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The Relationship between

Engineering and Architecture

References:

The Tower and the Bridge by David Billington

Bridging the Gap, Proceedings of the Building Arts Forum

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Designers of Three DimensionalPublic Spaces

Architects

Structural

EngineersSculptors

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3 Measures of Design Performance

Efficiency Scientific Dimension

Use of Minimal Natural Resouces

Economy Social Dimension

Use of Minimal Public Resources

Must Consider Material Costs & Constructability

Elegance Symbolic Dimension

Aesthetic Motivation of the Designer

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Efficiency

Form Controls the Forces

Form Changes the Actions & Reactions

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Economy

Dependant upon Time & Place

Quantities are measurable but«labor & bidding process are not

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N ervi A builder and designer of new forms

´..searching for solutions that were intrinsically and constructionally the most economic..µ

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Constructability Roebling numerous dwgs & studies of construction

methods

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Constructability Eiffel

5000 dwgs of parts &assembly techniques

close relationship w/contractor

refinement of design

Pia Maria bridge ->Garabit Viaduct

Span: 165m, Material:wrought iron

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Constructability Morandi

detailed investigations of construction process

Span: 100 m, Rise: 20 m, Ravine Depth: 110 m

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Candela Hyperbolic

paraboloidconcrete shells

´ ..the only way

to be an artist inthis difficultspecialty of building is to be

your owncontractor.µ

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Elegance Aesthetic ideas can

be traced back toViollet le Duc,Entretiens, (1863,

1872) Theories on the

importance of structural

expression andconstructiontechniques

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Engineering v. Science

Engineering (Technology) is: the making of things that did not previously exist

creation of specific objects

Science is: the discovery of things that have long existed

creation of general theories that unify knowledge

To what extent does technological

innovation flow from scientificdiscovery?

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Methodology

Scientific Analysis

Visual Analysis

Empirical Analysis

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Synthesis of Methodologies

ETH, Zurich,

Three Principles of Professor Ritter importance of calculations, attempts to simplify

analytical procedures

engineers have major responsibilities duringconstruction

importance of full scale load tests

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Robert Maillart evolution of three-

hinged concretearch bridges

visual & empirical

methods

Stauffacher Bridge, 39.6m

Zuoz Bridge, 38.3m

Tavanasa Bridge, 51m

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The Relationship betweenEngineering & Architecture

Schism

Collaboration

Synthesis

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Schism

separation between architect, engineerand constructor

pre-schism architect was the ´MasterBuilderµ ie Brunelleschi

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W hat Lead to the Schism: Industrial Revolution

introduced new materials, methods and aspirations

specialized schools wereestablished

Ecole des Beaux Arts

ETH, Zurich

architectural curricula focused on:

visual methods

product engineering curricula focused on:

numeric methods

process

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Role of the Architect Today Venturi: ́ The

Decorated Shedµ

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Role of the Architect Today Jorn Utzon, Sydney

Opera House

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Role of the Architect Today Owens Corning HQ:

Toledo, OH CMU CBPD team

exterior architect

interior architect production drawing

architect

curtainwall architect

engineering disciplines

construction manager

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Role of the Engineer Today

technician vs innovator synthesis of scientific & empirical

knowledge

debate is raging over appropriatecurriculum

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De Menil Gallery: Piano & Rice

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Two Different Viewpoints

How does the understanding of space/structure from two different viewpointsaffect the project

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K imball Art Museum:K ahn & K ommendant

Is it a Barrel Vaultoris it an Inverted ´Tµ?

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Collaboration

a close working relationship betweenindividuals from different backrounds

mutual respect

common vocabulary

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CCTV:K oolhaus + Arup

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Japan Pavilion Expo 2000:Buro Happold + Ban + Otto

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BMW Welt:Coop Himmelb(l)au + B&G

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Mercedes Museum:UN Studio + W erner Sobek

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Synthesis

Can there be amodern day´masterbuilderµ? Nervi, Candela,

Wright, Rogers,Calatrava

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Can the synthetic process be oneof skillful coordination?

Specialists and manufacturers aretaking a bigger rolein the process

Maki, Fujisawa,

Gymnasium Roof

Ando, Mt RokkoChapel, Ground Glass

Foster, Hong Kong

Shanghai Bank

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Synthesis

Can the synthetic process be aredefinition of the problem? Traditional process

client, architect, builder

design - bid - build

Owens Corning Process CM hires specialized disciplines

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Conclusion

No definitive answers CMU curriculum helps to expose you to

these issues so that you are betterprepared for the future but, while you have architects & engineers for teachers

you do not collaborate with engineering studentsin the studio

Push yourselves to understand the

relationship between engineering &architecture through the vehicle of thisstudio

Documents

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