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The Joint Effect of Exercise and Environment on Emo5on and Cogni5on: Con5nued Inves5ga5on
Kimberly Breitenbecher, Kathleen Fuegen, Kayla Vires, Young Lee, Nicole Sofranko, and Alexandra Morgan Northern Kentucky University
Background
Research on A1en2on • According to AKen5on Restora5on Theory, there are two types of aKen5on: voluntary aKen5on and
involuntary aKen5on. Voluntary aKen5on requires mental effort, whereas involuntary aKen5on does not (Berman, Jonides, & Kaplan, 2008).
• When we aKend to s5muli that are inherently interes5ng or aesthe5cally pleasing, we use involuntary aKen5on. When we aKend to s5muli that are not inherently interes5ng, we use voluntary aKen5on.
• Voluntary aKen5on is a limited resource. Extended mental effort can deplete this resource (Kaplan, 1995).
• According to AKen5on Restora5on Theory, natural environments engage involuntary aKen5on. This exposure gives voluntary aKen5on a chance to become replenished (Berman et al., 2008). Thus, exposure to natural environments can improve fa5gued voluntary aKen5on.
Research on Mood • Exercise can lead to improvements in mood. • Even short-‐dura5on (e.g., 10-‐15 minute) walks are associated with improved mood and greater energy
(Ekkekakis, Hall, VanLanduyt, & Petruzzello, 2000). Purpose • The purpose of this study was to assess the independent and combined effects of ac5vity (exercise or
rest) and environment (indoor or outdoor) on mood and aKen5on.
Hypotheses
• We hypothesized that par5cipants who exercised outdoors would show the most favorable pretest to posKest changes in aKen5on and mood.
Method
Par2cipants • The sample included 108 (59.7%) women and 73 (40.3%) men. • Par5cipants were predominantly Caucasian (79%) or African American (9.4%). • Par5cipants ranged in age from 17-‐75 years. The mean was 21.59 years (SD = 7.69). Materials • A1en2on: • Digit Span Backward Task (DSB; Lezak, Howeison, Bigler, Tranel, 2012): The DSB requires par5cipants
to repeat series of digits of increasing length in correct reverse order. • Symbol Digit Modali5es Test (SDMT; Smith, 1973): The SDMT is a symbol digit subs5tu5on task.
• Mood: • Posi5ve And Nega5ve Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988): The PANAS consists
of two subscales. These subscales measure posi5ve affect and nega5ve affect. • Ac5va5on-‐Deac5va5on Adjec5ve Checklist (AD-‐ACL; Thayer, 1986): The AD-‐ACL consists of four
subscales. These subscales measure energy, 5redness, tension, and calmness. • Addi2onal measures:
• We administered addi5onal measures, not described here. For details, please see the poster 5tled, “The Joint Effects of Exercise and Environment on Perceived Restora5on, Health-‐Related Aitudes, and Health-‐Related Behaviors: Con5nued Inves5ga5on.”
Procedure • Consent: • The researcher greeted the par5cipants and obtained informed consent.
• A1en2on Deple2on: • Par5cipants were given five minutes to work on an anagram task in order to deplete efforlul
aKen5on. • Pretest Assessment of A1en2on and Mood: • Par5cipants responded to the two pretest measures of aKen5on (DSB and SDMT) and mood (PANAS
and AD-‐ACL) in random order. • Random Assignment to Experimental Condi2on: • Par5cipants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental condi5ons: outdoor exercise,
indoor exercise, outdoor rest, or indoor rest. • Comple2on of Assigned Task: • Outdoor exercise par5cipants walked for 15 minutes on a path around an on-‐campus lake. • Indoor exercise par5cipants walked for 15 minutes on a treadmill in a laboratory. These par5cipants
viewed a slideshow or video of scenery as viewed from the path around the on-‐campus lake. • Outdoor rest par5cipants sat on a bench for 15 minutes. The bench was adjacent to the on-‐campus
lake. • Indoor rest par5cipants sat for 15 minutes at a desk inside a laboratory. These par5cipants viewed a
video or slideshow of scenery as viewed from the outdoor bench.
• Pos1est Assessment of A1en2on and Mood: • Par5cipants responded to the two posKest measures of aKen5on (DSB and SDMT) and mood (PANAS
and AD-‐ACL) in random order.
Indoor Rest With Video Indoor Exercise With Video
Outdoor Rest Outdoor Exercise
Results Data Analyses • In order to inves5gate the rela5onship between changes in aKen5on and mood from pretest to posKest
and experimental condi5on, a series of one-‐way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted. • We conducted 8 analyses using pretest to posKest change scores from 8 dependent variables: DBS score,
SDMT score, PANAS Posi5ve Affect, PANAS Nega5ve Affect, AD-‐ACL Energy, AD-‐ACL Tiredness, AD-‐ACL Tension, and AD-‐ACL Calmness.
• The independent variable, experimental condi5on, included four levels: indoor exercise, indoor rest, outdoor exercise, and outdoor rest.
A1en2on
• SDMT: The ANOVA for change in SDMT scores from pretest to posKest was not significant, F(3, 177) = .58, p = .63.
• DSB: The ANOVA for change in Digit Span Backward scores from pretest to posKest was not significant, F(3, 177) = .75, p = .53.
References • Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S. (2008). The cogni5ve benefits of interac5ng with nature. Psychological Science, 19(12), 1207-‐1212. • Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E.E., VanLanduyt, L.M., & Petruzzello, S. (1999). Walking in (affec5ve) circles: Can short walks enhance affect? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 245-‐275. • Kaplan, S.(1995). The restora5ve benefits of nature: toward an integra5ve framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 15, 169-‐182.
This project was par2ally funded by the following sources: • Northern Kentucky University College of Arts and Sciences Collabora5ve Faculty-‐Student Project Award • Northern Kentucky University College of Arts and Sciences Associate Faculty Professional Development Award • Northern Kentucky University Undergraduate Research Council Award
Mood • PANAS Posi2ve Affect: The ANOVA for change in Posi5ve Affect from pretest to posKest was significant,
F(3, 171) = 33.74, p < .001. The indoor rest condi5on showed a greater decrease in Posi5ve Affect than the other three condi5ons.
• PANAS Nega2ve Affect: The ANOVA for change in Nega5ve Affect from pretest to posKest was not significant, F(3, 174) = .32, p = .812.
• AD-‐ACL Tiredness: The ANOVA for change in 5redness from pretest to posKest was significant F(3, 175)
= 20.34, p <001. The indoor rest condi5on showed a greater increase in 5redness than the other three condi5ons.
• AD-‐ACL Calmness: The ANOVA for change in calmness from pretest to posKest was significant F(3, 175) = 17.91, p <001. The indoor rest condi5on showed a greater increase in calmness than the other three condi5ons. In addi5on, the outdoor exercise condi5on showed a greater decrease in calmness than the outside rest condi5on.
• AD-‐ACL Energy: The ANOVA for change in energy from pretest to posKest was significant F (3, 174) = 23.13, p <001. The indoor rest condi5on showed a greater decrease in energy than the other three condi5ons. In addi5on, the outside exercise condi5on showed a greater increase in energy than the outside rest condi5on.
• AD-‐ACL Tension: The ANOVA for change in tension from pretest to posKest was significant F (3, 177) = 3.39, p =019. The outdoor rest condi5on showed a greater decrease in tension than the outdoor exercise condi5on.
Discussion • Expected Findings: • We had expected to find that outdoor exercise would lead to the most beneficial outcomes. In other
words, we had expected that, compared to the other three groups, par5cipants who exercised outdoors would experience the following: improved aKen5on, increased posi5ve affect, decreased nega5ve affect, increased energy, decreased 5redness, increased calmness, and decreased tension. Instead, we found that, although outdoor exercise led to increased energy and decreased 5redness, the magnitude of these changes did not differ significantly from the magnitude of comparable changes experienced by the indoor exercise group. Indeed, the outdoor exercise group did not differ significantly from the indoor exercise group on any measures.
• A1en2on: • Our findings suggest that the four groups did not differ with respect to changes in aKen5on. All four
ac5vity/loca5on combina5ons led to roughly equivalent improvements in aKen5on. This improvement likely reflects a prac5ce effect on the measures of aKen5on.
• Mood: • The most consistent finding with respect to mood was the nega5ve effect of indoor rest. Compared to
the other three groups, the indoor rest condi5on experienced a greater decrease in energy, a greater increase in 5redness, and a greater decrease in posi5ve affect. Interes5ngly, the indoor rest group also demonstrated a greater increase in calmness than the other three groups. This laKer finding may reflect the low level of arousal associated with the indoor rest condi5on.
• Our findings do suggest that outdoor exercise has different effects on mood than outdoor rest. Specifically, outdoor exercise led to a greater increase in energy and a greater decease in calmness than outdoor rest. Outdoor rest led to a greater decrease in tension than outdoor exercise. It is possible that these differences reflect the lower level of arousal associated with rest.
A1en2on • DSB1 • SDMT1 Mood • Posi2ve Affect1 • Nega2ve Affect1 • Energy1 • Tiredness1 • Calmness1 • Tension1
A1en2on • DSB2 • SDMT2 Mood • Posi2ve Affect2 • Nega2ve Affect2 • Energy2 • Tiredness2 • Calmness2 • Tension2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Pretest DSB PosKest DSB
IE
IR
OE
OR
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
Pretest SDMT PosKest SDMT
IE
IR
OE
OR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Prestest Posi5ve Affect PosKest Posi5ve Affect
IE
IR
OE
OR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Pretest Nega5ve Affect PosKest Nega5ve Affect
IE
IR
OE
OR
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Pretest Tiredness PosKest Tiredness
IE
IR
OE
OR
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Pretest Calmness PosKest Calmness
IE
IR
OE
OR
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Pretest Tension PosKest Tension
IE
IR
OE
OR
Indoor Rest
Indoor Exercise
Outdoor Rest
Outdoor Exercise
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Pretest Energy PosKest Energy
IE
IR