcUnqvksa dk
vewrhZdj.k djukA mnkgj.k ds fy, py&fpf=r ?kVuk
dk lkjka’k fy[kukA
2-5 vk'k; fudkyuk
fu"d"kZ fudkyuk
ckg~; vkdyu fn, x,
vk¡dM+ksa ls vuqeku yxkuk
lfUuos’k djuk&ubZ oLrq
lekfgr djuk
Hkfo";ok.kh djuk
nh gqbZ lwpukvksa ls ,d rkfØd fu"d"kZ fudkyukA
mnkgj.k ds fy, nwljh Hkk"kk lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa
mnkgj.kksa ls O;kdj.k ds fu;e le>ukA
2-6 rqyuk djuk
oS"kE; fn[kuk
le:i tksM+uk
feyku djukA
fdlh nks fopkjksa@oLrqvksa esa lekurk irk djuk mnkgj.k
ds fy, ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dks vkt dh fLFkfr;ksa esa
ns[kuk
2-7 O;k[;k djuk
jpuk djuk
izfreku
fdlh Hkh ra= dk dk;Z&dkj.k] izfreku cuk ikukA
mnkgj.k ds fy, 10oha lnh esa Ýkal esa gqbZ ?kVukvksa dks
lkis{k esa ns[kuk
Ykkxw djuk & ,d nh gqbZ fLFkfr esa fdlh izfØ;k dk fØ;kUou djukA
3-1 dk;kZfUor djuk
O;ogkj esa ykuk
fdlh izfØ;k dks ,d ifjfpr dk;Z esa fØ;kfUor djukA
mnkgj.k ds fy, cgqvad okyh ,d la[;k dk ,slh gh
nwljh la[;k esa Hkkx nsuk
3-2 ifjikyu djuk@vey esas ykuk
mi;ksx esa ykuk
fdlh izfØ;k dks ,d vifjfpr dk;Z esa fØ;kfUor djukA
mnkgj.k ds fy, U;wVu ds nwljs fl)kUr dks mu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bLrseky djuk ftlds fy, ;g fl)kUr
lVhd gSA
76
fo'ys"k.k djuk &fdlh oLrq dks mlds ?kVdksa esa foHkkftr djuk vkSj fQj fu/kkZfjr djuk fd
fdlh izdkj ls ;s fofHkUu ?kVd ,d&nwljs ls rFkk iwjh lajpuk ;k mn~ns’; ls tqMs+ gq, gaSA
4-1 varj ;k Hksn djuk
lw{e& foHksn] lw{en’khZ
QdZ djuk
dsfUnzr djuk
p;u djuk
izklafxd rF;ksa dks vizklafxd ls ;k egÙoiw.kZ rF;ksa dks
egÙoghu ls vyx dj ikukA mnkgj.k ds fy, xf.kr dh
'kCn leL;k esa egÙoiw.kZ vadks dks egÙoghu vadksa ls
vyx dj ikukA
4-2 la?kfVr djuk
[kkstuk
lqlaxr djuk
lefUor djuk
:ijs[kk cukuk
in ifjp; djuk
lajpuk djuk
irk djuk fd dSls fofHkUUk ?kVd lajpuk esa dk;Z djrs
gaSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh ,sfrgkfld [email protected] ds
fy, fn, x, lcwrksa dks ml [email protected] ds fy, nh
xbZ O;k[;k ds i{k&lqlaxr o mlds foi{k vlaxr& esa
j[k dj ns[k ikukA
4-3 dkj.k crkuk
fo?kVu djuk
,d nh xbZ fo"k;oLrq ds n`f"Vdks.k] iwokZxzg ewY; ls vkSj
varfuZfgr mn~ns’;ksa dk irk yxkukA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d
fuca/k ds ys[kd dk n`f"Vdks.k] jktuSfrd n`f"Vdks.k ds
ifjizs{; esa fu/kkZfjr djuk
ewY;kadu & fofHkUu dlkSfV;ksa ,oa ekin.Mksa ds vk/kkj ij fu.kZ; ysuk
5-1 tk¡p djuk
leUo; djuk
irk djuk
fujh{k.k djuk
ijh{k.k djuk
,d izfØ;k ;k ifj.kke esa HkzkfUr;ksa ds dkj.k gqbZ
vfu;ferrkvksa dk irk djuk] irk djuk fd D;k izfØ;k
;k mRikn esa vkUrfjr vfu;ferrk gSA ,d izfØ;k] ftl
:i esa og O;ogkj esa yk;h tk jgh gS] dh xq.koRrk dk
irk yxkukA mnkgj.k ds fy, & irk dfj, fd D;k ,d
oSKkfud }kjk fudkyk x;k fu"d"kZ vuqoh{k.k ds vk¡dM+ksa
ds vk/kkj ij fudkyk tk ldrk gSA 5-2 leh{kk djuk
fu.kZ; ysukA
,d ifj.kke ftu ckg~; vk/kkjksa ij og vkfJr gS] ds chp
vfu;ferrk,¡ irk djuk] irk djuk fd D;k ,d ifj.kke
esa ckg~; vfu;ferrk,¡ gSa] irk djuk fd D;k mi;ksx dh
tk jgh izfØ;k nh gqbZ leL;k ds fy, lVhd gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d leL;k ds fy, fn, gq, nks
lek/kkuksa esa dkSu lk Js"B gSA
jpuk & lHkh ?kVdksa esa ,d lqlaxr ;k lfØ; bdkbZ cukuk] ?kVdksa ds iquxZBu ls ubZ
lajpuk djuk
6-1 mRiUu djuk
izkdYiuk djuk
oSdfYid izdYiuk tks fdUgha vk/kkjksa ij gks] dh lajpuk
djukA mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh ns[kh xbZ ?kVuk ds fy,
,d izkdYiuk cukukA
6-2 ;kstuk cukuk
:ikadu djuk
dksbZ dk;Z djus dh izfØ;k rS;kj djukA mnkgj.k ds fy,
,d fn, x, ,sfrgkfld izlax ij ’kks/k i= dh ;kstuk
cukukA
6-3 mRiknu djuk@lkdkj djuk
lajpuk djuk
fdlh mRikn dk vkfo"dkj djukA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d
fo’ks"k mn~ns’; ls fdlh izdkj ds fuokl LFkku dk fuekZ.k
djukA
77
laKkukRed {ks=ksa dh fØ;k 'kCnksa dh lwph ifjf'k"V
7-
8-
9-
10-
11-
12-
13-
14-
15-
16-
17-
18-
19-
20-
21-
Applying
• Solve gy djuk • Show fn[kkuk • Apply ykxw • Interpret vfHkizk; • Use mi;ksx • Illustrate fp= lfgr
O;k[;k • Complete iwjk djks • Examine ijh{k.k • Experiment iz;ksx • Modify la’kks/ku
@:ikUrj.k • Change z cnyko • Demonstrate fn[kkuk • Relate lacfU/kr
• Dramatize ukV~; :ikUrj
Understanding
Explain o.kZu @Li"Vdjuk
Interpret vfHkizk;
Outline :ijs[kk
Predict iwokZuqeku
Restate iquLFkkZiu
Summarize laf{kIr@lkjka’k
Manipulate pquko
Paraphrase laf{kIr
O;k[;k
Translate vuqokn
Estimate vanktk
Describe o.kZu
Classify Js.khc) djuk
Associate lacfa/kr djuk
Convert cnyuk
Remembering
Tell crkb;s
List lwph
Identify igpku
Describe O;k[;k
Relate laca/k
Recall iquLeZj.k
Memorize ;kn djuk
Locate fpfg~ur
Write fy[kuk
Find <w¡<s
State fLFkfr
Name uke@laKk
Label uke
Match feyku
Select p;u
Quote mnkgj.k@gokyk
Reproduce izfrd`fr
Tabulate lkj.khc} Creating
• Create l`tu djuk • Invent vkfo"dkj • Compose fy[kuk@jpuk • Predict
Hkfo";ok.kh@vuqeku • Plan ;kstuk • Construct fukekZ.k • Design jpuk@cukoV • Imagine dYiuk • Propose izLrko • Devise bZtkn djuk • Formulate rS;kj djuk • Develop fodflr djuk • Hypothesize ifjdYiuk • Compile l`tu djuk • Modify la’kksf/kr djuk • Write fy[kuk • Integrate ,dhd`r djuk • Organize O;ofLFkr
Evaluating
• Evaluate ewY;kadu djuk
• Choose pquko@ilan • Judge tt • Decide fu.kZ; • Justify vkSfpR; fl) djuk • Debate okn&fookn • Verify ij[kuk@lR;kiu • Argue rdZ@cgl • Recommend vuq’kalk@laLrqfr • Assess vkduk • Discuss ppkZ • Rate ewY;@ Øe • Prioritise izkFkfedrk • Criticize leh{kk @vkykspuk • Determiner;@fu.kZ;@Bkuuk • Find errors nks"k<w<uk • Support leFkZu • Defend cpko • Measure [email protected]
Analyzing
Analyze fo’ys"k.k
Distinguish Hksn
Examine ijh{k.k
Compare rqyuk
Contrast myVk@fojks/k
Investigate tk¡p
Categories oxhZd`r
Explain O;k[;k
Separate iFkd djuk
Advertise foKkiu@izlkj@lwpuk
Infer rdZ@vuqeku
Differentiate vUrj@i`Fkd
Discriminate foHksn djuk
Divide Hkkx
Order Øe
Survey losZ{k.k
78
l=&11 ;ksxkRed vkdyu
Hkwfedk& f'k{k.k esa VeZokj fd;s x;s dk;Z dk vkdyu djus ds nkSjku ge dqN mn~ns'; vk/kkfjr
:ijs[kk cukrs gSaA bl :ijs[kk dks ge **vkdyu ds fy, iz‛u&i=** fuekZ.k ds uke ls tkurs gaSA bl
iz‛u&i= fuekZ.k izfØ;k ds fy, dqN ewy vk/kkj r; dj iz‛u i= rS;kj fd;s tkrs gaSA mu vk/kkjksa esa
VeZokj] vf/kxe {ks=okj] Lrjokj] ikB~;Øe o mlls yf{kr n{krk,¡ 'kkfey gksrh gSa A bl ppkZ esa ge
iz‛u&i= fuekZ.k ds ,d ls vf/kd vk;keksa ij ppkZ djasxsA
mÌs‛;&
1- iz‛u&i= fuekZ.k dkS‛ky ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj iz‛u i= cuk ldsaxsA
2- vkdyu lwpdksa ds lkis{k iz‛u&i= fuekZ.k dh vo/kkj.kk dks le> ldsaxs A
3- lkspus&fopkjus] rqyuk djus] LorU= jk; nsus ds fy, izsfjr djus okys iz‛uksa dh egÙkk dks
le> ldsaxsa A
4- ,sls iz‛u cuk ldsaxs tks fd cPps dh le> o vf/kxe Lrj dks lgh&lgh tk¡p ldsas A
Lkkexzh& d{kk 2] 3 o 4 ds pkjksa VeZ ds ;ksxkRed vkdyu ds uewuk iz‛u&i= ,oa ikB~;iqLrdsaA
ppkZ ds fcUnq %&
1- ;ksxkRed vkdyu izfØ;k D;k gksrh gS \
2- ;ksxkRed vkdyu dc vkSj dSls djrs gSa \
3- ;ksxkRed vkdyu dk Vwy@iz'u i= dSlk gksrk gS \
4- ;ksxkRed vkdyu dgk¡ o dSls ntZ fd;k tkrk gS \
xfrfof/k&Pkj.k 30 fefuV
lanHkZ O;fDr voyksdu gsrq ;ksxkRed vkdyu ij vk/kkfjr Vwy@lkexzh nsaxsA blds Ik'pkr lEHkkfx;ksa
dks vkB milewg esa foHkkftr dj ;ksxkRed vkdyu iz'u i= fn;s tk,axsA buds vk/kkj ij d{kk 2] 3]
o 4 dk iz'u&i= rS;kj djus ds fy, dgsaxsA
funsZ‛k& lUnHkZ O;fDr vkB lewg dks funsZ'k nsxk tks fuEukuqlkj gksaxs&
iz‛ui= vf/kxe mn~ns‛;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gksa
iz‛ui= esa vf/kdre iz‛u la[;k 17&20 rd gksA
iz‛u i= fuekZ.k esa le; lhek 30 feuV gksxhA
pj.k &iz‛u i= fuekZ.k gsrq lewg foHkktu o dk;Z& 40 fefuV
lewg d{kk iz‛u i= cuokuk
1- SA- 2 4 &
2- SA-3 4 &
3- SA-4 4 &
4- SA-2 3 &
5- SA-3 3 &
6- SA-4 3 &
79
7- SA-2 2 &
8- SA-4 2 &
pj.k& 2
lewg izLrqrhdj.k& 20 fefuV
vkB lewg esa fd;s x;s dk;Z dk izLrqrhdj.k fy;k tk;sxk rFkk lkFk gh dqN fuEu iz‛uksa ds vk/kkj ij
lUnHkZ O;fDr ppkZ dks vkxs c<+k,xkA fufeZr iz‛u i=ksa dk fo‛ys’k.k iz‛uksa ds izdkj] la[;k] n{krk,¡ ,oa
ikB~;Øe ds vk/kkj ij gksxkA
1- lewg }kjk cuk, x;s iz‛u VeZokj vf/kxe {ks= dh n{krkvksa dks iwjk djus okys gSa \ ;fn gk¡ rks dSls
ugha rks D;ksa \
2- iz‛uksa dh Hkk’kk cPpksa ds Lrjkuqlkj gS ;k ugha \
3- D;k iz‛u ^^ iz‛u i= fuekZ.k dkS‛ky ^^ ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj cuk;s x;s gSa \
4- D;k iz‛uksa ds }kjk cPpksa dh le> vkSj vf/kxe dk visf{kr vkdyu gks ik jgk gSa \
funsZ‛k& vkB lewg ds izLrqrhdj.k ds nkSjku lanHkZ O;fDr bl ckr dk /;ku j[ksa] ;fn izLrqrhdj.k ds
nkSjku ckrksa dk nksgjku gks jgk gks rks ckdh lewg ls flQZ u, vk;keksa dks tksM+us ds fy, dgsa ,oa ppkZ
dks lesfdr djsaA
lesdu&l= ds nkSjku geus ns[kk fd cPpksa ls ckrphr ,oa muds vf/kxe Lrj dks tk¡pus ds fy, ftu
iz‛uksa dk ge fuekZ.k djrs gSa mudh Hkk’kk] cPpksa ds vuq:Ik gks] mudk Lrj ikB~;Øe mn~ns‛;ksa ds vk/kkj
ij r; gks lkFk gh VeZokj visf{kr y{;ksa dh iwfrZ djrs gksa A iz‛u i= fuekZ.k ds vk/kkj ^^ yfuZax Mksesu
^^ dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, r; fd;s tk ldrs gSa A
lh[kus dh laizkfIr&
lquh lkexzh ¼dgkuh] dfork vkfn½ ds ckjs eas ckrphr djrs gSa] viuh jk; nsrs gSa] iz‛u iwNrs g aS A
cPpk D;k \ D;ks \ dSls \ dc \ tSls l`tukRed iz‛uksa ds mRrj nsus ds lkFk gh dYiuk] rdZ]
vUrj Li’V djuk] vk‛k; Li’V djus tSls fofHkUu vk;keksa dks iwjk djus okys iz‛uksa ds mRrj ns ikrs
gSaA
vkdyu o ;ksxkRed vkdyu ds nkSjku iwNs x, fyf[kr o fo’k;oLrq ,oa dkS‛ky vk/kkfjr iz‛uksa ds
mRrj fy[k ikrs gSaA
ftKklk ds iz‛uksa ds mRrj Lo;a ryk‛krs gSaA
80
l= &12 l`tukRedrk
l`tukRedrk 'kCn ltu ls cuk gSA ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gksrk gs u;k fuekZ.k djukA cPpk ftKklq ,oa
l`tu'khy gksrk gS og lnSo u;k dk;Z djuk pkgrk gS rFkk mlesa #fp ysrk gS A jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ
dh :ijs[kk ¼,u-lh-,Q- 2005½ ,oa f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj 2009 esa l`tukRedrk ij cy nsrs gq, Li"V fd;k
gS fd cPps vius Kku dh jpuk Lo;a djrs gSaA rkfdZd fpUru dk fodkl] vuqHkoksa dks O;kidrk nsus o
dYiukvksa dks foLrkj nsus vkSj fo"k;oLrq dks ifjos'k ls tksM+us o jkspdrk c<+kus ds fy, Hkk"kk f'k{k.k esa
l`tukRedrk dk fo'ks"k egÙo gSA jpukRed fpUru gksus ij l`tukRed xq.kkas dk fodkl gksrk gSA
lkfgR;dkjakas] fp=dkjksa oSKkfudksa vkSj f'kYidkjksa }kjk fd;k x;k uohu dk;Z jpukRed vkSj l`tukRed
xq.kkas dk izfrQy gSA f'k{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk ikB~;srj izo`fRr;ksa ds vUrxZr cPpksa ls djok;k x;k dk;Z
l`tukRed gksrk gSA tks cPpksa dks jpukRed fpUru vkSj fØ;k'khyrk dh vksj iszfjr djrk gSA
l`tukRed dk;Z esa uohurk o ekSfydrk izdV gksrh gSA cPpksa dh ewy izo`fRr&ftKklk] vkReizn'kZu]
vuqlj.k o vf/kdkj&izn'kZu ds volj blesa miyC/k gksrs gSaA Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ds vUrxZr f'k{kd cPpksa dh
fofHkUurkvksa ,oa #fp;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mudh ÅtkZ dk lgh mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
mn~ns'; %&
1- lEHkkxh vius Kku dh jpuk Lo;a dj ldsaxsA
2- ekSf[kd ,oa fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr dk vH;kl dj ldsaxs A
3- ÞikB esa o ikB ls vkxsß] ßvuqeku vkSj dYiukß] ÞHkk"kk dh ckrß] ßdqN djus dksÞ] ikB~;iqLrd
ds mi;qZDr fcUnqvksa ds ek/;e ls cPpksa dks l`tukRed dk;Z ds volj nsus ds rjhds lh[k
ldsaxsA
4- d{kk f'k{k.k ds nkSjku Kku dks ifjos'k ls vkSj jpukRedrk ls tksM+us ds rjhds le> ldsaxsA
5- jpukRed fpUru ls ekSfydrk fodflr dj ldsaxsA
ppkZ ds fcUnq %&
1- l`tukRed dk;Z D;kas djuk pkfg, \
2- ekSf[kd ,oa fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr esa l`tukRedrk dks dSls ns[k ikrs gSa \
vko';d lkexzh % &';keiV~V] pkWd] lQsn dkxt] dkMZ&'khV~l] LdSp isu] isfUly] 'kkiZuj] jcj] d{kk
1 ls 5 rd dh fgUnh dh ikB~;iqLrdsaA
xfrfof/k& 30 fefuV
pj.k 1
lanHkZ O;fDr lEHkkfx;ksa dks rhu lewg esa ck¡Vdj d{kk 1 ls 5 rd dh fgUnh fo"k; dh ikB~~;iqLrdksa ij
fuEu fcUnqvksa ds vk/kkj ij ppkZ djsxkA
1- l`tukRedrk D;k gS \
81
2- l`tukRedrk dk f'k{k.k esa D;k mi;ksx gS \
3- d{kk 1 ls 5 oha rd ds cPpksa ds lkFk fdl&fdl rjg ds l`tukRed dk;Z djok;s tk ldrs gSa \
mi;qZDr xfrfof/k;ksa esa lanHkZ O;fDr izR;sd lewg ls izLrqfr ysxk ,oa mlesa vius fopkj tksM+sxkA
pj.k& 2 lewgokj ikB~;iqLrdksa esa vk, ikB ds vUr esa Hkk"kk dh ckrA vuqeku vkSj dYiuk ij ppkZ
djrs gq, jpukRed dk;Z ij izLrqfr ysxkA
pj.k& 3 lanHkZ O;fDr jpukRed dk;Z ds vUrxZr ikB esa vkbZ vU; Hkk"kk lkexzh ,oa O;kdj.k rÙo dh
lkj.kh cukus gsrq funsZf'kr djsxkA
pj.k&4 lesdu%&lanHkZ O;fDr mi;qZDr xfrfof/k ds vk/kkj ij l`tukRedrk dk
vFkZ@dk;Z@ikB;~iqLrdksa esa jpukRed lkexzh dks Li"V djrs gq, ;g lans'k nsus dk iz;kl djsxk
fd ;fn cPpksa dks l`tu ds volj fn;s tk,¡ rks os viuh ;ksX;rk@n{krk@vkSj :fp ls ubZ jpuk dj
ldrs gSaA ckr gS dsoy mUgsa volj nsus o izsfjr djus dh A
xfrfof/k & 2
pj.k &1- lanHkZ O;fDr laHkkfx;ksa dks nks lewg esa foHkkftr dj ,d dks izkFkZuk i= o nwljs lewg dks
vkSipkfjd i= dkMZ'khV ij fy[kus dks dgsxk A
pj.k&2- lanHkZ O;fDr }kjk lEHkkfx;ksa ls lewgokj i= o izkFkZuk i= ij ppkZ dh tk,xhA
izkFkZuk i= o i= ys[ku esa lEcks/ku@LFkku ,oa vfHkoknu fy[kus ds rjhdksa esa D;k vUrj gS \
izkFkZuk i= o i= ds eq[; Hkkx ds ys[ku esa D;k vUrj gS \
izkFkZuk i= o i= ds lekiu okys Hkkx esa D;k vUrj gS \
izkFkZuk i= o i= ds nk¡;s vkSj ck¡;s dksus esa D;k&D;k fy[kk tkrk gS \
pj.k& 3 lanHkZ O;fDr laHkkfx;ksa ls izkFkfed Lrj ds vuqlkj lewgokj izkFkZuk i= o i= vyx&
vyx ’kh"kZdkas ij fy[kus dks dgsxk o izLrqfr dh tk,xh lkFk gh muds eq[; vUrj ij ppkZ dh
tk,xhA
pj.k& 4 mi;qZDr xfrfof/k ds vk/kkj ij lanHkZ O;fDr izkFkZuk i= o i= ys[ku ds eq[; fcUnqvksa dks
Li"V djrs gq, cPpksa ds jpuk dkS'ky ds fodkl esa buds egÙo dks Li"V djsxk ,oa laHkkfx;ksa dks
lans'k nsxk fd [kkyh le; esa cPpksa dks ys[ku dk;Z ds ek/;e ls l`tukRedrk dh vksj izsfjr fd;k
tkosA
82
l`tukRedrk % xfrfof/k;k¡
1- fdlh euilan i{kh dk fp= cukrs gq, mldh fo'ks"krkvksa ds ckjs esa fyf[k, &
i{kh dk fp= yxk,¡
i{kh dk uke -------------------------------- jax---------------- Hkkstu ---------------------------------vkokl LFkku---------------
vkius dgk¡ ns[kk---------------------------------------------- dSls cksyrk@cksyrh gSa--------------------------------------
fo'ks"krk,¡ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vkidks bl i{kh dh dkSu lh ckr ilan gS \
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- nhikoyh ds vodk'k esa vkius D;k&D;k dk;Z fd;s vkSj dgk¡ &dgk¡ x;s \ izfrfnu dh fnup;kZ
dks ,d le; lkj.kh esa fy[ksa A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- vkids fo|ky; esa Lora=rk fnol 15 vxLr ij dkSu&dkSu ls dk;ZØe vk;ksftr gq, lHkh dk;ZØeksa
dk Øeokj o.kZu dhft, &
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
xfrfof/k %&
izFke pj.k %&lanHkZ O;fDr pkVZ o cksMZ ij igys ls dqN 'kCn fy[kdj lEHkkfx;kas dks crk,xkA
firk&ekrk dk uke] cpiu dk uke] tUe LFkku] izkjfEHkd f'k{kk] fe+=] lgikBh] thou esa fofHkUu
dk;Z {ks=] dfBu le;] ns'k lsok] in] iq:Ldkj] thou ewY;] vkn'kZ] e`R;q vkfnA
83
f}rh; pj.k %& lanHkZ O;fDr lewgokj lEHkkfx;kas dks mi;qZDr 'kCnksa ds vk/kkj ij fdlh Hkh egkiq:"k
ij fucU/k fy[kus dks dgsxkA blds ckn izR;sd lewg ls izLrqfr yh tk;sxh rFkk l`tukRed fcUnqvksa
ij ppkZ dh tk;sxhA
r`rh; pj.k %& lanHkZ O;fDr lewgokj oSKkfud@dfo@ns'kHkDr o f[kykM+h ij fuca/k fy[kus dks
dgsxk rFkk lewg esa izLrqfr yh tk;sxhA
prqFkZ pj.k %& lanHkZ O;fDr lesdu djrs gq, dgsxk fd ltukRedrk ds vUrxZr cPpksa dks
'kCnksa@:ijs[kk@fp=ksa o ?kVukvksa ds ek/;e ls uohu jpuk djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k tkrk gS ,oa
cPps Hkh :fp ysdj u;s dk;Z djus dks mRlqd jgrs gSaA
l``tukRedrk ls lEcfU/kr vU; dk;Z
izFke pj.k & lanHkZ O;fDr laEHkkfx;ksa dks pkj lewg esa ck¡Vdj xksys esa dqN v{kj nsxk vkSj muls
uohu 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj jpuk djok,xkA tSls ¼vgenkckn½ 'kCn ls o.kZ ysdj fofHkUu ’kCnksa dk
fuekZ.k djokdj 2 v{kj] 4 v{kj o 5 v{kj okys 'kCn cuokuk ,oa mUgsa cksMZ ij fy[kokukA
f}rh; pj.k %& laHkkfx;ksa }kjk cuk;s x, 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, okD; jpuk djokuk ,oa okD;ksa
ls ,d iSjkxzkQ rS;kj djokuk A
r`rh; pj.k %&laHkkfx;ksa }kjk cuk;s x, 'kCnksa ,oa okD;ksa ls vU; fo/kkvksa dgkuh@dfork esa jpuk
djokuk A
prqFkZ pj.k %& lkjka'k :i esa lesdu djrs gq, lanHkZ O;fDr dgsxk fd f'k{kd cPpksa dks fpUru ds
volj miyC/k djokrs gq, l`tu ds dk;ksZa dh vksj izsfjr dj ldrs gSaA tSls&
1- fp= cukuk jax Hkjuk vkSj uke fy[kuk]
2- lkexzh ls eq[kkSVs cukuk] dkxt ;k v[kckj ls f[kykSus cukuk ]ekfpl ;k feV~Vh ds f[kykSus
vkfn]
3- esjk ladyu esjh Mk;jh]
4- vuqHko foLrkj gsrq fofo/k :iksa esa ys[ku]
5- [ksy vksj laxhr ls tqM+ko]
6- ckyxhr]
7- leL;kewyd oxZ igsyh Hkjokuk]
8- fHkfRr if=dk fuekZ.k]
9- fp=&iBu }kjk dgkuh@dfork ys[ku]
10- n`'; ?kVuk o.kZu
84
fo"k;ksa ,oa dykvksa dk baVhxzs'ku
laxhr ,oa fp=dyk dk Hkk"kk ds lkFk baVhxzs'ku
l= vof/k % 1 ?k.Vk 15 fefuV fo"k; % fgUnh@vaxzsth
d{kk % 1] 3 ]o 5 ds fy, vo/kkj.kk % 'kCn] okD; laajpuk ,oa fØ;k 'kCn
Hkwfedk
cPpkssa ds lh[k u ikus dh reke leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fodYi ds :Ik esa vf/kxe dh fof’k"V
,oa cky&dsfUnzr ,izksp gS& baVhxzs’kuA ÁLrqr l= fo"k;kssa dks lh[kus &fl[kkus ds ek/;e ds :Ik
esa dyk fo"k;ksa dks 'kkfey djus ds lanHkZ esa gSA fp=dyk ,oa laxhr fo"k; dks fgUnh@vaxzsth
fo"k; ds lkFk D;ksa o dSls baVhxzsV fd;k tk, ,oa mldk D;k vkmV iqV gksxk] bl l= esa bldk
rdZ ,oa Lo:i ÁLrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA
mís'; % & fgUnh@vaxzsth f'k{k.k vf/kxe dks dyk fo/kkvksa ds lkFk izHkkoh cukukA
& dyk dk vU; fo"k;ksa ds lkFk baVhxzs'ku ij le> fodflr djukA
& lw{e voyksdu gsrq izsfjr djukA
& js[kk] jaxksa] /ofu;ksa] y;&rky] gko&Hkko eas vuqHkwfr ,oa vfHkO;fDRk dk volj nsus
ds ek/;e ls dykvksa dk v/;;u djuk ,oa lh[kus ,oa Kku ds u;s {ks= ls
ifjfpr djkukA
& dykRed ÁfØ;k ,oa mlds Øe ij /;ku fnykukA
& laxhr ,oa n`'; dyk dss vkdyu lwpdksa ij le> cukukA
Lk= iwoZ rS;kjh %
lanHkZ O;fDr;ksa dks l= ls iwoZ vuqyXud esa ÁLrkfor v/;;u lkexzh dk v/;;u dj
ysuk pkfg,A
ckyxhr dh ÁLrqfr dh RkS;kjh& vuqyXud esa fn;s x;s xhr dh /kqu ,oa 'kCn ;kn djuk]
vfHku; ,oa gko&Hkko dk vH;kl niZ.k ds lkeus [kM+s gksdj Hkh djuk pkfg,A
fp= cus fofo/k dk;Z&i=dksa dks bl Ádkj Øe ls j[krs gq, lsV cukuk ftlls ikl cSBs
laHkkfx;ksa dkss vyx&vyx fp=ksa ds dk;Z i=d feyuk lqfuf’pr gks ldsA
jax dh fMCch dk forj.k 3&3 laHkkfx;ksa ds milewg esa ,d&,d fMCch lewgokj miyC/k
gks lds] bl Ádkj dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A
85
vko’;d lkexzh %
Lakxhr ,oa n`';dyk l= gsrq vko’;d lkexzh
1- Ckkyxhrksasa dh fLØIV
1- fofo/k n`'; fp=ksa dk laxzg ,oa fp= cus dk;Z&i=d
3- fØ;kWu jax fMCch&10 ¼rhu&rhu laHkkfx;ksa ds chp ,d fMCch ds fglkc ls½
uksV % Lakxhr ,oa n`’;dyk nksuksa l=ksa ds fy, ,y-lh-Mh- LØhu] ÁkstsDVj vkSj lEcfU/kr
,lsljht+ dh vko’drk
l= ds pj.k vof/k
1- ekSf[kd oDrO; % dyk dk vU; fo"k;ksa ds lkFk baVhxzs'ku ij OkDrO; 10 fefuV
2- laxhr l= %
Xkfrfof/k % jkbe@ckyxhr dh gko&Hkko ,oa vfHku; ds lkFk ÁLrqfr&
fgUnh ,oa vaxzsth Hkk"kk dh dforkvksa dks lqj&rky] vfHku; ds lkFk laHkkfx;ksa dks
xokuk ,oa xhrksa dh iafDr;ksa dks ih-ih-Vh- ij Ánf’kZr djukA
1- vktk fpfM+;k vktk js ------------
2- cUnj ekek dk xqLlk ---------------------
3- xkvks I;kjk xkuk ¼A B C D E F G H …xkvks I;kjk xkuk½
4- Little Polly Parrot ……
mijksDr ckyxhr ÁLrqfr esa dkSu&dkSuls ,sls i{k gSa tks fgUnh@vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa
laxhr ds lekos’k ls fgUnh@vaxzsth f'k{k.k vf/kxe dks izHkkoh cuk jgs gSa & bl
ij Ádk’k MkyukA
dfork dks xhr ds :i esa xkus ls cPpksas esa #fp o vkd"kZ.k mRiUu gksrk gS ftlls
mudh layXurk c<+rh gS] layXurk c<+us ls lh[kuk lqfuf’pr gksrk gSA
xhr] ÁÑfr ,oa ifjos’k dks ,dne u;s o vkd"kZd :i esa muds le{k j[krk gS
tks fd HkkoukRed jaxr fy;s gq, gksrs gSaA
10 fefuV
vkdyu lwpd&laxhr ¼ppkZ djds Li"V djuk½ dksM
1- layXurk (i) vkuUn ds lkFk layXu 1
(ii) O;Lr fdUrq tqM+ko ugha 2
(iii) vkaf'kd #fp@tqM+ko 3
2- vfHkO;fDr
¼1½ y; eas xkuk
(i) T;knkrj y; eas xkukA 1
86
(ii) dHkh&dHkh y; ls gV tkukA 2
10 fefuV
(iii) T;knkrj y; ls gV tkukA 3
¼2½ vfHku; djuk
(i) xhr ds lkFk vfHku; djukA 1
(ii) dHkh vfHku; djuk] dHkh ugha djukA 2
(iii) xhr&xkuk ysfdu vfHku; ugha djukA 3
¼3½ ,dy ,oa lkewfgd izLrqfr
(i) ,dy ,oa lkewfgd izLrqfr lgtrk ls nsukA 1
(ii) lewg ds lkFk xkuk fdUrq vdsys eas vkaf'kd
f>>d
2
(iii) dsoy lkewfgd izLrqfr nsukA 3
3- n`'; dyk l= %
xfrfof/k % 1- fp= iBu ds ek/;e ls ekSf[kd ppkZ %
PPT ij ,d ls vf/kd n`'; fp= fn[kkuk ,oa fdlh ,d fp= ij laHkkfx;ksa
ls foLrkj ls ppkZ djukA
fdlh Hkh fp= ij dkSu&dkSu ls vk/kkj ys dj cPPkksa ls ppkZ dh tk ldrh
gS ,oa mUgsa fp= ds lw{e voyksdu gsrq Ásfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS mnkgj.k
Lo:i fp= ÁLrqr gS &
fp= ls lEcfU/kr ppkZ ds fcUnq&
fp= esa fn[kkbZ ns jgh fo"k;&oLrq ls tksM+rs gq, LFkku] la[;k] fØ;k] jax] mi;ksx]
vkdkj] nwj&ikl] vuqHko ,oa dYiuk ds vk/kkj ij mnkgj.k Lo:i fuEu Ádkj ds
Á’u cPpksa ls iwNs tk ldrs gSaA&tSls
15 fefUkV
87
Á- fVfdV f[kM+dh ds ikl dkSu [kM+k gS\
Á- bl fp= esa ixM+h cka/ks o Vksih igus fdrus yksx fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSa\
Á- ,d O;fDr nkSM+rk gqvk dgk¡ fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS\
Á- dkSu&lh oLrq,¡ gjs jax dh fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSa\
Á- lcls nwj dkSulh oLrq fn[kkbZ ns jgh gS\
Á- lcls NksVs vkdkj dh oLrq dkSulh fn[kkbZ ns jgh gS\
Á- D;k rqeus dHkh jsyxkM+h esa cSB dj ;k=k dh gSs\
Á- fVfdV dysDVj efgyk ls D;k ckr dj jgk gS\
fp= iBu dh mijksDr xfrfof/k fdl Ádkj ÁkFkfed Lrj ij Hkk"kk ds fdl {ks=
esa f’k{k.k vf/kxe ls tqM+ jgh gS ,oa mldks ÁHkkoh cuk jgh gS ij laHkkfx;ksa ls
ppkZ djrs gq, le> cukukA
fp= cPpksa dks #fp iwoZd ckrphr djus dk volj nsrs gSa ftlls mudk ekSf[kd
Hkk"kk dkS’ky c<+rk gS] mudk 'kCn dks’k c<+rk gSA
cPps fp= voyksdu ds ek/;e ls ÁÑfr ,oa ifjos’k ds lw{e v/;;u gsrq Ásfjr
gksrs gSaA
fp= cPpkssa ds eu dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSa ftlls mudh ,dkxzrk ,oa layXurk c<+rh
gS vr% os fp= fcEc mudh Le`fr esa T;knk le; rd Bgjrs gSaA
2- izk;ksfxd dk;Z % jaxkadu
laHkkfx;ksa dks fofo/k fp=ksas ds dk;Z i=d esa jax Hkjus dk volj nsuk ,oa jax Hkjus
ds Ik’pkr fp= ds vk/kkj ij vaxzsth esa 3&4 'kCn] fØ;k’kCn ,oa okD; dk;Z i=d
esas fy[kus fy, dgukA
ppkZ ds fcUnq &
jaxkadu xfrfof/k cPpksa dks D;ksa djokbZ tk, ij ppkZ djukA
cPps ,oa o;Ld }kjk jax p;u ds vUrj ij le> cukukA
dk;Z i=d ij cus fp= dkSulh d{kk ds cPpksa ds fy, mi;qDr gaS ij
le> cukus ds fy, ppkZ djukA
20 fefuV
3- ekSf[kd ppkZ %
xfrfof/k ds nkSjku fp= dyk o vU; fo"k;ksa dk baVhxzs'ku dc vkSj dSls gks jgk Fkk
vkSj fdl izdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS\ ij laHkkfx;ksa ls ppkZ djrs gq, muds fopkj
tkuukA
4- vkdyu lwpd& n`'; dyk ¼ppkZ djds Li"V djuk½
xfrfof/k ds lkis{k n`'; dyk ds vkdyu lwpdksa ij le> cukukA
10 fefuV
88
layXurk & dksM
¼1½ vkuUn ds lkFk layXu 1
¼2½ O;Lr fdUrq tqM+ko ugha 2
¼3½ de #fp ds lkFk layXu 3
vfHkO;fDr &
jaxkadu ¼jax Hkjuk½
¼1½ fp= esa ,d fn'kk eas jax f?kLkrs gq, iwjh vkd`fr;ksa esa jax
HkjukA
1
¼2½ fp= vkd`fr esa vkM+k&frjNk jax f?klrs gq, jax HkjukA 2
¼3½ fp= vkd`fr eas vf/kdka'k txg [kkyh NksM+ nsukA dgha&dgha
jax f?klrs gq, Hkj ikukA
3
jax ;kstuk @jax la;kstu
¼1½ vkd"kZd jax ;kstukA 1
¼2½ de vkd"kZd jax ;kstukA 2
¼3½ vukd"kZd jax ;kstukA 3
89
vuqyXud
1- l= ds fy, p;fur ckyxhr %
1- vk tk fpfM+;k
vk tk fpfM+;k vk tk js
pqx&pqx nkuk [kk tk js
ehBk xkuk xk tk js
vk tk fpfM+;k vk tk js
vkrh gw¡ HkkbZ vkrh gw¡
pqx&pqx nkuk [kkrh gw¡
ehBk xkuk xkrh gw¡
>V ls mM+ tkrh gw¡
2- cUnj ekek dk xqLlk
,d Mky ij cSBk cUnjA
Hkhx jgk ikuh ds vUnjAA
fpfM+;k cksyh] cUnj ekekA
;gk¡ ugha Fkk rqedks vkukAA
Ckuk ugha ?kj Hkhx jgs gksA
vkPNha&vkPNha Nhad jgs gksAA
lqu ekek dks xqLlk vk;kA
fpfM+;k dk ?kj rksM+ fxjk;kAA
pw¡&pw¡ &pw¡&pw¡ fpfM+;k jksbZA
cSB Mky ij og Hkh lksbZAA
3- xkvks I;kjk xkuk
A B C D E F G H
xkvks I;kjk xkuk
uUgs eqUus I;kjs cPpksa
xkvks I;kjk xkuk
rd f/ku rd f/ku
canj ukps
Hkkyw <ksy ctk,
fcYyh cksys E;km¡ E;km¡
dks;y dw¡ dw¡ xk,
A B C D E F G H
.......
ckxksa esa frryh jgrh gSA
isM+ksa ij gS fpfM+;k
?kj esa eEeh MSMh jgrs
eSa vkSj esjk HkS;k
A B C D E F G H
.......
vkleku esa pank jgrk
[ksrksa esa fdlku
lkxj esa eNyh gS jgrh
ikuh mldh tku
A B C D E F G H
......
4. Little Polly Parrot
Little Polly Parrot
Sat in his garret
Eating toast and tea;
A little brown mouse
Jumped into the
house,
And stole it all away.
2- fp= iBu ds fy, n`’; fp= %
fp= iBu ds fy, n`’; fp=ksa dh ih-ih-Vh- Hkh cukbZ xbZ gS ,oa lkWW¶V dkih ds :i esa Hkh ;g lkexzh
miyC/k gSA ftls lh-Mh- vFkok isu MªkbZo esa dkih fd;k tk ldsxkA bu fp=ksa Ukewus ds rkSj ij NksVs
:Ik esa fuEu Ádkj fn, tk jgs gSaA
90
uksV % mijksDr fp= ,u-lh- bZ- vkj- Vh-] ,l- vkbZ- bZ vkj- Vh- dh d{kk&1 dh fgUnh Hkk"kk dh iqLrd
ls fy, x, gSaA
lq>ko % lanHkZ O;fDr pkgsa rks blh Ádkj ds n`’; fp=ksa dks vU; iqLrdksa ls [kkst ldrs gSa o mUgsa Hkh
bl dk;Z gsrq mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA
3- jaxkadu ds fy, dk;Z&i=d %
dk;Z i=d ds fy, mnkgj.k Lo:i fp= Ukewus ds rkSj ij NksVs :Ik esa fuEu Ádkj fn, tk jgs gSaA
uksV % dk;Z i=d ds fy, bu fp=ksas dk p;u cPpksa dh iqLrdksa o baVjusV ls Hkh fd;k x;k
gSA lanHkZ O;fDr bl Ádkj ds mi;qDr fp=ksa dks vius Á;kl ls Hkh [kkst ldrs gSa o mUgsa dke esa fy;k
tk ldrk gSA
91
4- v/;;u gsrq lkexzh % l= dh rS;kjh ds fy, v/;;u gsrq iqLrdsa
iqLrd dk uke ys[kd
1- f’k{kk dk okgu % dyk &nsoh Álkn
2- ÁkFkfed 'kkyk esa dyk dkjhxjh dh f’k{kk % Hkkx&1 &fxtqHkkbZ c/ksdk
3- cky ân; dh xgjkb;k¡ &olhyh lq[kksEyhaLdh
4- jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2005
dyk] laxhr] uR; vkSj jaxeap] jk"Vªh; Qksdl lewg dk vk/kkj&i=
& ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
5- lrr~ ,o O;kid ewY;kadu lzksr iqfLrdk % dyk f’k{kk &cks/k f’k{kk lfefr
6- lzksr iqLrd % dyk f’k{kk & ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
7- ,XtkEiyj dyk f’k{kk ¼ÁkFkfed Lrj½ & ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
92
Lkk;adkyhu l= % lwpuk rFkk lapkj çkS|ksfxdh
mís';%
lwpuk rFkk lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dks le>uk A
Lo;a dh rFkk vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{kk gsrq lwpuk rFkk lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dks mi;ksx dj
ldukA
f’k{kk esa mi;ksxh osclkbZVksa ls ifjp; rFkk budh mi;ksfxrk dks le> ldukA
lqxedrkZ viuh ckr dks çkjEHk djus ls igys lHkh ls loky djsa dh dkSu&dkSu bZ&esy dk mi;ksx
djuk tkurs gaS \ fdrus yksx OgkV~lsi rFkk Qslcqd dk ç;ksx djrs gSa \ ,d&nks lkfFk;ksa ls iwNsa fd
blls muds thou esa D;k cnyko vk;k gS \ lqxedrkZ nks&rhu yksxksa dks bl laca/k esa vius fopkj
lnu esa j[kus dk volj nsaA ;s fopkj ldkjkRed rFkk udkjkRed nksuks a gh izdkj ds gks ldrs gSaA bu
fopkjksa dks lquus ds ckn lqxedrkZ ,d vkSj loky djsa fd crkSj f’k{kd dkSu viuh d{kk&d{k esa
lwpuk rFkk lapkj izkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx cPpksa ds lh[kus dh izfdz;k esa djrs gSa \ os D;k&D;k djrs gSa
\ rFkk cPpksa ij bldk D;k vlj gks jgk gS \ bl ppkZ ds ckn lqxedrkZ uhps fn, x, fcUnqvksa ij
ppkZ djrs gq, viuh ckr j[ksaA
uksV % lqxedrkZ ls fuosnu gS fd bl vkys[k dks viuh rS;kjh ds nkSjku /;ku ls i<+ ysa rFkk ;gk¡ fy,
x, egÙoiw.kZ fcUnqvksa dks viuh ppkZvksa esa lekfgr djrs gq, vkxs c<saA ppkZ dks vkxs c<+krs gq,
izkstsDVj }kjk mi;ksxh osclkbZV Hkh fn[kk,¡A
lwpuk rFkk lapkj çkS|ksfxdh ls ,d ifjp;
Hkk"kk] vfHkO;fä dk ,d l'kä ek/;e gSA Hkk"kk ekuo thou dk vfHkUu vax gSA laçs"k.k ds }kjk gh
euq"; lwpukvksa dk vknku&çnku ,oa mls laxzfgr djrk gSA lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd vFkok
jktuhfrd dkj.kksa ls fofHkUu ekuoh; lewgksa dk vkil esa laidZ cu tkrk gSA xr 'krkCnh esa lwpuk
vkSj laidZ ds {ks= esa vn~Hkqr çxfr gqbZ gSA bysDVªkWfud ek/;e ds QyLo:i fo'o dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx
tqM+ x;k gSA lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ØkfUr us Kku ds }kj [kksy fn;s gaSA cqf) ,oa Hkk"kk ds feyki ls lwpuk
çkS|ksfxdh ds lgkjs bZ&d‚elZ] baVjusV }kjk Mkd Hkstuk] bZ&esy }kjk laHko gqvk gSA v‚uykbu ljdkjh
dkedkt fo"k;d bZ&ç'kklu] bZ&cSafdax }kjk cSad O;ogkj v‚uykbu] f'k{kk lkexzh ds fy, bZ&,T;wds'ku
vkfn ek/;e ls lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl gks jgk gSA lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds cgqvk;keh mi;ksx ds
dkj.k fodkl ds u;s }kj [kqy jgs gSaA
Hkkjr esa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dk {ks= rsth ls fodflr gks jgk gSA lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh esa lwpuk] vk¡dM+s
¼MsVk½ rFkk Kku dk vknku&çnku euq"; thou ds gj {ks= esa QSy x;k gSA gekjh vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd]
lkekftd] lkaL—frd] 'kS{kf.kd] O;kolkf;d rFkk vU; cgqr ls {ks=ksa esa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl
fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA vkfFkZd mnkjrkokn ds bl nkSj ds oSf'od xzke ¼Xykscy foyst½ dh ladYiuk lapkj
çkS|ksfxdh ds dkj.k lQy gqbZ gSA bl u;s ;qx esa bZ&d‚elZ] b Z&esMhflu] bZ&,T;wds'ku] bZ&xouaZl]
bZ&cSafdax] bZ&'k‚fiax vkfn bysDVªkWfud ek/;eksa dk fodkl gks jgk gSA lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh vkt 'kfä ,oa
fodkl dk çrhd cuh gSA daI;wVj ;qx ds lapkj lk/kuksa esa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds vkxeu ls ge lwpuk
lekt esa ços'k dj jgs gSaA foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh ds Kku dk lkFkZd mi;ksx djrs gq, muls ykHkkfUor
gksus dh lHkh dks vko';drk gSA
93
D;k gS lwpuk çks/kksfxdh \
lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dk vFkZ gS] lwpuk dk ,df=dj.k] HkaMkj.k] çkslsflax] çlkj vkSj ç;ksxA ;wusLdks ds
vuqlkj lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dh ifjHkk"kk& lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh] oSKkfud] çkS|ksfxdh o bathfu;fjax fo"k; gS
vkSj lwpuk dh çkslsflax] muds vuqç;ksx dh çca/k rduhdsa gSaA daI;wVj vkSj mudh ekuo rFkk e'khu ds
lkFk var%fØ;k ,oa lac/k] lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkaL—frd fo"k;A Hkkjr esa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa
Økafrdkjh igy &
cSadksa dk dEI;wVjhdj.k ,oa ,Vh,e dh lqfo/kkA
baVjusV ls jsy fVdV] gokbZ fVdV dk vkj{k.kA
fdlkuksa ds Hkwfe fjdkMksaZ dk dEI;wVjhdj.kA
ços'k ds fy, vkWuykbu vkosnu] vkWuykbu ijh{kk ,oa vkWuykbu dkmaflfyaxA
dbZ foHkkxksa ds VsaMj vkWuykbu Hkjs tk jgs gSaA
ikliksVZ] xkMh pykus ds ykblsal vkfn Hkh vkWuykbu Hkjs tk jgs gSaA
foHkkxksa dh egÙoiw.kZ tkudkjh vkWuykbu miyC/k gSA vkWuykbu f’kdk;r ntZ dh tk ldrh gSA
vk/kkj dkMZ }kjk izR;sd ukxfjd dh lwpuk dk C;ksjk j[kk tk jgk gSA bls cSad [kkrs o vk;dj dks
isu dkMZ ls tksM+k tk jgk gSA
lwpuk dk vf/kdkj ds rgr~ cgqr lh tkudkjh vkWuykbu nh tk jgh gSA
vk;dj dh Qkbfyax vkWuykbu dh tk ldrh gSA
vkWuykbu tkfr çek.k i=] ewy fuokl çek.k i= ,oa tUe&e`R;q çek.k i= Hkh cuk, tkrs gSaA
ns'k rFkk fons'k ds dbZ laLFkku vkWuykbu dkslZ Hkh djokrs gSaA
f'k{kk ds {ks= esa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dk ;ksxnku
f'k{kk fu%lansg ,d ns'k dh ekuo iwath ds fuekZ.k esa fd, tkus okys lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ fuos'kksa esa ls ,d
gSA ;g ,d ,slk ek/;e gS tks u dsoy vPNs lk{kj ukxfjdksa dks x<+rk gS cfYd ,d jk"Vª dks rduhdh
:i ls uokpkjh Hkh cukrk gSA bl çdkj vkfFkZd o`f) dh fn'kk esa ekxZ ç'kLr gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa ,sls
vusd dk;ZØe vkSj ;kstuk,¡ tSls& fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z çkFkfed f'k{kk] loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku] jk"Vªh;
lk{kjrk vfHk;ku vkfn f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy, ljdkj }kjk vkjaHk fd, x, gSaA gky ds
o"kksaZ esa bl ckr esa dkQh #fp jgh gS fd lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dks f'k{kk ds {ks= esa dSls mi;ksx
fd;k tk ldrk gSA f'k{kk ds {ks= esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh ds lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnkuksa esa ls
,d gS vf/kxE;rk ij vklku igq¡p lalk/kuA
lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dh lgk;rk ls Nk= vc bZ&iqLrdsa] ijh{kk ds uewus okys ç'u i=] fiNys
o"kksaZ ds ç'u i= vkfn ns[kus ds lkFk lalk/ku O;fä;ksa] esaVjksa] fo'ks"kKksa] 'kks/kdrkZvksa] O;kolkf;dksa vkSj
lkfFk;ksa ls nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh dksus ij vklkuh ls laidZ dj ldrs gSaA lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh
dh lokZf/kd vuks[kh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd bls le; vkSj LFkku esa lek;ksftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bls
/;ku esa j[krs gq, lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh us fMftVy vfHkxE;rk dks laHko cuk;k gSA vc Nk=
fdlh Hkh le; viuh lqfo/kkuqlkj v‚uykbu v/;;u ikB~;Øe lkexzh dks i<+ ldrs gSaA lwpuk vkSj
lapkj çkS|ksfxdh vk/kkfjr f'k{kk vkiwfrZ ¼jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfotu ij 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa dk çlkj.k½ ls lHkh
lh[kus okys vkSj vuqns'kd dks ,d HkkSfrd LFkku ij gksus dh vko';drk lekIr gks tkrh gSA tc ls
lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dks ,d f'k{k.k ek/;e ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS] blus ,d =qfVghu
çsjd lk/ku ds :i esa dk;Z fd;k gS] blesa ohfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] eYVhehfM;k dEI;wVj l‚¶Vos;j dk
mi;ksx 'kkfey gS ftlesa] /ofu vkSj jax fufgr gSA blls Nk= lh[kus dh çfØ;k esa xgjkbZ ls tqM+rs gSaA
94
nwjLFk f'k{kk
ge esa ls vusd yksx viuh f'k{kk tkjh j[kuk pkgrs gaS fdarq le; dh lhekvksa ds dkj.k i<+kbZ tkjh
j[kuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA blfy, dbZ yksx vkSj Nk= nwjLFk f'k{kk ikB~;Øeksa ds ek/;e ls i<+us dk
fodYi viukrs gSa] ftlls os viuh f'k{kk vkjke ls tkjh j[k ldsaA vc vki fofHkUu Hkkjrh;
fo'ofo|ky;ksa rFkk fo|ky;ksa dh osclkbV vklkuh ls ns[k dj ogk¡ fn, tk jgs nwjLFk f'k{kk ikB~;Øeksa
ds ckjs esa tku ldrs gSa vkSj uohure tkudkjh ys ldrs gSaA f'k{kd lkFkh lkekU; :i ls vkbZlhVh dk
lcls vf/kd mi;ksx ç'kklfud dk;ksaZ ds fy, djrs gSaA vDlj vkbZlhVh dk mi;ksx fu;fer dk;Z tSls
fjd‚MZ j[kus] yslu Iyku fodkl] lwpuk çLrqfr] baVjusV ij cqfu;knh tkudkjh dh [kkst ds fy, djrs
gSaA
fo"k; Kku
f'k{kdksa }kjk ikBksa dks i<+kus ds nkSjku ftl rjg vkbZlhVh dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] og bl ckr ij
fuHkZj djrk gS fd vius fo"k;ksa ij f'k{kdksa dh fdruh idM+ gSA f'k{kd dh fo"k;oLrq ij egkjFk vkSj
Nk= dh xzg.k {kerk dh le> vkbZlhVh ds mi;ksx dks vf/kd çHkkoh cukrh gSA çek.k ;g crkrk gS
fd tc f'k{kd & fo"k; Kku vkSj ftl rjg ls fo|kFkhZ fo"k; dks le>rs gSaA bu nksuksa ckrksa dks
le>rs gq, vius Kku dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] rc Nk= dh miyfC/k ij vkbZlhVh ds ç;ksx dk vf/kd
çR;{k çHkko iM+rk gSA vkbZlhVh ds ek/;e ls ubZ vfrfjä tkudkjh ls laidZ i;kZIr ugha gSA t:jh gS
fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lkspus ds fy, pqukSrh nh tk, vkSj mudh viuh le> ij loky fd, tk,¡A
vkbZlhVh }kjk f'k{kdksa dks muds fo"k; {ks= esa Lo&f'k{kk ds fy, l{ke fd;k tkuk pkfg,A mUgsa lh[kus
ds vfrfjä lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A f'k{kd dk O;kolkf;d fodkl
,d çfØ;k gS bldk lrr tkjh jguk vko’;d gSA f'k{kdksa ds fy, lrr] fu;fer :i ls leFkZu
egÙoiw.kZ gSA f'k{kd ds O;kolkf;d fodkl esa enn ds fy;s lrr vkSj fu;fer enn vko';d gS vkSj
;g vkbZlhVh ds mi;ksx ds ek/;e ls çnku dh tk ldrh gS ¼ppkZ lewgksa] bZ&esy] jsfM;ks ;k Vhoh
çlkj.k ds :i esa½A
f'k{kk ls lEcaf/kr osclkbZV ls ifjp; rFkk budh mi;ksfxrk dks le>ukA
lqxedrkZ loky djs fd ,d f’k{kd ds :Ik esa rFkk O;fDrxr dke ds fy, os fdl rjg dh bZ lkexzh
;k osc lkbV dk mi;ksx djrs gSa \ laHko gSa yksx dgasxs fd jsy rFkk cl dk fVdV cqd djus ds fy,]
bZ cktkj ls viuh eu ilan oLrq dh dher tkuus rFkk [kjhnkjh djus ds fy,] vius Ldwy ls lacaf/kr
nLrkostksa dks viMsV djus ds fy, ’kkyk niZ.k ;k ’kkyk n’kZu dk mi;ksx] vius Hkfo"; fuf/k [kkrs rFkk
chek laca/kh dke&dkt ds fy,] cPpksa ds fy, jkspd dfork dgkuh [kkstus ds fy, vkfnA bl foe’kZ ds
nkSjku fdlh ds egÙoiw.kZ vuqHko vk jgs gksa rks mUgsa lk>k djus dk volj nsaA lqxedrkZ f’k{kk rFkk
f’k{kdksa ls lacaf/kr osclkbZV dk izn’kZu djrs gq, muds ckjs esa ckr djsaA dqN osclkbZV dh mi;ksfxrk
dks le>us ds fy, mUgas [kksydj foLrkj ls ckr dh tk,A orZeku esa jktLFkku esa ’kkyk niZ.k rFkk
’kkyk n’kZu tSls bZ iksVZy ij izR;sd Ldwy ls lacaf/kr lwpukvksa dks ntZ fd;k tk jgk gSA lqxedrkZ
buds laca/k esa dqN ckr djsaA
95
’kkyk niZ.k rFkk ’kkyk n’kZu
’kkyk niZ.k & lwpuk&rduhdh ,oa fMftVykbts’ku ds le; esa jk"Vªh; ek/;fed f’k{kk vfHk;ku ds
rRok/kku esa cu jgk ^^’kkyk niZ.k^^ ,d ,dhdr f}Hkkf"kd vkWuykbu ,evkbZ,l iksVZy gS] ftlds ek/;e
ls jktLFkku ds lHkh jktdh; fo|ky;] muesa i<+us okys fo|kFkhZ ,oa bu fo|ky;ksa ds dkfeZd e;
f’k{kdksa ls lEcfU/kr lwpukvksa dk ladyu] fo|ky; Lrjh; 'kS{kf.kd xfrfof/k;ksa dh izfof"V ,oa budk
fu;fer :Ik ls v/;;u lEHko gksxkA orZeku esa jkT; ds ek/;fed f’k{kk ds lHkh fo|ky;ksa esa ^^’kkyk
niZ.k^^ fØ;kfUor fd;k tk jgk gS] ftl Øe esa ek/;fed f’k{kk ds lHkh 13659 fo|ky;ksa ds ykWfxu
rS;kj dj] Ldwy ykWfxu ls fo|ky;ksa dh vk/kkjHkwr lwpuk,¡] d{kk&oxZokj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh O;fDrxr
tkudkfj;k¡ ,oa fo|ky; ds dkfeZdksa ls lEcfU?kr lwpukvksa dk ladyu fd;k tk pqdk gSA foHkkx dh
egÙoiw.kZ xfrfof/k;ksa dh lwpuk,¡] jktdh; vkns’k vc Ldwy ds ykWfxu esa gh miyC/k djok;k tk jgk
gSA
'kkyk n’kZu & lwpuk rduhdh ,oa fMftVykbts’ku ds le; esa izkjfEHkd f’k{kk dks fo|ky; ,oa muesa
v/;ujr fo|kFkhZ ,oa i<+kus okys f’k{kdksa ls lEcfU/kr lwpukvksa ls v/;ru j[kus ds fy, ^^’kkyk
n’kZu^^ ,d uokpkjksa ,oa vfHkuo iz;kl gSA foHkkx dh egÙoiw.kZ xfrfof/k;ksa dh lwpukvksa ,oa cPpksa ds
vf/kxe Lrj dh izxfr dh izfof"V] Lo;a laLFkkiz/kkuksa }kjk ¼Ldwy ykWfxu ls½ djuk ^^’kkyk n’kZu^^ dk
egÙoiw.kZ mn ~ns’; gSA jktLFkku izkjfEHkd f’k{kk foHkkx ds leLr jktdh; fo|ky;ksa dh vk/kkjHkwr
lwpukvksa ds lkFk&lkFk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh d{kk] oxZokj ,oa f’k{kdksa dh vko’;d lwpuk,¡ CykWd] ftyk ,oa
jkT; Lrj ij vkWuykbu miyC/k djok;h xbZ gSa A fo|ky;ksa ls lacaf/kr izi= }kjk fo|ky; dh
vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kkvkas ls tqM+h lwpuk,¡ ;Fkk laLFkkiz/kku dk uke] eksckby uEcj] fo|kfFkZ;ksa o f’k{kdks dh
la[;k] miyC/k dqy d{kksa o 'kkSpky;ksa dh la[;k vkfns jkT; ds izkjfEHkd f’k{kk ds fo|ky; ykWfxu }kjk
izfo"V djok nh x;h gSa A
bZ lalk/kuksa ds mi;ksx rFkk fuekZ.k gsrq f’k{kdksa }kjk fd, tk jgs iz;kl
fØ,fVo VhplZ vkQ jktLFkku dk Qslcqd ist & ;g ,d Qslcqd ist gS ftls jktLFkku ds f’k{kd
lkFkh feydj rS;kj djrs gSaA vU; fo"k;ksa ds vykok jktLFkku ds bfrgkl] dyk] f’kYi rFkk izfl)
LFkkukasa ij vk/kkfjr jkspd ys[k i<+s tk ldrs gSaA
f’k{kk ds fy, mi;ksxh ,Ik cukus okys bejku & bejku jktLFkku ds vyoj esa ’kkldh; Ldwy esa
f’k{kd gSA os vius HkkbZ ds ySIkVki ij xse [ksyk djrs Fk sA ,d ifj;kstuk dk;Z ds fy, mUgksaus dqN
lkexzh rS;kj dhA blds ckn mUgkasus f’k{kk ds fy, mi;ksxh 100 ls vf/kd ,Ik dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ns’k
Hkj esa muds dke dh ljkguk gqbZA
VhplZ vkWQ bafM;k iksVZy & ;g iksVZy ns’k Hkj ds f’k{kdksa ds }kjk fd, tk jgs iz;klksa dks ,d&nwljs
ds lkFk lk>k djus rFkk ,d&nwljs ds vuqHkoksa ls lh[kus dk volj iznku djrk gSA bls fgUnh rFkk
vaxzsth lfgr Hkkjr dh ik¡p Hkk"kkvksa esa i<+k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa izdkf’kr gksus okyh f’k{kk rFkk
f’k{kdksa ls lacaf/kr lHkh egÙoiw.kZ i=&if=dkvksa dh izfr;k¡ vkSj f’k{kk ls lacaf/kr egÙoiw.kZ [kcj ;gk¡
ij miyC/k jgrh gSA ns’kHkj ds f’k{kdksa ls izkIr gksus okys muds vuqHko] cPpk sa ds fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB
;kstuk,¡ jkspd ohfM;ks] bZ iBu lkexzh] f’k{k.k lgk;d lkexzh ds fuekZ.k ds rjhds] dfork] ckyxhr
96
vkfn ;gk¡ ij ladfyr fd, x, g aSA dksbZ Hkh f’k{kd ;gk¡ ij vius ys[k Hkst ldrk gS rFkk miyC/k bZ
lkexzh dks MkmuyksM dj viuh d{kk&d{k esa cPpksa ds lkFk mi;ksx dj ldrk gSA
f’k{kk rFkk f’k{kk ls lacaf/kr osc lkbZVksa ls ifjp;
lqxedrkZ uhps nh xbZ f’k{kk ls lacaf/kr mi;ksxh osclkbZV esa ls dqN osclkbZV ls ifjp; djk,¡A lnu
esa dkQh la[;k esa ,sls yksx gksaxs tks vius Qksu ls baVjusV dk mi;ksx djrs gksaxsA ,sls yksxksa dks
ckrphr ds nkSjku gh dqN osclkbZV [kksydj ns[kus rFkk vU; yksxksa dks bldk mi;ksx le>kus ds fy,
izsfjr djsaA lqxedrkZ dh enn ds fy, dqN osclkbZV ij vk/kkfjr ihihVh miyC/k gSA izkstsDVj dh
lgk;rk ls bUgas Hkh fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA
f’k{kk rFkk f’k{kk ls lacaf/kr foHkkx
http://www.ncert.nic.in/indexh.html http://siertraj.nic.in/display_publications.php http://ssa.nic.in/ http://rajrmsa.nic.in/Public/Home.aspx http://www.teachersofindia.org/hi http://www.eklavya.in/ http://www.hbcse.tifr.res.in/ http://ehindi.hbcse.tifr.res.in/ http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/toys.html http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/
ह िदी म कविता राईम तथा बालगीत
http://www.indianmathsociety.org.in/ https://www.mathsisfun.com/ http://mathforum.org/dr.math/ http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-playing-an-instrument-benefits-your-brain-anita-collins
अऩनी नौकरी तथा बीमा स समबिधधत http://sipfportal.rajasthan.gov.in/EmployeeDetails.aspx# http://www.rajshikshaorder.in/how-to-download-paymanager-salary-slip/769 http://ihrms.raj.nic.in http://www.shikshasamadhan.org/ www.licindia.in lesdu& lqxedrkZ Åij nh xbZ osc lkbZV] CykWx rFkk bZ iksVZy ds ckjs esa crkrs gq, budh mi;ksfxrk
Hkh crk;s A ;fn baVjusV dusD’ku miyC/k gks rks bUgsa [kksyus vkSj mi;ksxh i`"B rd igqWpus dh fof/k Hkh
crkbZ tk;sa A baVjusV ;qDr Qksu j[kus okys f’k{kdksa dks mlh le; dqN osc lkbZV rd tk dj ykx
bu djuk crk;k tk, A dqN 'kSf{kd if=dkvksa& f’kfojk] laUnHkZ] pded rFkk mEehn txkrs f’k{kd &
vkfn ls ifjp; vkSj vkWuykbu i<+us dk rjhdk crk;k tk, A var esa lesdu djrs le; lqxedrkZ
f’k{kdksa vkSj cPpksa ds fy, vkbZlhVh dh mi;ksfxrk ij lexz :Ik esa vius fopkj j[ksaxs A
97
,lvkbZD;wbZ izHkkoh Ldwy
mn~ns’; %&
,lvkbZD;wbZ d{kk&d{kh; izfØ;kvksa dks okLrfod mnkgj.k@vuqHkoksa ls le> ldsaxsA
dsvkjih ,lvkbZD;wbZ d{kk&d{kh; izfØ;kvksa dks izf’k{k.kksa esa csgrj rjhds ls crk ik,¡xsA
f’k{kd vius fo|ky; esa izfØ;kvksa dk csgrj rjhds ls fØ;kUo;u dj ik,¡xsA
,lvkbZD;wbZ izHkkoh Ldwy dh vo/kkj.kk dks le> ldsaxsA
ppkZ ds fcUnq%&
,lvkbZD;wbZ ySc Ldwy@fjlkslZ Ldwy ls D;k vk’k; g S \
laLFkk iz/kku ,oa f’k{kdksa }kjk Ldwy Lrj ij D;k iz;kl fd, \
ySc fo|ky;ksa esa ,lvkbZD;wbZ izfØ;kvksa esa D;k ifjorZu vk, \
cPpksa ds lh[kus esa fdruk ifjoZru vk;k \
,lvkbZbZvkjVh }kjk ySc fo|ky;ksa dks D;k o dSls leFkZu iznku fd;k x;k \
,lvkbZb ZvkjVh esa fufeZr ,lvkbZD;wbZ ySc mn~ns’;ksa ds ckjs esa crkukA
lkexzh %&
ihihVh] ySiVkWi@dEI;wVj] izkstsDVj vkfnA
iwoZ rS;kjh&
izf’k{kd l= lapkyu gsrq igys ls izkstsDVj ’kq: djds ns[k ysosaA
xfrfof/k&1
izf'k{kd ihihVh ds ek/;e ls ySc Ldwy dh vo/kkj.kk] mn~ns’;] visf{kr izfØ;k,¡] f’k{kd o
laLFkkiz/kku dh Hkwfedk] voyksdu o lacyu dk;Z ,oa csLV izsfDVl dks lk>k djuk ,oa laHkkfx;ksa ls
ppkZ djukA
xfrfof/k&2
ySc Ldwy ds laLFkkiz/kkuksa }kjk Lo;a dh Hkwfedk] d{kk voyksdu o lacyu dk;Z ,oa csLV
izsfDVl dks lk>k djrs gq, laHkkfx;ksa ls ppkZ djukA
,lvkbZD;wbZ izHkkjh Ldwy & ckydsfUnzr xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr f’k{k.k rFkk lrr~ ,oa O;kid ewY;kadu ,d
lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k gS vFkkZr fo|ky; dh d{kk&d{kh; f‛k{k.k izfØ;kvksa esa ifjorZu dk fopkj
gSA bl lefUor ,izkssp ¼lhlhih] lhlhbZ o ,ch,y½ esa d{kk&d{kh; izfØ;kvksa dk mfpr fØ;kUo;u dSls
fd;k tkrk gS rFkk cPpksa ds lh[kus ds Lrj@miyfC/k Lrj esa lrr lq/kkj djrs gq, ‚kSf{kd çxfr dSls
lqfuf‛pr tkrh gS \ ;g le>us ds mn~ns‛; ls ,lvkbZD;wbZ izHkkoh Ldwy dh ladYiuk dh xbZ gS rkfd
;s Ldwy vU; Ldwyksa ds fy, ekxZn’kZd dh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldsaA
,lvkbZD;wbZ izHkkoh Ldwy ls vis{kk,¡ &
laLFkkiz/kku dh ,lvkbZD;wbZ izfØ;kvksa ds ckjs esa vPNh le> gksuh pkfg,A
izR;sd f‛k{kd dh ,lvkbZD;wbZ izfØ;kvksa ds ckjs esa Li"V le> gksuh pkfg,A
98
Lo;a ds Ldwy gsrq ,lvkbZD;wbZ laca/kh okf"kZd ;kstuk fufeZr dh tk,A
Lo;a ds Ldwy dh izksQkby cukuk ,oa le;≤ ij viMsV djuk pkfg,A
izkFkZuk@ckylHkk esa lHkh cPpksa dks Hkkxhnkjh ds volj nsrs gq, :fpdj cukuk pkfg,A
cPpksa ds ukekadu] mifLFkfr] Bgjko ,oa fu;ferrk dks rkfydk@xzkQ }kjk iznf’kZr djuk pkfg,A
cPpksa dk vk/kkj js[kk vkdyu xfrfof/k] ekSf[kd ,oa VwYl ds vk/kkj ij djuk pkfg,A
f’k{kdksa }kjk fu;fer :Ik ls cPpksa ds 'kSf{kd Lrj ds vuq:i f’k{k.k&vkdyu ;kstuk cukuk ,oa
mfpr fØ;kUo;u djuk pkfg,A
f‛k{kd }kjk mn~ns‛;ksa ds lkis{k f‛k{k.k vf/kxe lkexzh cukdj dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
f’k{kdksa dk d{kk&d{k esa lhlhih ,oa ,ch,y vk/kkfjr izfØ;kvksa esa :fp ysdj dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
d{kk&d{k esa lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;kvksa esa izR;sd cPps dks Hkkxhnkjh ,oa lfØ;rk c<+kus gsrq
volj nsuk pkfg,A
d{kk&d{k esa cPpksa ds dk;Z ¼ekSfyd@l`tukRed@vU;½ ,oa Vh-,y-,e- dk izn’kZu djuk pkfg,A
lewg&2 ds cPpksa ds lkFk fo’ks"k ;kstuk cukdj dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k ds nkSjku cPpksa dh 'kSf{kd izxfr dks fu;fer :i ls ntZ djuk pkfg,A
cPpksa ds lh[kus dh izxfr ,oa ’kSf{kd Lrj izfrfuf/k uewuksa dk ladyu dj izR;sd cPps dk
iksVZQksfy;ks la/kkfjr djuk pkfg,A
fu/kkZfjr ikB~;Øe ds vuq:i vf/kxe mn~ns’;ksa ds lkis{k cPpksa dh izxfr dk vkdyu fu;fer :i
ls ntZ djuk pkfg,A
d{kk&d{k esa lh[kus&fl[kkus dh csLV izsfDVl dks fofHkUUk eapksa ij izLrqr djuk pkfg,A
ekfld cSBd esa d{kk&d{kh; izfØ;k,¡] cPPkksa ds lh[kus dh izxfr] 'kSf{kd Lrj] fu;ferrk vkfn dh
leh{kk djrs gq, mfpr ;kstuk cukdj dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
vfHkHkkodksa ds lkFk esa cPpksa ds lh[kus dh izxfr ,oa ’kSf{kd Lrj dks iksVZQksfy;ks ds ek/;e ls
lk>k djuk pkfg,A
f’k{kd Lo;a dk;ksZa dks bl izdkj djsa fd os izf’k{k.k@dk;Z’kkyk gsrq n{k izf’k{kd ds :Ik esa rS;kj
gks tk,¡A
fo|ky; esa l‛kDr usr`Ro {kerk dks mHkkj dj ^^lsUVj QkWj ,fDlysUl** dh LFkkiuk djuh pkfg,A
99
f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk
fo|ky;ksa ds lanHkZ esa f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gSA f'k{kd dks vius nkf;Ro fuokZg ds fy, pkj dke
fu;fer :i ls djus gksaxsA igyk] ;g lqfuf’pr djuk fd d{kk esa f’k{k.k ds fy, cPpksa ds 'kSf{kd Lrj
,oa ikB~;Øe ds mn~ns’;ksa ds vuq:i f’k{k.k&vf/kxe ;kstuk cukuh pkfg,] nwljk ;g ns[kuk fd cPPkksa
us D;k oks lh[kk gS tks fd mUgsa lh[kuk pkfg,\ rhljk] muds lh[kus dh izxfr D;k gS\ vkSj pkSFkk]
mudh lrr miyfC/k D;k gS\ bu pkjksa dkeksa esa f’k{kd ds fy, ;g vko’;d gS fd og%&
ns[ks fd cPpksa dk 'kSf{kd Lrj D;k gS\ d{kk esa cPpksa ds lewg fdl izdkj cu ldrs gSa\ fdl cPPks
dks fdl lewg esa j[kk tkuk gS\ cPpksa ds Lrj ds vuqlkj f’k{k.k ;kstuk fdl rjg dh gks fd
izR;sd cPps dks lh[kus ds leku volj miyC/k gksa vkSj oks viuh ;ksX;rk ds vuq:i lh[k lds
vkSj viuh {kerkvksa esa o`f) dj ldsA blds fy, vko’;d gS f’k{kd ckyd ds 'kSf{kd Lrj igpku
ds fy, bl izdkj dk iz’u i= cuk, ¡ fd cPpksa ds lgh Lrj dh igpku gks ldsA ;g /;ku jgs fd
cPpksa ds lgh Lrj igpku fd;k tkuk vfr vko’;d gSA
ns[ksa fd cPps fdl rjg ls lh[k jgs gSaA ;kfu cPPkksa ds lh[kus ds rjhds D;k gSa \ muesa D;k fdlh
cnyko dh laHkkouk gS \ f’k{kd bu ckrksa dks viuh Mk;jh esa vius vuqlkj fy[k ys a rkfd ckn esa
ml cPps ds ckjs esa fy[krs le; ;g fVIi.kh dke vk ldsA D;ksafd ,d f’k{kd ds fy, lHkh ckrksa
dks ;kn j[kuk laHko ugha gSA vr% f’k{kd dks Lo;a dh enn ds fy, ;g ntZ djrs jguk pkfg,A
f’k{kd ;g ns[ksa dh tks fo"k;oLrq cPps dks lh[kuh Fkh oks lh[kh ;k ughaA bls ntZ fd;k tk ldrk
gSA dqN le; ckn ikB~;Øe ds vk/kkj ij cPps dh izxfr dk ewY;kadu fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g
dke cPps ds }kjk fd, x, fofHkUu rjg ds dk;ksZa ds voyksdu ds ek/;e ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
,d fo"k; ds f’k{kd dks nwljs fo"k; ds f’k{kd ls fu;fer :i ls ppkZ djuh gS vkSj cPpksa dh vU;
fo"k;ksa esa izxfr dks Hkh ns[kuk gSA ,slk blfy, vko’;d gS D;ksafd gesa ;g tkuuk vko’;d gS fd
cPpksa dk #>ku D;k gS vkSj muds lkFk fdl izdkj ds dke fd, tkus dh vko’;drk gSA
cPpksa ds d{kk dkYkka’k ds i'pkr~ f’kfojk iapkx ds vuq:i cPpksa dh f’k{k.k ;kstuk ,oa vkdyu nt+ZZ
djus dk dk;Z djsaA bl le; f’k{kd cPpksa dks lh[kus esa Hkkxhnkj cukus ds fy, fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa
dk fuekZ.k dj ldrs gSa vkSj mu xfrfof/k;ksa ds vuq:i vko’;d f’k{k.k& vf/kxe lkexzh cuk
ldrs gSa ;k ,df=r dj ldrs gSaA ;g og le; gksxk tc f’k{kd fnuHkj ds vius dk;Z ij fparu
,oa euu dj vkxkeh fnol dh dk;Z;kstuk ij dk;Z dj ldsaxsA f’k{k.k dkyka’k ds nkSjku cPpksa dk
vkdyu ntZ+ djus ds fy, le; ugha yxk;k tk,xkA Li"V gS f’k{k.k dkyka’k ds le; dksbZ Hkh
f’k{kd QkWesZV bR;kfn Hkjus dk dk;Z ugha djsaxsA
100
gSM Vhpj dh Hkwfedk
,lvkbZD;wbZ dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr gSM Vhpj ds fuEu nkf;Ro gksaxs&
izkFkfed d{kkvksa esa de ls de ,d fo"k; dk v/;kiu dk;Z djok,axsA
lIrkg esa de ls de ,d d{kk ds lHkh cPpksa ds iksVZQksfy;ks dk voyksdu dj fo"k; v/;kid dks
vko’;drk vuq:Ik lq>ko nsaxsA
iksVZQksfy;ks esa vk/kkj js[kk vkdyu] dk;Zi=d] ;ksxkRed vkdyu ds izi= esa O;kidrk gksA fo"k;
v/;kid ls le; ij tk¡p dj] =qfV vadu dj lq/kkj dk;Z djokuk ,oa fVIi.kh ntZ djokuk
lqfuf’pr djsaxsA
iksVZQksfy;ks ,oa f’k{k.k vf/kxe lkexzh ds fy, vko’;d LVs’kujh ;Fkk dkxt jhe] lsyks VSi] jaxhu
dkxt] osDl dyj] xRrk] xksan vkfn dk ek¡x i= izkIr ,oa lesfdr dj laLFkk iz/kku dks miyC/k
djok,axsA vkoafVr lkexzh dk mi;ksx d{kk f’k{k.k esa lqfuf’pr djok,axsA
v/;kid ;kstuk Mk;jh dk fu;fer voyksdu] ;kstuk ds vuq:i d{kk Lrjh; izfØ;kvksa dk
lapkyu esa lg;ksx djsaxsA
fo"k; v/;kidksa ls cky dsfUnzr f’k{k.k] lrr ,oa O;kid vkdyu ls lacaf/kr leLr xfrfof/k;k¡ ,oa
fjdkWMZ le; ij iw.kZ djkuk ,oa la/kkj.k djus dk izcks/kuA
tks f’k{kd dk;Z’kkyk esa tk jgs gSa os iw.kZ rS;kjh ,oa vko’;d lkexzh ;Fkk v/;kid ;kstuk Mk;jh]
pSdfyLV] iksVZQksfy;ks QkbYk] ikB~;iqLrdsa vkfn lkFk ysdj tk,¡A
d{kk voyksdu ds nkSjku ;kstuk&leh{kk ,oa pSdfyLV esa ntZ cPpksa ds jpukRed vkdyu dh
lqlaxrrk ns[kukA
ekg esa de ls de nks ckj izkFkfed d{kkvksa esa v/;kiu djus okys f’k{kdksa ds lkFk vkSipkfjd cSBd
dk vk;kstu dj cPpksa dh ’kSf{kd izxfr dh leh{kk dj laLFkk iz/kku dks fyf[kr esa voxr djk,¡A
fo|ky; Lrj ij dk;ZØe dh leLr xfrfof/k;ksa dk nLrkosthdj.k djsaxsA
dk;ZØe dh izR;sd xfrfof/k esa laLFkk iz/kku ,oa lacaf/kr f’k{kd dks lg;ksx djsaxsA
izfrfnu foHkkxh; osclkbV ns[kuk ,oa ,lvkbZD;wbZ laca/kh uohu funsZ’k ;fn gks rks izkIr dj
ikyuk djk,axsA
101
laLFkkiz/kku dh Hkwfedk
fo|ky; dh ’kSf{kd xq.koÙkk lqfuf'pr djus o izcU/ku esa laLFkkiz/kku lcls izeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkrs
gSaA ,lvkbZD;wbZ ds lQy fØ;kUo;u esa laLFkkiz/kku dh Hkwfedkvksa dks fuEu izdkj ls ns[kk tk
ldrk gS&
1- fo|ky; Lrj ij izkFkfed d{kkvksa ds fy, fo"k;okj f'k{kdksa dh O;oLFkk djukA xq.koRrk ls
lacaf/kr jkT; ljdkj ds fn'kk&funsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj izkFkfed d{kkvksa ds fy, d{kk 1 ls 5 esa ,d
f'k{kd }kjk ,d fo"k; dk gh v/;kiu djok;k tkuk lqfuf'pr djasA
2- fo|ky; esa xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr f’k{k.k rFkk lrr~ ,oa O;kid ewY;kadu dh izfØ;k ds vuqlkj
d{kk dh 'kSf{kd izfØ;k dks lqfuf'pr djukA laLFkkiz/kku f’k{kdksa dk mRlkgo/kZu djas vkSj mUgsa
le;≤ ij crkrs jgsa fd fo|ky; iz’kklu muds lg;ksx ds fy, lnSo rRij gSA
3- laLFkkiz/kku fu;fer :i ls d{kk&voyksdu djas ,oa izFken`"V;k cPpksa dh 'kSf{kd izxfr ,oa
f’k{k.k izfØ;k dk fu;fer voyksdu djsaA
4- voyksdu ds i'pkr~ gh laLFkkiz/kku fu;fer :i ls izR;sd d{kk ds f’k{kd ls i`Fkd&iFkd ,oa
lkewfgd laokn djas vkSj ;g le>sa fd d{kk esa f’k{k.k dh izfØ;k vkSj cPpksa ds 'kSf{kd Lrj esa
izxfr dh D;k fLFkfr gS \ f’k{kdksa dks d{kk&d{k esa dk;Z djus ds nkSjku fdl rjg dh
pqukSfr;k¡ eglwl gks jgh gSA
5- laLFkkiz/kku ;gk¡ Li"V le> ysa fd xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr f’k{k.k rFkk lrr ,oa ewY;kadu izfØ;k
lapkfyr djus dk vFkZ QkWesZV Hkjuk ugha gSA cPpksa dh 'kSf{kd izxfr izFke ,oa vafre mn~ns’;
gSA vr% d{kk voyksdu esa igys d{kk&d{k esa lh[kus fl[kkus dh izfØ;k dk okrkoj.k] cPpksa
dh Hkkxhnkjh rFkk mudh 'kSf{kd izxfr dk voyksdu djsa vk Sj mlds ckn ;g ns[ksa fd f’k{kd us
D;k rS;kjh dh Fkh \ cPpksa dh izxfr dks ikB~;Øe ds vuq:i lgh nt+Z fd;k gS \ cPpksa dh
Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf’pr djus ds fy, f’k{k.k ;kstuk esa cPpksa ds 'kSf{kd Lrj rFkk ikB~;Lrj ds
vuq:i xfrfof/k;k¡ 'kkfey dh xbZ gSa \
6- laLFkkiz/kku izR;sd ekg de ls de ,d ckj d{kk 1 ls 5 esa f’k{k.k djkus okys lHkh f’k{kdksa ds
lkFk vkSipkfjd cSBd djsa ,oa dk;Z izxfr dh leh{kk djsaA
7- f’k{kdksa dks f’k{k.k dk;Z ds nkSjku vusd rjg dh pqukSfr;k¡ vkrh gSa RkFkk izfrfnu uohu vuqHko
feyrs gSa vr% vko’;d gS fd f’k{kd dks fu;fer :i ls lg;ksx ,oa leh{kk dk volj feysA
laLFkkiz/kku ;g lqfuf’pr djsa fd izR;sd f’k{kd f}ekfld ohlh ,oa DyLVj Lrj ij gksus okyh
fo"k;okj dk;Z’kkyk esa Hkkx ysA
8- f}ekfld dk;Z’kkyk esa tkus okys f’k{kd dk;Z’kkyk ds fy, rS;kjh djds tk,¡A blds fy,
f’k{kdksa ds ikl vius iz’u ,oa vuqHko gksus pkfg,A f’k{kd dk;Z’kkyk esa de ls de nks ;k rhu
cPpksa dh lacaf/kr fo"k; dh leLr lkexzh ysdj tk,¡A
9- ,lvkbZD;wbZ izfØ;kvksa gsrq vko';d lkexzh@LVs'kujh f’k{kd ds ikl miyC/k gS ,oa ml lkexzh
dk leqfpr mi;ksx d{kk esa fd;k tk jgk gSA
10- ;fn muds fo|ky; ds dksbZ f’k{kd ;k f’kf{kdk DyLVj Lrj ij gksus okyh fo"k;okj dk;Z’kkyk
esa n{k izf’k{kd ds :i esa dk;Z dj jgs gSa rks oks fu;fer :i ls izf’k{kd dk dk;Z djus ds fy,
102
miyC?k gksa rFkk tc oks izf’k{k.k ds dk;Z ds fy, ckgj gksa rks fo|ky; ds vU; f’k{kd mudh
d{kkvksa esa f’k{k.k dk dk;Z r; ;kstukuqlkj djok jgs gksaA
11- laLFkkiz/kku f’k{kdksa ds iz’uksa ,oa pqukSfr;ksa ls ftyk f’k{kk ,oa izf’k{k.k laLFkku dks le;≤
ij fyf[kr esa voxr djk,¡A
12- fo|ky; esa xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr f’k{k.k rFkk lrr~ ,oa O;kid ewY;kadu izfØ;k ds lapkyu esa vkus
okyh iz’kklfud pqukSfr;ksa ds laca/k esa ftyk Lrjh; leUo;u lfefr dks fyf[kr esa voxr
djkuk lqfuf’pr djsaA
13- laLFkkiz/kku ;g lqfuf’pr djas fd ;fn muds fo|ky; esa fdlh f’k{kd }kjk xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr
f’k{k.k rFkk lrr ,oa O;kid ewY;kadu izfØ;k dk Js"B lapkyu fd;k tk jgk gS ,oa cPpksa dk
'kSf{kd Lrj ikB~;Øe esa fn, x, d{kk Lrj ds vuq:i gS rks ml f’k{kd ds ckjs esa vf/kd ls
vf/kd fo|ky;ksa dks tkudkjh nsuh pkfg,A
14- izfrfnu foHkkxh; osclkbV ns[kuk ,oa ,lvkbZD;wbZ laca/kh uohu funsZ’k ;fn gks rks izkIr dj
ikyuk djk,axsA
voyksdu ,oa lacyu %& ,lvkbZD;wbZ izHkkoh Ldwy ds lQy lapkyu gsrq fu;fer :i ls voyksdu o
lacyu iznku djuk ,d egÙoiw.kZ izfØ;k gSA ftlesa lacyudrkZ }kjk fo|ky; ds HkkSfrd] iz'kklfud]
vdknfed izfØ;kvksa esa xq.koRrk dh fLFkfr dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA lacyudrkZ }kjk
fo|ky; ds lh[kus&fl[kkus ds okrkoj.k dks fuEu fcUnqvksa ds vk/kkj ij voyksdu fd;k tkuk pkfg,&
cPpksa dk 'kSf{kd Lrj d{kk@vk;q vuq:i gS ;k ughaA bls VwYl ds ek/;e ls tk¡pk tk
ldrk gSA
cPpksa dk vkdyu fdl izdkj fd;k tk jgk gS \ vkdyu izi=ksa dk voyksdu djds
bldks tk¡pk tk ldrk gSA
cPpksa ds lexz fodkl ds fy, dke fd;k tk jgk gS ;k ughaA cPpksa ds lkFk dyk] [ksy
vkfn xfrfof/k;k¡ djdsA
'kSf{kd dk;ksZa esa cPpksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dks d{kk voyksdu djds tkuk tk ldrk gSA
f}ekfld ohlh ,oa dk;Z'kkyk esa f'k{kdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh fdruh gS \ f'k{kdksa ls ckrphr
djds vkSj nLrkostksa dk voyksdu djdsA
laLFkkiz/kku }kjk d{kk voyksdu o lacyu fn;k tkrk gS ;k ughaA laLFkkiz/kku ls ckrphr
djds] voyksdu izi= o fyf[kr fVIi.kh dk v/;;u djdsA
cPpksa dh mifLFkfr] Bgjko o fu;ferrk dh fLFkfrA mifLFkfr jftLVj dk voyksdu djds
,oa voyksfdr fnol ds fnu mifLFkr cPpksa dh la[;k fxudjA
103
l=&ts.Mj laosnu'khyrk
míns'; &
1- ts.Mj xsi ij ppkZ ,oa ekufldrk esa cnykoA
2- lSDl ,oa ts.Mj ds vUrj ij le> dks lgh :i ls fodflr djukA
3- ySfxad vUrj ds vk/kkj ij lekthdj.k dks le>ukA
4- ts.Mj ds vk/kkj ij gksus okys HksnHkkoksa ij le> cukuk ,oa f'k{kd ds :i esa O;ogkj djrs
le; lko/kkuh j[kukA
ppkZ ds fcUnq
2- efgyk o iq:"kksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;ksZa ij ppkZA
3- muds }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;ksZ dh ftEesokjh o n;k o lsokHkko ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.kA
4- efgyk o iq:"k dh {kerk ds vkdyu ij ppkZA
4- dk;ksZa dk izkÑfrd o lkekftdrk ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.kA
5- fo|ky; esa fn[kkbZ nsus okys ts.Mj xsi ij ppkZA
Lkkexzh & ohfM;ks ysiVkWi] izkstsDVj vkfnA
xfrfof/k &1
pj.k &1
1- izf'k{kd lHkh laHkkfx;ksa dks 6 lewg esa ckVsaxsA 6 ifpZ;k¡ ¼3 ifpZ;ksa ij iq:"k o 3 ifpZ;ksa ij
efgyk fy[kk gksxk½ ysaxsA izR;sd lewg ls ,d&,d laHkkxh dks cqyk,axs o iphZ mBok,axsA
blls 3 lewg iq:"kksa ds o 3 lewg efgykvksa ds cusaxsA
2- iq:"k lewg ls iq:"kksa ls lEcfU/kr o efgyk lewg ls efgykvksa ls lEcfU/kr dk;ksZa dks vkilh
ppkZ dj pkVZ ij fy[kus dks dgsaxsA
3- izR;sd lewg }kjk izLrqrhdj.k djokdj dk;ksZa dh lwph ';keiV~V ij cuokbZ tk;sxhA ¼/;ku
jgs fd dk;ksZa dk nksgjko u gks½
pj.k & 2
izf'k{kd cksMZ ij fy[ks x;s dk;ksZa ds vk/kkj ij bl ppkZ dks vkxs c<+k,axs fd 'kk;n buesa ls dqN dk;Z
rks ftEesnkjh ls lEcfU/kr] dqN dk;Z ?kj ds ckgj ds] dqN dk;Z /ku ls lacaf/kr gaS rFkk dqN dk;Z n;k
o lsok Hkko ls lacaf/kr gaSA cksMZ ij oxhZdj.k djsaxsA n;k Hkko o lsok ls lacaf/kr vf/kdka'k dk;Z
efgykvkssa }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;ksZa esa gksxkA izf'k{kd ;gk¡ ppkZ djsa fd&
1- efgykvksa ds fy, ;s dk;Z fdlus fu/kkZfjr fd;s gaS \
2- D;k ;s dk;Z iq:"k ugha dj ldrs ;k ugha dj jgs gSa \
3- blh izdkj iq:"kksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;Z D;k efgyk,¡ ugha dj ldrh gaS ;k ugha dj jgh gaS \
4- ySafxd vUrj lkekftd nkf;Roksa dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrk gSa \
104
izf'k{kd ;gk¡ ts.Mj xSi dks mHkkjus dk iz;kl djsa
pj.k& 3
izf'k{kd efgyk ,oa iq:"kksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;ksZa dk ,d vkSj rjhds ls oxhZdj.k djk,axsA os
dk;Z tks dsoy efgyk gh dj ldrh gSa ;k iq:"k gh dj ldrs gSa ;k buds fo'ks"k xq.k gaSA os dk;Z tks
nksuksa gh dj ldrs gSa ijUrq efgykvksa ds fy;s fu/kkZfjr dj fn;k gSA bu dk;ksZa dk cksMZ ij oxhZdj.k
fd;k tk,xkA
os dk;Z tks cnys ugha tk ldrsA os dk;Z tks nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh dj ldrk gS
izkd`frd@tSfod
nw/k fiykuk
Lkkekftd
?kj dh lQkbZ] [kkuk cukuk
izf'k{kd fyax ¼lsDl½ o ts.Mj esa vUrj dks Li"V djsaA
os igpku tks izÑfr }kjk fu/kkZfjr gaSA tSfod gS bUgsa cnyk ugha tk ldrk gS bls fyax dgrs gSA nwljs
izdkj ds os igpku gSa tks Lo;a geus ;k lekt }kjk fu/kkZfjr dj fn;s gSa tks ,d lksp gS bls ts.Mj
dgrs gaSA
xfrfof/k & 2
laHkkfx;ks dks ts.Mj xSi ls lacaf/kr ,d fofM;ks fDyi ^^ifjorZu** fn[kkbZ tk,xhA izf'k{kd fuEu
fcUnqvksa ij laHkkfx;ksa ls cM+s lewg esa ppkZ djsa fd&
1- Mªkboj us chp jkLrs esa gh vius ifjokj dks D;ksa NksM+ fn;k \
2- yM+fd;ksa ds izfr mldh ekufldrk udkjkRed D;ksa jgh gksxh \
3- Mªkboj dh udkjkRed ekufldrk esa ldkjkRed cnyko dc vkSj dSls vk;k \
izf'k{kd cM+s lewg esa gqbZ ppkZ esa mHkjus okys izeq[k fcUnqvksa dks ';keiV~V ij fy[ksa vkSj ts.Mj
laosnu'khyrk dks mHkkjrs gq, lesdu djsaA
lesdu
ts.Mj laosnu'khyrk orZeku ifjizs{; esa vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ eqn~nk gS vkSj fiNys 10&12 o"kksZa ls bl ij
dkQh ppkZ Hkh gks jgh gSA bu o"kksZa esa ts.Mj HksnHkko dks de djus ds iz;kl gq,s Hkh gq, gSa tSls ljdkjh
ukSdfj;ksa esa o ljdkj esa Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, efgykvksa ds fy, vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA ;fn
nqjkpkj o ;kSu mRihMu dks jksdus ds fy, dkuwu esa ltk dk izko/kku Hkh fd;k x;k gSA
ijUrq vkt Hkh fLFkfr csgrj ugha gSA gesa vius vkl&ikl gj Lrj ij ts.Mj HksnHkko fn[kkbZ ns
jgk gSA ?kj esa] iM+kSl es]a dk;Z LFkyksa ij] lkoZtfud LFkkuksa] lQj djrs le;] mRloksa esa efgykvksa ds
lkFk ;kSu nqjkpkj@mRihMu izk;% gksrk utj vk tkrk gSA ge lc tkurs gaS fd dkuwu cukus ls gh dqN
ugha gksxk cfYd lksp esa cnyko ykuk gksxkA lkFk gh lkekftd <k¡pk Hkh etcwr djuk gksxkA
lekt esa f'k{kd dk nkf;Ro lcls vf/kd gS D;ksafd cPpksa o muds vfHkHkkodksa dk mlls lh/kk
laca/k gksrk gSA vr% f'k{kd dks bu nksuksa ls lokan djrs jguk gksxk] lkFk gh Lo;a ds O;ogkj esa o
vknrksa esa ts.Mj lekurk j[kuh gksxh rFkk fo|ky; esa cPpksa ds lkFk O;ogkj djrs le; Hkh lko/kkuh
105
j[kuh gksxhA ,l- Mh- ,e- lh- ,oa ,l- ,e- lh- cSBdksa esa bl fcUnq ij yxkrkj ppkZ djuh gksxh
ftlls leqnk;@lekt esa bldk ldkjkRed izHkko fn[kkbZ nsoasA
ifjf'k"V
Lovkdyu izi=
fuEu iz'uksa ds mÙkj ¼ @ ½ esa nsosaA
D;k vki ?kj esa ges'kk vius lkFkh ¼ifr@iRuh½ dks gqDe nsrs gSa \
D;k vki fj'rsnkjksa ds vkus ij csVs@csVh ls ikuh ;k uk'rk ykus dks dgrs gSa \
D;k vki ?kj ds nSfud dk;ksZ esa vius lkFkh dh enn djrs gSa \
D;k vkius csVh ds tUe ij Hkh [kq'kh eukbZ rFkk mRlo dk vk;kstu fd;k \
D;k vki ?kj ds izeq[k fu.kZ;ksa esa vius lkFkh dh lykg ysrs gSa \
D;k vki vius lkFkh }kjk fd;s x;s dk;ksZa dh iz'kalk djrs gSa \
D;k lkFkh ds chekj gksus ij vki mlh dh Hkkafr mldh ns[kHkky djrs gSa \
D;k vki csVk o csVh dh f'k{kk] [kkuiku o oLrqvksa bR;kfn dh [kjhn esa HksnHkko djrs gSa ;k fd;k
gS \
D;k vki vius lkFkh dh {kerkvksa dks vius ls de vk¡drs gSa \
D;k vki vius lkFkh dks izkIr lEeku ds fy, fny ls iaz'klk djrs gSa \
D;k vki vius llqjky okys fj'rsnkjksa dk Hkh vius fj'rsnkjksa dh rjg gh lEeku djrs gSa \
D;k vki tS.Mj lEkkurk ds fy, lkfFk;ksa ls ppkZ djrs gSa \
D;k tc lkoZtfud LFkyksa] clksa] Vªsuksa o dk;ZLFky ij fdlh efgyk ds lkFk ;kSu mRihM+u gks jgk
gks vki mldk fojks/k djrs gSa \
D;k vki foijhr fyax dk ckWl gksuk fny ls Lohdkj djrs gSa \
D;k vki fo|ky; esa cfPp;ksa dks izR;sd xfrfof/k esa Hkkx ysus gsrq izksRlkfgr djrs gSa \
D;k foijhr fyax ds lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk vkidk O;ogkj lEekutud gksrk gS \
D;k vki vius lkFk gksus okys HksnHkkoksa ds fy, fojks/k djrs gSa \
D;k tc efgyk,¡ dkuwu dk nq:i;ksx dj iq:"kksa dks vuko';d :i ls ijs'kku djrh gS rks
vkidks cqjk yxrk gS \
D;k vkidks iq:"kksa@efgykvkas dh cqjkbZ djus o lquus esa vkuUn vkrk gS \
D;k vki iq:"kksa@efgykvkas dks gBh o ?ke.Mh rFkk dBksj fny okyk gh ekurh@ekurs gSa \ iwokZxzg
ls xzflr gSa \
Achieving gender equality required the engagement of women & men, girls
and boys it is every one's responsibility.
106
ekWM~;wy ys[ku lewg
Ø-la- lnL;x.k in inLFkkiu LFkku eksckby ua
1 Jh lqHkk"k ’kekZ mifuns-¼ls-fu-½ ,lvkbZbZvkjVh] mn;iqj 9414079144
2 Jherh ohuk lksyadh vfr- funs- ¼SIQE½ izkjfEHkd f’k{kk funs’kky;] chdkusj 9928215675
3 Jh Mh-Mh- xkSre mifuns’kd loZ f’k{kk vfHk;ku] t;iqj 9413671118
4 Jherh ljLorh ekgs’ojh ofj-O;k[;krk ,lvkbZbZvkjVh] mn;iqj 8209349679
5 Jh izeksn dqekj peksyh izHkkjh ¼SIQE½ Ekk/;fed f’k{kk funs’kky;] chdkusj 9828600050
6 Jh lqjsUnz flag lksyadh ¼ls-fu-iz/kkukpk;Z½ ,lvkbZbZvkjVh] mn;iqj 9414757609
7 Jh lq;’k prqosZnh ¼ls-fu-iz/kkukpk;Z½ ,lvkbZbZvkjVh] mn;iqj 9636665525
8 Jherh ve`rk nk/khp O;k[;krk ,lvkbZbZvkjVh] mn;iqj 9828344989
9 Jh txnh’k dqekor O;k[;krk ,lvkbZbZvkjVh] mn;iqj 9414343582
10 Jherh nsodU;k esukfj;k O;k[;krk ,lvkbZbZvkjVh] mn;iqj 9414473612
11 Jh eukst dqekj Lkykgdkj ¼SIQE½ ,lvkbZbZvkjVh] mn;iqj ¼cks/k@;wfulsQ½ 9887283502
12 Jherh izKk lkgk Lkykgdkj ;wfulsQ 9509010856
13 Jherh nhfidk i.M~;k iz/kkukpk;Z jk-m-ek-fo- xqMyh] dqjkcM+] mn;iqj 9530079007
14 Jh ch-,y- ukfir iz/kkukpk;Z Lokeh foosdkuUn jk-ekW- Ldwy] egqvk] nkSlk 9887422121
16 Jherh vatyh dksBkjh O;k[;krk MkbV] mn;iqj 9828564764
17 Jh t;nso fcV~Vw O;k[;krk Jherh ghjkckbZ xV~Vkuh jkckmekfo] uks[kk]
chdkusj
9460780704
18 Jh czts‛k lksekuh ofj-v/;k- jk-m-ek-fo- of.k;krykbZ] Hkh.M+j 9928080123
19 Jh ;ksxs‛k dqekj tSu iz-v- jk-m-izk-fo- oktfe;k] ekoyh 9829612531
20 Jh fnus‛k oS’.ko v/;kid ¼vkj-ih-½ MkbV] ckjka 9414661474
21 Jherh eerk tkV v/;kfidk jk-m-ek-fo- >hjkuk] Vksad 9413753874
22 Jh jkgqy ‚kekZ v/;kid jk-ek-fo-ukWxy xksfoUn]t;iqj 9351911444
23 Jh fofiu HkV~V v/;kid jk-m-izk-fo- xqykciqjk] x<+h] ck¡lokM+k 8769777676
24 Jh eqds‛k vkpk;Z v/;kid jk-izk-fo- csjk&Nhikokyk] tks/kiqj 9460052797
25 Jherh vkHkk lasxj v/;kfidk jk-m-izk-fo-jkejktiqjk]ykM+iqjk]dksVk 8619263149
26 Jherh ljkst [khaph v/;kfidk jk-m-ek-fo- vMhUnk] Hkh.Mj] mn;iqj 9829485048
27 Jherh dqlqe fc"V lhfu;j Qsyks cks/k f'k{kk lfefr] t;iqj 9829139720
28 lqJh psruk V.Mu lhfu;j Qsyks cks/k f'k{kk lfefr] t;iqj 9460456963
29 Jh mek’kadj ’kekZ ,lks- lhfu;j Qsyks cks/k f'k{kk lfefr] t;iqj 9828419102 30 Jh HkkxpUn [khaph izfrfuf/k cks/k f'k{kk lfefr] t;iqj 9636316299
31 Jh eqds’k pUn ’kekZ izfrfuf/k cks/k f'k{kk lfefr] t;iqj 9782827991
32 Jh egsUnz ’kekZ izfrfuf/k vthe izseth QkÅ.Ms'ku 8003298405
33 Jh n’kjFk ikjhd izfrfuf/k vthe iszeth Qkm.Ms'ku 9928066464
34 Jh jktho ’kekZ izfrfuf/k ok.kh laLFkk] t;iqj 9784295510
35 Jh jktsUnz flag pkSgku izfrfuf/k ihjkey Qkm.Ms'ku 9660268642
36 Jh mn;flag izfrfuf/k ihjkey Qkm.Ms'ku 7023002109
![ds fn kk&funsZ k 1 - mpwcdmis.gov.inS(nzpvn0yev2davyaz0j2ky352))/Downloads/NNM/J... · tks cPpk viuh Å¡xfy;ksa ls mBk ldrk gS] fnu esa rhu ckj] fnu esa 2 LuSDl] çR;sd ckj esa de](https://img.pdfslide.tips/doc/110x75/5c061e9d09d3f2c40e8bd686/ds-fn-kkfunsz-k-1-snzpvn0yev2davyaz0j2ky352downloadsnnmj-tks-cppk.jpg)
![jkr esa fnu - agitsolution.com 4/Aaspaas4/dhap115.pdf · jkr esa fnu eSa oS'kkyh gw¡A esjs ckcwth lC”kh csprs gSaA bl dke esa vEek] HkS;k] NksVw vkSj eSa Hkh enn djrs gSaA irk](https://img.pdfslide.tips/doc/110x75/5e9b12a1fc8f9761b92fb937/jkr-esa-fnu-4aaspaas4dhap115pdf-jkr-esa-fnu-esa-oskkyh-gwa-esjs-ckcwth.jpg)
