English LiteratureEnglish Literature

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The 18th CenturyThe 18th Century

The Age of Enlightenment in The Age of Enlightenment in EnglandEngland

Historical BackgroundHistorical Background

1.The Revolution of 1688.1.The Revolution of 1688. 2.Two parties: the liberal Whigs and the 2.Two parties: the liberal Whigs and the

conservative Tories came into being. Hoconservative Tories came into being. However another party also existed, the Jawever another party also existed, the Jacobites, who aimed to bring the Stuarts cobites, who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne. back to the throne.

3. the rapid development of social life3. the rapid development of social life

The public movement: the EnlightenmentThe public movement: the Enlightenment

The eighteenth-century England is also The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive movement Movement was a progressive movement which flourished in France and swept which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the through the whole Western Europe at the time.time.

The Enlightenment was an expression of The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. The bourgeoisie against feudalism. The movement was a furtherance of the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. philosophical and artistic ideas.

The enlighteners fought against class The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. other survivals of feudalism.

The enlighteners celebrated reason The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. or rationality, equality and science. They held that rationality or reason They held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, They called for a reference to order, reason and rules. reason and rules.

They believed that when reason served as They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and relations, every human activities and relations, every superstition, injustice and oppression was superstition, injustice and oppression was to yield place to "eternal truth", eternal to yield place to "eternal truth", eternal justice" and "natural equality". The justice" and "natural equality". The enlighteners advocated universal enlighteners advocated universal education. They believed that human education. They believed that human beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and yet capable of rationality and and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education. perfection through education.

the great enlightenersthe great enlighteners

Famous among the great enlighteners in Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers are:England were those great writers are:

Alexander PopeAlexander Pope Joseph AddisonJoseph Addison Sir Richard Steele Sir Richard Steele Jonathan SwiftJonathan Swift Samuel RichardsonSamuel Richardson Daniel Defoe Daniel Defoe Henry Fielding Henry Fielding Samuel Johnson Samuel Johnson

LiteratureLiterature

It is an age of prose rather than poetry. It is an age of prose rather than poetry. There are three main divisions: There are three main divisions:

1. the reign of classicism1. the reign of classicism

2. the revival of romantic poetry 2. the revival of romantic poetry

3. the beginnings of the modern novels3. the beginnings of the modern novels

Literal trendsLiteral trends

The novelThe novel neoclassicismneoclassicism sentimentalismsentimentalism pre-romanticismpre-romanticism

Heroic coupletHeroic couplet The graveyard groupThe graveyard group Gothic novelGothic novel

TermsTerms 1.1. NeoclassicismNeoclassicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth ce: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth ce

nturies of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in linturies of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. Alexander Pope, John Dryden and Samuel Johnson werterature. Alexander Pope, John Dryden and Samuel Johnson were major exponents of the neoclassical school. e major exponents of the neoclassical school.

It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancienIt found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, etc. and in t Greek and Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, etc. and in the contemporary French writers such as Voltaire and Diderot. It the contemporary French writers such as Voltaire and Diderot. It put the stress on the classical artistic ideal of order, logic, proporput the stress on the classical artistic ideal of order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum.tion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum.

Homer: Greek epic poet. Two of the greatest works in Western litHomer: Greek epic poet. Two of the greatest works in Western literature, theerature, the Iliad Iliad 《伊利亚特》 《伊利亚特》 and theand the Odyssey Odyssey 《奥德赛》《奥德赛》 , are , are attributed to him. attributed to him.

Virgil: Roman poet. His greatest work is the epic poemVirgil: Roman poet. His greatest work is the epic poem Aeneid Aeneid, , 《埃涅阿斯纪》 《埃涅阿斯纪》 which tells of the wanderings of Aeneas after the which tells of the wanderings of Aeneas after the sack of Troysack of Troy 讲述了埃涅阿斯在特洛伊陷落后的流浪经历讲述了埃涅阿斯在特洛伊陷落后的流浪经历 . .

Horace: Roman lyric poet. His Horace: Roman lyric poet. His Odes Odes and and SatiresSatires 《颂歌》 和 《讽《颂歌》 和 《讽刺作品》 刺作品》 have exerted a major influence on English poetry. have exerted a major influence on English poetry.

Voltaire : French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize tVoltaire : French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intoleranche Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance. He wroteCandide (1759) and the Philosophical Dictionary (17e. He wroteCandide (1759) and the Philosophical Dictionary (1764). 64).

伏尔泰：法国哲学家和作家，其作品是启蒙时代的代表，常常攻击不伏尔泰：法国哲学家和作家，其作品是启蒙时代的代表，常常攻击不公正和不宽容。他著有《老实人》 （公正和不宽容。他著有《老实人》 （ 17591759 年）和 《哲学辞典》 （年）和 《哲学辞典》 （ 11764764 年） 年）

Diderot: French philosopher and writer whose supreme accompliDiderot: French philosopher and writer whose supreme accomplishment was his work on theEncyclopédie (1751-1772), which epishment was his work on theEncyclopédie (1751-1772), which epitomized the spirit of Enlightenment thought. He also wrote noveltomized the spirit of Enlightenment thought. He also wrote novels, plays, critical essays, and brilliant letters to a wide circle of fries, plays, critical essays, and brilliant letters to a wide circle of friends and colleagues. nds and colleagues.

迪德洛特，丹尼斯：迪德洛特，丹尼斯： (1713-1784) (1713-1784) 法国哲学家和作家，他的最大成就法国哲学家和作家，他的最大成就是著作《百科全书》 （是著作《百科全书》 （ 1751-17721751-1772 年）。此书概括了年）。此书概括了 1818 世纪启蒙运世纪启蒙运动的精神。他还写了小说、剧本、评论论文集以及给广大范围的朋友动的精神。他还写了小说、剧本、评论论文集以及给广大范围的朋友和同事的才华横溢的书信 和同事的才华横溢的书信

NovelNovel 2. 2. NovelNovel: a book-length fictional prose narrative, : a book-length fictional prose narrative,

having many characters and often a complex plot. having many characters and often a complex plot. Character: it is an individual within a literary work. Character: it is an individual within a literary work.

Characters may be complex and well developed Characters may be complex and well developed (round character) or undifferentiated and one-(round character) or undifferentiated and one-dimensional (flat character) . dimensional (flat character) .

Protagonist: the central character of a drama, Protagonist: the central character of a drama, novel, short story, or narrative poem. The novel, short story, or narrative poem. The protagonist is the character on whom the action protagonist is the character on whom the action centers and with whom the reader sympathizes centers and with whom the reader sympathizes most. Usually the protagonist strives against an most. Usually the protagonist strives against an opposing force, or antagonist, to accomplish opposing force, or antagonist, to accomplish something. something.

Plot: the sequence of events or actions in a short Plot: the sequence of events or actions in a short story, novel, play or narrative poem.story, novel, play or narrative poem.

The Gothic NovelThe Gothic Novel 3.3. The Gothic novel The Gothic novel: the novel which exploits : the novel which exploits

the possibilities of mystery and terror in gloomy the possibilities of mystery and terror in gloomy landscapes, decaying mansions with dark landscapes, decaying mansions with dark dungeons, secret passages, instruments of dungeons, secret passages, instruments of torture, ghostly visitations ghostly music behind torture, ghostly visitations ghostly music behind which lurks no one knows what as the central which lurks no one knows what as the central story, the persecution of a beautiful maiden by an story, the persecution of a beautiful maiden by an obsessed and haggard villain. The real originator obsessed and haggard villain. The real originator of English Gothic novel was Horace Walpole, with of English Gothic novel was Horace Walpole, with his famous his famous Castle of OtrantoCastle of Otranto (1764) . (1764) .

These novels rebel against the increasing These novels rebel against the increasing commercialism and rationalism opened up to commercialism and rationalism opened up to later fiction the dark, irrational side of human later fiction the dark, irrational side of human nature. nature.

Epistolary Novel Epistolary Novel

4. 4. Epistolary novelEpistolary novel: a type of nnovel in : a type of nnovel in which the narrative is carried on by meawhich the narrative is carried on by means of series of letters. Samuel Richardsons of series of letters. Samuel Richardson’s n’s PamelaPamela (1740) and (1740) and Clarissa HarlowClarissa Harlowee (1748) are among the best known epist (1748) are among the best known epistolary novels. olary novels.

It can be classified into two kinds: the mIt can be classified into two kinds: the monologue epistolary novel and the dialoonologue epistolary novel and the dialogue epistolary novelgue epistolary novel

SentimentalismSentimentalism 5.5. SentimentalismSentimentalism: is a literal movement : is a literal movement

in the middle of the 18th century in in the middle of the 18th century in England which concentrates on the England which concentrates on the distressed of the poor unfortunate and distressed of the poor unfortunate and virtuous people and demonstrates that virtuous people and demonstrates that effusive emotion was evidence of kindness effusive emotion was evidence of kindness and goodness. It reveals grief, pains and and goodness. It reveals grief, pains and tears. The representatives are Laurence tears. The representatives are Laurence Sterne who wrote Sterne who wrote A Sentimental Journey A Sentimental Journey through France and Italythrough France and Italy (1768) and Oliver (1768) and Oliver Goldsmith who wrote Goldsmith who wrote The Vicar of The Vicar of WakefieldWakefield (1766). (1766).

It came into being as a result of a better It came into being as a result of a better discontent on the part of certain discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. enlighteners in social reality.

Pre-romanticismPre-romanticism

6.6. Pre-romanticismPre-romanticism: a literal trend : a literal trend in the English literature of the latter in the English literature of the latter half of the 18th century which half of the 18th century which composes the romance devoted to composes the romance devoted to the medieval times. William Blake the medieval times. William Blake and Robert Burns are two and Robert Burns are two representatives of pre-romanticists. representatives of pre-romanticists.

Daniel DefoeDaniel Defoe Defoe's "Defoe's "Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe" was one of the forerunners o" was one of the forerunners o

f the English realistic novel.f the English realistic novel. Adventures of Robinson CrusoeAdventures of Robinson Crusoe ：： The book is an expresThe book is an expres

sion of the bourgeois qualities of individualism and privsion of the bourgeois qualities of individualism and private enterprise. Robinson is a new man - a man sure of hiate enterprise. Robinson is a new man - a man sure of himself and sure of being able to establish himself anywhmself and sure of being able to establish himself anywhere in the world. He is a man of a new age, in which douere in the world. He is a man of a new age, in which doubt and uncertainty are replaced by hope and confidence.bt and uncertainty are replaced by hope and confidence. Robinson is the enterpriser of his age. He is ready to co Robinson is the enterpriser of his age. He is ready to command nature, his enemy, and to found his colony beymmand nature, his enemy, and to found his colony beyond the seas. He is a merchant-adventurer, interested in ond the seas. He is a merchant-adventurer, interested in material profits. He is a colonist, the empire builder.material profits. He is a colonist, the empire builder.

Other worksOther works ：： Captain SingletonCaptain Singleton, , Moll FlandersMoll Flanders, , ColoneColonel Jacquel Jacque and and RoxanaRoxana. They clearly manifest Defoe's dee. They clearly manifest Defoe's deep concern for the poor in his society. They are the first litp concern for the poor in his society. They are the first literary works devoted to the study of the problems of the erary works devoted to the study of the problems of the lower-class people.lower-class people.

Point of viewPoint of view Defoe was a typical man of the eighteenth century Defoe was a typical man of the eighteenth century

English middle class, hardworking, ingenious, English middle class, hardworking, ingenious, liberal in mind and advanced in opinion. He valued liberal in mind and advanced in opinion. He valued the Puritan ethic and belied in diligence and self-the Puritan ethic and belied in diligence and self-reliance. All his life, he was busy, speculative and reliance. All his life, he was busy, speculative and active. He, like Robinson, is a man whose personal active. He, like Robinson, is a man whose personal pride would never allow him to belie his own pride would never allow him to belie his own background and class. His works are reflections of background and class. His works are reflections of the belief, strength, weakness, interest, and the belief, strength, weakness, interest, and morals of the bourgeois middle class to which he morals of the bourgeois middle class to which he belonged. belonged.

He was very sympathetic with those poor and less He was very sympathetic with those poor and less fortunate and did everything he could to reach fortunate and did everything he could to reach them and help them. He was among the first them and help them. He was among the first writers ever to give concern to the problems of the writers ever to give concern to the problems of the social outcast. social outcast.

Jonathan SwiftJonathan Swift

Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift (1667-1745), wrote satires in verse (1667-1745), wrote satires in verse and prose. He is best-known for the extended prose and prose. He is best-known for the extended prose work work Gulliver's TravelsGulliver's Travels, in which a fantastic account , in which a fantastic account of a series of travels is the vehicle for satirizing of a series of travels is the vehicle for satirizing familiar English institutions, such as religion, politics familiar English institutions, such as religion, politics and law. and law.

Early life and early works :During the time he wrote Early life and early works :During the time he wrote two works, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the two works, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books. They were published together in 1704 and Books. They were published together in 1704 and made him well-known as a satirist. A Tale of a Tub is made him well-known as a satirist. A Tale of a Tub is written in the form of a parable. The phrase " a tale written in the form of a parable. The phrase " a tale of a tub" was a 17th century slang for a joke, a hoax, of a tub" was a 17th century slang for a joke, a hoax, an idle discourse.an idle discourse.

The Battle of BooksThe Battle of Books is mainly an attack on pedantry is mainly an attack on pedantry in literary world of the time. The two works in literary world of the time. The two works established his name as a satirist. established his name as a satirist.

Pamphlets on IrelandPamphlets on Ireland Swift's pamphlets on Ireland form a very important Swift's pamphlets on Ireland form a very important

part of his works. They have now become part of part of his works. They have now become part of classic English literature. Swift's life in Ireland gave classic English literature. Swift's life in Ireland gave him an intimate knowledge of the miserable him an intimate knowledge of the miserable condition of the Irish people. Two of the most famous condition of the Irish people. Two of the most famous ones are "ones are "The Draper's LettersThe Draper's Letters“(1724) and "“(1724) and "A Modest A Modest ProposalProposal“(1730). “(1730). Gulliver's Travels(1726),Gulliver's Travels(1726), as a as a whole, is one of the most effective and devastating whole, is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life - socially, politically, English and European life - socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. Its social significance is great and its morally. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound. exploration into human nature profound.

AnalysisAnalysis

Swift is one of the greatest writers of satiric Swift is one of the greatest writers of satiric prose. No reader of his can escape being prose. No reader of his can escape being impressed by the great simplicity, impressed by the great simplicity, directness and vigor of his style. directness and vigor of his style.

Easy, clear, simple and concrete diction, Easy, clear, simple and concrete diction, uncomplicated syntax, economy and uncomplicated syntax, economy and conciseness of language mark all his conciseness of language mark all his writings. Seldom is there ornament or writings. Seldom is there ornament or singularity of any kind. His simplicities, singularity of any kind. His simplicities, more often than not, as a camouflage for more often than not, as a camouflage for insidious intentions, for big serious insidious intentions, for big serious matters,, and an outward earnestness, matters,, and an outward earnestness, simplicity, innocence and an apparently simplicity, innocence and an apparently cold impartial tone render his satire all the cold impartial tone render his satire all the more powerful and effective. more powerful and effective.

It is a book simple enough for a child, and yet cIt is a book simple enough for a child, and yet complex enough to carry an adult beyond his domplex enough to carry an adult beyond his depth. It is a satire on the 18th century english septh. It is a satire on the 18th century english society, touching upon the political, religious, lociety, touching upon the political, religious, legal, military, scientific, philosophical as well egal, military, scientific, philosophical as well as literary institutions, about almost every aspas literary institutions, about almost every aspect of the society. Bitterly satirical, the book tect of the society. Bitterly satirical, the book take great pains to bring to light the wickednesake great pains to bring to light the wickedness of the then English society, with its tyranny, is of the then English society, with its tyranny, its political intrigues and corruption, its aggrests political intrigues and corruption, its aggressive wars and colonialism, its religious disputesive wars and colonialism, its religious disputes and persecution, and its ruthless oppression s and persecution, and its ruthless oppression and exploitation of the common people. and exploitation of the common people.

Some narrative featuresSome narrative features

The novel is a fantasy ad a realistic The novel is a fantasy ad a realistic work of fiction. The language, as is work of fiction. The language, as is typical of all Swift’s works, is very typical of all Swift’s works, is very simple, unadorned, straightforward simple, unadorned, straightforward and effective. It is noted for its and effective. It is noted for its exceptionally tidy structural exceptionally tidy structural arrangement. The four seemingly arrangement. The four seemingly independent parts are linked up by independent parts are linked up by the central idea of social satire and the central idea of social satire and make up an organic whole. make up an organic whole.

Some commentsSome comments

While social exposure and satire of the book is While social exposure and satire of the book is generally acknowledged, there have been greagenerally acknowledged, there have been great controversies over its deeper intention, espet controversies over its deeper intention, especially with Part Four, What sort of thing is man?cially with Part Four, What sort of thing is man? This is certainly the central question to the bo This is certainly the central question to the book. Some people are shocked by its open blunt ok. Some people are shocked by its open blunt “negativeness” towards human beings, othe“negativeness” towards human beings, others feel satisfied with its religious implication thrs feel satisfied with its religious implication that, man in his development from primitive forat, man in his development from primitive forms of life, has achieved only a very limited ratims of life, has achieved only a very limited rationality and morality.onality and morality.

Samuel Richardson(1689--Samuel Richardson(1689--1761)1761)

The accidental beginning of his literary The accidental beginning of his literary career came in 1739 when, at the age of career came in 1739 when, at the age of 51, Richardson was asked by two 51, Richardson was asked by two bookseller friends to compile a volume of bookseller friends to compile a volume of model letters for people without much model letters for people without much formal education to practice in their formal education to practice in their correspondence. Richardson intended that correspondence. Richardson intended that his manual should not only teach people his manual should not only teach people how to write letters but also be morally how to write letters but also be morally instructive. He was duly rewarded for his instructive. He was duly rewarded for his kindness and the pain he had taken for the kindness and the pain he had taken for the composition of such moving letters. composition of such moving letters.

His works:His works: PamelaPamela (1740-1741) (1740-1741) Or (Or (Virtue Rewarded, in a Series of Familiar LetVirtue Rewarded, in a Series of Familiar Let

ters from a Beautiful Young Damsel to Her Parters from a Beautiful Young Damsel to Her Parentsents))

Clarissa HarloweClarissa Harlowe (1747) (1747) Or: Or: Virtue TriumphantVirtue Triumphant Sir Charles GrandisonSir Charles Grandison (1753-1754) (1753-1754)

He wrote only three novels, all in epistolary forHe wrote only three novels, all in epistolary form. m.

Henry Fielding(1707--1754)Henry Fielding(1707--1754)

Fielding was a man of extraordinary Fielding was a man of extraordinary vitality and capacity. He was a dramatist, vitality and capacity. He was a dramatist, an essayist and a novelist. His fame is an essayist and a novelist. His fame is established chiefly upon his success as a established chiefly upon his success as a novelist. Joseph Andrews (1742), his first novelist. Joseph Andrews (1742), his first novel .novel .

The History of Jonathan Wild the Great The History of Jonathan Wild the Great (1743)(1743)

The History of Tome Jones, A Foundling The History of Tome Jones, A Foundling (1749) , his masterpiece.(1749) , his masterpiece.

In both theory and practice, Fielding In both theory and practice, Fielding establishes once and for all the from of the establishes once and for all the from of the English novel. He has held a unique position English novel. He has held a unique position in the history of English literature by being in the history of English literature by being called the “called the “father of the English novelfather of the English novel”, for ”, for his contribution to the establishment of the his contribution to the establishment of the form of modern novel. Fielding set up the form of modern novel. Fielding set up the theory of realism in literary creation. He theory of realism in literary creation. He wrote specifically "comic epic in prose", the wrote specifically "comic epic in prose", the first to give the modern novel its structure first to give the modern novel its structure and style. and style.

Before him, the relating of a story in a novel Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either in the epistolary form (a series of was either in the epistolary form (a series of letters) as in Richardson's letters) as in Richardson's PamelaPamela, or the , or the picaresque form (adventurous wanderings ) picaresque form (adventurous wanderings ) through the mouth of the principal character, through the mouth of the principal character, as in Defoe's as in Defoe's Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe, but Fielding , but Fielding adopted "the third-person narration". In adopted "the third-person narration". In planning his stories, he tries to retain the planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of the common life as it is.presentation of the common life as it is.

Tome JonesTome Jones

As one of the pioneers of English realistic As one of the pioneers of English realistic literature, Fielding portrays the real life of literature, Fielding portrays the real life of men without disguise. He exposes the men without disguise. He exposes the hypocrisy and depravity of the ruling class, hypocrisy and depravity of the ruling class, and pictures the poverty of the working and pictures the poverty of the working masses who are driven by want to crime. masses who are driven by want to crime. For a time, Tom became a national hero. For a time, Tom became a national hero. People were fond of this young fellow with People were fond of this young fellow with manly virtues and yet not without fault. manly virtues and yet not without fault. The full-blooded characters are The full-blooded characters are realistically depicted in brilliant, witty and realistically depicted in brilliant, witty and highly artistic language. highly artistic language.

Tom Jones is a handsome young man. He is frank and Tom Jones is a handsome young man. He is frank and open. His outstanding quality is "good nature" and "gopen. His outstanding quality is "good nature" and "goodness of heart". He is never an indifferent spectator oodness of heart". He is never an indifferent spectator of the misery or happiness of anyone. He would not wiof the misery or happiness of anyone. He would not willingly inflict even the most trifling harm on anybody. llingly inflict even the most trifling harm on anybody. Yet Tom is very far from being a model character. He liYet Tom is very far from being a model character. He lives by impulse, not by reason. The most serious mistaves by impulse, not by reason. The most serious mistake that Tom commits is his liaison with Lady Bellaston ke that Tom commits is his liaison with Lady Bellaston after his arrival in London. A simple country boy thoroafter his arrival in London. A simple country boy thoroughly ignorant of the ways of the depraved high societughly ignorant of the ways of the depraved high society in London, he is completely taken by surprise by a by in London, he is completely taken by surprise by a bad woman and becomes, for a short time , her paid lovad woman and becomes, for a short time , her paid lover. But as soon as he learns the true character of the wer. But as soon as he learns the true character of the woman , he immediately terminates the connection.oman , he immediately terminates the connection.

Sophia was Fielding's ideal of what an Sophia was Fielding's ideal of what an amiable English girl should be. But he amiable English girl should be. But he did not make her "perfectly perfect'. did not make her "perfectly perfect'. Though very sweet-tempered, she can Though very sweet-tempered, she can flame up into an angry passion on flame up into an angry passion on occasions. She has also a little vanity occasions. She has also a little vanity which causes her to toy with the idea of which causes her to toy with the idea of playing the part of a tragic heroine, playing the part of a tragic heroine, sacrificing herself to her father's wishes. sacrificing herself to her father's wishes.

William Blake(1757--1827)William Blake(1757--1827)

His life story (Page 283-284)His life story (Page 283-284) His position in English literature: the His position in English literature: the

representative of pre-romanticist. representative of pre-romanticist. His main works:His main works: Songs of Innocence (1789)Songs of Innocence (1789) The Marriage of Heaven and Hell(1790)The Marriage of Heaven and Hell(1790) Songs of Experience (1794)Songs of Experience (1794) Appreciate the poem Appreciate the poem London London on P.287

Robert Burns(1759--1796)Robert Burns(1759--1796)

His life story (P.P 290--293)His life story (P.P 290--293) The greatest of the 18th century The greatest of the 18th century

Scots poet. Scots poet. His works: His works: Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish DialectPoems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect The Tree of LibertyThe Tree of Liberty My Heart’s in the Highland (Page My Heart’s in the Highland (Page

294)294) A Red, Red Rose (Page 295)A Red, Red Rose (Page 295)