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The Joint Effect of Exercise and Environment on Emo5on and Cogni5on: Con5nued Inves5ga5on Kimberly Breitenbecher, Kathleen Fuegen, Kayla Vires, Young Lee, Nicole Sofranko, and Alexandra Morgan Northern Kentucky University Background Research on A1en2on According to AKen5on Restora5on Theory, there are two types of aKen5on: voluntary aKen5on and involuntary aKen5on. Voluntary aKen5on requires mental effort, whereas involuntary aKen5on does not (Berman, Jonides, & Kaplan, 2008). When we aKend to s5muli that are inherently interes5ng or aesthe5cally pleasing, we use involuntary aKen5on. When we aKend to s5muli that are not inherently interes5ng, we use voluntary aKen5on. Voluntary aKen5on is a limited resource. Extended mental effort can deplete this resource (Kaplan, 1995). According to AKen5on Restora5on Theory, natural environments engage involuntary aKen5on. This exposure gives voluntary aKen5on a chance to become replenished (Berman et al., 2008). Thus, exposure to natural environments can improve fa5gued voluntary aKen5on. Research on Mood Exercise can lead to improvements in mood. Even shortdura5on (e.g., 1015 minute) walks are associated with improved mood and greater energy (Ekkekakis, Hall, VanLanduyt, & Petruzzello, 2000). Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the independent and combined effects of ac5vity (exercise or rest) and environment (indoor or outdoor) on mood and aKen5on. Hypotheses We hypothesized that par5cipants who exercised outdoors would show the most favorable pretest to posKest changes in aKen5on and mood. Method Par2cipants The sample included 108 (59.7%) women and 73 (40.3%) men. Par5cipants were predominantly Caucasian (79%) or African American (9.4%). Par5cipants ranged in age from 1775 years. The mean was 21.59 years (SD = 7.69). Materials A1en2on: Digit Span Backward Task (DSB; Lezak, Howeison, Bigler, Tranel, 2012): The DSB requires par5cipants to repeat series of digits of increasing length in correct reverse order. Symbol Digit Modali5es Test (SDMT; Smith, 1973): The SDMT is a symbol digit subs5tu5on task. Mood: Posi5ve And Nega5ve Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988): The PANAS consists of two subscales. These subscales measure posi5ve affect and nega5ve affect. Ac5va5onDeac5va5on Adjec5ve Checklist (ADACL; Thayer, 1986): The ADACL consists of four subscales. These subscales measure energy, 5redness, tension, and calmness. Addi2onal measures: We administered addi5onal measures, not described here. For details, please see the poster 5tled, “The Joint Effects of Exercise and Environment on Perceived Restora5on, HealthRelated Aitudes, and HealthRelated Behaviors: Con5nued Inves5ga5on.” Procedure Consent: The researcher greeted the par5cipants and obtained informed consent. A1en2on Deple2on: Par5cipants were given five minutes to work on an anagram task in order to deplete efforlul aKen5on. Pretest Assessment of A1en2on and Mood: Par5cipants responded to the two pretest measures of aKen5on (DSB and SDMT) and mood (PANAS and ADACL) in random order. Random Assignment to Experimental Condi2on: Par5cipants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental condi5ons: outdoor exercise, indoor exercise, outdoor rest, or indoor rest. Comple2on of Assigned Task: Outdoor exercise par5cipants walked for 15 minutes on a path around an oncampus lake. Indoor exercise par5cipants walked for 15 minutes on a treadmill in a laboratory. These par5cipants viewed a slideshow or video of scenery as viewed from the path around the oncampus lake. Outdoor rest par5cipants sat on a bench for 15 minutes. The bench was adjacent to the oncampus lake. Indoor rest par5cipants sat for 15 minutes at a desk inside a laboratory. These par5cipants viewed a video or slideshow of scenery as viewed from the outdoor bench. Pos1est Assessment of A1en2on and Mood: Par5cipants responded to the two posKest measures of aKen5on (DSB and SDMT) and mood (PANAS and ADACL) in random order. Indoor Rest With Video Indoor Exercise With Video Outdoor Rest Outdoor Exercise Results Data Analyses In order to inves5gate the rela5onship between changes in aKen5on and mood from pretest to posKest and experimental condi5on, a series of oneway analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted. We conducted 8 analyses using pretest to posKest change scores from 8 dependent variables: DBS score, SDMT score, PANAS Posi5ve Affect, PANAS Nega5ve Affect, ADACL Energy, ADACL Tiredness, ADACL Tension, and ADACL Calmness. The independent variable, experimental condi5on, included four levels: indoor exercise, indoor rest, outdoor exercise, and outdoor rest. A1en2on SDMT: The ANOVA for change in SDMT scores from pretest to posKest was not significant, F(3, 177) = . 58, p = .63. DSB: The ANOVA for change in Digit Span Backward scores from pretest to posKest was not significant, F(3, 177) = .75, p = .53. References Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S. (2008). The cogni5ve benefits of interac5ng with nature. Psychological Science, 19(12), 12071212. Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E.E., VanLanduyt, L.M., & Petruzzello, S. (1999). Walking in (affec5ve) circles: Can short walks enhance affect? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 245275. Kaplan, S.(1995). The restora5ve benefits of nature: toward an integra5ve framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 15, 169182. This project was par2ally funded by the following sources: Northern Kentucky University College of Arts and Sciences Collabora5ve FacultyStudent Project Award Northern Kentucky University College of Arts and Sciences Associate Faculty Professional Development Award Northern Kentucky University Undergraduate Research Council Award Mood PANAS Posi2ve Affect: The ANOVA for change in Posi5ve Affect from pretest to posKest was significant, F(3, 171) = 33.74, p < .001. The indoor rest condi5on showed a greater decrease in Posi5ve Affect than the other three condi5ons. PANAS Nega2ve Affect: The ANOVA for change in Nega5ve Affect from pretest to posKest was not significant, F(3, 174) = .32, p = .812. ADACL Tiredness: The ANOVA for change in 5redness from pretest to posKest was significant F(3, 175) = 20.34, p <001. The indoor rest condi5on showed a greater increase in 5redness than the other three condi5ons. ADACL Calmness: The ANOVA for change in calmness from pretest to posKest was significant F(3, 175) = 17.91, p <001. The indoor rest condi5on showed a greater increase in calmness than the other three condi5ons. In addi5on, the outdoor exercise condi5on showed a greater decrease in calmness than the outside rest condi5on. ADACL Energy: The ANOVA for change in energy from pretest to posKest was significant F (3, 174) = 23.13, p <001. The indoor rest condi5on showed a greater decrease in energy than the other three condi5ons. In addi5on, the outside exercise condi5on showed a greater increase in energy than the outside rest condi5on. ADACL Tension: The ANOVA for change in tension from pretest to posKest was significant F (3, 177) = 3.39, p =019. The outdoor rest condi5on showed a greater decrease in tension than the outdoor exercise condi5on. Discussion Expected Findings: We had expected to find that outdoor exercise would lead to the most beneficial outcomes. In other words, we had expected that, compared to the other three groups, par5cipants who exercised outdoors would experience the following: improved aKen5on, increased posi5ve affect, decreased nega5ve affect, increased energy, decreased 5redness, increased calmness, and decreased tension. Instead, we found that, although outdoor exercise led to increased energy and decreased 5redness, the magnitude of these changes did not differ significantly from the magnitude of comparable changes experienced by the indoor exercise group. Indeed, the outdoor exercise group did not differ significantly from the indoor exercise group on any measures. A1en2on: Our findings suggest that the four groups did not differ with respect to changes in aKen5on. All four ac5vity/loca5on combina5ons led to roughly equivalent improvements in aKen5on. This improvement likely reflects a prac5ce effect on the measures of aKen5on. Mood: The most consistent finding with respect to mood was the nega5ve effect of indoor rest. Compared to the other three groups, the indoor rest condi5on experienced a greater decrease in energy, a greater increase in 5redness, and a greater decrease in posi5ve affect. Interes5ngly, the indoor rest group also demonstrated a greater increase in calmness than the other three groups. This laKer finding may reflect the low level of arousal associated with the indoor rest condi5on. Our findings do suggest that outdoor exercise has different effects on mood than outdoor rest. Specifically, outdoor exercise led to a greater increase in energy and a greater decease in calmness than outdoor rest. Outdoor rest led to a greater decrease in tension than outdoor exercise. It is possible that these differences reflect the lower level of arousal associated with rest. A1en2on DSB 1 SDMT 1 Mood Posi2ve Affect 1 Nega2ve Affect 1 Energy 1 Tiredness 1 Calmness 1 Tension 1 A1en2on DSB 2 SDMT 2 Mood Posi2ve Affect 2 Nega2ve Affect 2 Energy 2 Tiredness 2 Calmness 2 Tension 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pretest DSB PosKest DSB IE IR OE OR 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 Pretest SDMT PosKest SDMT IE IR OE OR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Prestest Posi5ve Affect PosKest Posi5ve Affect IE IR OE OR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pretest Nega5ve Affect PosKest Nega5ve Affect IE IR OE OR 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Pretest Tiredness PosKest Tiredness IE IR OE OR 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Pretest Calmness PosKest Calmness IE IR OE OR 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Pretest Tension PosKest Tension IE IR OE OR Indoor Rest Indoor Exercise Outdoor Rest Outdoor Exercise 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Pretest Energy PosKest Energy IE IR

Emotion and Cognition-reviewed by KF

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The  Joint  Effect  of  Exercise  and  Environment  on  Emo5on  and  Cogni5on:      Con5nued  Inves5ga5on

Kimberly  Breitenbecher,  Kathleen  Fuegen,  Kayla  Vires,  Young  Lee,  Nicole  Sofranko,  and  Alexandra  Morgan    Northern  Kentucky  University  

 Background  

 Research  on  A1en2on  •  According  to  AKen5on  Restora5on  Theory,  there  are  two  types  of  aKen5on:    voluntary  aKen5on  and  

involuntary  aKen5on.    Voluntary  aKen5on  requires  mental  effort,  whereas  involuntary  aKen5on  does  not  (Berman,  Jonides,  &  Kaplan,  2008).  

•  When  we  aKend  to  s5muli  that  are  inherently  interes5ng  or  aesthe5cally  pleasing,  we  use  involuntary  aKen5on.    When  we  aKend  to  s5muli  that  are  not  inherently  interes5ng,  we  use  voluntary  aKen5on.  

•  Voluntary  aKen5on  is  a  limited  resource.    Extended  mental  effort  can  deplete  this  resource  (Kaplan,  1995).    

•  According  to  AKen5on  Restora5on  Theory,  natural  environments  engage  involuntary  aKen5on.    This  exposure  gives  voluntary  aKen5on  a  chance  to  become  replenished  (Berman  et  al.,  2008).    Thus,  exposure  to  natural  environments  can  improve  fa5gued  voluntary  aKen5on.  

Research  on  Mood  •  Exercise  can  lead  to  improvements  in  mood.  •  Even  short-­‐dura5on  (e.g.,  10-­‐15  minute)  walks  are  associated  with  improved  mood  and  greater  energy  

(Ekkekakis,  Hall,  VanLanduyt,  &  Petruzzello,  2000).  Purpose  •  The  purpose  of  this  study  was  to  assess  the  independent  and  combined  effects  of  ac5vity  (exercise  or  

rest)  and  environment  (indoor  or  outdoor)  on  mood  and  aKen5on.      

Hypotheses    

•  We  hypothesized  that  par5cipants  who  exercised  outdoors  would  show  the  most  favorable  pretest  to  posKest  changes  in  aKen5on  and  mood.  

 Method  

Par2cipants  •  The  sample  included  108  (59.7%)  women  and  73  (40.3%)  men.  •  Par5cipants  were  predominantly  Caucasian  (79%)  or  African  American  (9.4%).  •  Par5cipants  ranged  in  age  from  17-­‐75  years.    The  mean  was  21.59  years  (SD  =  7.69).    Materials  •  A1en2on:  •  Digit  Span  Backward  Task  (DSB;  Lezak,  Howeison,  Bigler,  Tranel,  2012):    The  DSB  requires  par5cipants  

to  repeat  series  of  digits  of  increasing  length  in  correct  reverse  order.    •  Symbol  Digit  Modali5es  Test  (SDMT;  Smith,  1973):    The  SDMT  is  a  symbol  digit  subs5tu5on  task.    

•  Mood:  •  Posi5ve  And  Nega5ve  Affect  Schedule  (PANAS;  Watson,  Clark,  &  Tellegen,  1988):  The  PANAS  consists  

of  two  subscales.    These  subscales  measure  posi5ve  affect  and  nega5ve  affect.  •  Ac5va5on-­‐Deac5va5on  Adjec5ve  Checklist  (AD-­‐ACL;  Thayer,  1986):  The  AD-­‐ACL  consists  of  four  

subscales.    These  subscales  measure  energy,  5redness,  tension,  and  calmness.  •  Addi2onal  measures:      

•  We  administered  addi5onal  measures,  not  described  here.  For  details,  please  see  the  poster  5tled,  “The  Joint  Effects  of  Exercise  and  Environment  on  Perceived  Restora5on,  Health-­‐Related  Aitudes,  and  Health-­‐Related  Behaviors:    Con5nued  Inves5ga5on.”  

 Procedure  •  Consent:  •  The  researcher  greeted  the  par5cipants  and  obtained  informed  consent.      

•  A1en2on  Deple2on:  •  Par5cipants  were  given  five  minutes  to  work  on  an  anagram  task  in  order  to  deplete  efforlul  

aKen5on.    •  Pretest  Assessment  of  A1en2on  and  Mood:  •  Par5cipants  responded  to  the  two  pretest  measures  of  aKen5on  (DSB  and  SDMT)  and  mood  (PANAS  

and  AD-­‐ACL)  in  random  order.    •  Random  Assignment  to  Experimental  Condi2on:  •  Par5cipants  were  randomly  assigned  to  one  of  four  experimental  condi5ons:    outdoor  exercise,  

indoor  exercise,  outdoor  rest,  or  indoor  rest.  •  Comple2on  of  Assigned  Task:  •  Outdoor  exercise  par5cipants  walked  for  15  minutes  on  a  path  around  an  on-­‐campus  lake.  •  Indoor  exercise  par5cipants  walked  for  15  minutes  on  a  treadmill  in  a  laboratory.    These  par5cipants  

viewed  a  slideshow  or  video  of  scenery  as  viewed  from  the  path  around  the  on-­‐campus  lake.  •  Outdoor  rest  par5cipants  sat  on  a  bench  for  15  minutes.    The  bench  was  adjacent  to  the  on-­‐campus  

lake.  •  Indoor  rest  par5cipants  sat  for  15  minutes  at  a  desk  inside  a  laboratory.    These  par5cipants  viewed  a  

video  or  slideshow  of  scenery  as  viewed  from  the  outdoor  bench.    

 

     

 •  Pos1est  Assessment  of  A1en2on  and  Mood:  •  Par5cipants  responded  to  the  two  posKest  measures  of  aKen5on  (DSB  and  SDMT)  and  mood  (PANAS  

and  AD-­‐ACL)  in  random  order.      

           

                                                                       Indoor  Rest  With  Video                                                            Indoor  Exercise  With  Video                                    

                                                                                                                                                                                         Outdoor  Rest                                                                                              Outdoor  Exercise  

                           

Results  Data  Analyses  •  In  order  to  inves5gate  the  rela5onship  between  changes  in  aKen5on  and  mood    from  pretest  to  posKest  

and  experimental  condi5on,  a  series  of  one-­‐way  analyses  of  variance  (ANOVAs)  were  conducted.  •  We  conducted  8  analyses  using  pretest  to  posKest  change  scores  from  8  dependent  variables:    DBS  score,  

SDMT  score,  PANAS  Posi5ve  Affect,  PANAS  Nega5ve  Affect,  AD-­‐ACL  Energy,  AD-­‐ACL  Tiredness,  AD-­‐ACL  Tension,  and  AD-­‐ACL  Calmness.  

•  The  independent  variable,  experimental  condi5on,  included  four  levels:  indoor  exercise,  indoor  rest,  outdoor  exercise,  and  outdoor  rest.    

 A1en2on  

•  SDMT:    The  ANOVA  for  change  in  SDMT  scores  from  pretest  to  posKest  was  not  significant,  F(3,  177)  =  .58,  p  =  .63.    

•  DSB:    The  ANOVA  for  change  in  Digit  Span  Backward  scores  from  pretest  to  posKest  was  not  significant,  F(3,  177)  =  .75,  p  =  .53.  

                   

References  •  Berman,  M.  G.,  Jonides,  J.,  &  Kaplan,  S.  (2008).  The  cogni5ve  benefits  of  interac5ng  with  nature.  Psychological  Science,  19(12),  1207-­‐1212.  •  Ekkekakis,  P.,  Hall,  E.E.,  VanLanduyt,  L.M.,  &  Petruzzello,  S.  (1999).  Walking  in  (affec5ve)  circles:  Can  short  walks  enhance  affect?  Journal  of  Behavioral  Medicine,  23,  245-­‐275.  •  Kaplan,  S.(1995).  The  restora5ve  benefits  of  nature:  toward  an  integra5ve  framework.  Journal  of  Environmental  Psychology.  15,  169-­‐182.    

This  project  was  par2ally  funded  by  the  following  sources:    •  Northern  Kentucky  University  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences  Collabora5ve  Faculty-­‐Student  Project  Award  •  Northern  Kentucky  University  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences  Associate  Faculty  Professional  Development  Award  •  Northern  Kentucky  University  Undergraduate  Research  Council  Award  

               

 Mood  •  PANAS  Posi2ve  Affect:  The  ANOVA  for  change  in  Posi5ve  Affect  from  pretest  to  posKest  was  significant,  

F(3,  171)  =  33.74,  p  <  .001.    The  indoor  rest  condi5on  showed  a  greater  decrease  in  Posi5ve  Affect  than  the  other  three  condi5ons.        

•  PANAS  Nega2ve  Affect:  The    ANOVA  for  change  in  Nega5ve  Affect  from  pretest  to  posKest  was  not  significant,  F(3,  174)  =    .32,  p  =  .812.    

 •  AD-­‐ACL  Tiredness:    The  ANOVA  for  change  in  5redness  from  pretest  to  posKest  was  significant  F(3,  175)  

=  20.34,  p  <001.    The  indoor  rest  condi5on  showed  a  greater  increase  in  5redness  than  the  other  three  condi5ons.  

•  AD-­‐ACL  Calmness:  The  ANOVA  for  change  in  calmness  from  pretest  to  posKest  was  significant  F(3,  175)  =  17.91,  p  <001.  The  indoor  rest  condi5on  showed  a  greater  increase  in  calmness  than  the  other  three  condi5ons.    In  addi5on,  the  outdoor  exercise  condi5on  showed  a  greater  decrease  in  calmness  than  the  outside  rest  condi5on.    

•  AD-­‐ACL  Energy:    The  ANOVA  for  change  in  energy  from  pretest  to  posKest  was  significant  F  (3,  174)  =  23.13,  p  <001.    The  indoor  rest  condi5on  showed  a  greater  decrease  in  energy  than  the  other  three  condi5ons.    In  addi5on,  the  outside  exercise  condi5on  showed  a  greater  increase  in  energy  than  the  outside  rest  condi5on.    

•  AD-­‐ACL  Tension:    The  ANOVA  for  change  in  tension  from  pretest  to  posKest  was  significant  F  (3,  177)  =  3.39,  p  =019.    The  outdoor  rest  condi5on  showed  a  greater  decrease  in  tension  than  the  outdoor  exercise  condi5on.  

           

Discussion  •  Expected  Findings:  •  We  had  expected  to  find  that  outdoor  exercise  would  lead  to  the  most  beneficial  outcomes.    In  other  

words,  we  had  expected  that,  compared  to  the  other  three  groups,  par5cipants  who  exercised  outdoors  would  experience  the  following:    improved  aKen5on,  increased  posi5ve  affect,  decreased  nega5ve  affect,  increased  energy,  decreased  5redness,  increased  calmness,  and  decreased  tension.    Instead,  we  found  that,  although  outdoor  exercise  led  to  increased  energy  and  decreased  5redness,  the  magnitude  of  these  changes  did  not  differ  significantly  from  the  magnitude  of  comparable  changes  experienced  by  the  indoor  exercise  group.    Indeed,  the  outdoor  exercise  group  did  not  differ  significantly  from  the  indoor  exercise  group  on  any  measures.  

•  A1en2on:      •  Our  findings  suggest  that  the  four  groups  did  not  differ  with  respect  to  changes  in  aKen5on.    All  four  

ac5vity/loca5on  combina5ons  led  to  roughly  equivalent  improvements  in  aKen5on.    This  improvement  likely  reflects  a  prac5ce  effect  on  the  measures  of  aKen5on.  

•  Mood:      •  The  most  consistent  finding  with  respect  to  mood  was  the  nega5ve  effect  of  indoor  rest.    Compared  to  

the  other  three  groups,  the  indoor  rest  condi5on  experienced  a  greater  decrease  in  energy,  a  greater  increase  in  5redness,  and  a  greater  decrease  in  posi5ve  affect.    Interes5ngly,  the  indoor  rest  group  also  demonstrated  a  greater  increase  in  calmness  than  the  other  three  groups.    This  laKer  finding  may  reflect  the  low  level  of  arousal  associated  with  the  indoor  rest  condi5on.  

•  Our  findings  do  suggest  that  outdoor  exercise  has  different  effects  on  mood  than  outdoor  rest.    Specifically,  outdoor  exercise  led  to  a  greater  increase  in  energy  and  a  greater  decease  in  calmness  than  outdoor  rest.    Outdoor  rest  led  to  a  greater  decrease  in  tension  than  outdoor  exercise.    It  is  possible  that  these  differences  reflect  the  lower  level  of  arousal  associated  with  rest.  

 

A1en2on  •  DSB1  •  SDMT1    Mood  •  Posi2ve  Affect1  •  Nega2ve  Affect1  •  Energy1  •  Tiredness1  •  Calmness1  •  Tension1  

A1en2on  •  DSB2  •  SDMT2    Mood  •  Posi2ve  Affect2  •  Nega2ve  Affect2  •  Energy2  •  Tiredness2  •  Calmness2  •  Tension2  

0  

1  

2  

3  

4  

5  

6  

7  

8  

9  

Pretest  DSB   PosKest  DSB  

IE  

IR  

OE  

OR  

55  

57  

59  

61  

63  

65  

67  

69  

Pretest  SDMT   PosKest  SDMT  

IE  

IR  

OE  

OR  

1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  

Prestest  Posi5ve  Affect   PosKest  Posi5ve  Affect  

IE  

IR  

OE  

OR  

1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  

Pretest  Nega5ve  Affect   PosKest  Nega5ve  Affect  

IE  

IR  

OE  

OR  

1  

1.5  

2  

2.5  

3  

3.5  

4  

4.5  

5  

Pretest  Tiredness   PosKest  Tiredness  

IE  

IR  

OE  

OR  

1  

1.5  

2  

2.5  

3  

3.5  

4  

4.5  

5  

Pretest  Calmness   PosKest  Calmness  

IE  

IR  

OE  

OR  

1  

1.5  

2  

2.5  

3  

3.5  

4  

4.5  

5  

Pretest  Tension   PosKest  Tension  

IE  

IR  

OE  

OR  

Indoor  Rest  

Indoor  Exercise  

Outdoor  Rest  

Outdoor  Exercise  

1  

1.5  

2  

2.5  

3  

3.5  

4  

4.5  

5  

Pretest  Energy   PosKest  Energy  

IE  

IR