El dialecto milanés: gramática, cultura, situación actual - FERNÁNDEZ CARMONA, SARA

7/22/2019 El dialecto milans: gramtica, cultura, situacin actual - FERNNDEZ CARMONA, SARA

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Fg kdcgfetj hdgcis2

mrchtdec, eugturc, sdtucedi cetucg

305?4


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1

Vic gfimuc fs ui kdcgfetj eji ui fbredtj y uic hcrdic. Hcx ]fdirfdel.


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Kctjs kfg [rcacbj kf Odi kf Mrckj ([OM)

[tugj2Fg kdcgfetj hdgcis2 mrchtdec, eugturc, sdtucedi cetucgCutjrc2Ucrc Ofriikfz Ecrhjic[utjrc2Hcrc Dscafg Cikrfu GuecsEfitrj2Oceugtck kf [rckueedi y kf DitfrprftcediFstukdjs2Mrckj fi [rckueedi f DitfrprftcediEursj ceckhdej21035-103;

Pcgcarcs egcvfHdgcis, kdcgfetj, gfimuc, eugturc, gdtfrcturc, eciedi, ldstjrdc, mrchtdec, dtcgdcij.

QfsuhfiHfkdcitf fstf [rcacbj kf Odi kf Mrckj, Fg kdcgfetj hdgcis2 mrchtdec, eugturc,

sdtucedi cetucg, qufrfhjs prfsfitcr ui fstukdj y uic kfofisc kfg kdcgfetj hdgcis.Ejhfizcrfhjs eji uic prfsfitcedi kf su ldstjrdc, sf sdtucr fi ui ejitfxtj mfjmrodejy sjedcg fi fg quf vfrfhjs ehj gcs kdofrfitfs trdaus y edvdgdzcedjifs ejhj gjs gdmurfs,gjs efgtcs y gjs gjimjacrkjs y gcs kjhdicedjifs fxtrcibfrcs hjkfrics ejhj gc kf gjsfspcjgfs y gjs custrdcejs dioguyfrji fi su ojrhcedi. C ejitdiucedi prfsfitcrfhjscgmuijs kf gjs cspfetjs mrchctdecgfs hs dhpjrtcitfs kf fstc gfimuc, ejhj gjs tdfhpjsvfracgfs y sus ejibumcedjifs, gc prjiuiedcedi, gjs iuhfrcgfs y orcsfs asdecs fihdgcis. Kfspus ditrjkuedrfhjs ui cpcrtckj cefrec kf gc gdtfrcturc y gc eciedi fihdgcis, fi fg quf sf lcr uic hfiedi fspfedcg cg pjftc Ecrgj Pjrtc y c gjs ecitcutjrfs

Iciid Uvchpc y Fizj Bciiceed> ckfhs, tchadi ejitcrfhjs eji uic pfqufcfitrfvdstc rfcgdzckc c Egcukdj Hfrgd, uij kf gjs ecitcitfs fi hdgcis hs rfgfvcitfs kffstjs tdfhpjs. Ufmudkchfitf cicgdzcrfhjs gc sdtucedi kfg hdgcis fi gc cetucgdkck, su

prfsfiedc fi gc tfgfvdsdi, gc puagdedkck y fi Ditfrift, y pcrc odicgdzcr kcrfhjs pcsj cgecptugj gfimuc j kdcgfetj:, kjikf sf lcr ldiecpd fi su fstckj kf gfimuc, cs

ejhj fi fg kf gjs kfhs kdcgfetjs.


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Qdcssuitj[rchdtf qufstc tfsd, Dg kdcgfttj hdgcifsf2 mrchhctdec, eugturc, sdtuczdjif cttucgf,vjmgdchj prfsfitcrf uij stukdj f uic kdofsc kfg kdcgfttj hdgcifsf. Didzdfrfhj eji uic

prfsfitczdjif kfggc suc stjrdc, sd sdtufr di ui ejitfstj mfjmrcodej f sjedcgf ifg qucgfvfkrfhj ejhf gf kdvfrsf trda f edvdgt ejhf d gdmurd, d efgtd f d gjimjacrkd f gfkjhdiczdjid strcidfrf hjkfrif ejhf qufggf kfmgd spcmijgd f mgd custrdced, diogudrjijifggc suc ojrhczdjif. Kjpjkdel prfsfitfrfhj cgeuid kfmgd cspfttd mrchhctdecgd pddhpjrtcitd kd qufstc gdimuc, ejhf d tfhpd vfracgd f gf suf ejidumczdjid, gc prjiuiedc, diuhfrcgd f orcsd acsdelf di hdgcifsf. Uueefssdvchfitf ditrjkurrfhj uic sfzdjif suggcgfttfrcturc f gc ecizjif di hdgcifsf, di eud sd ocr uic hfizdjif spfedcgf cg pjftc EcrgjPjrtc f d ecitcutjrd Iciid Uvchpc fk Fizj Bciiceed> di pd, kdspjrrfhj kd uic pdeejgcditfrvdstc rfcgdzzctc c Egcukdj Hfrgd, uij kfd ecitcitd di hdgcifsf pd rdgfvcitd cg mdjrijkjmmd. Di sfmudtj cicgdzzfrfhj gc sdtuczdjif kfg hdgcifsf ifggcttucgdt, gc suc prfsfizcifggc tfgfvdsdjif, ifggc puaagdedt fk Ditfrift, f pfr ejiegukfrf ditrjkurrfhj dg ecpdtjgj

gdimuc j kdcgfttj:, kjvf sd sjttjgdiffr dg suj stctj kd gdimuc, ejs ejhf qufggj kfmgdcgtrd kdcgfttd.

Cvdsj gfmcg Ucrc Ofriikfz Ecrhjic, Acrefgjic, 103;. [jkjs gjs kfrfeljs rfsfrvckjs. Idimi ejitfidkj kf fstftrcacbj pufkf sfr jabftj kf rfprjkueedi, ejhuidecedi pagdec, kdousdi y/j trcisojrhcedi, kf ojrhcpcredcg j tjtcg, sdi fg pfrhdsj j gc cutjrdzcedi kf su cutjrc.

Cvvdsj gfmcgf Ucrc Ofriikfz Ecrhjic, Acrefggjic, 103;. [uttd d kdrdttd rdsfrvctd. Ifssui ejitfiutj kd qufstj gcvjrjpu fssfrf jmmfttj kd rdprjkuzdjif, ejhuideczdjif puaagdec, kdoousdjif f/j trcsojrhczdjif, di hjkjpcrzdcgf j tjtcgf, sfizc dg pfrhfssj j gcutjrdzzczdjif kfggc suc cutrdef.

Gfmcg ijtdef Ucrc Ofriikfz Ecrhjic, Acrefgjic, 103;. Cgg rdmlts rfsfrvfk. Ijif jo tlf ejitfit jo tlds ceckfhdewjrn hcy af rfprjkuefk, kdstrdautfk, arjckecst cik/jr trcisojrhfk, fdtlfr di wljgf jr di pcrt, wdtljut tlf

fxprfss pfrhdssdji jr cutljrdzctdji jo tlf cutljr.


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IKDEF

3- DI[QJKVEEDI ................................................................................................................ ?

1- LDU[JQDC KFG HDGCIU ................................................................................................. 4

5- MQCH[DEC .................................................................................................................... 35

5.3. - _FQAJU CV\DGDCQFU ........................................................................................... 35

5.1- FBFHPGJU KF J[QJU [DFHPJU _FQACGFU ........................................................ 3;

5.5CQ[EVGJU, CKBF[D_JU T PQJIJHAQFU ........................................................ 3=

5.5.3CQ[EVGJU KF[FQHDICKJU ....................................................................... 3=

5.5.1CQ[EVGJU DIKF[FQHDICKJU ................................................................... 3=

5.5.5CKBF[D_JU KFHJU[QC[D_JU ...................................................................... 3 gjs pjrtcvjefs kfg Pufagj kf gc Gdafrtck(PkG) oufrji gjs prdhfrjs fi kfscerfkdtcr fstc hfkdkc, kfegcrcrji quf ij frc cgmj sfrdjy quf ij sf hjstrcrci ocvjrcagfs c vjtcrgj, quf pcrc gcs pfrspfetdvcs kf trcacbj kf gjs

bvfifs frci huelj hs dhpjrtcitfs gcs ljrcs gfetdvcs kf dimgs quf kf afrmchcsej jcvfgdis, quf gjs outurjs fhprfikfkjrfs kf gc _cg Arfhacic gjmrcri lcefr mrcikfsifmjedjs fi Pfni j Iufvc Tjrn eji gc ejikdedi kf quf sfpci fxprfscrsf adfi fidimgs, ij fi su kdcgfetj. Fstcs kfegcrcedjifs, fi uic ejhuidkck cutijhc ejhj

Ectcguc rfsugtcrci kf gj hs drrdsjrdj> ejhj yc scafhjs, gjs cguhijs ectcgcifs,adgdimfs, rfcgdzci egcsfs tcitj kf ecstfggcij ejhj kf ectcgi f dimgs, f diegusj fijecsdjifs tchadi sf fstukdc fg orcies, fg cgfhi j fg dtcgdcij ejhj sfmuikc gfimucfxtrcibfrc, y ij pjr fggj sji hfijs ecpcefs kf ckqudrdr ui aufi idvfg kf dimgs. Fs hs,sji iuhfrjsjs gjs fstukdjs quf c gj gcrmj kf gjs cjs lci kfhjstrckj quf ui idj

adgdimf cprfikf eji hs ocedgdkck ui tfrefr dkdjhc y quf ckfhs, mrcedcs c kjhdicrkjs gfimucs prjpdcs eji ogudkfz, su ditfgdmfiedc cuhfitc. [chpjej lcy quf jgvdkcr qufkftrs kf tjkc gfimuc fiejitrchjs uics trckdedjifs y uic eugturc prjpdcs, y quf sd ij sf

prjhufvfi tjkj gj quf mdrc fi tjrij c fggcs tchadi tfrhdic kfscpcrfedfikj.

Fg gjhacrkj fs uic gfimuc rfejijedkc pjr gc VIFUEJ fi pfgdmrj kf fxtdiedi. Fstprfsfitf fi Uudzc, ejierftchfitf fi fg eciti kfg [fsdij y fi fg eciti kf Mrdsjidc> fi


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fg Pdchjitf, fi cgmuics zjics kf gcs prjvdiedcs kf Ijvcrc, kfg _fracij-Eusdj-Jssjgc ykf Cgfsscikrdc, fi gc pcrtf surfstf kfg [rfitdij, fi fg ijrtf kf Fhdgdc-Qjhcc yodicghfitf fi gc rfmdi kf gc Gjhacrkc, kjikf tdfif hs oufrzc y prfsfitc hsvcrdcitfs. Fg gjhacrkj sf kdvdkf fi kjs vcrdcitfs prdiedpcgfs, fg gjhacrkj jeedkfitcg,rfprfsfitckj prdiedpcghfitf pjr fg hdgcis y kjikf tchadi sf fieufitrci gcs vcrdcitfskf Pcvc, Hjizc y Ejhj, fitrf jtrcs, y fg jrdfitcg, kjikf sf lcggci, pjr fbfhpgj, fg

afrmchcsej, fg arfsedcij y fg trfitdij.

Gc prfsfiedc kfg gjhacrkj.

Ijs efitrcrfhjs fi fg hdgcis, tchadi ejijedkj ejhj hfifmldij, pcgcarc quf chfiukj sf utdgdzc pcrc lcefr rfofrfiedc c gjs lcadtcitfs kf Hdgi y quf sf trctc kfgkdhdiutdvj kfg ijharf Kjhfidej (fi hdgcis, Kjhfifml y Hfifml)> fs ui pfrsjicbfkf gc Ejhfkdc kfg crtf quf sf dkfitdodec eji gc edukck kf Hdgi. [chadi sf kdef qufkfrdvc kf gc pcgcarc kjhfideldij, quf lcec rfofrfiedc c gc gfimuc quf lcagcaci gjssakdtjs kfg kjhdius(fg sfjr), fs kfedr, tjkcs gcs pfrsjics quf pjr su ejikdedi sjedcgij lcagcaci kf ojrhc ogudkc gc gfimuc kf gjs ijagfs, gc jodedcg> fs kfedr, fg gcti.

Fxdstfi iuhfrjsjs kdeedjicrdjs quf rfejmfi su gxdej y gc trckueedi cg dtcgdcij y

cpikdefs mrchctdecgfs y kf prjiuiedcedi kfg hdgcis. Ckfhs, diegusj ljy fi kcsdmufi rfcgdzikjsf eursjs kf hdgcis, prjhjvdkjs pjr fg Edrejgj Odgjgjmdej Hdgcifsf,


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lcagcrfhjs sjarf gcs kdofrfitfs trdaus y edvdgdzcedjifs quf dioguyfrji fi suojrhcedi y fg jrdmfi kf cgmuics kf sus pcgcarcs> ejhj sdmudfitf cpcrtckj

prfsfitcrfhjs cgmuijs kf gjs cspfetjs mrchctdecgfs hs dhpjrtcitfs quf prfsfitc (sfejhpcrcri eji fg dtcgdcij pcrc kfhjstrcr quf fi jecsdjifs gcs kdofrfiedcs sji hs qufejisdkfrcagfs), kfspus sf kfkdecr ui cpcrtckj c gc eciedi y c gc gdtfrcturc hdgcifsc ysf lcr uic hfiedi fspfedcg cg pjftc fi hdgcis Ecrgj Pjrtc, y c gjs ecitcutjrfs IciidUvchpc y Fizj Bciiceed> ckfhs, tchadi ejitcrfhjs eji uic pfqufc fitrfvdstcrfcgdzckc c Egcukdj Hfrgd, uij kf gjs ecitcitfs fi hdgcis hs rfgfvcitfs kf fstjstdfhpjs> c ejitdiucedi cicgdzcrfhjs gc sdtucedi kfg hdgcis fi gc cetucgdkck, su

prfsfiedc fi gc tfgfvdsdi, fi gc puagdedkck y fi Ditfrift. Pcrc odicgdzcr, kcrfhjs pcsj cgcpcrtckj gfimuc j kdcgfetj:, kjikf sf lcr ldiecpd fi su fstckj kf gfimuc, csejhj fi fg kf gjs kfhs kdcgfetjs.

Fi tjkjs gjs fbfhpgjs kf pcgcarcs fi hdgcis sf prjpjredjicri gcs trckueedjifs kfeckc trhdij cg fspcjg, pcrc mcrcitdzcr su ejhprfisdi pcrc gcs pfrsjics quf ijejijefi fstf kdcgfetj y quf tchpjej scafi dtcgdcij, pfrj tchadi sf fspfedodecr ehjsf kdef fstf trhdij fi dtcgdcij c odi kf kfhjstrcr ci hs quf ij sdfhprf sf trctc kf

pcgcarcs quf prfsfitci sdhdgdtukfs, quf sji kjs gfimucs.

Kdelj fstj, y sdi hs prfhaugjs, kchjs pcsj cg prdhfr ecptugj.


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1- LDU[JQDC KFG HDGCIU

Citfs kf gc ggfmckc kf gjs gctdijs, gc ggciurc pckcic (tchadi ejijedkc ejhj vcggf kfgPj), rfmdi mfjmrodec kfg ijrtf kf Dtcgdc, sdtuckc fitrf gjs Cgpfs cg ijrtf y cg jfstf, gjsCpfidijs cg sur y fg hcr Ckrdtdej cg fstf fstcac lcadtckc pjr trdaus hfkdtfrrifcs,dardecs, gdmurfs y rcftd, kf gcs eucgfs ij qufk ejistciedc kf sus gfimucs kf ojrhcfserdtc, pfrj tcg y ejhj codrhci gjs fstukdjsjs fxdstfi pcgcarcs j rcefs quf kfhufstrciquf pfrtfifefi c gcs lcagcs citfrdjrfs cg gcti, ejhj fi fg ecsj kf gc gfimuchfkdtfrrifc, gc pcgcarcDisuarduh, trhdij quf kfsdmicac gc edukck kf Hdgi citfs kfgc ggfmckc kf gjs efgtcs, ymcvc(tjrrfitf). Fi fg ecsj kfg dkdjhc gdmur, fiejitrchjs egcv(rupf spjrmfitf, rjec scgdfitf) y pcgc (rjeedc, rjec). Kf gc gfimuc kf gjs rcftd, quf cg

pcrfefr frci pjagcedjifs kf hjitcc jrdmdickcs pjr gcs gdmurfs ggfmcrji huelcspcgcarcs quf fitrcrji c ojrhcr pcrtf tcitj kf gjs kdcgfetjs gjhacrkjs ejhj kf gc Uudzc

dtcgdcic y quf jrdmdicrji gjs ijharfs kf cgmuics gjecgdkckfs. Pjr fbfhpgj2 acrmc(ecpciic, ecacc), ejus (mrjttc, eufvc), icvc (ejiec, eitcrj), erfiic (ofssurc,mrdftc)

Ckfhs kf gcs hfiedjickcs, jtrc gfimuc quf tchadi kfscpcrfed ouf fg bursdej, quf sflcagcac fi gjs tdfhpjs kfg gdmur y euyj jrdmfi sf fieufitrc fi gcs hjitccs kfg cetucghcedzj kfg Burc orciejsudzj. Ud sf ejhpcrci cgmuics pcgcarcs kf fstc gfimuc eji fghdgcis, fg prdiedpcg y kfg quf pjstfrdjrhfitf sf kfrdvcrji jtrjs kdcgfetjs kf gc rfmdi,fiejitrchjs mrcikfs codidkckfs, ejhj fg ecsj kfg crteugj fg (dmucg quf fi fspcjg, dgfidtcgdcij), gc pcgcarc hcmidi(ecgkfrcdj chaugcitf, ecgkfrfrj chaugcitf), quf fi hdgcisfs hcmici> mubc, mldcc fi hdgcis (puimjgj, gc puitc eji gc quf sf distdmcac c gjs

aufyfs) y fg vfraj rjumicssfr, rjmi fi hdgcis (arjitjgcrf, mrudr).

Pjej kfspus kfg cj ?00 c.E. fg fqudgdardj kf ftidcs quf fxdstc fi gc zjic suord pjrprdhfrc vfz uic oufrtf sceukdkc2 gcs pjagcedjifs kjhdicitfs kfg ijrtf, gcs gdmurfs, sfhfzegcrji eji gjs efgtcs, quf gjs rjhcijs hs ckfgcitf ggchcrci mcgjs. Kf jrdmficsdtdej, gjs efgtcs ggfmcrji c Dtcgdc prjvfidfitfs kf gjs pcsfs irkdejs, fspfedcghfitfkf gcs tdfrrcs quf ejiodmurci gc cetucg Cgfhcidc y kfg ijrtf kf Orciedc. Uu ggfmckc

prjvje fofetjs ejisdkfrcagfs fi gc pjagcedi> fi su fstdgj kf vdkc, sus ejstuharfs y

sus gfimucs. Gc diogufiedc efgtc ouf huy kurckfrc. Gcs pcgcarcs quf trcbfrji ejisdmjoufrji sjarf tjkj rfgctdvcs c gc mufrrc, c gcs crhcs y c gcs ojrtdodecedjifs. Fi gjskdcgfetjs kfg ijrtf kf Dtcgdc sf lcggci huelcs pcgcarcs kf jrdmfi efgtc, cuiquf cgmuics sflcyci vdstj hjkdodeckcs pjr fg gcti. Vi sdmidodectdvj fbfhpgj fs Hfkdjgciuh (Hdgi),quf fi efgtc frcHfklfgcijiy sdmidodecac tdfrrc kfg hfkdj, cuiquf tchadi sf lcagckfg sdmidodeckj efitrj kf pfrofeedi, kf ui gumcr ejiscmrckj. Pjr gj tcitj, Hdgisdmidodecrc gdtfrcghfitf cgmj cs ejhj pufagj fi hfkdj kf uic ggciurc. Fi fg ecsj kfjtrcs edukckfs gjhacrkcs ejhj Ardcizc, fiejitrchjs quf vdfif kfg efgtc ardm (gujmjfgfvctj,gumcr fgfvckj) y Gfeej kf gfunjs(ajsej, ajsquf).

Gjs rjhcijs fi ui prdhfr hjhfitj sf csfitcrji fi ejgjidcs y echpchfitjs hdgdtcrfs.Erfhjic sf ejivdrtd fi gc prdhfrc ejgjidc kf kfrfelj gctdij fi 13< c.E., sfmudkc kf


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Hcituc fi 13; c.E., y pjej c pjej sjhftdfrji c tjkcs gcs pjagcedjifs kf gc pcrtf cgtc kfDtcgdc.

Gcs prdiedpcgfs edukckfs pfrtfifeci c trdaus egtdecs2 Hfkdjgciuh (Hdgi) c gjsdisuarfs, Gcus Pjhpfdc (Gjkd) c gjs ajyjs, Armchj c gjs jrjad, Arfsedc c gjs

efihcijs, [dediduh (Pcvc) c gjs gdmurfs quf yc fxdstci citfrdjrhfitf y cssuefsdvchfitf. Qjhc ij dhpusj eji gc oufrzc gc iufvc eugturc, sdij quf ldzj tjkj gj

pjsdagf pcrc quf sf prjpcmcrc c trcvs kf gc fisfcizc, gcs jodedics pagdecs, gjskjeuhfitjs kf gc vdkc ejtdkdcic, gjs fspfeteugjs y gjs bufmjs. Fg gcti egsdej kf Qjhc,fg kf Edefri y _drmdgdj, fg quf gc egcsf kdrdmfitf y fg huikj kf gc eugturc utdgdzcaci,ejisdmuf sfr kurcitf ui gcrmj tdfhpj gc gfimuc pjr fxefgfiedc kf cqufggjs quf rfkcetcikjeuhfitjs, ejitrctjs y jarcs kfstdickcs c gc pjstfrdkck. Fg gcti quf lcagcac gc mfitfluhdgkf cj trcs cj pfrkd su purfzc didedcg y sf trcisojrh sfmi gcs zjicsmfjmrodecs kjikf sf lcagcac fi gfimucs tjtcghfitf kdofrfitfs. Fstf ofihfij sf kdj fi

tjkjs gjs tfrrdtjrdjs quf oufrji sjhftdkjs c gjs rjhcijs. Cg fstcr fi ejitcetj eji gcgfimuc y gjs kdcgfetjs kf gjs efgtcs, fg gcti ouf kfmfifrcikj ci hs. Hdfitrcs quf gcgfimuc fserdtc sf hcitfic, gc gfimuc jrcg, utdgdzckc pjr gc mfitf c su mustj y fi ouiedikf sus prjpdcs ifefsdkckfs, pfrkd gcs ecrcetfrstdecs jrdmdicgfs c hfkdkc quf oufckqudrdfikj sdmijs efgtcs, trcisojrhikjsf fi ui gcti vugmcr quf, eji fg tdfhpj,cecacrc sdfikj prdhfrj kf tjkj kdcgfetj f dtcgdcij kfspus, ejisfrvcikj gcs lufggcs kfsu jrdmfi. Vic hcyjr kdofrfiedc fitrf gcs kdofrfitfs lcagcs sf kdj pjr gc mrci cpcrdedikf sjidkjs, fitjicedjifs, pcgcarcs y rcefs fi eckc zjic quf, ejhj rfsugtckj, kdjjrdmfi c kdcgfetjs kdofrfitfs fitrf fggjs. Vi =0% kf gjs kfg rfc gjhacrkc

pfrhcifedfrji gdmckjs cg gcti y c gcs lcagcs dtcgjmcgcs quf gj prfefkci.

Ij fs fxtrcj, pufs, quf fg gcti fst prfsfitf fi huelcs pcgcarcs gjhacrkcs. Fitrffggcs sf fieufitrci pcgcarcs ejhj chdtc(zdc, tc), quf fi hdgcis pcs c sfr hfkdiic>

pdstrdiuh (ojrij, ljrij) prfsti>sdtugc (sfeeldj, euaj), quf fi hdgcis fs sdkfggc>pcseuc (spdczzj frajsj, egcrj lfrajsj) quf fi kdcgfetj pcs c sfr pcsquf> tjisuh ytjisch(rcmczzjy rcmczzc, eldej y eldec), quf fi hdgcis fs tjsy tjsc> hdech(pcidij,

pcifedggj), hdelftc fi hdgcis> quckrfgguh (hcttjif, gckrdggj), quckrfgg> if muttcqudkfh (ifhhfij uic mjeedc, idfitf> id mjtc, ickc), pcs c sfr icmjtt Fg hdgcistchadi ckqudrd cgmuics pcgcarcs kfg mrdfmj, ejhj acsgg (mrckdij, pfgkcj), ush

(jkjrcrf, jgfr)> fradi(pdsfggj, mudscitf) ypfsti (odcsej, mcrrcoc).Gc ggciurc pckcic, prjtfmdkc pjr gcs hjitccs cgpdics, rfprfsfit kurcitf sdmgjs ui

puitj kf ggfmckc dkfcg pcrc gcs trdaus, tcitj mufrrfrcs ejhj pceodecs. C odicgfs kfg ;00k.E. gjs mjkjs kfg rfy Cgcrdej, prjvfidfitfs kf gc Mfrhcidc jrdfitcg ggfmcrji c Dtcgdc,hdfitrcs quf fi fg 6?< ggfmcrji gjs gjimjacrkjs, quf hs ckfgcitf sf cecacrciditfmrcikj eji gcs pjagcedjifs dtcgjmgdecs quf yc vdvci fi gc zjic y quf prjvfici kfgc Mfrhcidc jeedkfitcg.

Fg ijharf kf gc rfmdi kf gc Gjhacrkc prjvdfif kf gjs gjimjacrkjs kjhdicitfs.

Gchfitcagfhfitf ij sf ejijef idimi tfxtj fserdtj fi su gfimuc> pjr cqufggjs tdfhpjs,gjs pjejs quf scaci fserdadr gj lceci fi gcti. Udi fhacrmj, kurcitf sdmgjs


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33

pretdechfitf tjkjs gjs ijharfs prjpdjs, ejhj Cgdmldfrd, Mucgtdfrj y Mumgdfghj, frcimfrhidejs, cgmuijs tjpidhjs y odicghfitf trhdijs quf sf utdgdzcaci kfitrj kf uiejitfxtj fi gcti, ejhjmudkrdmdgkjyocdkc.

Fg gjimjacrkj tuvj uic mrci diogufiedc fi fg kfscrrjggj kf gc gfimuc dtcgdcic, tcitj fi fg

ijrtf ejhj fi fg sur. Lcy quf rfejrkcr gc Gjimjacrkdc Hdijr, gjs kueckjs gjimjacrkjskf Upjgftj y Afifvfitj, quf sjarfvdvdfrji lcstc gc ggfmckc kf gjs ijrhcikjs, y tchadifi _fifedc, Qjhc y Pcgfrhj, cgg kjikf gjs gjimjacrkjs ij ggfmcrji, sf lcagcac kf

mufrrc y ij kf afgguh. Gc diogufiedc kf gcs gfimucs mfrhidecs sjarf gcs gfimucsrjhidecs hjkfrics, y pjr gj tcitj kfg gjimjacrkj sjarf fg dtcgdcij, ouf tci oufrtf qufij sjgj ditrjkubj iuhfrjscs pcgcarcs, sdij tchadi rfmgcs mrchctdecgfs. Vi aufifbfhpgj fs fg usj kf gjs diodidtdvjs prfefkdkjs pjr uic prfpjsdedi (ejhdiedj C pcrgcrf,

odidsej KD hcimdcrf), cgmj quf fi gcti ij jeurrc y quf fs ecrcetfrstdej kf gcs gfimucsmfrhidecs (tj+diofi dimgs,zu+diofi cgfhi).

Udmgjs kfspus, ggfmcrji gcs kjhdicedjifs fxtrcibfrcs hjkfrics, ejhj gc kf gjsfspcjgfs, quf kurcitf hueljs cjs kjhdicrji gc Gjhacrkc, fspfedcghfitf Hdgi, yquf tchadi ggfmcrji c gc _cgtfgdic. Huelcs pcgcarcs kfg hdgcis sf jrdmdicrji c pcrtdrkfg kurckfrj ejitcetj eji pcgcarcs fspcjgcs, ejhj tjhctfs (pjhjkjrj fi dtcgdcij),rjsedckc (cequczzjif, kf rjedckc), ejhfttc (cqudgjif, kf ejhftc), geel (sedjeej, kfgjej),ojms(dhpftujsj, kf ojmjsj),pcipjss(pjgtrjif,pchpjsckj), vfrajs ejhj rja(ruacrf, kf rjacr), seus(seuscrf, kf fxeuscr), rjmi (arjitjgcrf, kf rjzicr), diofsed(dharcttcrf, kf fisuedcr) y fxprfsdjifs ejhj tfstc kf orr (prfstcijhf, ecafzc kfldfrrj, hs ckfgcitf tfstcofrrj) yo hcrji(sacmgdcrf, kf lcefr hcrrjs, fqudvjecrsf).

Gjs orciefsfs tchadi kfbcrji uic mrci lufggc fi fg hdgcis, eji pcgcarcs ejhjcrtdedeel (cgeceljoc, ecredjoj), kfg orcies crtdelcut> tdrcajsedji (scecejreljs,ecvcturceedjgd), kf tdrf-ajuelji>scerciji (dhprfecedi sdhdgcr c ceedkfitdfi dtcgdcij),kf Ucer ijh kf Kdfu> egr (edfrrf hftgdej, scrcedifsec) kf egcdr y ausedji (tcpi,tcppj) kf ajuelji.

Gc kjhdicedi custrdcec, gc hs rfedfitf kf tjkcs gcs quf tuvj Hdgi, tchadi dioguyejisdkfrcagfhfitf fi gc ojrhc kf vdkc kf sus edukckcijs. Acbj fg rfdij kf Hcrc [frfsckf Custrdc, Hdgi kdsorut kf ui mrci pfrdjkj kf adfifstcr y kf ditfisc cetdvdkck

fejihdec quf gc sdtu fitrf gcs prdhfrcs edukckfs kf Furjpc. Frc difvdtcagf quf uicrfgcedi tci itdhc eji gjs quf ci ljy fi kc kf vfz fi eucikj gjs hdgcifsfs ggchcikfspfetdvchfitf erueeld kfbcrc su lufggc tchadi fi su gfimuc, y cs fiejitrchjssustcitdvjs kf jrdmfi mfrhidej ejhj rcio (ecgcharf, erchpj) kf nrchpoo, sgfppc(mrci pjredi, mrci ofttc) kf selgfpofi, gjaadc (gjmdc, ui fgfhfitj crqudtfetidejutdgdzckj sjarf tjkj fi gc crqudtfeturc dtcgdcic kfg sdmgj \_DD, quf ouiedjic c hjkj kfmcgfrc j prtdej y quf fst cadfrtj itfmrchfitf ejhj hidhj pjr uij kf sus gckjs ysjstfidkj pjr ejguhics y crejs> fi dtcgdcij, gjmmdc) kf gcuaf, ruoo (acsurc,spczzcturc)kf luro, ausec (trdpc, trdppc) kf autzf, mcivfgg(bjvfizufgj, mdjvdiefggj) kf mciifv, y

vfrajs ejhj trdie (afafr hs kf gc eufitc, fhpdicr fg ejkj,safvczzcrffi dtcgdcij) kftrdinfi, smur (orjtcr, strjodicrf) kfselurfiysgoofi(kjrhdr, kjrhdrf) kf Uelgcofi, y


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kfg cgfhi, pjstfrdjrhfitf, pcgcarcs ejhj sgcikrc, prjstdtutc (prjstdtutc) j ecggfbfcr(admlfggjicrf) kf selgfikfri, smicppc (cmucrkdfitf, mrcppc) kf selicps y tjkfr(cgfhi, tfkfsej)kfKfutselfr.

[chadi fg dimgs cpjrt cgmuics pcgcarcs, ejhj ojgafr j ojgacg kf ojjtacgg (otajg,

ecgedj), smcimdc (prjstdtutc kf ojrhc kfspfetdvc, smucgkrdic) kf smwfim y scimuds(sikwdel,pcidij dhajttdtj) kfscikwdel.

Lcy quf kfedr quf cgmuics kf fstcs pcgcarcs ij fstcaci prfsfitfs fi tjkc Hdgi, yc qufdiegusj fg hdgcis hjstrcac kdofrfiedcs (cuiquf ij sdmidodectdvcs) kf zjic c zjic,diegusj c pfscr kf quf sf trctcrc kf gc hdshc edukck.

Kurcitf sdmgjs oufrji iuhfrjsjs gjs cutjrfs hdgcifsfs quf fserdadfrji tcitj fi pjfscejhj fi prjsc fi hdgcis y fi dtcgdcij. Cgmuijs ijharfs kdmijs kf sfr kfstceckjs sji,ejhfizcikj pjr fg sdmgj \_D, Mdjvci Pcjgj Gjhczzj> fi fg sdmgj \_DD, Ocadj _crfsf y

Ecrgj Hcrdc Hcmmd> fi fg sdmgj \_DDD, Hfifmldi Acgfstrdfrd, Mdusfppf Pcrdid,Orciefsej Mdrjgchj Ejrdj, Pdftrj _frrd y Efscrf Afeecrdc. Pjstfrdjrhfitf, fi fg sdmgj\D\, fiejitrchjs c Ecrgj Pjrtc, fg pjftc fi hdgcis hs dhpjrtcitf, cg quf diegusj fgmrci Cgfsscikrj Hcizjid gf kfkde uic pjfsc fi dtcgdcij quf ejitfic uic fstrjoc fihdgcis. Jtrjs ijharfs kfstcecagfs kf fstf sdmgj sji fg kf [jhhcsj Mrjssd,_fspcsdcij Admichd, Mdjvciid Qcbafrtd, Mdusfppf Qjvcid, Fhdgdj kf Hcreld y EcrgjAfrtjgczzd.

Ggfmckjs cg sdmgj \\ fiejitrchjs c Kfgdj [fssc, Mdjvciid Acrrfggc, FkjcrkjOfrrcvdggc, Fhdgdj Mudeedcrkd, Gudmd Hfkded y Orciej Gjd. [chadi lcy quf kfstcecr

ijharfs hs hjkfrijs, ejhj gjs kf gjs ecitcutjrfs Fizj Bciiceed y Iciid Uvchpc,euyc jarc sdmuf prfsfitf ci ljy fi kc fi gc vdkc kf hueljs hdgcifsfs. Pfrj ejhjvfrfhjs mrcedcs c fstf trcacbj, ij sji gjs idejs ijharfs quf ojrhci pcrtf kf gccetucgdkck kf gc eugturc kf fstc gfimuc.

Fi 3


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35

5- MQCH[DEC

C odi kf ejijefr hfbjr gc gfimuc hdgcifsc y su rdqufzc fs dhprfsedikdagf rfcgdzcr uic

arfvf prfsfitcedi kf gc mrchtdec y su prjiuiedcedi, ejisdkfrcagfhfitf kdofrfitfrfspfetj cg dtcgdcij fstikcr.

Prdhfrj kf tjkj, ecaf kfedr quf fi hdgcis ij fxdstf id fg prftrdtj dikfodidkj (pcssctjrfhjtj fi dtcgdcij) id fg prftrdtj citfrdjr (trcpcssctj rfhjtj). Eurdjschfitf sjitdfhpjs vfracgfs quf eckc vfz fsti hfijs prfsfitfs fi gc gfimuc jrcg kfg dtcgdcij kfgijrtf, kjikf lcggchjs ui egcrj prfkjhdidj kfg prftrdtj pfrofetj (pcssctj prjssdhj), gjejitrcrdj quf suefkf fi fg sur kfg pcs, kjikf ejarc hs oufrzc fg rfhjtj.

Gc ejibumcedi kf gjs vfrajs hdgcifsfs fs ui tcitj ejhpgfbc2 pcrtf kfg gcti, quf tficeuctrj ejibumcedjifs. [citj fg dtcgdcij ejhj fg fspcjg tdfifi trfs, pfrj fi hdgcisfiejitrchjs uic eucrtc.

C odi kf kfhjstrcr cgmuics kf gcs kdofrfiedcs quf prfsfitc rfspfetj cg dtcgdcij fstikcr,lcrfhjs uic prdhfrc ejhpcrctdvc fitrf hdgcis f dtcgdcij2

5.3. - _FQAJU CV\DGDCQFU

_FUU/FUUFQF C_/C_FQF

(sfr, fstcr) (lcafr, tfifr)

D ikd ectdvj prfsfitf (prfsfitf kf dikd ectdvj)

Hd sjit Dj sjij Hd ml'lj Dj lj[d tf sft [u sfd [d tf ml'fft [u lcdG g' Fmgd G 'g ml'lc Fmgd lc

Iui shh jd sdchj Iui ml'hh jd caadchj_dcgtfr sdd _jd sdftf _dcgtfr ml'cvdd _jd cvftfGr ldii Fssd sjij Gr ml'lcii Fssd lciij

D ikd ectdvj dhpfro fttj (prftrdtj dhpfro fetj)H sfrd Dj frj H ml'cvfvc Dj cvfvj[ tf sfrft [u frd [ tf ml'cvfvft [u cvfvdG g'frc Fmgd frc G 'g ml'cvfvc Fmld cvfvc

Iji sfrjh jd frcvchj Iui ml'cvfvjh jd cvfvchj_dcgtfr sfrfv _jd frcvctf _dcgtfr ml'cvfvfv _jd cvfvctf

Gr frfi Fssd frcij Gr ml'cvfvfi Fssd cvfvcij


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3;

Pcssctj prjssdhj (prftrdtj pfro fetj)H sjit stcc Dj sjij stctj H ml'ljj cvuu Dj lj cvutj[ tf sff stcc [u sfd stctj [ tf ml'ff cvuu [u lcd cvutjG g' stcc Fmgd stctj G fg ml'lc cvuu Fmgd lc cvutj

Iui sfhh stcc jd sdchj stctd Iui ml'fhh cvuu jd caadchj cvutj

_dcgtfr sdd stcc _jd sdftf stctd _dcgtfr ml'cvdd cvuu _jd cvftf cvutjGr ldii stcc Fssd sjij stctd Gr ml'lcii cvuu Fssd lciij cvutj

[rcpcssctj prjssdhj (pr ftrdtj pguseuchpfro fetj)H sfrc stcc Dj frj stctj H ml'cvfvc cvuu Dj cvfvj cvutj[ tf sfrft stcc [u frd stctj [ tf ml'cvfvft cvuu [u cvfvd cvutjG g'frc stcc Fmgd frc stctj G 'g ml'cvfvc cvuu Fmgd cvfvc cvutj

Iui sfrjh stcc jd frcvchj stctd Iui ml'cvfvjh cvuu jd cvfvchj cvutj_dcgtfr sfrfv stcc _jd frcvctf stctd _dcgtfr ml'cvfvfv cvuu _jd cvfvctf cvutjGr frfi stcc Fssd frcij stctd Gr ml'cvfvfi cvuu Fssd cvfvcij cvutj

Outurj sfhpgd ef (ou turj sdhpgf)H scrjit Dj scr H ml'cvcrjj Dj cvr[d tf scrft [u scrcd [ tf ml'cvcrfft [u cvrcdG fg scr Fmgd scr G g ml'cvcr Fmgd cvr

Iui scrfhh jd scrfhj Iui ml'cvcrfhh jd cvrfhj_dcgtfr scrdd _jd scrftf _dcgtfr ml'cvcrdd _jd cvrftfGr scrcii Fssd scrciij Gr ml'cvcrcii Fssd cvrciij

Outurj citfrd jrf (ou turj citfrdjr)H scrjit stcc Dj scr stctj H ml'cvcrjj cvuu Dj cvr cvutj[ tf scrff stcc [u scrcd stctj [ tf ml'cvcrff cvuu [u cvrcd cvutjG 'g scr stcc Fmgd scr stctj G 'g ml'cvcr cvuu Fmgd cvr cvutj

Iui scrhh stcc jd scrfhj stctd Iui ml'cvcrfhh cvuu jd cvrfhj cvutj_dcgtfr scrdd stcc _jd scrftf stctd _dcgtfr ml'cvcrdd cvuu _jd cvrftf cvutjGr scrcii stcc Fssd scrciij stctd Gr ml'cvcrcii cvuu Fssd cvrciij cvutj

5.1- FBFHPGJU KF J[QJU [DFHPJU _FQACGFU

-Prdhfrc ejibumcedi (vfrajs rfmugcrfs tfrhdickjs fi -)2

_CQKMVCQKCQF (hdrcr)

D ikdectdvj prfsfitf

H vcrkd[ tf vcrkftG fg vcrkc/Gff gc vcrkc

Iui c vcrkjh_dcgtfr vcrkffGr vcrkfi

[rcpcssctj prjssdhj

H cvfvd vcrkcc[ tcvfvft vcrkccG gff cvfvc vcrkcc

Iui cvfvjh vcrkcc_dcgtfr cvfvjv vcrkccGr cvfvfi vcrkcc


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D ikdectdvj dhpfrofttj

H vcrkcvd[ tf vcrkcvftG fg vcrkcvc/Gff gc vcrkcvc

Iui vcrkcvjh_dcgtfr vcrkcvjvGr vcrkcvfi

Outurj sfhpg def

H vcrkcrjj[ tf vcrkcrfftG fg vcrkcr/Gff gc vcrkcr

Iui vcrkcrfhh_dcgtfr vcrkddGr vcrkcrcii

-Ufmuikc ejibumcedi (vfrajs rfmugcrfs tfrhdickjs fi -)2

_FK_FKFQF (vfr)

D ikdectdvj prfsfitfH vfkd[ tf vfkfG fg vfk/Gff gc vfk

Iui c vfkjh_dcgtfr vfkddGr vfkf

[r cpcssctj prjssdhjH cvfvd vfkuu[ tcvfvft vfkuuG/Gff cvfvc vfkuu

Iui cvfvjh vfkuu_dcgtfr cvfvjv vfkuuGr cvfvfi vfkuu

D ikdectdvj dhpfrofttjH vfkfvd[ tf vfkfvftG fg vfkfvc/Gff gc vfkfvc

Iui vfkfvjh_dcgtfr vfkfvjvGr vfkfvfi

Outurj sfhpg defH vfkcrjj[ tf vfkcrfftG fg vfkcr/Gff gc vfkcr

Iui vfkcrfhh_dcgtfr vfkcrddGr vfkcrcii

Pcssctj prjssdhjH ljj vfkuu[ tlff vfkuuG/Gff glcvfkuu

Iui fhh vfkuu

Outurj citfrdjrfH cvcrjj vfkuu[ gcvcrff vfkuuG/Gff gcvcr vfkuu

Iui cvcrfhh vfkuu

Pcssctj prjssdhj

H ljj vcrkcc[ tlff vcrkcc

G/Gff glc vcrkccIui fhh vcrkcc_dcgtfr cvdd vcrkccGr lcii vcrkcc

Outurj citfrdjrf

H cvcrjj vcrkcc[ gcvcrff vcrkcc

G/Gff gcvcr vcrkccIui cvcrfhh vcrkcc_dcgtfr cvcrdd vcrkccGr cvcrcii vcrkcc


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3?

_dcgtfr cvdd vfkuuGr lcii vfkuu

_dcgtfr cvcrdd vfkuuGr cvcrcii vfkuu

-[frefrc ejibumcedi2

_frajs rfmugcrfs quf tfrhdici fi ejisjicitf. Uf ejibumci fxcetchfitf dmucg quf gjskf gc sfmuikc ejibumcedi, c fxefpedi kfg diodidtdvj, yc quf fi gumcr kf tfrhdicr fi gj lcef fi ejisjicitf.

-Eucrtc ejibumcedi (vfrajs rfmugcrfs tfrhdickjs fi -)2

UFI[UFI[DQF (sfitdr, jr)

D ikdectdvj prfsfitfH sfit[ tf sfitfG fg sfit/Gff gc sfit

Iui c sfitjh_dcgtfr sfitddGr sfitfi

[rcpcssctj prjssdhjH cvfvd sfitdd[ tcvfvft sfitddG/Gff cvfvc sfitdd

Iui cvfvjh sfitdd_dcgtfr cvfvjv sfitddGr cvfvfi sfitdd

D ikdectdvj dhpfro fttjH sfitdvd[ tf sfitdvftG fg sfitdvcGff gc sfitdvc

Iui sfitfvjh_dcgtfr sfitfvjv

Gr sfitfvfi

Outur j sfhpgd efH sfitdrjj[ tf sfitdfftG fg sfitdrGff gc sfitdr

Iui sfitdrfhh_dcgtfr sfitdrddGr sfitdrcii

Pcssctj prjssdhjH ljj sfitdd[ tlff sfitddG/Gff glc sfitdd

Iui fhh sfitdd_dcgtfr cvdd sfitddGr lcii sfitdd

Outurj citfrd jrfH cvcrjj sfitdd[ gcvcrff sfitddG/Gff gcvcr sfitdd

Iui cvcrfhh sfitdd_dcgtfr cvcrdd sfitddGr cvcrcii sfitdd


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5.5CQ[EVGJU, CKBF[D_JU T PQJIJHAQFU

Ejhj fi dtcgdcij y fi fspcjg, fi hdgcis sjgj lcy kjs mifrjs2 ofhfidij y hcseugdij.

5.5.3CQ[EVGJU KF[FQHDICKJU

sdimugcr pgurcg

hcseugdij fg odjfu d odjfu

ofhfidij gc tsc d tjsii*

* Fg pgurcg kf tsc fs drrfmugcr.

-Fg crteugj fg sf trcisojrhc fi g eji cpstrjoj c gc dzqudfrkc ('g) kfspus kf vjecg yfi g eji cpstrjoj c gc kfrfelc (g') citfs kf fstc. Fbfhpgjs2

Gc tjsc f g odjfu (gc eldec y fg eldej).Ghh (fg ljharf).

-Fg crteugj gc sf trcisojrhc fi g eji cpstrjoj c gc kfrfelc (g') citfs kf vjecg.Fbfhpgj2 grac (gc ldfrac).

5.5.1CQ[EVGJU DIKF[FQHDICKJU

hcseugdij ji

ofhfidij jic

-Ji sf prjiuiedc jji citfs kf vjecgfs y fs icscg citfs kf ejisjicitfs. Kfspuskf vjecg eucikj gc sdmudfitf pcgcarc ejhdfizc pjr vjecg tjic pcsc c sfr 'i.

Fbfhpgjs2

Ml ji hh (lcy ui ljharf), ml i jkr (lcy ui jgjr).


18/40

3 gc ojrhc tidec sf utdgdzc pcrc lcefr iocsds. Fi gc sdmudfitf tcagc,gcs ojrhcs quf fiejitrchjs fitrf pcritfsds lci dkj pfrkdfikj su usj lcstc kfscpcrfefrejhpgftchfitf.

Udimugcr Pgurcg

Fspcjg tidej tjij Fspcjg tidej tjij

Prdhfrcpfrsjic

Tj hd (c) Ijsjtrjs,ijsjtrcs

iui(iuhh,iuiel)

(c)

Ufmuikcpfrsjic

[ td tf _jsjtrjs,vjsjtrcs

vdcgtfr(vjdcgtfr)

(c)

[frefrc

pfrsjic

g

Fggc

gu

gff

fg

gc

Fggjs, fggcs gr (d)

Ojrhc kfejrtfsc

Vstfk (hcseugdij)

Vstfk (ofhfidij)

Vstfk (ojrhc hfijsorfeufitf)

Gu

Gff

_u

fg

gc

(c)

Vstfkfs Gr (d)

Uf lci fiejitrckj vcrdcs ojrhcs pcrc gjs prjijharfs pfrsjicgfs kf tfrefrc pfrsjic kfgsdimugcr (g, guu), prdhfrc pfrsjic kfg pgurcg (iui, iuiel, iuhh) y sfmuikc pfrsjic kfg

pgurcg (vdcgtfr, vjdcgtfr) fi kdofrfitfs oufitfs> kfspus kf ejisugtcrgj fi fg kdeedjicrdjkf hdgcis kf Egfttj Crrdmld kf gc fkdtjrdcg Ljfpgd, fg hs prfstdmdjsj y mrcikf kf tjkjsgjs kdeedjicrdjs puagdeckjs kf fstc gfimuc, gcs ojrhcs jodedcgfs sji g, iuiy vdcgtfr.

Ejhj lfhjs vdstj citfrdjrhfitf, fstjs prjijharfs sf utdgdzci eji gjs vfrajs, ejhjpjr fbfhpgj2 h pcrgd, [ tf pcrgft, G fg pcrgc, Gff gc pcrgc, ftetfrc> fs pjsdagf kfedr tfpcrgft (t lcagcs) y gc pcrgc(fggc lcagc) fi gumcr kf t tf pcrgft y gff gc pcrgc y

jhdtdr fg prjijharf tidej (t y gff rfspfetdvchfitf, fi gjs ecsjs hfiedjickjs), pfrj fgprjijharf tjij sdfhprf tdfif quf cpcrfefr.


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Citdmuchfitf, pcrc gc tfrefrc pfrsjic kfg pgurcg fiejitrachjs fg prjijharf tjijd, kf hcifrc quf sf kfec gr d pcrgfi (fggjs lcagci), pfrj eckc vfz lc dkj sdfikjhfijs orfeufitf y fi gc cetucgdkck fs pjej ejhi fiejitrcrgj, cuiquf fi jtrcs lcagcsgjhacrkcs s quf sf lc ejisfrvckj. Fg prjijharf c tchadi fs pjej ejhi (h chcimd). Citdmuchfitf gc ojrhc ditfrrjmctdvc sf lcec pjidfikj fg prjijharf tidejkfspus kfg vfraj, kcikj ojrhcs ejhj ecitfg: (ecitc (g):) fi gumcr kf fgecitc:, quf sf gc ojrhc quf sf uscrc ljy, j adfi vjfurfgc: ((fggc) qudfrf:) pcrcgc vjfur:. Udi fhacrmj, fstc ejistrueedi tjkcvc sdmuf prfsfitf fi jtrjs kdcgfetjsgjhacrkjs.

Ejhj fi dtcgdcij y fi ecstfggcij y jtrcs gfimucs rjhidecs, fi hdgcis fxdstf gc ojrhckf ejrtfsc2 G, fg pcrc kdrdmdrsf c ui ljharf y gff, gc pcrc uic hubfr. Pjrfbfhpgj2 Uf Gu fg vjfur, vmid (sd ustfk gj qudfrf, vfimj). Fstc hdshc orcsf sf kdrcsf td tf vjfurft, vmid sd ij gf lcagrchjs kf ustfk c iufstrj kfstdictcrdj.

5.5.6PQJIVIEDCEDI

5.5.6.3- _jecgfs

- C2 Gc c sf prjiuiedc ejhj fi dtcgdcij2 cadfrtc sd ggfvc cefitj (), efrrckc y ui pjejcrrcstrckc sfmudkc kf ejisjicitf, ejhj fi ps 8 pcef (pcz), j ajhas 8 achacmdc(cgmjki)> sf prjiuiedc efrrckc y eji ui sjidkj gcrmj eucikj sf kjagc (cc), cgmj qufsuefkf sjarf tjkj c odicg kf pcgcarc, fspfedcghfitf fi fg pcrtdedpdj pcsckj kf gjs vfrajskf gc prdhfrc ejibumcedi quf tfrhdici fi -crf, ejhj cikcc(cikctj, dkj) yocc(octtj,lfelj).-F2 sufic ejhj fi dtcgdcij. Eucikj ggfvc cefitj cmukj () j fs kjagf c odicg kf pcgcarctdfif ui sjidkj efrrckj y prjgjimckj, ejhj fi mdg (mdgft, elcgfej), pff (pdfkd, pdfs),

pfrj eucikj ggfvc cefitj mrcvf () j gc sdmufi kjs ejisjicitfs ckqudfrf uic sjijrdkckfspfedcghfitf cadfrtc, ejhj fi ejtfgfttc(ejtjgfttcfi dtcgdcij, pgctj tpdej hdgcis qufejisdstf fi uic elugftc kf tfrifrc fhpcickc).

-D2 Uf cefitc fi gc gtdhc sgcac (y ijrhcghfitf tchadi kf hcifrc mrodec, cuiquf ij

sdfhprf) y ckqudfrf ui sjidkj gdmfrchfitf hs gcrmj sd vc sfmudkc kf s, ejhj fi fg ecsjkf rds (rdsj, crrjz). Fi hdgcis, c hfiukj fiejitrchjs uic b quf sf prjiuiedc ejhjuic d. Fs uic sfhdvjecg y pjkfhjs fiejitrcrgc fi pcgcarcs ejhj bfr (dfrd, cyfr).[chadi pufkf sjicr ejhj mgd fi dtcgdcij eucikj vc fitrf vjecgfs, ejhj fi tficbc(tficmgdc, tficzcs), cb (cmgdj, cbj), hfb(hfmgdj, hfbjr) y vjfubc(vjmgdc,mcics), cuiqufeji fg tdfhpj lc dkj kfscpcrfedfikj c odicg kf pcgcarc eucikj fqudvcgc c -gd j -ggd,ejhj fi fg ecsj kfmdjricgd(kdcrdjs), quf citdmuchfitf frcmdjricbpfrj pjstfrdjrhfitf

pcs c sfr mdjricd>stdvcgd (ajtcs) quf citdmuchfitf tuvj gcs ojrhcs stdvcb, strdvcb,strdvcbd y eji fg tdfhpj pcs c sfr stdvcd, ejhj eji ecpfggd (pfgj), quf kf ecvfbpcs csfr ecvfd, ymcggdicpcs kfmcbdiiccmcdic.

-J2 Pcrc quf ejisfrvf fg hdshj sjidkj quf fi dtcgdcij tdfif quf fserdadrsf cefituckc(), kf gj ejitrcrdj sf gff ejhj gc u dtcgdcic. Cgmuijs fbfhpgjs sji rdstt (rdsjttj,


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crrjz), quf hcitfikrc fg sjidkj kf gc j, kpj (quf sf gffrc kpu), mdchajidi(prjseduttj, bchi) sf gffrc mdchauidi, sjj (sj, s, vfraj scafr) sf gffrc suu,dmucg qufs(sjgf, sjg).

-V2 Uu prjiuiedcedi fs huy pcrfedkc c gc u orciefsc. Fs oufrtf y ij ifefsdtcrc cefitj

mrodej, cuiquf prfsfitc fxefpedjifs ejhj p (pd, hs) j s (su, fiedhc), quftchadi sf pufkf fiejitrcr sdi cefitj (di su fg tcvjg -9 sug tcvjgj, fiedhc kf gc hfsc).Eucikj sf kjagc cg odicg sf prjiuiedc hs gcrmc, ejhj fi gjs pcrtdedpdjs pcsckjs kf gcsfmuikc y gc tfrefrc ejibumcedi, ejhj fi vfkuu (vdstj), sejikuu (icsejstj,fsejikdkj). Fiejitrchjs fxefpedjifs fi gcs quf gc u sf prjiuiedcrc ejhj fi fspcjg fdtcgdcij, kfspus kf q y m sfmudkc kf vjecg, ejhj fi quckfr (quckrj,euckrj) ymucit(mucitj,mucitf), pfrj c odicg kf pcgcarc, ejhj fi ediqu (ediquf, ediej) sf prjiuiedcrcejhj el fi dtcgdcij y ejhj gc n fi fspcjg, y kftrs kf m cg odicg, ejhj fiscimu(scimuf, scimrf), ij sf prjiuiedcrc. Pjr gtdhj, tcitj fi fg ecsj kfg trdptjimj jfuejhj gc j eji kdrfsds (), sf prjiuiedc ejhj gc u orciefsc.

5.5.6.1- Ejisjicitfs

-Gcs ejisjicitfs kjagfs sf prjiuiedci ejhj sdhpgfs, cuiquf gdmfrchfitf hs gcrmcs.Afgg(afggj), pjr fbfhpgj, sf prjiuiedcrc ag, y gcssc(gcsedc, kfbc), gsc.

-E/M2 Gc e y gc m, sdi l, sji sucvfs diegusj eucikj sf kjagci (ee y mm) kfgcitf kf f y kfd, cuiquf eji gcs jtrcs vjecgfs quf cejhpcci uic l sf lcefi muturcgfs (el, eel, ml,mml), sd vci kftrs kf s ckqudfrfi uic sjijrdkck sdhdgcrfs c gc kf ui fstjriukj, c uisjidkj quf fi dtcgdcij y fi huelcs gfimucs ij sf fieufitrc, y quf tfifhjs fi pcgcarcs

ejhjsedpp(seldjppj, fsejpftc) ysmdcoo(seldcooj, ajoftckc).-_2 Eucikj vc fitrf vjecgfs fi gc gtdhc sgcac kf uic pcgcarc lc dkj kfscpcrfedfikjtcitj fi gc fserdturc ejhj fi su gfeturc lcstc ejivfrtdrsf fi hukc, fiejitrchjs ecsjsejhjsejvc (sejpc, fsejac) quf sf pufkf fiejitrcr fserdtc tchadi ejhjsejc, pfrj fichajs ecsjs sf gffrc seuc, cgmj quf tchadi jeurrf eji ejvc y ejc(ejgc, ejkc fidtcgdcij), quf sf gff euc> dikuvdic (dikjvdic, ckdvdic) sf gff dikic. Udifhacrmj, gc v pfrhcifef ejhj tcg c prdiedpdj kf pcgcarc j fi gc prdhfrc sgcac kf uic

pcgcarc, ejhj fi vdifgg (vdifggj, vdij), quf sf gffrc vdig y cvcrdzdc (cvcrdedc,cvcrdzdc), quf sf prjiuiedcrc cvcrsdc. C odicg kf pcgcarc, c hfiukj sf gff ejhj sdoufrc uic o, ejhj fi fg ecsj kf ijfuv(iufvj, iujvj), quf sf gffrc io, y ifv(idfvf,ifvf), quf sf kdrc ifo.

-R2 Fs gc ejisjicitf quf prfsfitc hs ejhpgdecedjifs c gc ljrc kf fxpgdecr su usj, ycquf lcy qudfi gc prjiuiedc ejhj uic z y qudfi gj lcef hs ejhj uic s.

5.5.?- IVHFQCGFU

Ihfrjs ecrkdicgfs Ihfrjs jrkdicgfs0 zrj3 vui (h.), vjfuic j vuic (o.) 3 prdhh

1 kuu (h.), k (o.) 1 sfmjik5 trdd (h.), tr (o.) 5 trz


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; qucttfr (qucttr) ; qucrt6 ediqu (ediel) 6 qudit? ss ? sst= stt = sttdh< vtt


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Vidkckfs kf hfkdkc Vidkckfs kf ecitdkckji kdk 8 ui kfkj (dt2 ui kdtj) ji qucrt, fttj, eldgj 8 ui eucrtj, edfi

mrchjs, ui ndgj (dt2 ui qucrtj, fttj, eldgj)k kdkc 8 kjs kfkjs (dt2 kuf kdtc)jic spciic 8 ui pcghj (dt. ui pcghj)ji sjhs 8 ui puj eji fg pugmcrgfvcitckj (ui pumij ejg pjggdef rdttj)

5.5.=- OQCUFU AUDECU FI HDGCIU

C ejitdiucedi hjstrchjs cgmuics kf gcs orcsfs hs asdecs fi hdgcis y su rfspfetdvcejhpcrcedi eji fg dtcgdcij y su trckueedi cg ecstfggcij.

-Pfrkjif, lcagc hdgcis: (dt2 seusd, gfd pcrgc hdgcifsf:)2Hcseugdij2 Elfg hf seusc, g fg pcrgc di hdgcis:Ofhfidij2 Elf gc hf seusc, gff gc pcrgc di hdgcis:

-Ij gj fitdfikj...fitdfikj sjgj ui pjej (dt2 iji gj ecpdsej pfr idfitf...gj ecpdsej sjgjdi pcrtf)2

Mlf ecpsd prjpd ui ag icmjtc...fg ecpsd kuh ui ededi.

-Gj lcagj pfrj ij s fserdadrgj...gj gfj eji kdodeugtck (dt2 gj pcrgj hc iji sjserdvfrgj...gj gfmmj eji kdoodejgt)2Fg pcrgd hc sui hdimc aui kf servfg...fg gmd c stit.

-Ljy/hccic/pcsckj hccic (dt2 jmmd/kjhcid/kjpjkjhcid)2Diejfu/kjhci/kpj kjhci.

Ecaf kfstcecr fg jrdmfi kf diejfu2 kfrdvc kfg gcti ldie ljkdf (gdtfrcghfitf, fstfljy).

; qucttfr vgt tcit qucttfr pcrc 8 euctrj pcrfs (dt2 qucttrjpcdc)

6 ediqu vgt tcit? ss vgt tcit= stt vgt tcit

< vtt vgt tcit4 ijfuv vgt tcit30 ks vgt tcit300 eit vgt tcit3000 hdggc vgt tcit30.000 kshdgc vgt tcit300.000 efithdgc vgt tcit3.000.000 ji hdgdji kf vgt tcit


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-Cyfr/citfcyfr/cyfr pjr gc ijelf (dt2 dfrd, gcgtrj dfrd, dfrd sfrc)2

Bfr/gcgtfr(y tchadibfr kf g)/bfrsdrc.

;- GD[FQC[VQC T ECIEDI HDGCIFUC

;.3.GC GD[FQC[VQC FI HDGCIU

Ejhj ckfgcitachjs fi fg sfmuikj puitj, pfrtfifedfitf c gc ldstjrdc kfg hdgcis,oufrji hueljs gjs cutjrfs charjsdcijs quf ckfhs kf rfcgdzcr su jarc fi dtcgdcijtchadi gj ldedfrji fi hdgcis. C kdofrfiedc kf gcs jtrcs vcrdcitfs gjhacrkcs, quf ij

tuvdfrji uic prjkueedi gdtfrcrdc c kfstcecr yc quf ouf difxdstfitf j pretdechfitf iugc,fg hdgcis ouf huy prjgodej fi fsf cspfetj, sjarf tjkj fi gc pjfsc> fstf gtdhj cpuitf,ckfhs, fs uij kf gjs hjtdvjs pjr gjs quf ejhihfitf fg hdgcis sf ejisdkfrc fgfstikcr kfg gjhacrkj.

Fiejitrchjs hueljs ijharfs c kfstcecr kf pjftcs hdgcifsfs, ejhfizcikj pjr fg sdmgj\_D eji Mdjvci Pcjgj Gjhczzj> fi fg sdmgj \_DD, Ocadj _crfsf y Ecrgj Hcrdc Hcmmd>fi fg sdmgj \_DDD, Hfifmldi Acgfstrdfrd, Mdusfppf Pcrdid, Orciefsej Mdrjgchj Ejrdj,Pdftrj _frrd y Efscrf Afeecrdc. Fi fg sdmgj \D\, Ecrgj Pjrtc, kfg quf lcagcrfhjs cejitdiucedi. Jtrjs ijharfs c kfstcecr kf fstf pfrdjkj sji [jhhcsj Mrjssd,

_fspcsdcij Admichd, Mdjvciid Qcbafrtd, Mdusfppf Qjvcid, Fhdgdj kf Hcreld y EcrgjAfrtjgczzd. Fi fg sdmgj \\ fiejitrchjs c Kfgdj [fssc, Mdjvciid Acrrfggc, FkjcrkjOfrrcvdggc, Fhdgdj Mudeedcrkd, Gudmd Hfkded y Orciej Gjd.

T ij pjkfhjs jgvdkcrijs kfg mrci Cgfsscikrj Hcizjid (Hdgi, = kf hcrzj kf 3=


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kc iji kdsefrifr sfisd aujid f rfd

sjttj dg vfgchf kd gdimucmmdj ciodajgjmdej.

Ocgsj cvvjectj di odimfrtd kdofisjrf

pfr tdrcrf di rjvdic dg tuj egdfitf2

jl stfggf! jl Iuhd! eld vdkf ui tcgf jrrjrf :

f pfr trckdrf ciejr pd dhpuifhfitf

pdmgdcrf ui ijhf ecrj cgg'cghf Uujrf

ejhf gc tuc didzdcg spfrmdurc f hfitf.

D

Ji ackf elf vjfur oc kf scpd fitjifg sf tjfu suaft vd c pfr ji ackf>

hc ji jhh kf ejj, elf vjfur pcrhdiedji,fg sf hftt ciec gu, di k'ji afgg eui tf

-Cgfsscikrj Hcizjid.

Fstc pjfsc fs ui ljhficbf c Ecrgj Pjrtc, fg pjftc hs dhpjrtcitf fi hdgcis. Icedkjfi Hdgi fi 3==6 y ocggfedkj fi fstc hdshc edukck c gc tfhprcic fkck kf eucrfitcdediejcjs vetdhc kf gc mjtc, ejhfiz c fserdadr pjfsc fi 3=41. Fi 3


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Jtrcs pjfscs quf ij pfrtfifefi c idimuic kf fstcs ejrrdfitfs pfrj quf tchadi pcscrjic gc ldstjrdc sji D pcrjgg kji gfimucmm, ecr sur Mjrfgg (3


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hdgcis pjr gjs hdshjs sjedjs kf gc csjedcedi. Fstc puagdecedi pufkf ejisugtcrsf figifc c trcvs kfg sdmudfitf figcef2 lttp2//www.sedrjfu.dt/

[chadi fiejitrchjs gdarjs puagdeckjs pjr gc fkdtjrdcg Hfrcvdmgd y fg EdrejgjOdgjgjmdej Hdgcifsf quf sf kfkdeci c ojhfitcr gc eugturc, gc ldstjrdc y gc gfimuc kf

Hdgi, eji jarcs fi gcs quf sf ijs fxpgdeci kdofrfitfs prjvfradjs y orcsfs fi hdgcis, sujrdmfi y su sdmidodeckj fi dtcgdcij, j adfi gdarjs quf rfejmfi gc ldstjrdc kf ecggfs y zjicskf gc edukck. Fstjs gdarjs sf fkdtci fi dtcgdcij y cgmuijs kf fggjs tchadi itfmrchfitf j

pcredcghfitf fi hdgcis.

;.1.GC ECIEDI FI HDGCIU

Ckfhs kf gc pjfsc, gc eciedi ouf huy dhpjrtcitf fi fg hdgcis. Mdjvciid kCizd,Cgorfkj Arceeld, Kcrdj Oj, ]cgtfr _cgkd, Idiij Qjssd, Hdhhj Kdhdeejgd y Gudmd

Ecrecij sji cgmuijs kf gjs ijharfs kf gjs ecitcitfs y ejhpjsdtjrfs husdecgfs fihdgcis quf lci pcsckj c gc ldstjrdc. Kfstcecrfhjs gjs ijharfs kf gjs ecitcutjrfs hsdhpjrtcitfs, Iciid Uvchpc y Fizj Bciiceed. Udi fhacrmj, tchadi ecaf kfedr qufhuelcs kf gcs eciedjifs hs pjpugcrfs sji ciidhcs, ejhjFg pjvfr GudsdiyF gff gcvc di odgcikc.

Iciid Uvchpc iced fi Hdgi fg 1< kf ofarfrj kf345 sjarf pfrsjicbfs pjpugcrfs tpdejs kf Hdgi ejhj fgacracpfkcic, ui hsdej ecggfbfrj quf sf kfkdecac c dr pjr gjs rfstcurcitfs y quffitrftfic c gjs ejhfiscgfs eji eciedjifs pjpugcrfs f diocitdgfs> tfhcs sjedcgfs y sjarfgc kfgdieufiedc, gjs echadjs quf lc dkj fxpfrdhfitcikj gc edukck c gj gcrmj kfg tdfhpjy gcs ljstfrcs y gcs ecscs tpdecs kf Hdgi, gcs ggchckcs ecsf kd Qdimldfrc, pdsjs eji

uic pfqufc tfrrczc ditfrdjr ejhuidtcrdc y huelcs pgcitcs y ogjrfs, y quf ci fstiprfsfitfs fi gc edukck.


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El dialecto milanés: gramática, cultura, situación actual - FERNÁNDEZ CARMONA, SARA