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Essentials of Ecology
鄭先祐 (Ayo)
國立臺南大學 生態科學與技術學系 教授
G. Tyler Miller & Scott E. Spoolman
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Essentials of Ecology
A. Improve your study and learning skills
B. You can improve your critical thinking skills: Become good at detecting baloney
C. A vision of a More sustainable World in 2060
D. What are three principles of sustainability?
E. Easter island: some revisions in a popular environmental story
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A. Improve your study and learning skills
1. Develop a passion for learning
2. Get organized
3. Make daily to-do lists in writing
4. Set up a study routine in a distraction-free environment
5. Avoid procrastination
6. Do not eat dessert first
7. Make hills out of mountains
Maximizing your ability to learn
8. Look at the big picture first
9. Ask and answer questions as you
read
10.Focus on key terms
11.Interact with what you read
12.Review to reinforce learning
13.Become a good note taker
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A. Improve your study and learning skills
14.Write out answers to questions to focus and reinforce learning
15.Use the buddy system
16.Learn your instructor’s test style
17.Become a good test taker
18.Develop an optimistic but realistic outlook
• A glass is half-full rather than a glass is half-empty person
19.Take time to enjoy life
Maximizing your ability to learn
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B. You can improve your critical thinking skills: Become good at detecting baloney
6. Question the evidence and
conclusions presented
7. Try to uncover differences in basic
beliefs and assumptions.
8. Try to identify and assess any
motives on the part of those
presenting evidence and drawing
conclusions.
9. Expect and tolerate uncertainty
1. Question everything and
everybody
2. Identify and evaluate your
personal biases and beliefs
3. Be open-minded and flexible
4. Be humble about what you
know
5. Evaluate how the information
related to an issue was
obtained
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B. You can improve your critical thinking skills: Become good at detecting baloney
10. Do the arguments used involve logical fallacies or debating tricks?
Debating tricks
① Attack the presenter of an argument rather than the argument itself.
② Appeal to emotion rather than facts and logic.
③ Claim that if one piece of evidence or one conclusion is false, then all other related pieces of evidence and conclusions are false.
④ Say that a conclusion is false because it has not been scientifically proven. (scientists never prove anything absolutely)
⑤ Inject irrelevant or misleading information to divert attention from important points.
⑥ Present only either/or alternatives when there may be a number of options.
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B. You can improve your critical thinking skills: Become good at detecting baloney
11.Do not believe everything you read on the internet.
12.Develop principles or rules for evaluating evidence.
13.Become a seeker of wisdom, not a vessel of information.
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Thinking critically involves three important steps:
1. Be skeptical about everything we read or hear.
2. Look at the evidence to evaluate it and any related information and opinions that may come from various sources.
3. Identify and evaluate our personal assumptions, biases, and beliefs.
• A great many people think they are thinking when they are merely rearranging their prejudices ( 偏見 ). (William James , American psychologist)
• It’s what we know is true, but just ain’t so, that hurts us. (Mark Twain , American writer)
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What do Scientists do?
1. Identify a problem
2. Find out what is known
about the problem.
3. Ask a question to
investigate
4. Collect data to answer the
question
5. Propose a hypothesis to explain
the data.
6. Make testable projections
7. Test the projections with further
experiments, models, or
observations.
8. Accept or reject the hypothesis
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C. A vision of a more sustainable world in 2060
Emily Brigs and Michael Rodriguez graduated from college in 2014.
Michael earned a masters degree in environmental education, became a middle-school
teacher, and loved teaching environmental science.
Emily, meanwhile, went to law school and later established a thriving practice as an
environmental lawyer.
In 2022, Michael and Emily met when they were doing volunteer work for an
environmental organization. They later got married, had a child, and taught her about
some of the world’s environmental problems and about the joys of nature that they had
experienced as children. As a result, their daughter also became heavily involved in
working to promote a more sustainable world and eventually passed this on to her
child.
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C. A vision of a more sustainable world in 2060
When Michael and Emily were growing up, there had been increasing
signs of stress on the earth’s life support system– its land, air, water,
and wildlife– due to the harmful environmental impacts of more
people consuming more resources.
But a major transition in environmental awareness began around
2010 when a growing number of people began transforming their
lifestyles and economies to be more in tune with the ways in which
nature had sustained itself for billions of years before humans walked
the earth. Over several decades, this combination of environmental
awareness and action paid off.
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C. A vision of a more sustainable world in 2060
In January of 2060, Emily and Michael celebrated the birth of their grandchild.
He was born into a world that was still rich with a great diversity of plants,
animals, and ecosystems. The loss of this biological diversity, which had been a
looming threat when Michael and Emily were young adults, had slowed to a trickle.
And the atmosphere, oceans, lakes and rivers were gradually cleansing
themselves.
Energy waste had been cut in half. Energy from the sun, wind, flowing water,
underground heat, and fuels produced from farm-raised grasses and algae had
largely replaced energy from highly polluting oil and coal and from nuclear power
with it dangerous, long-lived radioactive wastes.
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C. A vision of a more sustainable world in 2060
By 2060, farmers producing most of the world’s food had shifted to
farming practices that helped to conserve water and renew depleted
soils. And the human population had peaked at 8 billion in 2040,
instead of at the projected 9.5 billion, and then had begun a slow decline.
In 2060, Emily and Michael felt a great sense of pride, knowing that
they and their child and countless others had helped to bring about these
improvements so that future generations could live more sustainably
on this marvelous planet that is our only home.
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D. What are three principles of sustainability?
1. Reliance on solar energy
2. Chemical cycling (nutrient cycling)
3. Biodiversity
Natural capital = Natural resources + Natural services
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E. Easter Island: Some revisions in a popular environmental story
這個位於太平洋的島嶼,原來綠蔭蔥蔥,為森林所覆蓋。約兩千九百年前, Polynesians 登上此島嶼,這裡如同天堂,土壤肥沃,物產豐盛。人口逐漸增加到一萬五千人。為了工作的需要,島民開始砍伐森林;森林面積減少,土壤裡的水分流失,地表較肥沃的土壤被海風吹走。島上的樹木逐漸被砍伐殆盡,表土流失,土壤貧瘠,無法孕育作物;經濟瓦解,文明崩潰。於1870 年末期,人口只剩下約百人。
常聽到的故事
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E. Easter Island: Some revisions in a popular environmental story
1. The Polynesians arrived on the island about 800 years ago, not 2,900
years ago.
2. Their population size probably never exceeded 3,000, contrary to the
earlier estimate of up to 15,000.
3. The Polynesians did use the island’s trees and other vegetation in an
unsustainable manner, and by 1722, visitors reported that most of the
island’s trees were gone. But one question not answered by the earlier
hypothesis was why did the trees never grow back? Recent evidence
suggest that rats played a key role in the island’s permanent deforestation.
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E. Easter Island: Some revisions in a popular environmental story
4. After 1722, the population of Polynesians on the island
dropped to about 100, mostly from contact with European
visitors and invaders. These newcomers introduced fatal
diseases, killed off some of the islanders, and took large
numbers of them away to be sold as slaves.
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問題與討論
Ayo NUTN website: http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/