ENVISAFE_01

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/envisafe01 1/52

ENVISAFEEnvironmental Engineering

and Safety Management

1ST Semester, S.Y. 2010-2011

PROF. RUBY PINEDA-HENSON, Ph.D.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


INTRODUCTION

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• I:\Severn_Suzuki_speaking_at_UN_Earth _Summit_1992.flv

http://severn_suzuki_speaking_at_un_earth_summit_1992.flv/






7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• What were the different environmentalproblems which the world faced in 1992?

• What brought about the differentenvironmental problems? (Causes)

• What are the current issues and problemson the environment?

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


Historical Perspective

Industrial Revolution to

Environmental Revolution

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Industrial Revolution (18th Century)

• primary concern was simply makingproduction more efficient

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


Environmental Impacts of the

Industrial Revolution

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Environmental Revolution in Industry

– Three phases:

First phase: Up to the 1960s - voluntary effort toprotect the environment from degradation

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


Second phase: 1960s – 1980s wascharacterized by the nearly exponentialincrease in environmental laws and

regulations resulting in companies addressingcontamination problems but not preventingthe problems from occurring

• so-called end-of-pipe method

• compliance with the law

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


Third phase: Sustainable developmentphase

• Sustainable Manufacturing via moreproactive approaches instead of end-of-pipe treatment

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• The objectives of the conference were tobuild upon the hopes and achievements ofthe Brundtland Report, in order to respond

to pressing global environmental problemsand to agree on major treaties onbiodiversity, climate change and forest

management.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Sustainable Development: developmentthat meets the needs of the presentwithout compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs

-Brundtland Report

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• The biggest challenges faced at the RioEarth Summit (1992) involved finance,consumption rates and population growth.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• The most prolific evidence of the IndustrialRevolution‘s impact on the modern world

can be seen in the worldwide human

population growth

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• The developed nations are demandingenvironmental sustainability while thedeveloping nations are arguing that they

should be given the chance to catch upsocially and economically with thedeveloped world.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Human prosperity and environmentalintegrity are closely intertwined becausethe fulfillment of basic human needs—

food, clothing, materials, energy—ultimately depends upon the availability ofnatural resources.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Sustainability is measured by the use ormisuse of resources, both material andenergy

• The central idea is that we should useresources (anything that is useful forcreating wealth or improving lives) in ways

that do not diminish them.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• In the last fifty years, we gradually rediscoveredthe importance of protecting vital resources,such as soil, air, water, trees, and other

organisms.• What began as a fringe movement in the 1960s

has evolved into a mainstream concern, aseconomists and politicians have gradually

recognized that we are depleting fossil fuelresources and pumping greenhouse gases intothe atmosphere at an alarming rate.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• The good news is that we are no longer indenial, but the bad news is that we can‘t

seem to break our old habits.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


Early 2000s two authoritative reports appeared, involvinghundreds of scientists around the world, which left littledoubt about the urgency of the situation.

• The International Panel on Climate Change confirmedthe rapid increase in global warming due to greenhousegas emissions, and Al Gore wisely used the cinematicmedium to sound a public alarm about the ―inconvenienttruth‖ of climate change.

• Less well publicized, but equally significant was theMillennium Ecosystem Assessment, which confirmed therapid degradation in ecosystems due to industrialization

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


Current Environmental Issues:

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Global warming is only one of many disturbingtrends identified by the scientific community—

• sea level is rising, fresh water growing scarce,

running out of arable land, our disappearingforests, and loss of biodiversity due to changesin natural habitats.

• Mean while, global population continues toincrease.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• ENVIRONMENT: A general term referringto man's surroundings. It includes the air,water, land and socio-economic conditions

in which man or society lives.• The term may also be defined as the sum

of all external conditions and influencesaffecting the life, development andultimately, the survival of an organism,including man himself.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Built environment refers to the totality

of all that humans have changed or

rearranged within the naturalenvironment. ( Bartuska and Young,1996)

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Built environment refers to the man-

made surroundings that provide the

setting for human activity, rangingfrom the large-scale civicsurroundings to the personal places.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Environmental engineering involves waterand air pollution control, recycling, wastedisposal, and public health issues as well

as a knowledge of environmentalengineering law.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING is theapplication of science and engineeringprinciples to improve the environment (air,

water, and/or land resources), to providehealthy water, air, and land for humanhabitation and for other organisms, and to

remediate polluted sites.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


E

• Environmental engineers conducthazardous-waste management studies toevaluate the significance of such hazards,

advise on treatment and containment, anddevelop regulations to prevent mishaps.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Environmental engineers also designmunicipal water supply and industrialwastewater treatment systems as well as

address local and worldwideenvironmental issues such as the effectsof acid rain, global warming, ozone

depletion, water pollution and air pollutionfrom automobile (mobile) and industrial(stationary) sources

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Environmental "chemical" engineers, onthe other hand, focus on environmentalchemistry, advanced air and water

treatment technologies and separationprocesses.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Environmental "civil" engineers focus onhydrology, water resources management,bioremediation, and water treatment plant

design.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• ―Engineering takes things from this real

world, the environment of engineering, andputs them back with added value. Without

this addition of value, engineering has nomeaning . . . In this sense, all engineeringis ‗about the environment‘…‖

(Brancher, 1980)

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


PRINCIPLES OF MATTERAND ENERGY

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


MATTER

• Matter is the material of which things aremade. Matter exists in interchangeablephysical forms: gases, liquid and solid

• Matter is neither created nor destroyed butrecycled over and over again (underordinary circumstances) but is recycled

over and over again

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• The elements in the body have beenrecycled through many other organisms,over millions of years.

• Matter is transformed and combined indifferent ways but doesn‘t disappear;

everything goes somewhere.

Law of Conservation of Matter

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Matter is recycled endlessly through livingthings, but this recycling is made possibleby something that cannot be recycled:

ENERGY

• ENERGY is reused but it is degraded from

higher quality to lower quality forms as itmoves through living systems

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


ENERGY

• Energy takes many different forms (heat,light, electricity, chemical energy, etc.)

• Energy as the capacity to do work:

– Kinetic Energy: energy contained in movingobjects

– Potential Energy: energy stored that is latent

and available for use

Th d i d E

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


Thermodynamic and Energy

Transfers

• Thermodynamics - the study of howenergy is transferred, its rates of flow andtransformation from one form or quality toanother

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:Energy is conserved: it is neither creatednor destroyed under normal conditions. It

may be transferred or transformed, but thetotal amount of energy remains the same.

Law of Conservation of Energy

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS -The tendency of all natural systems to gofrom a state of order toward a state of

increasing disorder

Law of Entropy

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• There is no loss of total energy, but thereis a loss of useful energy.

– Example: coal burned in a power plant to

produce electrical energy; however, largeamounts of useless heat energy are alsoproduced (combustion)

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• All organisms including humans are in theprocess of converting high quality energyinto low-quality energy

• Waste heat is produced when chemicalbond energy in food is converted intoenergy needed to move, grow, or respond.

– PROCESS IS CALLED RESPIRATION(CELLULAR RESPIRATION)

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• An unfortunate consequence of energyconversion is pollution

• The heat from energy conversion is apollutant, the emissions from power plantspollute

• Therefore, if we use less energy, there

would be less waste (heat) energy, henceless pollution

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Sustainability is measured by the use ormisuse of resources, both material andenergy

• The central idea is that we should useresources (anything that is useful forcreating wealth or improving lives) in ways

that do not diminish them.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Resources and natural amenities,including wildlife and natural beauty andopen space, should be preserved so that

future generations can still enjoy them.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


Types of Resources

• Inexhaustible resources are found in infinitequantity

• Nonrenewable resources exist in finite

amounts: minerals, iron, fossil fuels, and alsogroundwater that recharges extremely slowly – are all fixed at least on a human time scale

• Renewable resources are naturallyreplenished and recycled at a fairly steadyrate: fresh water, living organisms, air, foodresources are all renewable

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Nonrenewable resources can be extendedthrough more efficient use (cars use lesssteel now, precious metals like gold are

mixed with other metals to form alloys toextend their use).

• Substitution of materials (renewable in

place of the nonrenewable) also reducesthe demand for certain resources

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Recycling also extends supplies ofnonrenewable resources

• The only limit to recycling is the relative

costs of extracting new resourcescompared with collecting used materials

• New technology or methods also expand

the sources of nonrenewable resources

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


• Renewable resources can

become exhausted if managed

badly.

7/31/2019 ENVISAFE_01


Assignment

READ

– Ecology of Life

– Biogeochemical

– Cycles

– Ecosystems

Documents

ENVISAFE_01