NORMA TECNICA

Unfired pressure vessels - Part 1: General

01/05/2002

IN VIGORE

EN 13445-1:2002

N° RIF. IIC08829

CLASSIFICAZIONE ARGOMENTO

TESTO DELLA NORMA

13

Inglese

CEN/TC 54

C08829_2002_REN.pdfFilename

DATA

TITOLO INGLESE

STATO VALIDITA'

LINGUA

PAGINE

PREZZO NON SOCI 13,00PREZZO SOCI 6,50

EN 13445-1:2002 - 01-05-2002 - Unfired pressure vessels - Part 1: General

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EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM

EN 13445-1

May 2002

ICS 23.020.30 Contiene le Correction Notice del:

� 30/07/2003

English version

Unfired pressure vessels - Part 1: General

Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Partie 1: Généralités

Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 1: Allgemeines

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 May 2002. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION C O M I T É E U R O P É E N D E N O R M A LI S A T I O N EUR OP ÄIS C HES KOM ITEE FÜR NOR M UNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

© 2002 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.

Ref. No. EN 13445-1:2002 E

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Contents

Foreword....................................................................................................................... ...............................................3

Introduction ................................................................................................................... ..............................................4

1 Scope ........................................................................................................................ ................................................71.1 General..................................................................................................................... .......................................71.2 Exclusions .................................................................................................................. ....................................7

2 Normative references .......................................................................................................... ..........................8

3 Terms and definitions......................................................................................................... ...........................8

4 Quantities, symbols and units................................................................................................. ...................10

ANNEX ZA(Informative) Clauses of this European Standard addressing essential requirements or otherprovisions of EU Directives .................................................................................................... ....................12

Bibliography ................................................................................................................... ...........................................13

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Foreword

This document (EN 13445-1:2002) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 54 "Unfired pressurevessels", the secretariat of which is held by BSI.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text orby endorsement, at the latest by November 2002, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latestby November 2002.

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the EuropeanFree Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).

For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.

This European Standard concerning “Unfired pressure vessels” comprises the following Parts:

Part 1: General.

Part 2: Materials.

Part 3: Design.

Part 4: Fabrication.

Part 5: Inspection and testing.

Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed fromspheroidal graphite cast iron.

CR 13445-7, Unfired pressure vessels - Part 7: Guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures.

Although these Parts may be obtained separately, it should be recognised that the Parts are inter-dependant. Assuch the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels requires the application of all the relevant Parts in order for therequirements of the Standard to be satisfactorily fulfilled.

Corrections to the standard interpretations where several options seem possible are conducted through theMigration Help Desk (MHD). The Help Desk can be found at www.unm.asso.fr/en13445en which includes adownloadable form for questions and instructions on how to submit a question. After subject experts have agreedan answer, the answer will be communicated to the questioner. Corrected pages will be given specific issuenumber and issued by CEN according to CEN Rules. Interpretation sheets will be posted on the website.

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

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Introduction

EN 13445 specifies the requirements for design, construction, inspection and testing of unfired pressure vessels. Itdefines terms, definitions and symbols applicable to unfired pressure vessels.

NOTE In EN 13445 the term pressure vessel includes the welded attachments up to and including the nozzle flanges,screwed or welded connections, or the edge to be welded at the first circumferential weld at connecting piping or otherelements. The term unfired excludes vessels that are subject to direct generated heat or flame impingement from a firedprocess. This does not exclude vessels subject to electrical heating or heated process streams.

In Parts 1 to 5 only pressure vessels manufactured from steels and steel castings as detailed in Part 2 of thisstandard are covered. Part 6 specifically deals with spheroidal graphite cast iron and special considerations apply.

Part 1

This Part outlines the basic principles underpinning the standard. The manufacturer is required to declare that thetechnical design specification and the supporting documentation are in compliance with the requirements of thisstandard.

Unforeseen factors may arise that require design modifications and/or manufacturing concessions. These need tobe handled with the same rigour as the original design.

Part 2

This Part deals with the general philosophy on materials, material grouping and low temperature behaviour inrelation to Room Temperature performance. It is limited to steel with sufficient ductility and excludes at presentmaterials operating in the creep range. Part 2 provides the general requirements for establishing technical deliveryconditions.

Furthermore Part 2 includes the requirements for marking. Four annexes give further details. The normativeAnnex A includes the material grouping system, which is in accordance with CR ISO 15608:2000. This system isused throughout the whole standard. Furthermore Annex A adds a list of all those material grades based uponEuropean base material standards which are accepted to be used for unfired pressure vessels made to thisstandard The normative Annex B gives the necessary information on the requirements for the prevention of brittlefracture in the base material and the welds. Two methods based upon a code of practice developed from fracturemechanics are covered. The informative Annex C gives information on technical delivery conditions for cladproducts. Annex D gives an informative survey on European base material and component standards and theirsystematic nomenclature.

Part 3

This Part of this standard gives the rules to be used for design and calculation under internal and/or externalpressure (as applicable) of pressure bearing components of Pressure Vessels, such as shells of various shapes,flat walls, flanges, heat exchanger tubesheets, including the calculation of reinforcement of openings. Rules arealso given for components subject to local loads and to actions other than pressure.

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For all these components the DBF (Design by Formulae) method is generally followed, i.e. appropriate formulaeare given in order to find stresses which have to be limited to safe values. These formulae are generally intendedfor predominantly non-cyclic loads, which means for a number of full pressure cycles not exceeding 500.

However general prescriptions are also given for DBA (Design by Analysis) which can be used either to evaluatecomponent designs or loading situations for which a DBF method is not provided, or, more generally, as analternative to DBF.

Methods are also given where a fatigue evaluation is required, due to a number of load cycles being greater than500. There are two alternative methods: a simplified method based on DBF (valid only in case of pressurevariations) and a more sophisticated method based on a detailed determination of total stresses using, for example,FEM or experimental methods. This can be used also in the case of variable loads other than pressure.

For certain components (such as flanges and tubesheets) also an alternative DBF method (based on limit analysis)has been provided; the choice of which method has to be used in each particular case is left to the Designer.

For the time being, the scope of Part 3 is limited to steel components working at temperatures lower than the creeprange of the specific material concerned.

Part 4

The philosophy in Part 4 is based on existing good practice in current European Standards, manufacturing andsub-contracting, material traceability, tolerances, welding procedures and qualification, production testing, forming,post weld heat treatment and repairs for steel constructions. Part 4 is not applicable for Part 6 which has separateand different requirements regarding manufacturing.

Part 5

This Part covers all those inspection and testing activities associated with the verification of the pressure vessel forcompliance with the standard.

Inspection activities include design review by the manufacturer and supporting technical documentation. .Numerous inspection activities, in addition to the Non Destructive Testing (NDT) are described including documentcontrol, material traceability, joint preparation and welding.

The requirements for testing are predominantly related to individually designed single vessels. However, Annex Aprovides a procedure for serially produced pressure vessels.

The level of testing is driven by the selection of the vessel testing group. Basically, the testing group determines thelevel of NDT and the joint coefficient used in the design. There are four testing groups which are designed to givethe same safety by a combination of several factors. Testing groups take into consideration manufacturingdifficulties associated with different groups of steels, maximum permitted thickness, welding processes, servicetemperature range and the thickness by means of the joint coefficient of the governing joint. (i.e. the full penetrationbutt joint that, as a result of the weld joint coefficient, governs the thickness of the component).

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The testing groups are numbered from 1 to 4 in decreasing levels of NDT. However, it was necessary to subdividetesting groups 1, 2 and 3 into subgroups 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, and 3b in order to reflect the better behaviour to cracksensitivity of easy to weld steels of groups 1.1, 1.2 and 8.1.

A single testing group is normally applied to the entire vessel. However, provided specific requirements are met, acombination of testing groups is permitted.

In terms of NDT, the overall philosophy has been the general adoption of ISO/DIS 5817:2000 quality level 'C' forpredominantly non-cyclic loaded vessels and level 'B' for vessels subject to cyclic loadings.

Part 6

This Part specifies that the manufacturer shall select a testing factor of 0,8 (visual inspection only) or 0,9 (NDTinspection) when a cast pressure vessel or cast part is designed for pressure up to 50 bar and a maximumtemperature of 300 °C. For component the DBF method is generally followed. Appropriate formulae are given inorder that the stresses be limited to safe values. These formulae are generally intended for predominantly staticloads, which means for a number of load cycles not exceeding 200 000 in the case of spheroidal graphite cast iron.Calculation of minimum wall thickness is dealt with by Part 3 except for design stresses which are given in Part 6. Amethod for design by experiment up to 6 000 bar·l without calculation is given. Material requirements are as in Part2 except for the tables in Part 6. Inspection and testing requirements are as in Part 5 except requirements forcastings and test pressure. Interaction between good design and good workmanship is so important for castvessels that special requirements are laid down in this Part. Annex A is informative for the determination of burstpressure and wall thickness minimum requirements.

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1 Scope

1.1 General

This Part of this European Standard defines the terms, definitions, symbols and units that are used throughout theEN 13445.

This Part of EN 13445 also gives guidelines on the principles on which each part of the standard has been based.This information is aimed to aid the user of the EN 13445. This European Standard applies to unfired pressurevessels subject to a maximum allowable pressure greater than 0,5 bar gauge but may be used for vesselsoperating at lower pressures, including vacuum.

This European Standard applies to maximum allowable temperatures for which creep effects need not beconsidered. The corresponding limits to calculation temperatures are given in Part 3 (see subclause 5.1).

In EN13445-3:2002 two methods of Design by Analysis (DBA) are given in Annex B and Annex C respectively.Both of these are normative. However Parts 2, 4 and 5 of this edition of the standard do not include provision withintheir respective areas of responsibility for vessels designed using Design by Analysis – Direct Route (DBA) ofEN13445-3:2002, Annex B.

NOTE The selection, application and installation of safety related accessories intended to protect pressure vessels duringoperation are covered in prEN 764-7.

1.2 Exclusions

This European Standard is not applicable to pressure equipment of the following types:

a) transportable pressure equipment;

b) items specifically designed for nuclear use, the failure of which may cause a release of radioactivity;

c) pressure equipment intended for the generation of steam or superheated water at temperatures higher than110 °C;

d) vessels of riveted construction;

e) vessels of lamellar cast iron or any other materials not included in EN 13445-2 or EN 13445-6;

f) multilayered, autofrettaged or pre-stressed vessels;

g) pipelines and industrial piping.

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2 Normative references

This European Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. Thesenormative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. Fordated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this EuropeanStandard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of thepublication referred to applies (including amendments)

prEN 764-1:2001, Pressure Equipment — Terminology — Part 1:Pressure, temperature, volume, nominal size.

EN 764-2:2002, Pressure Equipment — Part 2: Quantities, symbols and units.

EN 764-3:2002, Pressure Equipment — Part 3: Definition of parties involved.

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in prEN 764-1:2001, EN 764-2:2002and EN 764-3:2002 and the following apply.

3.1main pressure bearing partsparts which constitute the envelope under pressure, essential for the integrity of the equipment

3.2pressure vesselhousing and its direct attachments up to the coupling point connecting it to other equipment, designed and built tocontain fluids under pressure

NOTE A vessel may be composed of more than one chamber.

3.3fluidgas, liquid and vapour in their pure phase as well as mixtures thereof.

NOTE A fluid may contain a suspension of solids.

3.4pipingpipe or system of pipes, tubing, fittings, expansion joints, hoses or other pressure-bearing components, intendedfor the transport of fluid, connected together and integrated into a pressure system

3.5assemblyseveral pieces of pressure equipment assembled by a manufacturer to constitute an integrated and functionalwhole

3.6pipelinespiping or system of piping designed for the conveyance of any fluid or substance to or from an installation (onshoreor offshore) starting from and including the first isolation device located within the installation and including all theannexed equipment designed specifically for pipelines

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3.7maximum allowable pressure (PS) maximum pressure for which the pressure vessel is designed as specified by the manufacturer

3.8maximum/minimum allowable temperature ( TS)maximum/minimum temperature for which the pressure vessel is designed as specified by the manufacturer

3.9testing groupone of the four groups designed to specify the extent of non-destructive testing and destructive testing necessary inassociation with weld joint coefficient, material grouping, welding process, maximum thickness, service temperaturerange

NOTE The testing group of a vessel is not linked to the hazard category.

3.10weld joint coefficientreduction coefficient related to the testing group and which is applied to the nominal design stress

3.11required thicknessthickness excluding corrosion or any other allowances specified in EN 13445

3.12hazard categorycategory of the pressure vessel taking into account the potential hazards

3.13testing factora factor taking into account the amount of NDT testing in castings, applied on the nominal design stress

3.14material manufacturerindividual or organization that produces material in the basic product form used in the manufacture of pressureequipment

3.15manufacturerindividual or organization that is responsible for design, fabrication, testing, inspection, installation of pressureequipment and assemblies where relevant

NOTE 1 The manufacturer may subcontract one or more of the above mentioned tasks under its responsibility.

NOTE 2 In EU member states the manufacturer is responsible for compliance with the Pressure Equipment Directive97/23/EC. For those manufacturers outside the EU their authorized representative inside the EU assumes this responsibility.

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4 Quantities, symbols and units

Quantities, symbols and units to be used for pressure equipment shall be in accordance with Tables 4.1 and 4.2and EN 764-2:2002

NOTE 1 Other symbols used in specific parts of this European Standard are tabulated in the relevant part.

NOTE 2 The choice of the appropriate multiple (decimal multiple or sub-multiple) of a unit is governed by convenience, themultiple chosen for a particular application being one which should lead to numerical values within a practical range. Thereforewhen indicating quantities it is recommended that decimal multiple or sub-multiple quantities be chosen such that the resultingvalues are easy to handle, e.g. between 0,1 and 1 000. The non-SI units, bar for pressure and l for volume should be used onthe nameplate.

Table 4-1 — Quantities for space and time

Quantity Symbol Unit

Time t s, min, h

Frequency f Hz

Dimension any Latin letter a mm

Length l mm

Thickness e mm

Corrosion allowance c mm

Diameter d, D mm

Radius r, R mm

Area A, S mm2

Volume, capacity V mm3 b c

Weight W N, kN

Density ρ kg/mm3 d

Second moment of area Ι mm4

Section modulus Z mm3

Acceleration γ m/s2

Plane angle any Greek letter a rad, °a

Symbols may use any lower-case letter, except for those defined elsewhere in this table.b

volume may also be given in m3 or l.c

litre "l" is a non-SI unit which may be used with SI units and their multiples.d

Density may also be given in kg/m3.

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Table 4-2 — Mechanical quantities

Quantity a Symbol b Unit

Force F N

Moment M N.mm

Pressure p, P bar c, MPa, N/mm2

Celsius temperature t °C

Thermodynamic temperature T K

Linear expansion coefficient α µm/m°C

Normal stress σ MPa, N/mm2

Shear stress τ MPa, N/mm2

Nominal design stress f MPa, N/mm2

Tensile strength Rm MPa, N/mm2

Yield strength Re MPa, N/mm2

1 % proof strength Rp1.0% MPa, N/mm2

Proof strength at temperature t Rp/t MPa, N/mm2

Upper yield strength ReH MPa, N/mm2

0,2 % proof strength Rp0,2 MPa, N/mm2

0,2 % proof strength at temperature t Rp0,2/t MPa, N/mm2

Ultimate tensile strength at temperature t Rm/t MPa, N/mm2

Modulus of elasticity E MPa, N/mm2

Shear modulus G MPa, N/mm2

Poisson's ratio υ -

Strain ε %

Elongation after rupture/fracture A %

Impact energy KV J

Hardness HB,HV -

Joint coefficient z -

Safety factor S -a

Quantities without a temperature index normally refer to room temperature.b

Some of these symbols, such as R, f, are not part of ISO 31.c "bar" is a non-SI unit which may be used with SI units and their multiples. .The unit bar shall be usedon nameplates, certificates, drawings, pressure gauges and instrumentation and is always used as agauge pressure. This is in line with the requirements of the Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC.Note The use of symbols for temperature may be different from the PED.

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Annex ZA(Informative)

Clauses of this European Standard addressing essential requirements orother provisions of EU Directives

This European standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and theEuropean Free Trade Association and supports essential requirements of the Pressure Equipment Directive97/23/EC with regard to general requirements for unfired pressure vessels.

WARNING Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the products falling within the scopeof this standard.

Compliance with the clauses of this standard given in Table ZA.1 provides one means of conforming to the specificessential safety requirements of the Directive concerned and associated EFTA regulations.

Table ZA.1 — Correspondence between this European Standard and Directive 97/23/EC

Clauses of thisEuropean Standard

Content Essentialrequirements ofDirective 97/23/EC,Annex I

All clauses General 1.1

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Bibliography

prEN 764-7, Pressure equipment — Part 7: Safety systems for unfired pressure equipment.

ISO/DIS 5817:2000, Welding - Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam weldingexcluded) - Quality levels for imperfections