7/27/2019 engl 11 20

1/14

Grammar ReferencePresentPerfectContinuousWe usethe present perfect continuous (have been+ verb -ing):. to put emphasison the duration of an action which started in

the past and continues up to the present. Youhave beenreading thatbookallday.. for an action which started in the past and lastedfor sometime. It maystill be continuing or hasfinishedalready,with theresultvisiblein the present.Myeyesaretearybecausehavebeenchopping onions.. to express anger, irritation or annoyance. Shehas been using my .perfume without asking me. for repeatedactions in the past continuing to the present. Ihavelearnedthepia!'opiecebecausehavebeenpractisingeveryday.

'The time expressions we use with the present perfectcontinuous are: for,since,how long ...?,all day/morning/month,ete,lately,recently

Note; with the verbs live, work, teach and feel we can use thepresent perfect or the present perfect continuous with no differencein meaning.Wehave lived/havebeen living inAthensfor thepast twoyears.

Unit 3PastSimpleWe use the past simple:. for an action that occurred at a definite time (stated or

implied) in the past. The football organisation fired the team'scoachyesterday. for actions that happened immediatelyafter one another inthe past . He opened the window and shouted to his friend.. for habits or states which are now finished. My uncle worked ina supermarket when he was younger.Note that used to can also be used instead of the past simplefor habits/repeated actions inthe past.

The time expressionswe use with the past simple are:yesterday,then, when, How long ago ...?, last night/week!month/year/Friday/Oetober,te,threedays/weeks,ete ago, in1999,ete

PastContinuousWe use the past continuous (was/were + verb -ing); for an action which was in progress when another action

interrupted it. We use the past continuousfor the action inprogress (longer action) and the past simplefor the actionwhich interrupted it (shorter action). We were watching thetennismatch when therewasan electricity black-out. for two or more simultaneous actions in the past. Iwas writingout the invitations while Philip was addressing the envelopes. for an action which was in progress at a stated time in thepast. We don't mention when the action started or finished. At7 o'clock last night, Iwas working out at the gym. to describe the atmosphere, setting, etc and to givebackground information to a story. A light breezewas blowing

and the sun was shining. Iwas reading by the pool when I heard ascream.

Note: When there are two past continuous forms ina sentence withthe same subject, we can avoid repetition by using the presentpart ic iple (-ing form) and leaving out the verb to be. We were walkingalong, talking about our day. (= Wewere walk ing along and we were talk ingabout our day. )

The time expressionswe use with the past continuousare:while,when,as,allmorning/evening/day/week,te

PastPerfectWe usethe past perfect (had+pastparticiple): for an action which happened before another past action or

before a stated time in the past. Judy had finished herhomework by seven o'clock. for an action which finished in the past and whose result wasvisible at a later point in the past. Hehad heard the news a fewdaysearlier and he wasstill in shock. for a general situation inthe past. Everyone had been pleasant inthe beginning.

The time expressionswe use with the past perfect are:before,after,already,ust, for,since,till/until,when,bythetime,never,ete

PastPerfectContinuousWe use the past perfect continuous (had been + verb -ing); to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started

and finished in the past, before another action or stated timein the past, usually.with for or since. Thecakehad been bakingin the cookerfor about an hour whenI realisedthat I hadn't added theeggs. for an action which lasted for some time in the past andwhose result was visible in the past. Hehad been travelling allnight andhewasexhausted.

The time expressions we use with the past perfectcontinuous are: for,since,how long, before,until, ete

UsedtoWe use used to + infinitive to refer to past habits or states.In such cases! used to can be replaced by the past simple with nochange in meaning. When our children wereyounger, they played/usedto play tennis.However, for an action that happened at a definite time in the pastwe use the past simple, not used to. I cut thegrassyesterday.(NOT: Il15efl t6 (!.Itthe f).oilS!}'E!!;ter4e}:) ....We use would/used to for repeated actions or routines in the past.Wewould/used to goout onSaturday nights.Time expressions to talk about the past:ago (= back in time from now) is used with the past simple. The

. concert f in ished an hour ago.since (= from a starting point in the past) is used with the

present perfect (simple and continuous).Ihaven't been to thecinema sincemy sonwasborn.251

7/27/2019 engl 11 20

2/14

Grammar Referencefor (= over a period of time) is used with the present per fect

(simple and continuous). They'vebeendiscussing the issueforhours.

already is used in statements and questions (to show surpr ise) .I havealready eaten lunch.Haveyou already paid off your car?

yet is u sed with the present perfect in questions and negations.Haveyou spoken to thepoliceyet?I haven't decidedyet.

TheUnrealPastThe past simple can be used to refer to the present when we talkabout imaginary, unreal or impossible si tuations which are contraryto facts in the present. -The past perfect can be used to refer to imaginary, unreal orimpossible si tuations which are contrary to facts in the past.

Thepastsimpleis usedwith: type 2 Conditionals - If shehad themoney,shewouldbuyanAlfa

Romeo. suppose/supposing - Suppose/Supposingouwereoffered theposition,whatwouldyoudo? wish/if only -I wish/Ifonly I lived inmyownflat. would rather (present) -I'd rather you invited theSmiths. asif/as though - Joanneactedasif/as thoughshekneweverything. i t's (about/high) time - Irs (about/high) time you threw thatjunkaway.

The past perfect is used with: type 3 Conditionals - If you hadn't moved in to this building, I

wou ldn 't h ave met you . suppose/supposing - Suppose/Supposing you had seenhimtakingthebracelet,wouldyouhavesaidanything? wish/if only - I wish/Ifonly Ihadn't causedsucha fuss. Would rather (past) - I'd rather you had not told me what youthought about him. as if/as though - Christadidn't know anything about art, but shespokeabout Rembrantas though/as if shehad been apersonalfriend.

Unit4ThePassiveWe form the passivewith the verb to be in the approp'tiate tense andthe past participle of the main verb. Only transitive verbs (verbswhichtake an object) can be used in the passive.

252

We use the passive: when the personor peoplewho do the action are unknown,

unimportant or obvious from the context. A parcel wasleft onmydoorstep.(Theidentity of thedelivererisunknown.) Thefilm wasmadein 1903.(It'snot imporfant to know who made it.) Passportsmust bepresentedat the border crossing.(It'sobvious that thepassport holdersmust present theirpassports.) when the action itself ismore important than the person/peoplewho do it, as in news headlines, newspaper articles, formalnotices, advertisements, instructions, processes, etc. Violatorswillbe heavily fined.

when we want to avoid taking responsibility for an action or whenwe refer to anunpleasant event and we do not want to saywho orwhat is to blame. Mistakesweremade in the final copy.Theoriginaldocuments havebeenmisplaced.

Changing from the active to the passive: the object of the activesentencebecomesthe subject in the

passive sentence the active verb remains in the same tense but changes into apassive form the subject of the active sentence becomes the agent, and iseither introduced with the preposi tion by or isomitted.

ACTIVESubjectThegardener

Verbwas watering

Objectthe plants.

Subject Verb AgentPASSIVE The plants were beingwatered bythe gardener. Only transitive verbs (verbs that take an object) can be

changed into the passive. Active: I slept well last night.(intransitiveverb)No passiveform: L8MR;htwaswe!!s.'pt.Note: some transitive verbs (have,be,exist,seem,fit, suit,resemble,lack, etc) cannot be changed into the passive. I have a chronicback problem. NOT: .~6f:mm;c 8ack f;;eBle!'R ;! l i8 S BY! 'Re.

We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be ineverydayspeechwhen we talk about things that happen byaccident or unexpectedly. He gets paid on a monthly basis.(insteadofheispaid...) By + the agent is used to say who or what carries out anaction. With + instrument/material/ingredient is usedto saywhat the agent used. TheCupwaswon byArgentina.Thesteakwassprinkledwith whitepepper. The agent can be omitted when the subject is they, he,someone/somebody, people, one, etc. Nobodyfound theanswer.= Theanswerwasnot found. The agent is not omitted when it is a specific or importantperson, or when it is essential to the meaning of the sentence.Thenovel waswritten by Toni Morrison.

With verbs which can take two objects such as bring, tell,send,show,teach,promise, buy,sell,read,offer,give, lend,etc,we can formtwo different passive sentences.My employer promised me apay rise. (active)I waspromiseda payrisebymy employer.(passive,more usual)Apay risewaspromisedtomebymy employer.passive,essusual) I f in an active sentence a preposit ion follows a verb, then in thepassive it is placed immediately after the verb. The tide washedthesandcastleaway. Thesandcaslte waswashed away by the tide. The verbs hear, help, see and make are followed by the bareinfinitive inthe activebut bythe to-infinitive inthe passive.Thepoliceofficermade thedrivermove hercar.Thedriverwasmade tomoveherear.

Let becomes be allowed to in the passive. Betty let the childrenstayuppastmidnight.Thechildrenwere allowed to stay uppastmidnight. Toask questions in the passivewe follow the samerulesasforstatements,keepingin mind that the verb isin the interrogativeform. Haveyoubookedyourappointment?Hasyour appointmentbeenbooked(byyou)yet? When we want to find out who or what perforqJ.ed an action,the passive question form is Who/What .. . by?What was theulcercausedby?

-

UFW

Causativeform we usehave + object + past part iciple to saythat we have

arranged for someone to do something for us. The pastparticiple has a passivemeaning. Leohad his hair dyed. (Hedidn' t dye it himsel f.)

7/27/2019 engl 11 20

3/14

Questions and negations of the verb have are formed withdo/does (presentsimple)or did (pastsimple).Didyouhave thecomputer repaired yesterday? We also use have something done to talk about anunpleasant experience that somebody had. Lastnight she hadherpassportstolen. (=her passport was stolen by someone) We can use the verb get instead of have in informalconversation. I'm going toget my windows washed at the weekend.Note: The word order isvery important. Leo liad his hair dyedand Leo had dyed his hair have verydifferent meanings. In thefirst case Leo arranged for someone else to dye his hair,whereas, inthe second case, he dyed it himself.

Unit5FutureSimpleWe use the future simple (will + bare infinitive) for: decisions made at the moment of speaking. Thisroom'sa mess,

I'll tidy it later. predictions about the future, based on what we think, believeor imagine, using the verbs think, believe, expect, etc, theexpressions be sure, be afraid, etc, and the adverbs probably,certainly, perhaps, etc. Shewill probably accept thejob offer. promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes and offers. Willyou lend me somemoney till nextweekend? actions, events, situations which will definitely happen in thefuture and whichwe can't control.Ouroldestsonwill be thirtynextMay.

Grammar ReferenceBegoing toWe use begoing to: for plans, intentions or ambitions for the future. He'sgoing to

be a veterinarian when hegraduates. actions we have already decided to do in the near future. Wearegoing to buy that antique mirror wesaw. predictions based on what we can see or what we know,especially when there isevidence that something will happen.Hefeelsveryguilty;he'sgoing to tell herthetruth.

The time expressionswe usewith the future simple andbe going to are: tomorrow,thedayafter tomorrow,tonight,soon,nextweek/month/year/summer,tc,inaweek/month,etc

FutureContinuousWe use the future continuous (will be + verb -ing):

for actions which will be in progress at a stated future time. Iam going toCuba.Thistime next week,I'llbe travelling to Havanna. for actions which will definitely happen in the future as theresult of a routine or arrangement. I willbe driving to thecountryside at the weekend. when we ask politelyabout someone's plans/intentions for thenear future. Willyou be needing an extrapillow,madam?

Timeclauseswith future referenceWe use the present simple or present perfect, but NOTfuture forms,with words and expressionssuch as while,before, after, until/till, as, when, whenever, once, assoon as, as long as, by the time, etc to introduce timeclauses. By the time we get to the surpriseparty, Ellawill havearrived.(NOT:By#Ie time r:e wilt get ...JWe also use the present simple and present perfect, butNOTfuture forms, after words and expressionssuch asunless, if, suppose/supposing, in case, etc. Takeyourumbrellain case it ra ins. (NOT: ...iff E65e YE/!1will Reef/it.)

We use future forms with: when when it is used as a question word. When will thedaffodils be blooming? if/whether after expressions which show uncertainty/ignorance,etc, such as I don't know, I doubt, Iwonder, I'mnot sure, etc. I doubt whether hewillget hereon time.

FuturePerfect-+ will have+ pastparticiple We use the future perfect for actions that will have finishedbefore a stated time inthe future. Iwillhave prepared supperby7:00pm.

The time expressions we use with the futtlre perfectare: before,by,by then,by the time,until/till (onlyin negativesentences)

Future PerfectContinuous -+ will havebeen+ verb+ -ing We use the future perfect conti"uo..s -: ~;>duration of an action up to a cena r . ---= .:

Regular active Causative formformPresent Simple Shemows the Shehasthe lawnlawn. mowed.Present Sheismowing the Sheishaving theContinuous lawn. lawnmowed.Past Simple Shemowed the She had the lawnlawn. mowed.Past Continuous She was mowing Shewas having thethe lawn. lawnmowed.Future Simple Shewillmow the Shew ill have thelawn. lawnmowed.Future Shewillbe mowing She will be havingContinuous the lawn. the lawnmowed.Present Perfect She has mowed She has had the

the lawn. lawnmowed.Present Perfect She has been She has beenContinuous mowing the lawn. having thelawnmowed.Past Perfect She had mowed She had had the

the lawn. lawnmowed.Past Perfect She had been She had beenContinuous mowing the lawn. having thelawnmowed.Infinitive Sheshouldmow Sheshouldhave the

the lawn. lawnmowed.-ing form Idon'tmind Idon't mind havingmowing the lawn. the lawnmowed.

7/27/2019 engl 11 20

4/14

Grammar Referencefuture perfect continuous is used with: by...for. By the end ofSeptember, she will have been living inTunisia for three years.

Unit 6ConditionalsType0 conditionals are used to express a general truth or a scientificfact . Inthis type of conditional, we can use when instead of if.

If-clause Main ClauseIf/When + present simple -> present simpleIf/When you mix white and blackpaint, you get grey.

Type 1 conditionalsare used to expressa real or very probablesituation inthe present or future.If-clause Main Clause

If + presentsimple -> future simple, imperative, cantmust/may,etc + bare infinitiveIfI finish thisjob beforeFriday,will/might,etcgo toa spaat theweekend.

When the hypothesis (if-clause) comes before the main clause, weseparate them with a comma. When the main clause comes before theif-clause,then we do not use a comma to separate them.Note: with Type1 conditionals we can use unless + affirmative verb(= if+ negativeverb).I willnot beina positiontocomeunlesssomeonebuysmyticket.(=ifsomeonedoes not buymyticket.) Conditionals Type 2 (unreal present) are used to express

imaginary situations which are contrary to facts inthe presentand, therefore, are unlikelyto happen in the present or future.We can use either were or was for all persons inthe if-clause.We can also use the structure If Iwere you ... to give advice.If-clause Main Clause

If+ past simple/past -> would/could/might + presentcontinuous bare infinitiveIfshe knew the answer,she would tellme.IfI was travelling around Europe, Iwould travel by train.If Ihad a betteragent, Iwould get betteracting offers.

Conditionals Type 3 (unreal past) are used to expressimaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the past.They are also used to express regrets or criticism.If-clause Main Clause

If+ past perfect/past -> would/could/might + perfectperfect continuous bare infinitiveIf he had told meabout hisproblems,Iwould have helped him.IfIhadn't been working yesterday,Iwould have gone shopping.

54

MixedConditionalsWe can form mixed conditionals, if the context permits it, bycombining an if - clausefrom one type with a main clause fromanother.

If-clause Main ClauseType2If the plane landed late last night,

Type1hewon~beonnmefurwo~today.Type3you wouldn't have spokentoyour supervisor like that.Type2Iwould be fine now.

Type2Ifyou were lessimpulsive,

Type3If Ihadn't drunk the bad milk,

Wishes Wecan usewish lif only to expressawish.Verb Tense Use

Notes: If only isusedinexactlythe sameway aswish bu;:- ~more emphaticor more dramatic. We can use were instead of was after wish a'lConly. IwishIwere/wasafamouswriter! After the subject pronouns I and we, we cap ..:xcould instead of would. IwishIcouldstudyarthisrOf"

+ past simple/ Iwish Iwas/were tosay that we wcx..cpast continuous 10years old. (but likesomething tobe

I 'm not) Ifonly I different about awere travelling present situationwith you and notalone! Itwould bemuch more fun.(but I'm not)

+ past perfect IwishIhad saved to express regret[TIoremoney during about somethingmy twenties.(but I which happenea 0didn't) didn'thappen in :'-o?IfonlyIhadn't pastbeen soharshtoher! Wecould stillbe friends.(but Iwas)

+ subject + Iwishyou would to express:would + bare stop spreading apoliteinfinitive rumours. imperative

Ifonlyitwould be a desireforasituation orsunny onmy person'sbirthday! behaviour tochange

7/27/2019 engl 11 20

5/14

Unit 7InversionNo sooner had Ihanded inmy resignation than my post was filled.There are two ways to invert the subject and the verb:1 be/have/modallauxiliary verb + subject + main verbIt isused inthe following cases: in questions. Areyou walking to work today? after the following words or expressions, when the9 come

at the beginning of a sentence.SeldomRarely'LittleBarelyNowhere(else)NeJ/e/" (be,ro/"e)Not (even) onceOn no accountOnly by

Only in this wayOnly thenHardly(ever) ... whenNo sooner ... thanNot only... but (also)Not i//7t,#t/1IIn no wayIn/Under no circumstancesNot since, etc

.

Never (before) have I met such an ambitious teenager.Notonly did she make it on the school's honour list but she (also)won a bursary.Seldom do I drive during a snowstorm.BUT:Iseldom drive duringa snowstorm.(There isno inversionbecause the word seldom does not come at the beginningof the sentence.)Note: When the expressions only after, only by, only if,only when, not until/till come at the beginning of asentence, the inversion isin the main clause.Onlyafterheupdatedhisskillswashe able to getajob.OnlyifI seet withmyowneyeswilli believesomethingikethat.with so, neither, nor to express agreement. "I lovehotapplestreudel.""Sodo I."(We use so to agree with anaffirmative statement.) "I can't stand loud people:"Neither/NorcanI."(Weuse neither/ nor to agree with anegative statement.) Hewasa greatcomposer,as was hisfather/andsowashisfather.with should, were, had when they comeat the beginningof an if-clause instead of if.Type1: ShouldMargaretarrive before come,tellhertowait.

(= Ifshe should arrive ...)Type 2: WereI you, I wouldmove to a new flat. (= If I were

you ...)Type 3: HadI known that'swhat he hadintended,I wouldhave

leftmonthsago.(= IfIhad known...)

.

2 main verb + subjectItis used inthe followingcases:. after verbs of movement or adverbial expressions of placewhen they come at the beginning of a sentence. Beyondthe open fieldsstood the majestic mountains. In the armchairlay a sleeping cat. Here comes the star of our show. Theregoes another missed opportunity.Ifthe subject isa pronoun, there isno inversion. Heretheycome. (NOT:Hen?fBmE!tRe}:)Upyou go.(NOT:/fJB rB~.). in direct speech when the subject of the introductory verb isa noun. "Ineeda newcomputer,"said Sheryl. (OR:noSherylsaid.)"I'llhaveto runsometests,"said thedodor. (OR:.. thedoctorsaid.!BUT:"Whowasthat?"heasked.NOT:..~, ~ecausethesubject of the introductory verb isa pronoun.)

Grammar Reference

Logical Assumptions/DeductionsMust: sure/certain that sth istrue.Must is used in affirmative sentences and expresses positive logicalbeliefs.Youhavebeenpractisingall day,youmust beexhausted!Can't/couldn't: certain that sth isnot true/real.Can't and couldn't are used in negations and express negative logicalassumptions.Thatcan'tbemyhusband,he'snLondon.PossibilityCan + present infinitive: general possibility, sth theoretically possible; notused for a specificsituation. Youcan havemilkorjuice.Could/May/Might + present infinitive: it is possible/likely,perhaps;used to show sth is pQssible in a specific situation. Youshould keep//;0/ 'p/;0/7'" /7U/77Pe?'/r /778/,huf",k/o".",""""./"Note: we can use can/could/might in questions BUTNOTmay. Doyouthinkthatyoucan/could/mightgivemeanansweroday?Could/MightIWould + perfect infinitive: refers to the past, sth thatwas possiblebut didn't happen.Youmighthavechangedobs.Obiigation/DutyNecessityMust: expresses duty, strong obligation to do sth; sth is essential.We generally use must when the speaker has decided that sth isnecessary. Imust explainwhat happened.Have to: expresses strong necessity/obligation. We usually use haveto when somebody other than the speaker has decided that stb ISnecessary. Theandlordsaidwehave topaytherenttomorrow.Note: must and have to havedifferentmeaningsin questions.Do Ihaveto paythefullamountnow?(Ist necessaryorme...?)MustIstayforthewholemeeting?DoyouinsistthatI...?)Should/Ought to: express duty, weak obligat ion. These are lessemphaticthan must/have to. Youshould thinkaboutitbeforeyou makea finaldecision.Need:expressesnecessity(it isnecessaryto). Youneedtoworkuntillatetonight.Note: need can be used as a modal verb or as a main verb with nochange in meaning.NeedI putmoreoilinmycar?DoI needtoput moreoilinmycar?

Absenceof necessityNeedn't/Don't have to/Don't need to + present infinitive:it isn'tnecessary to do sth (in the present/future). Youdon't need to drivemehome, I will takea cab.Didn't have to/Didn't need to: it wasn't necessary to do >'U' edon't know if it was done or not. Hedidn't have to.zteed to ~_ --enewspaper.Wedon'tknowfheboughthe~ 0 tJ"Needn't + bare perfect infinitive: t 'a5 "0- ~.,.,., -= _ s-itwas done. Youneedn't have bouglJt:>"3:&: '':L~-'ProhibitionMustn'tiCan't t IS=~":XP'you are not a!D' ~ -= X ;;the exam

-- -

7/27/2019 engl 11 20

6/14

Grammar ReferenceCriticismCould/Should/Might/Ought to + perfect infinitive: used to criticisesomeone's actionsor lackof action (inthe past);it wouldhavebeenbetter ifyouhad ... (past). Youcould have been on time forthemeeting.

Unit8RelativeClausesRelativeclauses are introduced with either a relative pronoun ora relativeadverb.Relative PronounsWeuse:i. who(m)/that to referto people.ii. which/that to referto things.iii. whose with people, animalsand objects to show possession(insteadof a possessiveadjective). Who, which, and that can be omitted when they are the

object of the relativeclause.Thatsthefilm (that)I wastellingyouabout. Whom can be used instead of who when it is the object of therelative clause. Whom is always used instead of who or thatafter a preposition.She'ssomeonewithwhomIusedtowork. Who, which, or that is not omitted when it is t he subject of arelative clause. Theplay which won the TonyAward wasa musical. Whose is never omitted. ThissBruceWeberwhosephotographsyou must haveseen.

Relative adverbsWe use:when/that to refer to a time (and can be omitted).Thatwas

theyear(when/that)mysonwasborn.ii. where to referto a place.ThelatwhereI/iveisonthetopfloor.iii. why to give a reason, usually after the word reason (why canbe omitted).Thereason(why)shequitherob isonlytobeguessed.

Identifying and Non-Identifying RelativeClausesAn identifying relative clause gives necessary information essential tothe meaning of the mainsentence. It is not put between commasand isintroducedwith who, with, that, whose, where, when, orthe reason (why). Any student who iscaught cheating will beexpel/ed.A non-identifying relative clause gives extra information and is notessent ial to the meaning of the main sentence. It is put between commasand isintroduced with who, whom, which, whose, where, or when. Astudent,whowascaughtcheating,wasexpel/ed.

Unit 9Reported SpeechReported speech is the exact meaning of what someone said, butnot the exact words. We do not use quotation marks. The word thatcan either be used or omitted after the introductory verb (say,tel/,suggest,etc).Rachelsaid(that)shewould bakea cakefor theparty.

Say -Tell say + no personal object - Joey said he was an actor. say + to + personal object -Joey said to ushewasan actor. tell + personal object - Joeytold us he wasan actor.Expressionsusedwith say, tell and ask.

hello, good morning/afternoon, etc, something/nothing, so, a prayer, a few words, no more, forcertain/sure, etcthe truth, a lie, a story, a secret, a joke, the time, thedifference, one from another, somebody one's name,somebody the way, somebody so, someone'sfortune, etca question, a favour,the price, after somebody, thetime, around, for something/somebody, etc

"

"n

"n

'WReported Statements

In reported speech, personal/possessivepronouns andpossessiveadjectiveschangeaccording to the meaning of thesentence.Phoebesaid,"I'mgoingtosingmylatesthit song."Phoebesaid(that)shewasgoingtosingher latesthitsong. We can report someone's words either a long time after theywere said (out-of-date reporting) or a short time after theywere said(up-to-date reporting).

"

"Up-to-date reporting t

Thetensescan eitherchangeor remainthe samein reported speech.Direct speech: Monicasaid,"Istil/haven'tseenyournewhouse."Reported speech: Monicasaid(that)shestillhasn't/hadn't seenournew.,house.

ROut-of-date reporting

Certain words and time expressionschangeaccording to themeaningas follows:now -> then, immediatelytoday -> that dayyesterday -> the day b efore, the previousdaytomorrow -> the next/following daythis week -> that weeklastw eek -> the week before, the previousweeknext week -> the week after, the following weekago -> beforehere -> therecome -> gobring -> take

The verb tenses remain the same in reported speech when theintroductory verb is in the present, future or present perfect.Rosssays, "/'m handsome."

7/27/2019 engl 11 20

7/14

-'1e verb tenses change when the introductory verb is in thecast simple. The tenses change as follows:

Reported Questions Reported questions are usually introduced with the verbs ask,inquire, wonder or the expression want to know. When the direct question begins with a question word (who,where, how, when, what, etc), the reported question isintroduced with the same question word.'Whendoesthetrainleave,please?"directquestion)Heaskedme when the trainleaves.(reported question). When the direct question beginswith an auxiliary(be, do,have), or a modal verb (can, may, etc), then the reportedquestion isintroducedwithif orwhether."00 you think we'll have a white Christmas?" (direct question)He asked me if I thought we would have a white Christmas. (reportedquestion)

In reported questions, the verb is in the affirmative.Thequestion mark and words/expressions such as please, well, oh,etc are omitted. The verb tenses, pronouns and timeexpressions change as in statements.CanI havesomemoreporridg e,please?directquestion)Oliveraskedme if he could havesomemoreporridge.(reportedquestion)

Reported OrdersTo report orders in reported speech, we use the introductory verbsorder or tell + sb + (not) to-infinitive.Gotoyourroom!(directorder)Heorderedthemto go totheirroom.(reportedorder)Don'tmove!(directorder)Shetold usnot to move.(reportedorder)

Grammar ReferenceReportedCommands,Requests,Suggestions,etcToreport commands,requests,suggestions,instmctions,etc,we usea special introductory verb followed by a to-infinitive, -ing form, orthat-clause, depending on the introductory verb.

257

Direct speech Reported speechPresent Simple -> Past Simple

'"'OWhe secret." He said (that) he knew thesecret.

Present Continuous -> Past Continuousamrehearsing myspeech He said (that) he was rehearsing

-()'I(." his speech at that moment. .

Present Perfect -> Past Perfecthave given up biting my He said (that) he had given up

'IOils." biting his nails.Past Simple -> Past Simple or Past Perfect

,hey gave me promotion at He said (that) they gave/hadwork." given him promotion at work.Past Continuous -> Past Continuous or Past PerfectContinuous

"Iwas trying to open a jar." He said that he was trying/hadbeen trying to open a jar.

Future (will) -> Conditional (would)"Iwill hang the picture He said that he would hang thetomorrow." picture the next/following day.

Introductory Direct speech Reported speechverb+ to infinitiveagree ''Alright,I'lllend you She agreed tolend me

1'eTh'O'j): \.*claim "Ihave undeniable She claimed to have

proof!" undeniable proof.*demand "Iwant you to give me She demanded to be

a second chance!" given a second chance.offer "Icould driveyou to He offered to drive himthe airport. " to the airport.

*promise "Igive you my word of She promised to decidehonour that 1will what was best for thedecide what's best for company.the company."refuse "Definitelynot! Iwon't She refused topaypay you until Iget the until she got thenegatives." negatives.

*threaten "Giveme my money or She threatened to takeelse 1will take you to him to court if hecourt. " didn't give back her

money.+sb+to-infinitiveadvise "Youhad better get a He advised me to get a

good lawyer." good lawyer.allow You may speak to She allowed me tohim, but only for a few speak to him but onlyminutes. " for a few minutes.

ask "Howdidyou find out?" Heaskedme how Ihadfound out.beg "Don'ttellanyone." Hebegged me not to

tellanyone.command "Staybehind the Shecommanded himyellowline." to stay behind the

yellowline.encourage 'Youshould tryforthe Heencouragedher to

Olympicteam." try for the Olympicteam.forbid 'Youcannot use my car She forbade us to use

for the next month." her car f or thefollowing month.invite 'Would you liketojoin Sheinvitedhim tojoinme fordinnerthis herfordinnerthat

evening?" evening.order "Getoff theprivate Sheorderedthem toproperty!" get off theprivate

property.*remind 'Whateveryou do, Heremindedhim notdon't feedmy dog to feedherdog fromfrom the table." the table.

*warn "Noone should be She warned me not totrusted. " trust anyone.

7/27/2019 engl 11 20

8/14

Grammar Reference

* The verbsmarkedwith an asteriskcan alsobe followedby athat -clause in reported speech.

Unit 10The Definite Article theWeuse the: with nouns when talking about something specific. Nickhas a

doberman. Thedoberman isblack. with nouns that are unique (the sun, the world, etf). with names of newspapers (the Herald), cinemas (the Odeon),theatres (the GlobeTheatre),museums/art galleries (the BritishMuseum), ships (the QueenMary),organisations (the UN). with the names of rivers (the Amazon), groups of islands (theAzores), mountain ranges (the Rockies). deserts (the Saharah),oceans (the Indian),canals (the Panama), countries when theyinclude words such as States, Kingdom, Republic (the CzechRepublic),names or nouns with of (the Houseof Parliament),ingeographical terms 'such as the AntarctidArctidequator, theSouth of France, the North/ South/East/West. with the names of musical instruments/dances (the bass,the tango). with the names of families (the Browns)/nationalities ending in -sh,-ch or -ese (the Dutch). with titles (the Ambassador,the Prime Minister) but not withtitles including a proper name (PrincessDiana). with adjectives/adverbs in the superlative form (the bestpizza Ihaveevereaten), but when most is followed by a noun, itdoesn't take the (mostpeople enjoylisteningtomusic). with the words day, morning, afternoon and evening. Itwas late

inthe afternoon.BUT:at night, at noon, at midnight, byday/night with historical periods/events (the Renaissance, the Korean war.)BUT: World War II with the words only, last and first (used as adjectives). Iwasthe only one who was a vegetarian. with the words station, cinema, theatre, l ibrary, shop, coast ,sea (side), beach, country(side), city, jungle, world, ground,weather. Wewentfora strollalongthebeach.We do not use the: with uncountable and plural nouns when talking aboutsomething in general. Chocolate is a verypopular sweet.Catsareassumed to be lessaffectionate than dogs. with proper nouns. Lynn works in a clothing factory. with the names of sports, games, activities,days, months,celebrations, colours, drinks and meals. We'llmeet on Tuesday. with languages unless they are followed by the wordlanguage. MaryspeaksGreek,Englishand French. BUT: TheGermanlanguageisspokennsomepartsofSwitzerland. with the names of countr ies which don't include the word States,Kingdom or Republic. Canada, Argentina, Morocco. BUT thereare some exceptions: the Ukraine, the Gambia, the Vatican. with the names of streets (Sherbrooke Street, Madison Avenue BUT:the M6, the A42), squares mmes Square), bridges (London BridgeBUT: the Golden Gate Bridge), parks (HydePark), railway stations(paddington, Grand Centra/), mountains (Kilimanjaro), individualislands (Crete),lakes (LakeMichigan) and continents (Asia). with possessive adjectives/possessive case. Thatis my computer. with the names of restaurants, shops, banks, hotels, etc whichare named after the people who started them (Maey's). with the words bed, hospital, college, court , prison, school,university when we refer to the purpose for which they exist.Patrickwasill inhospital.BUT:Iwentto thehospital to visithim. with the word work (= place of work). Sheleft work at six. with the words home, mother, father, etc when we talkabout our ownhome/parents.Iwenthome at 10pm yesterday. with by + means Qftransport (bybus/ferry/train/car, etc). with the names of illnesses. Luke'sgot asthma. BUT: flu/the flu,measles/themeasles,mumps/themumps.

~'It'I

RulesforPunctuationA full stop (.) isused: to end a sentence that is not a question or an exclamation.

Wehopeyouhavea greatbirthday.Wewishyoutheverybest.A comma (,) isused: to separate words in a list. I'vebeen to Italy.Greece and Slovenia. to separate a non-identifying relative clause from the main clause.EltonJohn, who isperforming tonight in London, ismy favourite singer. when if-clauses begin sentences. Ifyou go, I'llgo. to separate question tags from the rest of the sentence.BruceandDemihaven'tgotadivorceyet,havethey?

A question mark (7) isused: to end a direct question. What is the reasonfor such behaviour?An exclamationmark (!)isused: to end an exclamatory sentence. Wow!!can't believeit!Quotation marks (" " ") are used: ~ in direct speech to report the exact words someone said.

"Could I speak with you in private?" he asked her."Hehas left," saidAntonia. 'Theyleft without paying," said thewaiter.

A colon (:) is used: to introduce a list. You'llneed:garlic, onions and olive oil.An apostrophe (') isused: in short formsto showthat one or more letters or numbershave been left out. He's (= He is)... in '66. (= 1966) before or after the possessive-s to show ownership or therelationship between people. myson's friend.

Introductory Direct speech Reported speechverb+ -ing formaccuse sb of "Youare withholding She accused him of

evidence. " withholding evidence.*admit (to) "Ido envy the He admitted to envying

opportunities you've the opportunities shehad." hadhad.

apologise for "I'mreally sorry I Heapologised fordented your car." denting her car. -*boast about! "Ihave a Jaguar He boasted aboutof convertible!" having a Jaguar

convertible.*complain (to "Ihqve terrible pains in She complained offsb) of/about my stomach. " about having terrible

pains in her stomach.*deny "Iknew nothing about He denied knowingsucha businessdeal." anything about such a

business deal.*insiston '1must speak to the He insisted oneditorof thenewspaper." speaking to the editor

of the newspaper.*suggest "Howabout buying Hesuggested (their)

Cecilea shawl for her buying Cecilea shawlbirthday?" for her birthday.+ that clause

explain 'The medicine should She explained that thetake effect in five medicine should takeminutes. " effect in five minutes.

inform sb "I'm afraid Miss The secretary informedPaltrow won't bein me that Miss Paltrowbefore this Thursday." would not be in before

that Thursday.

7/27/2019 engl 11 20

9/14

- - - ---

IrregularVerbs l. . ,.

, be was been lie lay lainbear bore born(e) light lit litbeat beat beaten lose lost lostbecome became become make made made

I

begin began begun mean meant meant.bite bit bitten meet met metblow blew blown pay paid paidbreak broke broken put put putbring brought brought read read readbuild built built ride rode riddend burn burnt (burned) burnt (burned) ring rang rungburst burst burst rise rose risen

I

buy bought bought run ran runcan could (been able to) say said saidcatch caught caught see saw seenchoose chose chosen seek sought soughtcome came come sell sold soldcost cost cost send sent sentcut cut cut set set setdeal dealt dealt sew sewed sewnI

dig dug dug shake shook shakendo did done shine shone shone

I

dream dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) shoot shot shotdrink drank drunk show showed showndrive drove driven shut shut shuteat ate eaten sing sang sung

I

fall fell fallen sit sat satfeed fed fed sleep slept sleptfeel felt felt smell smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled).I fight fought fought speak spoke spokenfind found found spell spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled)flee fled fled spend spent spentfly flew flown split split splitforbid forbade forbidden spread spread spread

I forget forgot forgotten spring sprang sprungforgive forgave forgiven stand stood stoodfreeze froze frozen steal stole stolen

I

get got got stick stuck stuckgive gave given sting stung stunggo went gone stink stank stunkgrow grew grown strike struck struckhang hung (hanged) hung (hanged) swear swore swornhave had had sweep swept swept

I hear heard heard swim swam swumhide hid hidden take took takenhit hit hit teach taught taughthold held held tear tore rn

Ihurt hurt hurt tell told toldkeep kept kept think thought thoughtknow knew known throw threw thrownlay laid laid understand understood understoodlead led led wake woke wokenlearn learnt (learned) learnt (learned) wear wore worn

I leave left left win won wonlend lent lent write wrote written\ let let let I .-259

7/27/2019 engl 11 20

10/14

AppendixUnit1carry off = manage(avictory)carry on = continuecarry out = followcarry over = continueto existcarry sth through = manageto accomplishwear away = erode/becomeerodedwear down = weakenwear off = decreasewear on = pass(of a day)wear sth out = damagethrough use

Unit 2put aside= save(money)put back= replaceput down = criticiseput off = postponeput sb through = causesbto endure(pain,hardship)put up = construct,assembleput upwith = tolerateset sb back= costset in = continue, developset off = embark(on ajourney)

Unit 3bring about = causebring in = introducebring over = conveybring round = revivestand by = supportstand for = representstand in for = replacestand out = beobvious

Unit4cut back= reducecut down = decreasecut in = interruptcut off = sever,separatepassaway = diepasson = giveto the next personpassout = faintpassover = ignore

Unit 5send back= returnsend for = summonsendon = forwardsend out on = ordertake back= admit to anerror/withdraw a statementtake in = understandtake on = accepttake up = begin doing sth

IUnit6get across= conveyget ahead= succeed/makeprogressget around = overcome/avoid(a difficulty/anobstacle)get sbdown = depresssbwork into = find time forwork off = eliminatework out = calculate/solvea problem)work up = causeto beupset

Unit 7clear away = removeclear out = emptyclear up = cure(an infection/askinproblem)hold back= suppresshold off = delayhold out = extendhold up = rob

UnitSdrag sbdown = causesbto fail/bedestroyeddrag in = inappropriatelymentiondrag on = continueunnecessarilydrag out of = manageto elicitkeep back= reservekeepsb on = continueto employkeep to = adherekeepup with = stayon the samelevelas

Unit9go on = continuego over= examinego under = fail/go bankruptgo up = increasepick at = nibblepick on = bullypick out = selectpick up = collect

Unit 10call for = demandcall off = cancelcall up = telephonecall upon = requestdraw in = involvedraw on = use(anability/ a resource)draw out = lengthen(aprocess)draw up = write (aplan/acontract) 'i?

7/27/2019 engl 11 20

11/14

261

Personalopinion: In my opinion/view, Tomy mind, Tomy way of thinking, I am convinced that, It ismy firm beliefthat, I am inclined to believe that, It seems to me that, As far asI am concerned, I think that ourefforts will meet with success.

To list advantages and One advantage of, Another advantage of, One other advantage of, A further advantage of, Thedisadvantages: main advantage of, Thegreatest advantage of, The first advantage of having apet isthat they

are fantastic company.One disadvantage of, Another disadvantage of, One other disadvantage of, A furtherdisadvantage of, Themain disadvantage of, Thegreatest disadvantage of, Thefirst disadvantageof having a pet isthat they need a lot of care.

To list points: Firstly,Firstof all, In the firstplace,Secondly,Thirdly,Finally,Tostart/begin with, wehavetomakeboth sides feel comfortable before talks can continue.To list points: BEGINNINGFirst,Tostart/beginwith,Firstof all,make sureyou have all the necessaryingredients.

CONTINUING- Secondly,After this/that, Afterwards,Then,Next,mix all the ingredients ina bowl.CONCLUDING - Finally,Lastly, Last but not least, bake the cakeina medium oven.

Toadd more points Whatis more, Furthermore, Apartfromthis/that,naddition to this),Moreove Besides (this),...not toto the sametopic: mention the fact that the Internet has made a major impact on education, which will greatly

influence thewaywe teachand learn.Not only has the Internet made a major impact on education, but it will also greatly influence theway we teach and learn.TheInternet is both having a major impact on education and issomething that will influence theway we teach and learn.

To refer to other sources: With reference to, According to recent statistics, the number of unemployed is increasing.To expresscause: Thehousewasdemolishedbecause, owing to the fact that, due to the fact that, on the groundsthat, since,as theyaregoing to build a block of flats there.In view of, Becauseof, Owing to the fact that theyare going to build a blockof flats there,the housewasdemolished.Theyaregoing to builda blockof flats there; for this reason, the house was demol ished.Seeing that they are going to build a block of flats there, the house was demolished.

To expresseffect: Herhealthwasfailingandshewantedmoretimewithherfamily;hus,therefore,so,consequently,as a result,asa consequence,shedecideqto retire.To expresspurpose: Shequit herjob, so that she could travel around the world.

Shequit herjob, so as to/in order to travel around the world.Ibought a new bicyclewith the purpose/intention of cycling to work in the mornings

Toemphasisea point: Indeed, Naturally, Clearly, Obviously, Of course, Needless to say, the extent of his talentguaranteed thathewouldbea great actor.

To express reality: It is a fact that, In effect, In fact, As a matter of fact, The fact of the matter is(that), Actually, Inpractice, Indeed, failing to watch your diet willlead toyour gaining weight.

Togiveexamples: For instance, For example, byproviding flexibleworking hours, businesses can encourageemployees to"be more productive.By providing incentives suchas,like flexibleworking hours, businesses can encourage employees tobe moreproductive.If employeesareto bemore productive, then the provision of incentives, particularly, in particular,especially flexibleworkinghours, is essential.

To make general Asa (general)rule,Byand large,Generally,Ingeneral,Onthe whole, themoredecisionsyouletthestatements: a childmakeonhisown,themoreself-sufficienthewill be.To make partially Up to apoint, Toa certain extent/degree,Tosomeextent/degree,In a sense,In a wgy,Toatrue statements: limitedextent,thisistruebutseriousthletesillalwaysneedhesupport ftheircoachandteam-mates.To express limited Tothebestofmyknowledge,Asfar asI know, Tony hasalreadysenttheletters.knowledge:To state other people's It ispopularly believedthat, Peopleoften claim that, It isoften alleged that, Somepeopleargueopinions: that, Manyarguethat, Mostpeoplefeelthat, Somepeoplepoint out that homeopathic

remediescanbemoreeffectivethan conventionalmedicine.Contraryopopularbelief,conventionaledicinesnotalwaysaseffectiveshomeopathicemedies.

7/27/2019 engl 11 20

12/14

'1~~:f:J.1'Appendix

261

Personalopinion: In my opinion/view, Tomy mind, Tomy way of thinking, I am convinced that, I t ismy firm beliefthat, I am inclined to believe that, It seems to me that, As far as I am concerned, I think that ourefforts willmeet with success.

To list advantages and One advantage of, Another advantage of, One other advantage of, A further advantage of, Thedisadvantages: main advantage of, Thegreatest advantage of, The first advantage of having a pet isthat they

are fantastic company.One disadvantage of, Another disadvantage of, One other disadvantage of, A furtherdisadvantage of, Themain .disadvantage of, Thegreatest disadvantage of, Thefirst disadvantageof having a pet is that they need a lot of care.

To list points: Firstly, First of all, In the first place, Secondly, Thirdly, Finally, Tostart/begin with, we have tomake both sides feelcomfortable before talks can continue.To list points: . BEGINNINGFirst,Tostart/beginwith, Firstof all, makesureyouhaveall thenecessaryngredients.

CONTINUING- Secondly,fterthis/that,Afterwards,Then,Next,mixall theingredientsnabowl.CONCLUDING.inally,Lastly,Lastbut not least,bakethecakeina mediumoven.

Toadd more points Whatismore,Furthermore,partromhis/that,naddition(tothis),Moreove,Besidesthis},...not toto the sametopic: mention thefact that theInternethasmadeamajorimpactoneducation,whichwillgreatlyinfluencethewaywe teachand learn.

Notonly hastheInternetmadeamajor impactoneducation,but it will alsogreatlyinfluencethewaywe teachand learn.TheInternetis both havingamajor impacton educationand issomethingthat will influencethewaywe teachand learn.

To refer to other sources: With referenceto,According to recentstatistics,thenumberof unemployedisincreasing.Toexpresscause: Thehousewasdemolishedecause,wing to thefact that, due to thefact that, on the groundsthat, since,as theyaregoingto builda blockof flats there.

In viewof,Because of, Owingto thefactthat theyaregoingto builda block of flats there, thehousewasdemolished.Theyaregoingobuildablockofflatsthere;orthisreason,hehousewasdemolished.Seeinghat theyaregoing tobuildablockof flatsthere,hehousewasdemolished.

To expresseffect Herhealthwasfailingandshewantedmoretimewithherfamily;hus,therefore,so,consequently,asa result,asa consequence,shedecidedoretire.To expresspurpose: Shequit herjob, so that shecouldtravelaroundthe world.Shequit herjob, soas to/in order to travelaroundtheworld.

I boughta newbicyclewith thepurpose/intention of cyclingtowork in themorningsToemphasisea point Indeed,Naturally,Clearly,Obviously,Ofcourse,Needlesso say,theextentofhistalentguaranteedthat hewouldbea greatactor.Toexpressreality: It isa fact that, Ineffect,Infact,Asamatter of fact, Thefact of thematter is(that),Actually,Inpractice,Indeed,failingtowatchyourdietwill leadtoyourgainingweight.Togive examples: Forinstance,Forexample, byprovidinglexibleworkinghours,businessesanencourage

employeeso-bemoreproductive.Byprovidingncentivesuchas,like flexibleworkinghours,businessesanencouragemployeesobemoreproductive.If employeesareto bemoreproductive,thentheprovisionof incentives,particularly, in particular,especiallyflexibleworkinghours,sessential.

Tomake general Asa (general)rule,Byand large,Generally,In general,Onthe whole, themoredecisionsyou letthestatements: a childmakeonhisown,themoreself-sufficienthewill be.Tomake partially Up to apoint, Toa certainextent/degree,Tosomeextent/degree,Ina sense,In a w.qy,Toatrue statements: limitedextent, thisistruebutseriousthletes illalwaysneedhesupport ftheircoachandteam-mates.To expresslimited Tothebestofmyknowledge,AsfarasIknow,Tonyhasalreadysenttheletters.knowledge:Tostate other people's It ispopularly believedthat, Peopleoften claim that, It isoftenalleged that, Somepeopleargueopinions: that, Many arguethat,Mostpeoplefeel that, Somepeoplepoint out that homeopathic

remediescanbemoreeffectivethan conventionalmedicine.Contrarytopopular belief,conventionalmedicinesnot alwaysaseffectiveashomeopathicremedies.

7/27/2019 engl 11 20

13/14

~

Tomakecontrasting It isa well-knownactthatwearingseatbeltssavesives;yet,however,nevertheless,points: but,evenso,still,nonetheless,argenumbersofdriversefuseowearthem.Although,Evenhough,Regardlessf thefactthat,Inspiteof thefactthat,Despitehefactthat,Whilewearingseatbeltssknowntosaveives,argenumbersofdriversefuseowearthem.Toexpressbalance(the Opponentsof animaltestingargue,claim,believehatexperimentsanbeconductednotherother sideof the wayswithoutlosingheirefficacy.argument): Whilet istruetosaythat thegovernmentsinvestingnretrainingschemes,nfacttheunemploymentateisstillhigh.:Thefact that therearestillnorecyclinginsinmyareacontradictshebelief/ideathatthetowncouncilcareabouttheenvironment.Negativeaddition: Neithermysisternormybrotherhaveeverravelledabroad.Mysisterhasneverravelledabroad;nor,neitherhasmybrother.Mysisterhasneverravelledabroad,andmybrotherhasn'teither.Toexpressexception: HehasvisitedeveryEuropeanountryapartfrom,but,except(for)one.Toclarify/rephrase: Inotherwords,Thatis tosay,Toput it anotherway,fyoutreatpeoplewithrespectheyareformoreikelyto treatyouwithrespect.Toexpresssimilarity: Makingalistbeforeyougoshoppingsimportantfyouwanttosavemoney;similarly,ikewise,nthesameway,buyingproductshatareonsalealsohelpsyoustaywithinyourbudget.Togiveanalternative: Wecould(either)gotoMaltaorTunisia.WecouldgotoMalta.Ontheotherhand,Alternatively,wecouldgo toTunisia.Toexpresscondition: Youmayusethisroomonconditionthat,provided(that),providing(that),aslong asyoukeepquiet.Youmayusethisroomonly ifyoukeepquiet.In theeventofanemergency,ntheeventthat,Ifanemergencyrises,allsecurity.Incaseofemergency,allsecurity.DoyouhappenoknowwhetherSandraworksathomeornot?Getyourticketsearlyotherwise,or(else)oumightnotgetin.Toexpress Thesun is gettingincreasinglymoredangerous;consequently,as a result,I nevergo outconsequence: betweenmiddayandthree.I'mhopingtogetbacktoday;f so,/'1/comeseeyou,if not,otherwise,'1/giveyouacall.Toconclude: Finally,Lastly,All in all,Takingeverythingntoaccount/consideration,nthewhole,All thingsconsidered,nconclusion,Onbalance,Fortheabovementionedeasons,Tosumup,it isfeltthatyouwouldnotbesuitableortheposition.Time: Thegreenightcomesonwhen,whenever,efore,afterhumidityreaches0%.Waituntil,till thecrustsagoldenbrownbeforeemovinghepie.Therehasbeennonewsof thechild sincefiveo'clockyesterdayevening.Shespottedhemasshewasgettingonthebus.Shesawherwhileshewaswaitingfora taxi.Ineverseehernowthatshehasmovedothecity.Reference: I amwritingtorequestmorenformationegarding,concerninghepositionadvertisednSunday'seditionofTheTimes.

Iamwritingwithrespect/regard/referenceo,in regard/referenceo theavailabilityofproductno.127492.Summaising: Inshort,Briefly,Toput it briefly,'venevermetanicerperson!

7/27/2019 engl 11 20

14/14