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, , ., . ( ) : , , , . , . , , , . , , , . , , . 65 , , . , , . . , , , , . , , , , , . : , , , , ', . . , : , , . , , , ; , , 13 ; , , , , , , . (] (Darstellungsfunktion) . . , . , , - . . ( ) , , , 105 = 1000000, , . , , ; , . . : , , , . . . , , 66 . , . ( .), , , , : , , , . . , , , . , , , , . .6. ? , , . , , , . , . !, !, ! ! ! !. . - , , . , . , , . : , , , ; , ; . , , . . , , , . , , , , . , -, , 67 ( , ). , : . , , . or . ( ): , , ', , , , , . , ^ . , i , , , - . , , , , - (., , Baldwin (1895), Eigen und Winkler (1975), Groos (1896), Hochkep-pei (1973), Lorenz (1973, 1977) Morgan (1908)). , . , , , . (Menzel, 1965) , , : , "-" , , ... (. Frisch (1959), Itani (1958), Kawamura (1959) Miyadi (1964)). , - " ( -^ ), t'-- , i DC i- , - (make-K~"ove plays), , ' ^ . , . -: , , , , 68 . . ( , , .) - . , . , , ( ). ( , . ) , , . ( , , .) -, . , , , . , , , , , , ., - . ( , , .) , , , , , , , . , (. Popper and Eccles, 1977): , . , .7. , , , , , . (. 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( - , , , .) 3 : . 3 , 2 3: 2 3, 3 2 ( 1). 3 ( ) 2, ^ i , , - . ( 2) ( 3: , , , , , , ) . , * , . , , , . , , , ^ , , , 2 3, "< ' 3, , 1 :'i . , ' * ! : *' " 3 - , R' ", , -' . ,- ; IV . , -i.pe. - , > , ,|\, , , , > , , , - , - - , , ? , . , , , ,, , . , .106 . . ( 8, .) , . , , . , , , . , . . , , , , , [29]. , , . , , , , , , . , (contingent) , , , , ., , , , . (reifying) , ; , , , [30].3. 4, . , , . , , , , , . >' - , . .. 107 (presumptions) , , . , . , , , , (overt) . , , [31]. , , , . (encompassing) . , (comprehensive) , -, , (recenterings) [32]. , , , , , . , , . , , , , . , , , . , , , . . , [33], , , , . , , , , , } , , , . , , 108 . . ( , , .) , , , . . , . , , (very general drive states) (reinforcing conditions). , , , . (, , , , , , .) . .. 1961 . [33 ], , - , . , , , .5. . , (insightful problem solving), , . [34], . , . , , , , , (insightful), .6. . , , , , , , , , , , . 109 , . 1895 . . , , : , ... [35]. [ , ] , . 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(expectation).2. , , : (uncertain). , , , , . , ; , , . ( , .) :3. , , , , , , . , , 5.48 . ( , .)4. , , 197 . .5. , : (certainty) , , . .6. , . . , , - .7. : .8. , , . , . . , , . ( 9), . , , , , . , . , , , , , ( ) . . , , - , , , , , . (, , .) , : , , , , , , , , . , . , () ; . , , , . ( , .) - , : ; , , . , , 198 . , . , , . , , , , . , , , ; , , . , , (, , ). . , , - , , .9. ? ? , , , , , , ( ), .10. , , , ( , ) , . , , , . , - , , - . , , .11. , , . . . , , (foreknowledge) . (, , , .) . , : , .12. () , , , , 199, , . , , . , , , (, ) , , , .13. . . , . , , ( , , ), (.. , ) , .14. . , , , , , . , , , . , , . - , (pre-conditions) .15. , , , . , , , ? ?. , , - , . , - , , : , , , 200 , , , , , . , , , , : , . , , ; . , , , , , . , , , , (in the task of) \ , , , .16. , , , , , , . , , , . ( , .) ( ) , . , , , , , .17. , , , . , , , . , , , , 201, , .18. , - . , , , , . - . ( .) , . , , , , , .19. , , . ; . , , . , 1934 ., 25 , 1959 .8 : , . ., , , - , . . , , , . , ., -, . , . , Popper Karl R. Logik der Forschung. Wien: Julius Springer, 1934. : Popper Karl R. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Hutchnson, 1959. ( . , VIII IX (), : . / . . H M.: , 1983, .33-239. - . .)202 , . : , , , , . , ( 0 ), , . , , . , , , , . : , , . , , , , . . , , , () , , . . ( .) , 1988 . , . , , . . , ( ) , , , . , , , . . - , (pathways) 203 9. . , . , , , . , , . , . . , , , , . , , , , . ( , , ) , . , , , , . , , , - . , , , - , . . , , . , , . . , , , ( , , ) . : ? (biochemical pathways), (chemical pathways), () (), () . , . .204 , , , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , , (self-invention) : . , , , , , , ( ). : , . , , , ( ) (pathways). (1900-1979) , , , . , , . , - , . , , , , . , , , , , , . ( ) , . . , : , , , , . , . , , . , , . ( ) 205. , , . , , ( ) . (extant) , , , , . , . , . , , . , , . ( , . , ; , , .) , , . , , : , , . , , , . , , a priori a posteriori. a priori , , a posteriori , ; a priori a posteriori . ( a priori , , a priori (valid), . , , , .) a priori ; , . a posteriori206 , . , , , :(A) a posteriori.(B) a posteriori a priori, , , a posteriori. , (senses), (sens). (frame of reference), , .(C) a priori , , ( ) ( ). , . ( , , , , , .) , . . , , , 99 , . , 99 , a posteriori, , , a posteriori, a a priori. ( ) , a priori . , , , , (preconceived) . , , ., . . , , . , , , . , , : . a priori , . , . , , , 207 , . , (, , ). . , , . : , . , , , , . , . . , , , , . , , , , ; , . , , , , a priori. , , . , . , , , . , , . ( ): ; , , , a priori. , , . , , : , , ( ) . ( ) - . , , . , . , . , , .208 a priori, . , . , . , , . . , ( ) ( ): , . , . ( ) , ; , ., . , . - , , , . . , , , . , , ! , , , , , , . , (bucket theory of mind), , , . : (Isherwood . I am a Camera). , , , a priori ; ; , , , , . , , , '. . , , . . , , . . , - . 209 , , : (self-critical attitude) . . , , , . - (criticalapproach), . ( , , .) , . , , , . . : . , . . , , . , , , , . , , , , . , . , (peace) . , : , , , - , , . , , ., , * : , - ! : ; , , . (probatively truth-indicative) , , [1 (87)]. , , . , , . , . . . . 1 . * Rescher Nicholas. Peirce, Popper and the Methodological Turn // Rescher Nicholas. Peirce's Philosophy of Science, ch.2, part 2. University of Notre Dame Press. Notre Dame, London, 1978, pp. 51-63, 106-109. .. 5, 6 7.1 Popper Karl R. Objective Knowledge. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1972; OK; 3 6: . / . . H. M.: , 1983; . . ., 211 (OK, p. 19). , (problem-questions). . (OK, p. 70) [2 (88)]. : . , , "" , " " (OK, . 242 [, . 538-539]). , , . , , , , , (cloud-like) (OK, p. 247 [, . 544-545]). : , (OK, p. 247 [, . 543]) . , , () , (OK, . 261) [3(89)]. , , :1. .2. .3. : , , - , . , , (search) . . , 212 . , , - . , , , . ( ) . , (OK, p, 24) : , ( ), - , (miraculously) , . (, , , , .) [4 (90)]. , , , , , , ignorabimus2 , (intrinsic mystery). , (OK, p. 29-30), , . , , , ? [, ] (we test for truth), , . , , . ( , , , , .) ( ), , , , , prima facie3 , [5 (91)], . , , , Ignorabimus (.) . . .Prima facie (.) . . ., 213 ( ) , , . , , - , , , , , , . , , , ( ) , . , , . , - , , . , , - (OK, p. 23). , , , . . : , . , . , , , : , (justification) [ ], , ; (OK, p. 30). : , (OK, p. 101) [6 (92)]. -, , ; , . , , : (reasonable assurance). He , 214 , . , , , (crucially deficient); , , , , . , , , . , , mi , . . , , , , . , . , , , , , - , . , , . , . . , . , , , [7 (93)]. : ( ) ( ) . , , ( , , ), , , ^ , , . ( , , , 215 .) -4 , , . , , . , , . , ()5. : (truths) , . , , - (, , ) , (, 5. 431 [1905]). :, , , , ? ? , . - . , , , , , , - ? , , ; - -, . , , , , . , , . , . . 4 confirmation (.) . . . . , .216 . , , . . , . . . , - . , , . (divining)6 , , , . - . , , , (insight) , , , , , , . , , (perceptive judgments).