;fsr[o gq;kfd..

fBowb nkÙow

foÙhe/Ù

ngD/ ÙpdK ftZu fJT[A fpnkB ehsk L-

T[go'es eEBK nB[;ko dk

nkozG ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ gftZso

fjod/ ”u'A j'fJnk. e[ºM ;w/A pknd nkg

ih d/ d;t/A ;o{g ;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih

B/, T[; ;w/A d/ ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse

jkbksK w[skfpe fJ; gzE B{z BthB

ns/ ;zrfms o{g fdZsk. nkg ih B/ ;qh

gkT[ANk ;kfjp (fonk;s BkjB), j[D

fibQk f;ow"o (fjwkub gqd/Ù) dh

gftºsq Xosh s'A ;zB 1686 JhH ftZu gzi

j'Djko ns/ ftZfdnk gq/wh f;ZyK B{z

ngD/ eo-ewbK d[nkok GrtK t/;

gfjBk e/ (;zfBnk;h)

;kfink. fJBQK ;zsK B{z nB/eK

nkÙhotkd d/ e/ gqkfeqs, fpqi ns/

;z;feqs GkÙk d/ nfXn?B d[nkok j'o

Gkosh ;fs-ÙkÙsoK dk frnkB jk;b

eoB bJh ekÙh (pBko;) G/fink. r[o{

ih B/ co[ wkB ehsk, ““s[;hA pqjw

ftZfdnk gqkgs eoe/ wjkB ftZdtkB

pD'Ar/ ns/ r[owfs d/ frnkB dk

gquko-gq;ko, d/Ù-ftd/Ù ftZu eo'Ar/.””

fJ; nb"fee xNBk s'A bºrGºr 13 ;kb

pknd ;zB 1699 JhH ftZu

B/ ;qh nBzdg[o ;kfjp

fty/ ;ki e/ ykb;k gzE dh

wkfonk f;ek irfs ftfu

BkBe fBowb gzE[ ubkfJnk.

efb:[r BkBe fBowbk

gzE ubkfJU nkfJ.

:Ek

(iBw ;kyh GkJh pkb/ tkbh)

fBowb gzE

fBowb/ ;zs

;qh r[o{ r'fpzd

f;zx ih wjkoki

gzi fgnko/

15thA ;dh ftZu Gkos toÙ dh

Xkofwe, ;wkfie ns/ oki;h jkbs

nsh-dodBke ;h. T[; ;w/A d/

j[ewokB ngDk dhB-JhwkB SZv e/

Ù?skB dk o{g j' u[ºe/ ;B. oki;h

skes to b'e, XZe/ ns/ fjZe d/ 'o

Bkb, ;ko/ wB[Zyh ;wki T[Zs/ jo soQK

Gko{ ;B. wB[Zy-wksq dh jkbs fJZE'A

sºe fBZxo u[Zeh ;h fe T[j ngD/-

nkg B{z wB[ºy efjbkT[D dk jZe th

r[nk p?m/ ;B. Ù{doK ns/ n"osK dk

jkb nsh so;-:'r ;h. oki;h gZy'A,

d/Ù d/ jo-fJZe e'B/ ftZu pd-

fJzskwh, p/fJB;kch eoe/ p/u?Bh dh

Gowko ;h. oki/, ngDh goik B{z

e;kJhnK tKr e'Ajd/ ;B. gq/w, ;Zu,

fBnK, d:k dk Bkw'A-fBÙkB BjhA ;h.

jo soc Bos, e{V ns/ co/p dk jh

p'b-pkbk ;h.

d/ gqrN j'D

Bkb ;z;ko s'A nfrnkB dk nzXeko

d{o j'fJnk ns/ oZph frnkB dk

gqekÙ j'fJnk.

efb eksh oki/ ek;kJh

Xow[ gzy efo T[vfonk..

e{V[ nwkt; ;u[ uzdqwk

dh;? Bkjh ej ufVnk..

nkfg BokfJD[ ebk Xkfo

ir wfj gotfo:T[..

nfij/ nºfsnkukoK Bkb d[yh iht

f;qÙNh dh g[eko ;[De/, nekb g[oy,

fBozeko gqG{ ih B/ ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih

d/ o{g ftZu, fJ; ;V oj/ ;z;ko dh

oZfynk eoB bJh ;zB 1469 JhH

ftZu ntsko Xkfonk.

;qh r[o { BkBe d/t ih

;fsr[o[ BkBe[ gqrfNnk

fwNh X[zX[ ifr ukBD[ j'nk.

nkg ih B/ ;z;ko d/ ;w[Zu/ ihtK dk

fXnkB, T[; nsh T[Zu/-;[Zu/ ihtB tºb

fdtkfJnk fijVk fe g/qwk-Grsh s/

wB[ºy-wksq dk fgnko fdqVkT[Adk j?.

gqwkswk fJZe j? ns/ ;koh f;qÙNh T[;

dh ouBk j?. T[j ;ot-ftnkge j? ns/

;d?t jh ;Zu j?. T[j gqwkswk fJ;

;keko ftZu fBokeko ns/ ;or[D ftZu

fBor[D j'e/ fpokiwkB j?. r[o{ ih dk

ihtB wB'oE fJ; ;z;ko d/ jo fJZe

gqkDh-wksq B{z T[Zu nfXnksfwe

nt;Ek pyÙe/ nfrnkB o{gh pzXBK s'A

w[es eoBk ;h. ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/

nrzwh nB[Gt ”u'A fi; fBokb/, ıkb;,

Ù[ZX ns/ dk ;zebg ;c[os

j'fJnk, T[; pko/ GkJh r[odk; ih B/

fBowb gzE

;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih wjkoki

;fsr[o gq;kfd ..

fBowb gzE L ;zy/g ikDekohfBowb gzE L ;zy/g ikDekoh

fBowb gzE ubkfJU J/e ftt/e Grs fdqVkJh. efb:[r BkBe ebk fdykJh.

1

;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih wjkoki

;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih wjkoki

fgnko/ GkJh Xow f;zx ih

;zs pkpk rzvk f;zx ih

;zs dopkok f;zx ih (;ofjzd tkb/)

pkpk ;kfjp f;zx ih

pkpk ;'Yh dhg f;zx ih

;zs okw f;zx ih “ftoæes”

;zs mke[o fdnkb f;zx ih (nzfwqs;o)

;zs Xow f;zx ih “;wkXh tkb/” (nzfwqs;o)

g{iBhe wjzs pkpk p[ZYk f;zx ih wjkoki

(;z;Ekge fBowbnkÙow-foÙhe/Ù)

˝

;qhwkB wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih wjkoki

(toswkB rædh-BÙhB)

fBowb nkÙow-foÙhe/Ù

wjzs nkswk f;zx ih wjkoki

wjzs BkokfJD f;zx ih wjkoki

;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih wjkoki

“ftoæes”

Bkdh-tzÙ gqzgokBkdh-tzÙ gqzgok

......

..

2

i'fs Ujk i[rfs ;kfJ ;fj ekfJnk c/fo gbNhn?..

f;oiDk ehsh. fJj nB'yh xNBk r[o{

je[ w, e[opkBh, ;wogD ns/ fsnkr

dh nsh T[Zsw fw;kb j?. ykb;k ;kiD

d/ fJ; nb"fee gq;zr s'A s[ozs pknd

ekÙh s'A nfXnksfwe ftºfdnk gqkgs

eoe/, T[j gzi ;zs th, r[o{ ;kfjp d/

uoBK ftZu jko j'J/. ;qh r[o{ ih d/

gktB uoBK s/ BwÙeko eoe/ nB/eK

nÙhotkd bJ/ T[gqzs nzfwqs dh dks

gqkgs eoB bJh p/Bsh ehsh. r[o {ih d/

je[ w nB[;ko (fgnko/) GkJh dfJnk

f;zx ih ns/ (fgnko/) GkJh Xow f;zx

ih, nzfwqs SekT[D ;w/A fJBQK gziK ;zsK

d/ T[gd/Ù dksk j'J/. fJ; gqeko fJBQK d'

fgnkfonK s'A, T[BQK gzi ;zsK d/ wkfXnw

okjhA i' Bkdh-tzÙ gzqgok uZbh, T[; dk

Bkw noEks

gqf;ZX j'fJnk. T[; Bkdh-tzÙ gzqgok

dh gqtkfjs bVh ”u'A ni'e/ ;w/A ”u fJZe

wjkB Ùy;hns jB -

toswkB rZdh-BÙhB) fBowb

nkÙow- foÙhe/Ù.

“fBowb ;zgqdkfJ” “fBowb

gzE”

gow g{iBhe

;qhwkB wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih wjkoki,

(

;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih wjkoki

dh ;zrs ns/ ;/tk gqkgs j[zdh j?.

r[opkDh ftZu th pko/

c[owkB j?-

nºi s'A ;Zm(60) e[ ;kb gfjbK pqjw

frnkBh, pqjw fBÙm, wjkB-sgº;th

ih B/ ngDh uoB S'j gqdkB

eoe/, eoBkb (jfonkDk) dh Xosh B{z

Gkr bkJ/. nkg ih, doÙB eoB nkJh

;zrs d/ jo/e ftnesh B{z gqG{ f;woB

ns/ fBÙekw ;/tk eoB dh gq/oDk fdzd/

;B.

;zs wfjwk

gowg{iBhe ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx

“ftZoes”

wfjwk ;kX{ ;zr eh ;[Bj[ w/o/ whsk..

wb? [yJ' h ef'N nr jo /fBowb GJ /uhsk..

f;wfo f;wfo Bkw[ pkoz pko..

BkBe ihn ek fJj? nXko ..

;/tk eos j'fJ fBjekwh..

fs; eT[ j's gokgfs ;[nkwh..

:Ek

gzE osB frnkBh ;zs f;zx ih

“w;ehB” f;Zy irs ftZu r[owfs d/

T[Zx/ ftZdtkB j'J/ jB. fBowb

nkÙow foÙhe/Ù d/ ;zs pkpk pbtzs

f;zx ih s'A nfsnzs gqGkfts j'e/ e[ºM

;wK T[BQK s'A r[opkDh d/ noE-p'X

ns/ r[ji ftfdnk gqkgs ehsh. T[j

fJsBh ;[zdo Ù?bh ftZu eEk eod/ ;B

fe jo Ùq'sk, T[BQK dh ekpbhns dh

dkd fdzdk ;h. T[BQK dk efjDk ;h fe

;fs;zr ftZu p?m/ jkoK gqkDhnK ”u'A

e/tb fJZe nZX jh ifrnk;{ j[zdk j?

fi;B{z gqw/Ùo Bkb fwbD dh sKx

T[sgzB j[zdh j't/. jko e[ ifrnk;{nK

ftºu'A e/tb fJZe nZX jh ;kX{ dh

gqhGkÙk s/ g[Zrdk j? i' gqw/Ùo gqkgsh

bJh g{oh brB Bkb fXnkB ns/

;kXBk eodk j't/. nfij/ ;kX{ pko/ r[o{

;kfjp c[owkT[Ad/ jB-

nfijh wfjwk tkb/ jkoK ;kX iBK

”u'A e/tb fJZe nZX jh pqjw frnkBh,

g{oB g[oÙ iK ;zs j[zdk j? i' ihtK d/

sgd/ fjofdnK B{z r[opkDh frnkB d/

nzfwqs puBK d[nkok ÙKs eodk j?.

tk;st ftZu nfij/ ;zs jh gqw/Ùo dk

og{ jzd[ / jB-

wB[ºyk ihtB ftZu fe;/ tvGkrh

gqkDh B{z jh fJj' fij/ g{oB go[ Ù, ;zs

;kX eh wfjwk p/d B ikBfj ..

i/sk ;[Bfj s/sk pfynkBfj ..

pqjw frnkBh eT[ y'ifj wj/;[o..

BkBe pqjw frnkBh nkfg gow/;[o..

;zs wfjwk;zs wfjwk

e'fN wX/ e'Jh ;zs fdykfJnk.. BkBe[ fsB e? ;zfr sokfJnk..

3

;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih “ftoZes”

jo/e ftnesh B{z nkg ih d/ fujo/ d/

B{okBh ibkb d/ doÙB eoe/ wkBf;e

ÙKsh wfj;{; j[zdh ;h. nkg ih B/ g{oph-

gZSwh gzikp, jfonkDk, fdZbh, T[Zso

gqd/Ù ns/ fpjko nkfd gqd/ÙK dhnK

;zrsK B{z r[opkDh d/ bV bkfJnk.

“ftoZes” ih wjkoki pV/ fBXVe,

;gÙNtkdh ns/ fBo'b ;Zu s/ nkXkfos

T[gd/Ù eoB tkb/ wjKg[oÙ ;B feT[Afe

T[j i' efjzd/ ;B, T[jh eod/ ;B.

g{iBhe ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx “ftºoes”

wjkoki ih d/ nfij/ T[Zu/-;[Zu/ ihtB

s'A fiZE/ nB/eK gqkDh gqGkfts j'J/ T[ZE/

jh eoBkb Ùfjo d/ fJZe j'Djko pkbe

ow/Ù uzdo T[oc “okw” B/ th nkg ih dh

ÙoD ftZu nkT[Dk Ù[o { ehsk. ;e{b'A

nkT[Ad/ jh fBowb e[Nhnk s/ mfjo/ ;zsK

wjKg[oyK B{z BwÙeko eoe/, bzro

gekT[D dh ;/tk eoB bZr iKd/. j'o

;/tktK d/ Bkb-Bkb wjKg[oyK dh

fBZih ;/tk tZb th o[Zuh tXdh rJh.

nkokw d/ ;w/A ngD/ r[o{d/t ;zs pkpk

fBZek f;zx ih wjkoki d/ uoBK ftZu

jh nk;D brk b?Ad/ ;B. fit/A fit/A

nt;Ek tXdh rJh, fst/A fst/A ngD/

r[o { ih dh ;/tk ns/ doÙBK gqsh th

fyZu tZXdh rJh. cb ;og{ ngDk

;wZ[uk ihtB r[od{ /t ih dh nkfrnk

ns/ ;/tk ftZu bkT[D dk gZek fBÙuk

eo fbnk. ;wK gk e/ fJ; nfBzB ;/te

B/ ngDk-nkgk (sB wB XB) r[o{

uoBK ”u nogD eo fdZsk. fBo;zd/j

r[o{ ns/ fÙÙ dk fgnko nEkj

T[ukJhnK B{z S{jD bZrk. d?th je[ w

Bkb fJZe n?;k tvGkrk ;wK nkfJnk

id'A “ftoZes” wjkoki ih B/ soZ[m e/

ngD/ ;[:'r ;/te B{z (wJh 1981 ftZu)

ngDk jh o{g d/ fdZsk. fJ; wjkB

j;sh B{z jh nZi n;hA

d/ BkT[A Bkb

;fsekod/ jK. gq/w, fBzwqsk ns/ eoD[ k

dh w{os, ;d?t ngD/ r[od{ /t dh :kd

ftZu i[V/ ofjzd/ jB. nkg ih jo/e gqkDh

B{z gqG{-f;woB, Ù[ZG-eow eoB ns/

fBÙekw-;/tk eoB dh gq/oDk fdzd/ jB.

g{iBhe wjzs

pkpk okw f;zx ih

jfo ek Bkw[ iB eT[ G'r i'r ..

jfo Bkw[ igs eS[ Bkfj fpUr[ ..

;fsr[o f;y eT[ Bkw XB[ d/fJ..

r[o ek f;y tvGkrh j/fJ..

efo feogk fi; eT[ Bkw[ dhnk..

BkBe ;' iB[ fBowb[ Ehnk..

f;wfo f;wfo Bkw pkoz pko ..

BkBe ihn ek fJj? nXko ..

r[opkDh d/ fJ; wjkB nkÙ/ B{z w[Zy oºyd/

j'J/, nkg ih nB/eK ÙoXkb{ gqkDhnK B{z

Bkw igD dh pıfÙÙ eod/ jB.

:Ek

ifrnk;n{ K Bz{ fJjh nkfrnk jdz[ h j? fe-

g{iBhe wjkoki ih d[nkok fBowb

nkÙow dh ;/tk ;zGkbD d/ Bkb jh

iB-fjs d/ nB/eK ;wkfie, ftºfdne

ns/ fufes;e ;/tk-ekoiK dk nozG j'

frnk. :kson{ K, ;kX-{ ;zsK, ;zrsK

ns/ rohpK bJh nzB-S/sq, bzro

ftt;Ek dk ft;Eko j'fJnk. ;wkfie

;/tktK ftZu ;G s'A gfjbK fBowb

nkÙow j;gskb dk fBowkD (1990)

ns/ ;zsK-wjKg[oyK d/ nzfwqswJh

puBK dk gqekÙB (1993) dh nozGsk

j'Jh.

rohpK, b'VtzdK B{z G'iB, eºgVk,

dtkJhnK ns/ ftºfdnk-dkB nkfd

;/tktK B{z nsh T[Zsw ;/tk wzBd/ j'J/

eod/ ns/ eotkT[Ad/ jB. nkg ih,

nksw-nBzd, r[o{-j[ew ns/ gqG{ dh

wfjwk ftZu ;d?t jh bhB ofjzd/ jB.

nkg ih d/ fjod/ ftZu ojº;e ;Zu dk

frnkB gquzv j? ns/ fJ;/ jh frnkB d/

gqekÙ dk gquko d[BhnK Go ftZu

c?bkT[D bJh :sBÙhb jB. g{iBhe

wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih wjkoki, ;kb

ftZu bZrGZr nZm(8) e[ wjhB/ Gkos

ns/ ftd/ÙK ftZu ;w[Zuh wkBtsk B{z

r[opkDh okjhA gqG{ Bkw-f;woB ns/

Ù[ºG-eowK Bkb i'Vd/ j'J/ fBÙekw-;/tk

eoB dk efbnkDekoh ;zd/Ù fdzd/ jB.

;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih ftZu dh

pj[s wfjwk toDB ehsh rJh j?. ;ko/

d[ºyK eb/ÙK dk dko{ gqG{ dk Bkw dºf;nk

frnk j?.

:Ek

;op Xow wfj ;q/;N Xow[ ..

jfo e' Bkw[ ifg fBowb eow[ ..

;G s/ T{sw jfo eh eEk..

Bkw[ ;[Bs dod d[y bEk..

“Bkw[”

4

wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih wjkoki

wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih wjkoki, fBowb nkÙow

fty/ gqwkoEe T[gd/Ù eod/ j'J/Gzvko/ dh gzrs ftZu ;i/ j'J/ ;zs-wjKg[oy

mke[o s[w~ ;oDkJh nkfJnk.. T[sfo rfJU w/o/ wB ek ;z;k ip s/ do;B[ gkfJnk..

;zs pkpk i'X f;zx ih wjkoki

5

;op efbnkD ehJ/ r[od/t.. ;/te[ ngBh bkfJU ;/t..

brB B{z d/yd/ j'J/ g{iBhe ;zs pkpk

fBZek f;zx ih wjkoki B/ feqgk eoe/ 3

ngq?b 1983 JhH B{z ;zfBnk; d/ e/

;z;koh pzXBK s'A w[es eo fdZsk. nB/eK

nÙhotkd d/e/, ;qhwkB wjzs pkpk okw

f;zx wjkoki ih d/ Bkb fwbe/ ;/tk

eoB bJh fBowb nkÙow, foÙhe/Ù

ikD dh nkfrnk eo fdZsh.

r[o{ nkfrnk nB[;ko nkÙow dhnK

;kohnK ;/tktK B{z pV/ ;[uºi/ Yzr Bkb

;zGkbD ns/ ubkT[D dh nkozGsk

ehsh. nkg ih pV/ ;{MtkB, d{o-

fdqÙNh tkb/ ns/ ;[bM/ j'J/ gqpzXe jB.

nkÙow dhnK BthnK fJwkosK d/ BeÙ/

fsnko eotkT[D/, fBowkD eokT[Dk,

g[okDhnK fJwkosK dk BthBheoD,

nkÙow d/ ;kbkBk ns/ j'o ;w[Zu/

;wkrwK dk nk:'iB eoBk nkfd ezw

pVh e[Ùbsk Bkb fBGk oj/ jB.

;kohnK ;/tk-;z;EktK fit/A fe d' tZv/

j;gskb, gzi ftÙkb ;e{b, d'

f;bkJh e/Ado, fpoX-xo, nkJhH NhH

nkJhH ns/ gqÙk;eh ezwK nkfd dk jo

;w/A jo gZy'A wkor-doÙB, d/y-o/y

ns/ gqpzX eod/ jB. Bshi/ ti'A nZi

fBowb nkÙow, foÙhe/Ù e/tb fJZe

Xkofwe ;EkB jh BjhA ;r'A T[Zsokyzv

dk fJZe ftÙkb ;wkfie, ftºfdne

ns/ fufes;e ;/tk-;z;EkB pD

u[Zfenk j?. Gkt/A j;gskbK, ;e{bK

ns/ j'o ;z;EktK d/ ;zukbB, d/y-o/y

ns/ ftek; bJh ekch ;wK d/Dk g?Adk j?

fco th nkg ih nkÙow d/ ;kfjs

gqekÙB ftZu ftÙ/Ù fdbu;gh b?Ad/

jB. nkÙow tºb'A SgD tkbhnK

g'EhnK s'A fJbktk nkÙow d/ j'o

gq'rokw T[bhe e/, B/go/ ukVQB bJh

:'iBktK fsnko eoBhnK ns/

b/yDhnK dh n?fvfNzr eoB ftZu nkg

ih dh ftÙ/Ù ou[ h j?.

;zs pkpk i'X f;zx ih fJwkos fBowkD dk wkor-doÙB eod/ j'J/

g{opb/ Ù[ZG eowK d/ cb ;o{g jh Ù[ZG

;z;eko g?dk j[zd/ jB. n?;k jh

tkgfonk,

d/ ihtB ekb ftZu. nkg

ih d/ wksk ih dk ihtB Xkofwe ns/

;zs-;/th j'D eoe/, nkg B{z pugB

ftZu jh gqwkoEe o[uhnK d/ phi

gzx[ oB/ Ù[o{ j' rJ/ ;B. S'Nh T[wo/ ;zs

doÙB, ;zs ;/tk, Bkw igD ns/ gkm

eoB dh ifrnk;k j'Jh sK ;qhwkB ;zs

r'gkb f;zx ih wjkoki B/ Bkw dh dks

pyÙ e/ wjkB feqgk ehsh. g{iBhe

“ftZoes” wjkoki ih dh gftºsq e[Zb

ftZu g?dk j'D eoe/, fJj Ùº[G ;z;eko

ftok;s ftZu th fwb/. ;z;kfoe

ftºfdnk gqkgs eoB d/ Bkb-Bkb, r[o{

feqgk d[nkok nfXnksfwe ns/

r[opkDh dk r[ji frnkB gqkgs

ehsk. nkg ih dk ;zsK gqsh gq/w,

;fs;zrh ;[Gkn, ;z;ko s'A T[gokw

ofjDk, ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih gqsh

nfBzB ÙoXk oºyDk ns/ gqwkoEe

;qhwkB;zs pkpk i'X f;zx

ih wjkoki

6

d/ f;XKs nB[;ko 18 i[bkJh 2008 B{z

fBowb Xkw, wkvb NkT{B eoBkb

fty/, fJZe ftÙkb fJeZm ftºu fJBQK

;ko/ ;/tk-e/AdoK B{z g{iBhe wjzs pkpk

okw f;zx ih wjkoki d/ uoBK s/ pj[s

jh ÙoXk GktBk Bkb ;wofgs eo

fdZsk.

;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx “ftoºes” ih

wjkoki eoBkb Ùfjo dh nkpkdh s'A

pkjo jh mfjfonk eod/ ;B. T[; ;w/A

eZ[M e[ tvGkr/ gqhtkoK B{z nkg ih d/

doÙB, ;zrs ns/ ;/tk eoB dk

nt;o fwfbnk. fJZe ;h- ;H r[opuB

f;zx ih “vkfJwzv ;'Yk tkNo” tkfbnK

dk gqhtko ns/ d{ik tvGkrh gqhtko

;h-Grs bZGk wZb uktbk ih dk.

Grs bZGk wZb ih, T[BQK dh Xow

gsBh-wksk eosko e"o ih ns/ T[BQK

d/ ;ko/ gqhtko B/, ftÙ/Ù eoe/ nwohe

uzd uktbk ih B/ “ftoºes” wjkoki ih

dh jo gqeko Bkb ;/tk eoe/ p/nzs

n;h;K gqkgs ehshnK.

X[o eh pkDh d/ fJ;

eEB B{z nXko wzB e/ nwohe uzd

uktbk ih B/ ngD/ r[o{d/t “ftZoes

ih” dh gftºsq :kd ftZu rohp pZfunK

B{z w[cs ftºfdnk d/D bJh fszB(3)

;e{b, p/;jkok gqkDhnK bJh fJZe

ftÙkb fpoX xo ns/ j'o eJh gqeko

dhnK ;/tktK dh Ù[o{nks ehsh. nkg

eJh ;kbK s'A fJBQK ;/tk e/AdoK dk

;zukbB ns/ ftek; eod/ nk oj/ jB.

r[opkDh-gkm, GiB-ehosB, ;fs;zr

ns/ eEk-tkosk eoBk, T[dkofuZs

j'e/ b'VtzdK dh ;/tk eoBk, ;w{j ;zsK-

wjkswK dk nkdo ;fseko eoBk,

nkg ih dh wjkBsk B{z do;kT[Adk j?.

fJ; soQK goT[geko d/ ekoi eofdnK

fifB fifB ;kX;zr[ gkfJnk..

;' gqfG nkfg sokfJnk..

;op efbnkD ehJ/ r[od/t.. ;/te[

ngBh bkfJU ;/t..

gkDh gyk gh;[ dk; e? sp j'fj fBjkb[.. oki fwby f;edkohnk nrBh wfj ikb[..

fBowb Xkw-eoBkb fty/ ;wogD ;wkrw ;w/A dk fdqÙ

;zs nwohe d/t ih-fBowb Xkw eoBkb

wkBf;e dÙk nsh fnkdk T[gokwsk

ns/ t?okr wJh j'D ekoB ;z;ko s'A

;zfBn;s j'D bZrh. fJZe fdB ngD/

r[o{-;EkB, fBowb e[Nhnk-eoBkb

fty/ gj[zu e/ pqjwbhB r[o{d/t ;qhwkB

108 ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx wjkoki ih d/

uoBK ftZu nodk; ehsh, T[gqzs pkjo'A

th ;zfBnk;h pkDk XkoB eo fbnk. j[D

;koh ;zrs nkg ih B{z

eoe/ ikDdh j?. fJ; ozr-oZs/ o{g

ftZu ofje/ th eJh ;kbK sZe ngD/

r[o{d/t ih d/ Bkw T[Zs/ Ù[o{ ehshnK

iB-GbkJh fjs ;/tktK B{z go{ h nk;Ek,

brB, fwjBs ns/ tuB-pZXsk Bkb

fBGkT[Ad/ oj/ gqzs{ id'A t?okr B/ shpo

t/r gefVnk sK-

;zs nwohe d/t

ih

fi; eh p;s[ fs;[ nkr? oky?..

gqG eh nkfrnk wkB? wkE?..

epho w/ok w[M wfj feS[ Bjh

i' feS[ j? ;' s/ok..

s/ok s[M eT[ ;T[gs/

fenk bkr? w/ok..

:Ek

;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih

;qh r[o{ nwo dk; ih

d/ ihtB dh

w[Ybh ;kyh “;Zuk ;"dk” B{z e"D BjhA

ikDdk< fgsk ;qh wfjsk ekb{ ih B/

(pkbe) BkBe B{z thj (20) og[ J/ d/ e/

nkfynk fe Ùfjo s'A bkj/tzd ;"dk

eoe/ nkT[. pkbe BkBe ih, fJZe

;fs;zr eo ojh ;kX{-wzvbh B{z T[BQK

thj o[fgnK dk okÙD nkfd G/Nk eoe/

tkfg; xo nk rJ/. T[BQK dk fB;uk ;h

fe fJ; s'A tºX bkj/tzd ;"dk e'Jh j'o j'

jh BjhA ;edk. rohp, ;kX{-;zsK B{z

bzro SekT[D dh wjkB gqzgok, f;Zy

irs ftZu ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih s'A jh

uZbh. fJ;/ eoe/ ;kX{-;zsK ns/ rohp

gqkDhnK B{z G'iB SekT[Dk r[o{-xo

ftºu ;G s'A T[Zsw ;/tk wzBh iKdh j?.

nepo pkdÙkj fdºbh s'A bkj"o iKd/

j'J/ d/ doÙB

eoB tk;s/ T[BQK d/ v/o/ frnk. iks-

gks, T[Zu-Bhu d/ ftseo/ ofjs

bzro SeD bJh ;KMh gzrs bZrh t/y

fBowb/ ;zs r[o{ feqgk Bkb ghVQh-do-

ghVQh fBGkT[Ad/ nk oj/ jB. ;zB 1970

JhH ftZu B/

fBowb nkÙow-foÙhe/Ù fty/

“ftoºes” wjkoki ih dh gq/oBk ns/

nkfrnk Bkb ;t/o dk nzB-S/so (r[o{

ek bzro) Ù[o{ ehsk. gqzgok nB[;ko j[D

th gqsh fdB ;t/o/ seohpB 800 ;zs-

wjkswK G'iB b?D bJh nkT[Ad/ jB.

T[BQK d/ ;fseko ti'A nkosh ns/ c[ZbK

dh toyk eoB s'A pknd, ÙoXk ;fjs

bzro toskfJnk iKdk j?. ;kbkBk

;wkrwK ns/ j'o eJh w"fenK s/ ;kX{-

;zsK bJh ftÙ/Ù Gzvko/ th ehs/ iKd/

jB. fJwkosK dh T[;koh eo oj/

fw;sohnK ns/ wd{oK B{z, j;gskbK

wjzs nkswk f;zx ih

e/ T[j pVk gq;zB j'fJnk.

ns/ r[o{ e/ wjb

bzro dh ;/tk ngD/ jZEhA eod/ ;B.

dh bzro fsnko eoB dh

;/tk f;Zy fJfsjk; ”u gqf;ZX j?.

B/ bzro ftt;Ek tZb

ftÙ/Ù fXnkB fdZsk. ngD/ e[ZM e[

u'Dt/A f;ZyK B{z ;kX ;zrs, nfGnkrs

ns/ nfsEhnK bJh bzro dh ftt;Ek

eoB dk j[ew ehsk. fJZe oks B{z nkg

ih, ;kX{nK tkbk GrtK G/y gfjBe/

nZXh okshA bzro d/ gqpzXK dh iKu eoB

bJh febQ/ s'A pkjo rJ/. (fgnko/)

d/ bzro gqpzX s'A gq;zB

j'e/, r[o{ ;kfjp ih B/ T[BQK B{z nB/eK

todkB fdZs/. j[ew j'fJnk s[jkv/ s'A i'

;zgqdkfJ uZb/rh, T[; ;zgqdkfJ d/

wjKg[oÙ uko-gdkoEK (Xow, noE,

ekw, w'yÙ) d/ dks/ j'Dr/.

rohpK, nBkEK ns/ b'VtzdK bJh

bzro ubkfJnk eoBr/. fJ; gqzgok B{z

;qh r[o{ okw

dk; ih phph GkBh ih

wksk yhth ih

;qh r[o{

r'fpzd f;zx ih

GkJh

Xow f;zx ih

gzrs-;zrsgzrs-;zrs

BkBe G[;ohnk gekJhnk gkJhnk Ekb? wkfj.. fiBh r[o{ wBkfJnk ofi ofi ;/Jh ykfj..

r[o{ nwo dk; ih d/ v/o/ s/ nepo pkdÙkj gzrs ftZu p?m e/ r[o{ ek bzro SeD dk nkBzd wkDd/ j'J/

7

;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih wjkoki bzro ftt;Ek

dh iKu eod/ ;w/A Grt/A t/; ftZu

8

fBowb e[Nhnk-eoBkb fty/ ;t/o dk bzro toskT[D ;w/A dh w{zj p'bdh s;tho

yktfj youfj ofb fwfb GkJh.. s'fN B nkt? tXd' ikJh..

g{iBhe wjkoki ih fBowb nkÙow-foÙhe/Ù fty/ ;t/o d/ nzB-S/sq toskT[D dh jZEhA ;/tk eod/ j'J/

d/ ;Nkc ns/ wohK dh o{os nB[;ko

bzro gj[zukfJnk iKdk j?. fBowb

e[Nhnk eoBkb (sg-;EkB ;zs pkpk

fBZek f;zx ih) fty/ r[o{ e/ bzro dk

gqtkj fBozso ubdk j?. fJE/ th jo o'

eohp 1200-1500 rohp, wd{o ns/

p/;jkok gqkDh fpBK fe;/ G/d Gkt s'A

gzqgok nB[;ko gzrsK ftZu p?m e/ bzro

Sed/ jB. fJ;/ ;EkB s/ ;qhwkB ;zs

fBofGzdo f;zx ih “;ogzu” ns/ ;zs

pkpk eztbfJzdo f;zx ih, ngD/ jZEhA

bzro toskT[D dh ;/tk fBsk-gqsh

ÙoXk g{ope eod/ jB.

S/so b?D nkJ/ ;kX{-;zsK dh nkosh T[skod/ ns/ cºb[ K dh toyk eod/ j'J/

eoB bJh foÙhe/Ù fty/ ;zB 1986 JhH

d/ jfod[nko e[zG w/b/ d"okB 16 ngq?b

B{z ;kX{-;zsK ns/ ;kX ;zrs dh Gog{o

jkoh ftºu j;gskb dh fJwkos dk

BhAj gZEo oZfynk frnk. 13 ngq?b ;zB

1990 JhH B{z ft;kyh d/ Ù[ºG fdjkV/ s/

fJ;/ fJwkos ftZu ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp

ih d/ 11 ;qh nyzv gkmK d/ G'r,

ehosB ns/ nodk; T[gozs

(NAH) dh ;/tk

nozG ehsh rJh. j;gskb d/ Bkb

brdh j'o iwhB yqhd e/ fJºe ftÙkb

(gzi wz bK) fJwkos pDkJh

rJh. rohpK d/ w;hjk, ;zs Ùq'wDh

wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih dh fdnkbsk

;dek fJ; j;gskb ftºu dhB-

d[yhnK, rohpK, ngkjiK ns/ ;kX{-

fBowb

nkÙow j;gskb

GkJh ;kfjp ih jh fJ; ;z;Ek dh

;EkgBk dk w{b jB.

fiEº / ;hq ro[ { rf'pdz f;xz ih wjkoki B/

:Z[X ys/ q ftZu iM{ d/ ;o{ pho ywhnK Bz{

;wsk-Gkt Bkb gkDh fgbkTD[ ns/

wZbwQ -gZNh eoB dh wjkB ;t/ k GkJh

xBJº hnk ih Bz{ pıÙh TZ[E/ fBowb/ ;sz K

Bz{ fJj todkB fdZsk fe Tj[ gkq Dh wksq

Bz{ nksfwe frnkB okjhA wB dh

nkor' sk ns/ dtkJhnK okjhA Ùohoe

or' K dh Bftosh eoe/ sB-do;[ sh dk

;Z[y pyÙD. fJ;/ todkB ;dek fBowb

;zgqdkfJ d/ ;zs-iB, EK-EK s/

fv;gA?;ohnK ns/ j;gskbK dh ;EkgBk

eoe/ or' hnK dh ;t/ k eo oj/ jB.

g{iBhe ;qhwkB ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx

ih “ftoºes” c[owkfJnk eod/ ;B fe

““GkJh! ;G s'A gqwZ[y ;/tk fe;/ G[Zy/

gqkDh B{z o'Nh d/Dk, d{ih fe;/ Bzr/ B{z

sB YeD bJh eºgVk d/Dk ns/ shih

T[Zsw ;/tk fe;/ th b'Vtzd phwko B{z

dtkJh-p{Nh d/D dk gqpzX eoBk j?.””

fJBQK ;ko/ puBK B{z nkg ih d/ nfBzB

;/te GkJh okw f;zx ih B/ ngD/ fjod/

ftZu ;zGkb e/ oZfynk j'fJnk ;h.

;qhwkB wjzs BkokfJD f;zx ih d/ Ùoho

ÙKs j'D T[gozs fBowb nkÙow-

foÙhe/Ù dh ;/tk ;zs pkpk okw f;zx ih

B{z ;"Agh rJh. “ftZoes” ih dh nkfrnk

Bkb, fBowb ;kX{ ;wki B/ nkg ih B{z

nkÙow dk wjzs Ekfgnk. ngD/

g{iBhe r[o{d/t d/ puBK B{z ;keko

r[o{ xo ftZu ;/tk dk ftÙ/Ù ;EkB j?.

dÙw/Ù fgsk ;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh

ngko pyfÙÙ gqkgs eoe/

;/tk, fsnkr ns/

goT[geko dh ;keko w{os pD/. izrK

;w/A oD-sZs/ ftZu ngD/ fprkB/ d/

G/d-Gkt fwNk e/ ;w-fdqÙNh Bkb

fgnkf;nK B{z r[o{-og{ ;wM e/ ib

SekT[Dk s/ ywhnK dh wZbQw-gZNh

eoBk, ft;wkdh MoBkNK S/VB tkbh

fJe nB'yh fJfsjk;e xNBk j?. GkJh

;kfjp, ;/tk dk n?;k gzE ubk rJ/ fe

nZi sZe bZyK BjhA, eo'VK gqkDh fJ;

ib Bkb jo/ j' u[Ze/ jB. toswkB

ftZu d[BhnK dh ;G s'A tZvh ;wki -

;/th ;z;Ek (Red Cross) j? i'

iB ihtB d/ jo y/sq ftZu fpBK fe;/

G/d-Gkt s'A ib, wZbQw-gZNh- dtkJh

d/ e/ ihtB dkB d/D dh wjkB ;/tk

eodh j?. :ehBB jh fJj ;z;Ek GkJh

xBºJhnk ih dh T[; wjkB ftseo/-

ofjs ;/tk dk jh ftÙkb o{g j? nEtk

ftfu d[Bhnk ;/t ewkJhn?..

sk dorj p?;D[ gkJhn?..

GkJh

xBºJhnk ih

o?v eok;

ib, wZbQw-gZNh, dtkJh, ihtBib, wZbQw-gZNh, dtkJh, ihtB

fp;fo rJh ;G skfs gokJh.. ip s/ ;kX;zrfs w'fj gkJh..

9

GkJh xBºJhnk ih izr d/ w?dkB ftZu ıwhnK

B{z fpBK G/d-Gkt d/ ib SekT[Ad/ j'J/

10

;zsK d/ o'rK dk fJbki w[cs j[zdk j?.

;[:'r ns/ nB[Gth vkeNo, fwjBsh

;Nkc ns/ nkX[fBe ;[ftXktK Bkb

;[;ºfis fJj j;gskb, foÙhe/Ù ns/

nk; gk; d/ y/sqK ftZu t;d/

BkrfoeK d/ jo tor bJh fJZe

todkB j?. fJZe ;w/A g{i: wjkoki ih

d/ nfBzB ;/te ;qh uzdo{ e/tbokwkBh

B/ ;wki Gb/ Bkb ;zpzfXs e'Jh ;/tk

eoB bJh p/Bsh ehsh. T[BQK d/ fJ;

Ùº[G ;zebg B{z g{ok eoB bJh ;zB

2005 JhH ftºu g{iBhe wjkoki ih B/

fBowb nkÙow j;gskb d/ fszB e[

ewfonK ftºu nZyK d/ jo gqeko d/

o'rK dh iKu, nkgo/ÙB nkfd dh

w[cs ;/tk Ù[o{ eokJh. wohiK B{z xo'A

fbnkT[D s/ nkgo/ÙB T[gozs pZ;K

ftºu tkg; SºvD dh ;/tk ehsh iKdh

j?. ;cb nkgo/ÙB s/ ;[uZih ;/tk d/

ekoB wohiK dh frDsh tZXD brh

ns/ irQk dh xkN wfj;{; j'D bZrh.

fJBQK ;kohnK b'VK B{z d/yd/ j'J/ ns/

fJ; ;/tk dk ft;sko eoB bJh

jfod[nko s'A d//jokd{B ;Ve s/

B/gkbh ckow d/ B/V/ n?BH ihH J/H

(NGA) ;e{b d/ Bkb brdh iwhB

yqhd e/

dh ;EkgBk j'Jh.

fJºE/ nºyK d/ ;ko/ o'rK d/ fJbki dh

;[ftXk j?. e?AgK s'A fbnKd/ ;ko/ rohp

wohiK dhnK nZyK dk fJbki w[cs

ehsk iKdk j?.

g{iBhe wjkoki ih d[nkok fiZE/

r[opkDh ;zE:k, ehosB f;ykT[Dk,

r[o{ ek bzro (ns[ZN) ubkT[Dk, fszB

;e{bK okjhA nB/eK rohp pZu/ ns/

pZuhnK B{z w[cs gVQkJh eokT[Dk,

fBowb nkÙow nkJh

fJz;NhfuT{N (NEI)

fpoXK ns/ nBkE pZfunK dh ;/tk

eoBk eoBkb Ùfjo ftZy/ gfjb/ jh j?

T[ZE/ j[D rohp iBsk d/ Ùohoe o'rK

dk w[cs fJbki eoB bJh

dh fJwkos,

fÙt eb'Bh eoBkb fty/ fBowkD

nXhB j?.

;zs fBºek

f;zx u?ohN/pb j;gskb

11

12

fBowb nkÙow nkJh fJBz;NhfuT{N (NEI) y?oh ebK, foÙhe/Ù (T[Zsokyzv)

vkeNoK ns/ ;Nkc bJh fojkfJÙh wekB gkofezr

13

g{Bw-nkgo/ÙB s'A gfjbK g{Bw-nkgo/ÙB s'A pkd

(Commerce) fszB'A ftfÙnK d/ gVQB

dh ;[ftXk j?. d/Ù ftd/Ù s'A nkJ/

ftfdnkoEhnK bJh ;kc-;[Eo/

tksktoD ftZu dh th

;f[tXk j? fiZE/ ÙZX[ tÙ? Bz{ Gi' B ns/

;eb{ dh ftZu fsnko

ehs/ ÙZ[X gdkoE pZfunK ns/ ;Nkc Bz{

Tg[ bGº X eokJ/ iKd/ jB. fJEº / jh

;ftfwrz gb{ ns/ fJZe pj-[ we;dh jkb

pDkTD[ dh :i' Bk ftuko nXhB j.?

p'ofvzr jkT{;

fBowb pe/ oh

fit/A ;{oi d/ gqekÙ Bkb uzdowk b[gs

j' iKdk j? fst/A jh wB[ºyh fjod/ ftºu

frnkB gquzv j'D Bkb nfrnkB dk

nzX/ok fwN iKdk j?. r[opkDh dk fJj

eEB, wB[Zyh ihtB ftºu ftºfdnk dk

wjZst do;kT[Adk j?. 20t] ;dh d/

nzs ns/ 21t] ;dh d/ Ù[o{ ftZu, wB[Zy

B/ jo gZXo s/ ftÙ/Ù T[gbºGdhnK

ehshnK jB i' fe nkX[fBe ftZfdnk

;dek jh ;zGt j' gkfJnk j? gqzs{

gqzgoktkdh ftuko-Xkok s'A pr?o

nkX[fBe y'i ns/ ;kXB ng{oD jh

ofjzd/ jB.

fJ; gqeko Xow s'A fpBK ftfrnkB dk

nf;fss Bj] wzfBnk ik ;edk.

fBowb nkÙow foÙhe/Ù d[nkok

;' gfVnk ;' gzfvs[ phBk

fiB~h ewkDk BkT[..

;zukfbs ;ko/ ftZfdnk e/AdoK ftZu

fJjh ;z:[es gqDkbh bkr{ j?.

foÙhe/Ù s'A jfod[nko wkor s/

bZrGZr 8 feb'whNo dh d{oh s/ ;fEZs

fÙnkwg[o, nzro/ h wkfXnw d[nkok

ni'eh ftºfdnk d/D dk fJ; fJbke/ dk

Ùq'wDh ;e{b j?. ;hH phH n?;H JhH

(CBSE) s'A wkfBnsk gqkgs fJj

;e{b fBoXkfos gkm:eow d/ Bkb-

Bkb :'rk, ;K;feqse rshftXhnK,

y/vK, B?fse ns/ Xkofwe f;Zfynk

gqdkB eodk j?. fJZE/ pZfunK d/ T[Zu

nkuoD tºb th g{ok fXnkB fdZsk

iKdk j?. fJ; ;w/A ;e{b ftZu bZrGZr

1600 ftfdnkoEh jB. fJZE/ nkoN;

(Arts), ;kfJz; (Science) ns/ ekwo;

fBowb nkÙow dhgwkbk (;hBhno

;?ezvoh) gpfbe ;e{b (NDS)

frnkB dkBfrnkB dkB

14

p'ofvzr jkT{; dk wº[y d[nko

fBowb dhgwkbk gpfbe ;e{b (NDS) fÙnkwg[o (foÙhe/Ù) d/ gqKrD dk fdb fyZutK fdqÙ

T[rt? ;{o[ B ikg? uzd[..ij frnkB gqrk;[ nfrnkB[ fwNzs[..

15

N D S RISHIKESH

r[o go;kdh ftfdnk thuko? gfV gfV gkt? wkB[..

fgZS/ dZf;nk ik u[fenk j? fe ftZfdnk

s'A pr?o wBº[y dk wkBf;e ftek;

n;zGt j?. fJ; bJh ftZfdnk ;wki d/

;ko/ torK d/ gqkDhnK dh o{os j?.

nkofEe s"o s/ uzr/ xoK d/ pZu/ sK

T[Zu-;so dh ftZfdnk ;ji/ jh gqkgs

eo ;ed/ jB gqzs{ nsh rohp xoK d/

pZu/ nfijh T[Zu-;so dh uzrh

ftZfdnk s'A tKM/ ofj iKd/ jB. fJ;

gZy dh go{ sh eoB bJh

dh ;EkgBk y?oh ebK fty/ ehsh rJh.

fJ; ;e{b ftZu iks, Xow, ozr, B;b

ns/ y/soh G/d-Gkt s'A nbºr ofje/

e/tb nkofEe s"o s/ fgSV/ wkfgnK d/

pZfunK B{z jh dkybk fdZsk iKdk j?.

;hH phH n?;H JhH fdZbh d/ gkm:eow s/

nkXkfos, nzrq/ h whvhnw d/ fJ;

;e{b ftZu e'Jh th h; BjhA pbfe

pZfunK B{z ;e{b- :{Bhckow, g[;seK,

;N/ÙBoh, d[ZX-BkÙsk, nktkikJh d/

;kXB nkfd ;kohnK ;[ftXktK w[cs

gqdkB ehshnK iKdhnK jB.

ftZfdnkoEhnK dk vkeNoh w[nkfJBk

ns/ fJbki th w[cs ehsk iKdk j?.

;e{b dk nB[Gth ns/ fwjBsh ;Nkc

th fJBQK pZfunK B{z ;wofgs GktBk

ns/ fwjBs Bkb gVQkJh eokT[Adk j?.

ezfgT{No f;Zfynk, j;s-ebk, y/vK,

;zrhs, r[opkDh-gkm ns/ ehosB

f;ykT[D dk th ftÙ/Ù gqpzX ehsk

frnk j?. fJj ;e{b, foÙhe/Ù s'A

bZrGZr 13 feb'whNo d{o jfod[nko-

d/jokd{B o'v s/ B/gkbh ckow d/ B/V/,

jo/ Go/ tksktoD ftZu ;fEZs j?.

fBowb

nkÙow frnkB dkB ne?vwh (NGA)

16

29 wkou, 2009 B{z fJZe nsh ;[zdo ns/

ftÙkb gqÙk;eh ftGkr dh nozGsk

j'Jh j?. fJ; d/ Bdhe jh ;hBhno ;

;?ezvoh pbke fBowkD nXhB j?.

pj[-we;dh jkb, y/v-w?dkB ns/

;N/vhnw th :'iBk nXhB jB.

ftfdnk thukoh sK goT[gekoh..

gqÙkÙeh ftGkr d/ T[dxkNB ;w/A dh fJºe Mkeh

NGA

KHAIRI

KALAN

RISHIKESH

17

fBowb nkÙow frnkB dkB ne?vwh

y?ohebK-foÙhe/Ù

n?B ih J/ ;e{b

dhnK w[Zy rshftXhnK

N G A Activities

jw o[bs/ fcos/ e'Jh pks B g{Ssk r[o ;fsr[o ;zfr eho/ jw Ekg/.. (r[opkDh Ùpd rkfJB)

nfXnkge ns/ pZu/ fJZe ;[o j'e/ rkT[Ad/ j'J/ ;e{b rhs- “w/ok fgnkok n?B ih J/”

s[w wks fgsk jw pkfoe s/o/.. s[woh feqgk wfj ;{y xB/o/..

18

;kX ;/tk tvGkrh gkJhn?.. ;kX;zfr jfo ehosB[ rkJhn?..

S N S

KARNAL

dkBtho okik eoB s'A to';kJ/ Bro

T[Zgo ;dhnK s'A jh ;zsK-

wjKg[oyK dh pyfÙÙ ojh j?. ;zB 1556

JhH d/ eohp ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dk

eoBkb Ùfjo fty/ nkrwB j'fJnk.

nZi eZbQ T[; ;EkB s/ :kdrkoh

r[od[nkok ;qh wzih ;kfjp ;[Ù'fGs j?.

:ehBB jh fi; fJbke/ ftZu fe;/ g{oB

wjKg[oy, ;kX{-;zs dk nkrwB ns/

fBtk; j[zdk j?, T[; fJbke/ dh fck jh

pdb iKdh j?.

eoBkb Ùfjo dh Xosh GkrÙkbh j?

fiZE/ gow g{iBhe, ftoZes Ùq'wDh, ;zs

pkpk fBZek f;zx ih wjkokil ;qhwkB ;zs

pkpk Grs f;zx ih wjkokil ;qhwkB ;zs

pkpk doÙB f;zx ih ns/ ;qhwkB ;zs

r'gkb f;zx ih d/ uoB gJ/. toswkB

ekb ftZu ;qhwkB wjzs pkpk okw f;zx

ih wjkoki d/ gktB uoB g?D Bkb fJºE'A

d/ t;BheK ftZu nkg;h GkJhukok, gq/w,

Xkofwe ;z;eko ns/ fBÙekw ;/tk dh

GktBk j'o tX/o/ ikfrqs j'Jh j?. ;zs

pkpk fBZek f;zx “ftoºes” ih dh fJj

sg'-G{wh (eoBkb) nkw iBsk bJh

r[o{ e/ bzro, r[opkDh gkm, ;e{bh

gVQkJh, vkeNoh fJbki dh fBÙekw

;/tk dk e/Ado pDh j'Jh j?. 1.

, fBowb Xkw 2.

3.

(CBSE) ohck

ckow- ;ko/ ;e{bK ftZu feskpK,

NoK;g'oN, f;Zfynk, todhnK nkfd

w[cs gqdkB ehshnK iKdhnK jB. fJ;

;w/A seohpB 3600 pZu/-pZuhnK w[cs

ftZfdnk gqkgs eo oj/ jB.

eoBkb

;zs fBZek

f;zx (rob ;hBhno ;?ezvoh) gpfbe

;e{b ;zs fBZek f;zx

gpfbe ;e{b- ;zs fBZek

f;zx gpfbe ;e{b

;do pkko

;zs

fBZek

f;zx

gpfbe

;e{b

eoBkb

T[go'es ;/tktK s'A fJbktk rohp,

p/;jkok ns/ p/o[ rko n"osK B{z

ngDh o' h-o'Nh ewkT[D d/ :'r

pDkT[D bJh, foÙhe/Ù fty/

uZb fojk j? fiZE/ rohp

n"osK B{z eNkJh-f;bkJh dh f;ybkJh

w[cs eokJh iKdh j?. f;ybkJh e'o;

ftºu T[shoD j'D s/ ;oNhche/N d/

Bkb Bkb jo f;fynkoEh B{z ;jkfJsk

ti'A fJZe f;bkJh wÙhB th w[cs

fdZsh iKdh j?. eoBkb fty/

(I.T.I.) ;?Bh eb'Bh ftZu bVehnK

B{z ezfgT{No, f;bkJh, eYkJh ns/

Pathology Lab Technician dh w[cs

f;Zfynk fdZsh iKdh j? sK i' bVehnK

gVQkJh g{oh eoB s'A pknd, nk;kBh

Bkb B"eoh iK ;?o' rko okjhA ngDk

ihtB fBopkj eo ;eD.

joh feqgk

f;bkJh e/Ado

;zs fBZek f;zx t:t;kfJe gqfÙyÙB

e/Adq

19

;zs fBZek f;zx gpfbe ;e{bK (SNS) d/ pZfunK dhnK rshftXhnK

r[o fpB[ ;'Mh p{M B j'fJ.. ;kuk oft ofjnk gqG[ ;'fJ..

VOCATIONAL TRAINING

w[Zy ;/tk e/Adow[Zy ;/tk e/Ado

20

fBowb pkr-eBıb (jfod[nko) fty/ dopko ;kfjp GtB ns/ fojkfJÙh fJwkos

gkm ;EkB

nkX[fBe rT{ÙkbkBkBe dopko

w[Zy d[nko

;/te eT[ ;/tk pfB nkJh.. j[ew[ p{fM gow gd[ gkJh..

fBowb nkÙow d[nkok uZb ojhnK

fBÙekw ;/tktK dk gqtkj e/tb

T[Zsokyzv gqd/Ù sZe jh ;hfws BjhA

pbfe j'o gqd/ÙK ftZu th ;/tk-e/AdoK

okjhA b'e GbkJh d/ ekoi j' oj/ jB.

T[BQK ftZu'A gqwº[y jB-fBowb e[Nhnk-

eoBkb, fBowb ;zs fBtk;-w[zpJh ns/

;zrs frnkB r[ck-ekÙh (T[Zso gqd/Ù).

T[Zsokyzv dk fJj d{ik wjkB ;/tk-

e/Ado gqkfeqse ;[zdosk Bkb Gog{o

owDhe ;EkB j?. fJE/ ;qh dopko ;kfjp

GtB fty/ wfonkdk nB[;ko fBZs

fB:w Bkb gkm j[zdk j?. ;zrs d/

mfjoB dh ;[ftXk ns/ bzro dk uzrk

gqpzX j?. fJZe ftÙkb ;fs;zr jkb j?

fiZE/ jo ;kb wjKg[oyK d/ po;h

;wkrw wBkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJZE/ jh fJºe

nkX[fBe Yzr dh rT{Ùkbk j?, fiZE/

ftd/Ùh B;b dhnK rT{nK oZyhnK

j'JhnK jB. fJBQK jh rT{nK dk d[ZX

;e{bK d/ ftfdnkoEhnK bJh G/fink

iKdk j?.

fBowb pkr-eBıb (jfod[nko)L

BkBe dopko dh Ù'Gk fBokbh j?.

fBowb pkr, c{;rVQ fty/ rT{Ùkbk j?

fiZE/ ftd/Ùh B;b dhnK nsh T[Zsw

rT{nK oZyhnK j'JhnK jB. fJ;

rT{Ùkbk dh ;/tk-;zGkb ns/ ;ckJh

t/yD :'r j?. rT{nK bJh jok ukok

T[sgkdB s'A fJbktk eJh fe;w d/

cbdko g/V-g"d/, irQk dh ÙkB ns/

o"De tXkT[Ad/ jB.

fBowb e[Nhnk-eoBkb (jfonkDk) L

pqjw frnkBh pqjwbhB ;qhwkB 108

;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx “ftoZes” ih dh

fJ; sg'G{wh s/ ;kok ;kb ;qh r[o{ rqzE

;kfjp ih d/ nyzv gkmK dk gqtkj

fBozso ubdk ofjzdk j?. ÙoXkb{

:kso{nK bJh fBtk; ns/ bzro dk

;[uZik gqpzX j?. r[o{ ek bzro 24 xzN/

ns[ZN tosdk j?. “ftoZes” wjkoki ih

d/ gftZso eo-ewbK Bkb ;Ekfgs

21

;zrs frnkB r[ck-ekÙh (T[Zso gqd/Ù) L

;zrs frnkB r[ck

fBowb ;sz fBtk;-wpz[ Jh (wjkokÙNo) L

;qhwkB gzfvs ntsko f;zx ih fÙÙ

;qhwkB ;zs ;"dkro f;zx ih fÙÙ ;zs

mke[o fdnkb f;zx ih B/ ekÙh fty/

eoD xzNk fJbke/ nzdo, ;zB 1901 JhH

ftºu fJZe wekB yohfdnk fi; dk BK

oºfynk. ;zB 1924

JhH ftZu nkg ih B/ fJj ;EkB wjzs

pkpk p[ZYk f;zx ih wjkoki B{z nogD

eo fdZsk. wjzs ih wjkoki B/ ;zB

1929 JhH ftZu Bkb brdh j'o EK yohd

e/ fJZe uzrh fJwkos pDk bJh i' nºi

th ;[Ù'fGs j?. fJ;/ jh ;EkB s/ ofj e/

;zs noiB f;zx ih “fGyÙ{”, ;zs fBZek

f;zx ih “ftoZes”, ;zs Gos f;zx ih

ns/ j'o nB/eK ;zsK B/ ;z;feqs okjhA

r[owfs dh ftºfdnk jk;b ehsh.

fJZE/ fB:ws og{ Bkb ro[ pkDh gVBQ -

gVkQ TD[ dh ;t/ k j' ojh j.? ;hq ro[ { rEzq

;kfjp ih d/ nyvz gkmK ns/ ;fji

gkmK dk gtq kj fBosz o ubdk ofjdz k j.?

joe/ ns? tko Bz{ ;kX-;rz s tZbA'

ehosB ns/ brz o dk ftÙÙ/ gpq Xz jdz[ k

j.? fBoXkfos ;wA/ nB;[ ko ;kbkBk

;EkgBk fdt;, gi{ Bhe wjsz pkpk okw

f;xz ih dh ;og;q sh jm/ wBkfJnk iKdk

j.? esº e dh go{ BwkÙh Bz{ ;hq ro[ { BkBe

dt/ ih dk geq kÙ go[ p ns/ ;hq ro[ { rf'pdz

f;xz ih dk nkrwB fdt; pVh ÙoXk

Bkb wBkfJnk iKdk j.? fJ; ;EkB s/

f;Xz h ns/ giz kph ;rz s dh nEkj ÙoXk

j.? wZ[y ;t/ kdko GkJh GrtkB f;xz ih

fJEA' dh ;t/ k ;Gz kb eod/ jB.

fiE? p?;fB ;kX iB ;' EkB[ ;[jzdk.. UfJ ;/tfB ;zfwqE[ nkgDk fpB;? ;G[ wzdk..

iBw ;EkB ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih wjkoki

fJBQK gqw[Zy ;/tk-e/AdoK s'A fJbktk

eJh s/ th fBowb e[Nhnk

d/ Bkw s/ ;EkB w"i{d jB fit/A fe

fibQk gfNnkbk ftºy/ fgzv y'y-e'Nbh,

E{jk, e[spBg[o, n;og[o, b'j-

f;zpbh ns/ G'V/. fgzv G'sBk ns/ fgzv

XB"bk fibQk ;zro{o, iBw ;EkB ;zs

pkpk fBZek f;zx ih wjkoki fgzv ;hjK

d"d, fibQk b[fXnkDk. r[okfJnk-

j'o ;EkBK

fBowb ;zs fBtk; w[zpJh (wjkokÙNo)

fJwkos ;zrs frnkB r[ck-ekÙh (T[Zso gqd/Ù)

fibQk ibzXo, fgzv yNeV-y[od

fibQk BtK Ùfjo, fBowb nfpBk;h

e[Nhnk-fgzv Ybktbh (rzr'j) T[Zso

gqd/Ù, p/rwg[ok e[Nhnk-fgzv soktVh,

fibQk eoBkb (jfonkDk)

;kfjs gqqekÙB;kfjs gqekÙB

22

fBowb nkÙow d[nkok ftZdts,

nB[Gth wjKg[oyK d/ nzfwqswJh puBK

B{z gqekfÙs eoB dk T[gokbk th eJh

;kbK s'A uºb fojk j?. g{iBhe wjzs

pkpk pZ[Yk f;zx ih wjkoki (;z;Ekge-

fBowb nkÙow foÙhe/Ù) ih d/ e[ºM

gqtuBK B{z gzikph, fjzdh ns/ nzro/ h

GkÙk ftZu nB[tkd eoe/

d/ BK s/ SgtkfJnk frnk j?.

;qhwkB ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx wjkoki ih

d/ nw'be, nksw-frnkB GoG{o,

;/tk-f;woB ns/ Grsh-gqXkB

gqtuBK dk ;zebB f;ob/y

j/m fsnko ehsk frnk j?. fJBQK

gqtuBK ftZu'A e[ºM e[ u'Dt/A ftuko

u[De/

d/ Bkw j/m nzrq/ h ftZu fJZe

;[zdo g'Eh Skgh rJh j?. gzikph iK fjzdh

Bk gVQ ;eD tkb/ d/Ù-ftd/Ù ftZu

ofjzd/ ÙoXkb{nK bJh fJj nw'be

puB T[gbºGX eokJ/ rJ/ jB. fJ; s'A

T[gozs wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih dh

gq/oDk ;dek Bkwe

g'Eh dk gqekÙB j'fJnk fi; ftZu

fBowb ;zgqdkfJ ns/ ;zgqdkfJ mke[oK d/

;zy/g fJfsjk; s'A fJbktk nkÙow Bkb

;zpzfXs ;ko/ wjKg[oyK d/ goT[gekoh

ihtB ft;sko g{ote fby/ rJ/ jB.

fJj g[;se Bk e/tb nkÙow dh pbfe

;w{j dh nBw'b g{zih

j?. fBowb ;zs pkDh dhnK fJj g'EhnK

ifrnk;{nK B{z fBowb nkÙow-

fBowb

T[gd/Ù

“;ji eEk”

gob nkc No[ºE (Pearls of

Truth)

“n;uoi t;s{”

fBowb ;zgqdkfJ

ehosBh iZEk-phph jofwzdo e"o ih ehosBh iZEk-phph i;ihs e"o ih

jfo i;[ fbyfj p/nzs ;'jfj ;/ jEk.. uoB g[Bhs gftsq ukbfj gqG gEk..

foÙhe/Ù ns/ w[Zy ÙkyktK s'A jw/Ùk jh

gqÙkd o{g ftZu fwbdhnK jB.

g{iBhe ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih

“ftZoes” wjkoki ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp

ih d/ nyzv gkm ;kfjp d/ G'r T[gozs

fJbkjh j[ewBkw/ dh eEk efonk eod/

;B. e[ZM ÙoXkb{nK d[nkok fJBQK

gqtuBK dhnK gfjb/ foekov ehshnK

e?;NK s'A j[D BthnK e?;NK$;hvhnK

fsnko ehshnK rJhnK jB i' nkÙow

d/ dcso s'A gqkgs ehshnK ik

;edhnK jB. wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih

wjkoki jo ;wkrw dh ;wkgsh s/

ngD/ r[o{d/t ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx

wjkoki ih d/ fgnko ftZu fGZie/ pVh

ÙoXk, ohM, fBzwqsk, ;fseko ns/

mfjokt Bkb T[ BQ K d/

nw'be puBK B{z “ ” g'Eh ”u'A

gVQd/ jB. fJBQK puBK dh foekofvzr

th ehsh rJh j? fi; dhnK ;hvhnK th

T[gbºGX jB. fJ; s'A fJbktk wjzs

pkpk okw f;zx wjkoki ih d/ eEk o{g

nw'be puB ns/ fBowb nkÙow d/

ehosBh iºfEnK d/ r[opkDh Ùpd

ehosB dhnK ;hvhnK th nkÙow d/

dso s'A fwbdhnK jB.

;ji eEk

g{iBhe wjkoki ih ;ji eEk g'Eh gVQd/ j'J/

;zs ;wkrw;zs ;wkrw

23

g{iBhe wjkoki ih dh gq/oDk Bkb

fJZe nb"fee ns/ wjkB-:Zr ;zgzB

j'fJnk. 10 Btzpo 1993 B{z fJZe

ftÙkb Bro ehosB j'fJnk. fJ;

;wkrw d"okB ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih d/

fJZem/ jh

fJZe gzvkb ftZu 11 s'A 13 Btzpo sZe

pVh ÙoXk ns/ wfonkdk nB[;ko ehs/

rJ/. dhtkbh dh ;koh oks, r[opkDh

Ùpd ehosB ns/ nzfwqs t/b/ nk;k dh

tko s'A pknd ;wkgsh j'Jh. r[o{ ek

bzro fJZe jcsk ns[ºN tosdk fojk.

251 ;qh nyzv gkm ;kfjp

dh ;wkgsh T[gozs wjzs pkpk okw f;zx

ih wjkoki ;koh ;zrs B{z ;/tk, f;woB,

;fs;zr ns/ Ù[ZG-eowK ftºu gqftos

ofjD dk nÙhotkd og{ h ;zd/Ù fdzd/ jB.

nkÙow dhnK ftfGzB ÙkyktK s/ th

fBoXkfos ;w/A nB[;ko

wBkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK ;wkrwK d"okB

g{iBhe wjkoki ih ;zrsK B{z nw'be

gqtuB ns/ nÙhotkd pyfÙÙ eoe/

fBjkb eod/ jB.

;zB 1993 JhH dh

dhtkbh d/ Ù[ZG w"e/ s/ eoBkb fty/

po;h ;wkrw

wjkB :Zr-eoBkb L

g{iBhe ;qhwkB wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih

dh nrtkJh j/m fBowb nkÙow tZb'A

;w/A ;w/A Xkofwe ;wkrwK dk ftÙkb

nk:'iB ehsk iKdk j?. fBowb pkr-

eBıb (jfod[nko) ns/ fBowb

nkÙow-foÙhe/Ù fty/ ;szpo$ nes{po

d/ wjhB/ ftZu tZv/ wjKg[oyK dh gftºsq

:kd ftºu wBkJ/ iKd/ jB.

s/ th nkÙow ftZu j;gskb

(NAH) ns/ ;e{b (NDS) dk

wBkT[D bJh fJZe nb"fee

;wkrw j[zdk j?. NGA ns/ NEI dk

;EkgBk fdt;, NGA d/ ftÙkb gqKrD

ftZu wBkfJnk iKdk j?. fJBQK ;ko/

;wkrwK ftZu ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih d/

;qh nyzv gkmK d/ Bkb-Bkb, fBopkD

Ùpd ehosB ns/ ;zs ;wkrw j[zd/ jB.

;zrsK ns/ ;zsK bJh r[o{ ek bzro

(Gzvkok) ehsk iKdk j?. ;/tk, ;fs;zr

ns/ f;woB d/ fJBQK wjkB ;wkrwK

ftZu d/Ù-ftd/Ù s'A jkoK ÙoXkb{ pVh

ÙoXk ns/ gq/w Bkb Ùkwb j' e/ wjKg[oyK

dk nÙhotkd gqkgs eod/ jB. ;wkrwK

po;h ;wkrw

Bt/A ;kb

;EkgBk

fdt;

EkB[ ;[jktk gfts[ j? fiE? ;zs ;Gk.. Y'Jh fs; jh B' fwb? fifB g{ok r[o{ bGk..

;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih d/ 251 ;qh nyzv gkm ;kfjp ih (fJZe' gzvkb ftZu)

r[opkDh Ùpd ehosB, eEk-gqtuB

ns/ pqjw-ftuko fBozso ikoh oj/.

fJ; wjkB-:Zr dh Ù'Gk bZyK

ÙoXkb{nK B/ ;zrs og{ ftZu i[V e/

tXkJh. fJ; nb"fee ;wkrw ftZu ;ko/

gkmh ns/ ;/tkdkoK B/ fBÙekw ;/tk

ehsh. g{oh d[BhnK d/ f;Zy-irs d/

fJfsjk; ftZu fJj ngD/ fe;w dh

gfjbh T[dkjoD j?.

fBowb

nkÙow-foÙhe/Ù dk ;" ;kbk ;EkgBk

fdt; (21 s'A 23 f;szpo 2003)

fBowb nkÙow d/ ;z;Ekge g{i:

wjzs pkpk p[ZYk f;zx ih wjkoki ns/

pqjw frnkBh ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih

wjkoki ihnK d/ po;h ;wkrw d/ w"e/

s/ pVh X{wXkw ns/ ÙoXk ;fjs

wBkfJnk frnk. fJ; ;w/A ;qh r[o{ rqzE

;kfjp ih d/ 31 gktB ;o{gK dk gqekÙ

eoe/ ;qh dopko ;kfjp dh BthA

fJwkos dk T[dxkNB ehsk frnk.

wjkB ehosB dopko, ftÙkb Bro

ehosB, wjKg[oÙK bJh Gzvko/, r[o{ ek

bzro, ;ji eEk-g'Eh shih dk

ftw'uB ns/ Bt/A y'bQ/ ikD tkb// w[cs

;e{b

dh fJwkos dk BhAj

gZEo oZyDk nkfd T[; ;wkrw dhnK

wjkB ;/tktK ;B. nkÙow d/ fJ;

fJfsjk;e fdjkV/ d/ w"e/ s/ jh foÙhe/Ù

Ùfjo fty/ jfod[nko-bSwD M{bk w[Zy

wkor s'A nkÙow tZb B{z ikD tkb/

w[yoih wkor T[Zs/ fJºe nkeoÙe ns/

:kdrkoh dh ;EkgBk

ehsh rJh.

Ùskpdh ;wko'j-foÙhe/Ù L

fBowb nkÙow frnkB dkB

ne?vwh (NGA)

Ùskpdh d[nko

24

s;thoK okjhA Ùskpdh ;wko'j (2003) d/ doÙB

nm;fm shoE ij ;kX gr Xo? .. sj p?e[zm ij Bkw T[uofj ..

25

;qhwkB wjzs nkswk f;zx ih wjkoki ;qhwkB wjzs BkokfJD f;zx ih wjkokig{iBhe wjzs pkpk p[ZYk f;zx ih wjkoki

(pkBh - fBowb nkÙow-foÙhe/Ù, T[Zsokyzv)

iBw

iBw n;EkB

fgsk

wksk

;zy/g ihtB

nzs ekb

L;zB 1861 JhH

Lfgzv-jZb'tkb (r[odk;g[o)

L;qH cs/j f;zx ih

L;qhwsh ÙKsh d/th ih

L;zs mke[o fdnkb f;zx ih d/

gow fÙÙ ;zs Xow f;zx ih “;wkXh tkfbnK”

dh d/y-o/y ftºu Ùohoe, ftfdne ns/

nfXnkswe ftek; j'fJnk.

fBowb gzukfJsh nıkVk, eBıb

(jfod[nko) d/ ;eZso fB:[es ehs/ rJ/.

e[ºM ;w/A pknd ows nykVk gquko-wzvbh

d/ gqXkB Ekg/ rJ/.

;zB 1903 JhH ftZu foÙhe/Ù fty/ fBowb

nkÙow dh BhAj oZyh.

1911 JhH ftZu fBowb pkr, eBıb dh

;EkgBk ehsh.

1924 JhH ftZu ekÙh fty/ ;zrs frnkB

r[ck nkÙow ;Ekgs ehsk.

1927 JhH ftZu (;zs) fBZek f;zx ih nkg

ih dh ÙoB nkJ/.

1931 JhH ftZu ;zs nkswk f;zx ih B{z

wjzsh dh gZr fdZsh.

1932 JhH ftZu fBowb nkÙow n?;N/N

w;{oh tkbk nkÙow ;Ekgs j'fJnk.

1934 JhH ftZu fBowb nkÙow dh ;koh

ikfJdkd dk uZb-nuZb Noº;N pDkfJnk.

L30 f;szpo, ;zB 1937 JhH B{z

fBowb pkr-eBıb (jfod[nko) fty/

;uyzv fgnkBk ehsk.

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iBw

iBw n;EkB

fgsk

;zy/g ihtB

nzs ekb

L;zB 1885 JhH

Lfgvz -gZs' jhok f;xz (fco' go[ )

L;H gqskg f;zx ih

L;zB 1908 JhH ftºu wjzs pkpk

p[ZYk f;zx ih dh ÙoD ftZu nkJ/.

Ss/ h jh nkÙow d/ ewz K-ekoK dk Gs/ ;wM e/

;t/ k ftuº iN[ rJ/ ns/ ro[ d{ t/ d/ je[ w nB;[ ko

Bkb jh ro[ pkDh dh ;Ez :k ;gz o{ D ehsh.

nDEZe ;/tk s/ gq;zB j' e/ r[o{d/t ih

d[nkok Bkw dh dks ns/ ;zfBnk;h G/y

pyfÙnk.

1926 JhH ftZu wjzs pkpk p[ZYk f;zx ih

Bkb dºyD ns/ g{op dh shoE :ksqk s/ rJ/.

1931 JhH ftZu wjzs pkpk p[ZYk f;zx

wjkoki ih B/ nkg B{z wjzsh dh gZr d/ e/

fBtkfink.

;zB 1939 JhH ftZu f;zX gqKs ns/ 1954

ftZu ;qh bzek dh :ksqk (gfjbh tko) ehsh.

1966 JhH ftZu nkgD/ r[o{ d/t ih dh :kd

ftZu fBowb gzukfJsh nykV/ B{z ;'B/ dh

gkbeh G/Nk ehsh.

1967 JhH ftZu nkg ih B/ nkÙow ftZu

T[j EVQk pDtkfJnk fi; T[Zgo b/N e/ nkg

ih B/ ;oho (1973 ftZu) fsnkfrnk.

1970 JhH ftZu ;kX{-;zsK ns/ rohpK bJh

;t/o d/ nzB-S/so dk nozG.

L9 nr;s 1973 JhH B{z Ùkw d/ 5

ti/ gzi G"fse Ùoho fsnkr e/ pqjwbhB j'

rJ/.

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iBw

iBw n;EkB

fgsk

wksk

;yz g/ ihtB

nzs ekb

L;zB 1905 JhH

Lj[fÙnkog[o (gzikp)

L;H ;zs'y f;zx ih

Lwksk oZbh ih

LSN' h Tw[ o/ ;Bz 1922 JhH ftZu

xo-pko SZv e/ fBowb nkÙow-foÙheÙ/ nkJ./

;zB 1925 JhH ftZu wjzs pkpk p[ZYk f;zx ih

B/ nkg ih B{z gzfvs okw p;zs f;zx ih (oki-

r[o{) gfNnkbk tkfbnK gk;'A noEK ;w/s

r[opkDh dh ;zg{oD ;zE:k b?D bJh gfNnkbk

G/fink.

;zB 1973 JhH ftZu wjzs nkswk f;zx ih

d/ gob'e rtB j'D s'A T[gozs 25 nr;s

1973 JhH B{z nkg ih B{z fBowb G/y tZb'A

wjzsh dh d;sko j'Jh.

r[o{d/t wjzs nkswk f;zx ih dh :kd ftZu

;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx wjkoki ih d[nkok ;zB

1976 JhH ftZu w"i{dk tZvk jkb ns/ Bkb

tkb/ 42 ewfonK dh BhAj oyk e/ E'VQ/ ;w/A

ftºu jh fsnko eotkfJnk.

nzB-S/so dh ftt;Ek ftZu j'o ft;Eko

ehsk.

1 i{zB 1981 JhH B{z v/o/ dh ;koh uZb-nuZb

;zgsh dh t;hns gow ;/te ;zs okw f;zx

ih d/ Bkw fbZy fdZsh.

L25 nes{po 1982 JhH B{z fBowb

nkÙow foÙhe/Ù fty/ ;oho fsnkr fdZsk.

;skoQthA dk G'r 10 Btzpo ;zB 1982 JhH B{z

j'fJnk ns/ ;zs okw f;zx ih B{z grVh dh o;w

j'Jh.

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iBw woD d[jj{ wfj Bkjh iB goT[gekoh nkJ/..

ihn dkB[ d/ Grsh bkfJfB jfo f;T[ b?fB fwbkJ/..

26

g{iBhe ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih wjkoki;qhwkB wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih wjkoki ;qhwkB ;zs pkpk i'X f;zx ih wjkoki

iBw

iBw n;EkB

fgsk

wksk

;zy/g ihtB

nzs ekb

LbZrGZr ;zB 1894 JhH

Lfgzv ;hjK d"d (b[fXnkDk)

L;H w;skB f;zx ih

L;qhwsh JhÙo e"o ih

Lr[opkDh dh wº[Ybh ftfdnk

fgzv d/ T[dk;h ;zsK s'A gqkgs ehsh.

c"i ftZu Gosh j'e/ ;zB 1914 JhH d/ gfjb/

ftÙt :[ZX ftZu Gkr b?Dk. B"eoh s'A pknd

y/sh pkVh eoBh.

1926 JhH jfodn[ ko eGz[ wb/ / d/ we" / s/ gi{ Bhe

wjsz pkpk pZ[Yk f;xz ih Bkb wb/ jD' k.

1927 JhH ftZu sB wB XB ;G nogD eo

d/Dk.

1928 JhH ftZu r[o{d/t d/ nkd/Ù nB[;ko

;z;feqs ftfdnk gVQB bJh ekÙh ikDk.

1938 JhH ftZu jfod[nko e[zG w/b/ s/ ;zs

Grs f;zx ih, pkpk p/nzs f;zx ih ns/ ;zs

doÙB f;zx ih B{z gfjbh tko fwbDk.

1944 JhH ftZu fgzv y'y, 1950 JhH ftZu

eoBkb ns/ 1967 JhH ftZu gfjbh tko

r[okfJnk Bro ikDk.

10 Btzpo 1982 B{z gow ;/te ;zs okw

f;zx ih B{z fBowb nkÙow dk wjzs EkgDk.

;zB 1982 ftZu fBowb e[Nhnk eoBkb

fty/ BkBe dopko dh ;EkgBk eokT[Dk.

ft;kyh 13 ngq?b 1983 JhH B{z BkBe

dopko dk T[dxkNB eoBk.

L22 i[bkJh 1983 B{z fBowb

e[Nhnk r'okfJnk fty/ ;uyzv fgnkBk ns/

23 i[bkJh B{z eoBkb fty/ nzfsw ;z;eko.

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iBw

iBw n;EkB

fgsk

wksk

;zy/g ihtB

L17 nes{po, ;zB 1950 JhH

LeoBkb (jfonkDk)

L;qh no{V uzd ih T[Zgb

L;qhwsh ftwbk d/th ih

LpugB s'A jh S'Nh ns/ tZvh

fBowb e[Nhnk fty/ ;zsK wjkg[oÙK d/ doÙB

ns/ ;/tk eoBk.

1970 JhH s'A 1981 JhH sZe gzikp n?Av f;zX

p?Ae (poBkbk Ùkyk) ftZu ezw ehsk.

wJh 1981 JhH B{z fBowb pkr, eBıb

(jfod[nko) fty/ r[o{d/t “ftoZes” wjkoki

ih d[nkok ;zs ;kie/ wjzs BkokfJD f;zx

ih dk T[ZsokfXekoh EkgDk.

wjzs BkokfJD f;zx ih dk 25 nes{po

;zB 1982 JhH B{z ;uyzv fgnkBk eoBk.

10 Btpz o 1982 JhH (17 thA d/ Gr' s)/

fBowb Gy/ ns/ “ftoZes” ih dn[ kok fBowb

nkÙow-foÙheÙ/ dh wjsz h dh d;sko pBz kQTD[ h.

eoBkb fty/ fdtkbh d/ we" / s/ 1993 JhH Bz{

251 ;hq nyvz gkm ;kfjp ns/ wjkB :Zr

;gz Bz eoBk.

iBfjs ;/tktK-NAH j;gskb 1990

JhH, NDS ;e{b 1997 JhH, NGA ;e{b

2005, joh feqgk f;bkJh e/Ado 2005 JhH ns/

NEI j;gskb 2005 JhH.

fBowb nkÙow-foÙhe/Ù fty/ Ùskpdh

;wko'j 2003

18 i[bkJh 2008 B{z ;zs nwohe d/t ih

d[nkok eoBkb fty/ uºb oj/ ;ko/ ;/tk e/AdoK

B{z nkg ih d/ uoBK s/ ;wofgs eoBk..

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iBw

iBw n;EkB

fgsk

wksk

;zy/g ihtB

L14 nr;s ;zB 1948 JhH

Lfgzv ;hjK d"d (b[fXnkDk)

L;H bSwD f;zx ih

L;qhwsh frnkB e"o ih

LS'Nh T[wo/ jh ;qhwkB ;zs

r'gkb f;zx ih s'A Bkw dh dks gqkgs j'Jh.

;zB 1968 JhH ftZu wb/oe'Nbk s'A phH J/H

gk; eoBh.

1972, 73, 74 JhH ”u y/sh pkVh eoBh.

1975 JhH d/ Ù[o{ ftZu nzfwqs SeDk.

1976 JhH gzikp n?Av f;zX p?Ae ftZu Gosh

j'Dk ns/ fdZbh fty/ 7 ;kb B"eoh eoBk.

3 ngq?b 1983 B{z ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih

wjkoki d[nkok ;zs Ekg e/ fBowb nkÙow

fty/ wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih d/ Bkb ;/tk

eoB dh nkfrnk eoBh.

;qhwkB wjzs wjkoki ih dh bZrGZr 9

wjhB/ dh o{jkBh :ksqk d"okB tX/o/ fizw/tkoh

dk j'Dk ns/ fBGkT[Dk.

;zsK-wjkg[oyK d/ gqtuBK B{z SgtkDk.

;kfjse o[Zuh j'Dk.

BthnK fJwkosK d/ fBowkD tºb fnkdk

fXnkB d/Dk.

fBowb j;gskb (NAH), fBowb ;e{b

(NDS), fBowb ne?vwh (NGA) ns/

fBowb nºyK dk j;gskb (NEI) dk ;zukbB

eoBk.

nkÙow dhnK ;kohnK ÙkyktK dk gqpzX,

d/y-o/y ns/ wkor doÙB eoBk.

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;zs Xow f;zx ih

nkg ih dk iBw, ;zB 1902 JhH ftZu

fgzv bKvoK, fibQk w'jkbh (gzikp)

ftZy/ j'fJnk. nkg ih B/ ;zs fBjub

f;zx ih “;or'X/ tkfbnK” s'A

f;ZfynkFdhfynk gqkgs ehsh i' fe

wjzs pkpk p[ZYk f;zx ih d/ nfBzB

;/te ;B. ;zs Xow f;zx ih B/ ;kok

ihtB, fBowb nkÙow dh d/y-o/y

eofdnK, fBÙekw ;/tk ftZu

r[ikfonk. gqG{ j[ew nB[;ko 30 wJh,

;zB 1994 Jha ftZu nkg ih fBowb

e[Nhnk, fgzv y'y (Bdhe BkGk) fty/

pqjwbhB j' rJ/.

27

;zs wzvb wfj jfo wfB t;?.. ;zs wzvb wfj d[os[ ;G[ B;?.

;zs eosko f;zx ih ;zs Grs f;zx ih (eoBkb)

;zs r'gkb f;zx ih ;zs doÙB f;zx ih ;zs r[fozdo f;zx ih (S'N{ pkpk)

nkg ih thjthA ;dh d/ nkozG ftZu

fgzv dkB- rVQ, fibQk ;zro{o fty/,

fJZe r[of;Zy xokD/ ”u g?dk j'J/. nkg

ih B/ ;qhwkB ;zs frnkBh uzdk f;zx

ih “eZN{” tkfbnK s'A r[owfs ftZfdnk

gqkgs ehsh. 1960 Jha d/ eohp

fBowb nkÙow, foÙhe/Ù dhnK ;/tktK

Bkb i[V/ ns/ ngDk pkeh ihtB fJZE/

jh ;wofgs eo fdZsk. r[o{ xo dh

fBÙekw ;/tk eod/ j'J/ 16 nr;s

1988 Jha B{z gzi G"fse Ùoho fsnkr

fdZsk.

nkg ih dk iBw bZrGZr ;zB 1880

JhH ftZu fgzv sıs-jkok, fibQk

;or'Xk (j[D gkfe;skB) ftZu j'fJnk.

gq/wk-Grsh ns/ t/dKs doÙB d/

w{oshwkB ;o{g ;zs ih B{z wB, puB

ns/ eow eoe/ f;ºXh gqkgs ;h. ;[nk;

;[nk; ftZu tZ;/ “okw” wzso dh wX[o

X[Bh, nkg ih dh o;Bk s/ fBozso

tfjzdh ;h. nksw frnkB dh gqkgsh

nkg ih B{z pqjw frnkBh ;zs pkpk

fBZek f;zx wjkoki ih s'A gqkgs j'Jh

fiBQK gqsh nkg ih dh nEkj ÙoXk ;h.

nkg ih dk iBw fgzv sys-jkok,

fibQk ;or'Xk fty/ bºrGZr ;zB 1908

Jha ftZu wksk beÙwh d/th ih dh e[ºy

s'A j'fJnk. nkg ih Grsh d/ ;z;eko

ngD/ g{iBhe fgsk ;zs Grs f;zx ih

wjkoki s'A fwb/ ;B gqzs{ fjod/ ftZu

r[opkDh gq/w dh brB g{iBhe r[o{d/t

“ftoZes” ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih

wjkoki B/ bkJh. fJ; s'A pknd Bkw-

f;woD, r[o{-Grsh, nokXBk ns/

;kXBk d/ wkor s/ ubd/ j'J/, r[o{ feqgk

d[nkok g{oB gdth gqkgs j'J/. Ùoho

dk dkj ;z;eko S'Nh e[Nhnk eoBkb

fty/ ehsk frnk.

nkg ih dk iBw fgzv uºe-wºbª, fibQk

j[fÙnkog[o fty/ j'fJnk.r[owfs doÙB

d/ nB[Gth, r[opkDh d/ Ù[ZX T[ukoe

ns/ ;zgqdkJh noEK d/ frnkBh ;B.

nkg ih d/ ;[Gkn ftZu ;jDÙhbsk,

;obsk, fBzwosk, ;kdrh, ;jisk ns/

;ziw nkfd Ù[ZG r[D e[dos tZb'A jh

Gog{o ;B. nkg ih ;d?t g{iBhe ;zs

pkpk fBZek f;zx “ftoZes” ih dh

nkfrnk ftZu fBowkDsk Bkb oj/.

fJbkjh j[ew nB[;ko 25 fd;zpo ;zB

1978 JhH B{z fBowb e[Nhnk, eoBkb

fty/ pqjwbhB j' rJ/. fJZE/ jh Ùoho dk

dkj ;z;eko ehsk frnk.

nkg ih dk Ùoho r'okfJnk Bro dk j?.

ngD/ wkskFfgsk d/ ;zr s'A Xkofwe

gqGkt ns/ ;kX{F;/tk dk wjksw rqfjD

ehsk. pugB s'A jh r[ow[y gqhtko d/

Bkb fBowb e[Nhnk, fsBfjok ike/

wjKg[oyK dh ;/tk, ;fs;zr s/ doÙB

eoB dk ;[Gkr gqkgs eod/. tX/o/ ;wK

g{i: r[o{d/t ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih dh

;/tk ftZu jko ofjzd/. ;zB 1983 JhH

ftZu ;zfBnk; fbnk. r[o{ nkfrnk

nB[;ko eJh ;kb fBowb nkÙow-

foÙhe/Ù ns/ fJ; Bkb ;zpzXs Ùkyktª dh

;/tk ehsh. toswkB ftZu T[gokw ofje/

gq/wh ;zrsK ftZu ftuod/ ofjzd/ jB.

;zs wzvb wfj fBowb ohfs.. ;zs;zfr j'fJ J/e gohfs..

nkg ih dk iBw 30

wkou, ;zB 1946 JhH B{z

fgzv fpÙBg[ok (b'g/)

fibk gfNnkbk fty/

fJZe r[of;Zy gqhtko

ftZu j'fJnk. ;zB 1966

JhH ftZu Ùkdh j'Jh. e[ZM

;wK GkJh oDXho f;zx ih

;zs fBofGzdo f;zx ih

“;og≥u”

Bkozrtkb tkfbnK dh ;zrs eod/ oj/. fco

gftZsq nkswk ;zs pkpk JhÙo f;zx ih

okVk ;kfjp tkfbnK d/ nbkjh ehosB

ns/ T[gd/ÙK s'A ekch gqGkfts j'J/. thj e[

;kb dh T[wo ftZu g{iBhe ;zs pkpk fBZek

f;zx wjkoki ih dh uoB-S'j gqkgs j'Jh

ns/ r[o{ feqgk d[nkok ngDh iwhB ”u

r[od[nkok ;kfjp ns/ fBowb e[Nhnk dh

;EkgBk ehsh. r[opkDh dh w[ZYbh

ftZfdnk GkJh GrtkB f;zx ih wbQ/tkb

tkfbnK s'A gqkgs ehsh. r[o{ nkfrnk

nB[;ko fgzv n;og[o d/ gq/whnK B{z g{oh

brB Bkb ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dh ;zE:k

eotkJh. e[ZM ;wK fBowb nkÙow foÙhe/Ù

fty/ ofje/ ;/tk eod/ oj/. ;zB 1994 ftZu

w[zpJh e[Nhnk dh ;/tk ;zGkb d/ Bkb-Bkb

“n;uoi t;s{” g'Eh fbyD dh ;/tk th

ubdh ojh. gzi e[ ;kb dh nDEZe ;/tk

T[gqzs nkg ih B{z foÙhe/Ù p[bkfJnk frnk

fiZE/ g{iBhe wjkoki ih B/ nkg dh ;/tk

ns/ fsnkr B{z d/yd/ j'J/ ;zfBnk; d/ e/ ;zs

Ekg fdZsk. T[d'A s'A jh fBowb e[Nhnk

eoBkb dh ;/tk ;zGkb pV/ jh ;[uZi/ Yzr

Bkb fBGk oj/ jB.

;zs uwB bkb ih

;qh uwB bkb “okigkb”

ih dk iBw ;zB 1919

JhH ftZu j'fJnk. ;zB

1979 JhH ftZu ;?ANqb p?Ae

nk fJzvhnk d/ fvgNh

uh n;o dh gdth s'A

;/tk-w[es j'D T[gozs

1983 JhH sZe “ftoZes” wjkoki ih dh

;/tk eod/ oj/. ;zfBnk; T[gozs 1990 JhH

sZe fBowb pk, eBıb d/ gqpzXe d/ s"o

s/ ;/tk g{oh e[Ùbsk Bkb fBGkJh. nkg ih

pj[s jh fwbkgV/, fwmp'bV/, j;w[Zy,

fdnkb{, dkBh ;[Gkn tkb/ ns/ ;fs;zr

gq/wh ;B. 20 ngq?b, ;zB 1990 Jha B{z Ùoho

fsnkr e/ gowkswk d/ uoBK ftZu ik

fpoki/.

28

(gzfvs)

;zs wj/Ù uzdo ih

nkg ih dk ;oho fgzv

GZNhtkb-ebK fbQk

;zro{o (gzikp) dk ;h.

r[o{d/t ;qhwkB ;zs fBZek

f;zx ih Bkb fwbkg

BkGk fty/ j'fJnk. ;zB

1983 JhH ftZu ;zfBnk;

XkoD eoe/ r[o{ ih dh

nkfrnk nB[;ko fBowb pkr-eBıb

fty/ ofje/ ;/tk eod/ oj/. nkg ih r[o{

puBK dh ewkJh eod/ j'J/ fBowb pkr-

eByb fty/ rT{Ùkbk, y/sh-pkVh ns/

pkr-prhu/ dh nDEZe ;/tk g{oh brB,

ÙoXk ns/ gq/w Bkb eod/ oj/. r[o{ GkD/

nB[;ko 9 cotoh 2006 B{z d/j fsnkr e/

r[o{ uoBK ftZu ik fpoki/.

;zs Gos f;zx ih

nkg ih dk iBw fgzv

phphnkg[o fbQk r"Avk

(:{HghH) fty/ j'fJnk.

nkg d/ fgsk ;qh d/teh

BzdB ns/ wksk okigsh

d/th ih pqkjwD gqhtko

d/ ;B. “ftoºes”

wjkoki ih d/ j[ew nB[;ko ;zB 1980 JhH

ftZu ekÙh gj[zu e/ ;z;feqs ns/ j'o

Ùk;soK dh ftfdnk gqkgs ehsh. j[D

nes{po 1996 s'A fBowb pkr eBıb

ns/ ;zrs frnkB r[ck-pBko; dh jo

gqeko Bkb ;/tk-;zGkb pVh fizw/tkoh

Bkb fBGk oj/ jB.

nkg ih dk iBw 25

eZse, ;zB 1949 B{z fgzv

pK;k (fibQk eoBkb)

fty/ j'fJnk. pkoQthA sZe

ftfdnk gqkgs eoB s'A

pknd ykBdkBh feZsk-

ys/ h-pkVh ehsh. nesp{ o

1983 B{z j/we[zN ;kfjp

;zs eztbfJzdo f;zx ih

dh :ksqk ;w/A fBowb nkÙow, foÙhe/Ù fty/

mfjoD dk w"ek fwfbnk sK g{iBhe wjzs

pkpk okw f;zx wjkoki ih d/ gfjbh tko

doÙB ehs/. T[gqzs wjkoki ih dh gzikp

:ksqk d"okB gfNnkbk, XB"bk nkfd ;EkBK

s/ ike/ doÙB eod/ oj/. fJZe ;w/A

r'okfJnk s'A ;zrs d/ Bkb, wjkoki ih dh

nrtkJh j/m ;qh nzfwqs;o ih d/ doÙB

fJÙBkB eoB th rJ/. j"bh j"bh t?okr

tXdk frnk, cb;o{g nkg ih B/ ngDh

i[zvbk ;fEZs fBZih iwhB (23 J/eV)

g{iBhe wjkoki ih d/ uoBK s/ ;wofgs

eo fdZsh. foÙhe/Ù ;zB 1992 dh po;h s/

Bkw dh dks gqkgs j'Jh. nkg dh wkBf;e

dÙk T[gokwsk tkbh d/yd/ j'J/ 8H8H1997

B{z g{iBhe wjkoki ih B/ nkg B{z ;zfBnk;h

pkDk gfjBk fdZsk. T[; fdB s'A jh r[o{

nkfrnk nB[;ko fBowb e[Nhnk eoBkb

fty/ ;qh ;ogzu wjkoki ih Bkb ;/tk eotk

oj/ jB. 8 Btzpo 2009 B{z g{iBhe

wjkoki ih B/ i[zvb/ tkbh iwhB s/

fBowb e[Nhnk dk BhAj gZEo oy e/ nkg

dh ;/tk B{z gqwkDhe pDk fdZsk.

;zs nwohe d/t ih

ewkT[D bJh ekch ;zxoÙ eoBk fgnk.

fgsk ;qh bZGk wZb ih ns/ wksk ;qhwsh

eosko e"o ih B/ ;zs Grs f;zx ih dh

gq/oBk d[nkok ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih dh

;zrs ehsh. wjkg[oÙK dhnK nk;h;K ;dek

fdB p-fdB soZeh j'D bZrh ns/ ibdh jh

T[x/ T[d:'rgsh pD rJ/. nDEZe r[o{ ;/tk,

rohpK dh ;jkfJsk ns/ fdnkb{ ;[Gkn B{z

d/yd/ j'J/ “ftoZes” ih B/ fJZe ;w/A puB

eofdnK fejk “nwohe fuZN/ eZgfVnK ftZu

;zs j?.” T[jh puB nZi ;keko jB.

“ftoZes” wjkoki ih d/ ;oho ÙKs T[gzqs

T[BQK dh gftZsq :kd ftZu eoBkb fty/ fszB

(w[cs) ;e{b, fpoX nkÙow ns/ I.T.I. dh

;EkgBk ehsh. ;/tk d/ ekoi eofdnK id'A

wkBf;e dÙk nsh finkdk T[gokw ns/

t?okrwJh j'D brh skA ;zfBnk;h pkDk

XkoB eo fbnk. eJh ;kbK s'A fJ; ozr-oZs/

o{g ftZu ;/tk eo oj/ jB. gqzs{ id'A t?okr B/

shpo t/r gefVnk sK fJBQK ;ko/ ;/tk

e/AdoK B{z g{iBhe wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih

wjkoki d/ uoBK s/ ;wofgs eo fdZsk ns/

j[D T[ZBQK dh nkfrnk nB[;ko ;/tk fBGk

oj/ jB.

nkg ih dk iBw 20

nes{po ;zB 1934 JhH

B{z fgzv ehb/, fibQk

Ù/y{g[ok (j[D gkfe;skB)

fty/ j'fJnk. d/Ù dh tzv

T[gqzs ;kok gqhtko

eoBkb nk tZf;nk. S'Nh

T[wo/ jh o'Nh-o' h

Nirmal AshramNirmal Marg-Rishikesh-249 201 Distt. Dehradun (Uttrakhand) India

Phone : +91-135-2439611-13, 2431319, 2433709 Fax : 2430457e-mail : satnam@nirmalashram.org Web : www.nirmalashram.org.in

PUBLISHED BY ARJAN GURBUXANI CEO NIRMAL ASHRAM RISHIKESH & PRINTED AT SANCHI PRESS,PATPARGANJ, NEW DELHI, TYPE SETTING BY HARPREET SINGH (M) 09466217773