f,dal wd¾Ólh · 2013 ckjd˙$ fmnrjd˙ - igyk

2 2013 ckjd˙$ fmnrjd˙ - igyk

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ikaksfõok wOHCI" Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j kug ,shk ,o uqo,a weKjqï$fplam;a my; i|yka ,smskhg tùfuka —igyk˜ ;emEf,ka f.kajd .; yels h'

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2013 ckjd˙$ fmnrjd˙

—igyk˜ iÕrdfjys m<jk woyia ta ta f,aLlhka f.a woyia ñi Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ woyia fkdúh yels h'

2013 f,dal wd¾:slh 3

Y%%S ,xldfõ Wlia kS;sh ms<sn| ye¢kaùula 12

y˙; o< foaYSh ksIamd†;h y∫kajd °u 16

wmg fyg oji ms<sn| wruqKq we;' wfmalaId we;' wm lghq;= lrkafka ta wruqKq iy wfmalaId bgqlr.ekSfï b,lal we;sj h' tys§ wm yuqfõ mek k.sk wNsfhda. /ils' tajd ch.ekSug" fmr iQodkula ;sîu lghq;= myiq lrhs' wm ;ks ;ks mqoa.,hska f,i l%shdlrk wdldrfhka u rgl wd¾Ólh iïnkaOfhka o lghq;= isÿ flfrkafka tfiau h'

Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha bÈß wfmalaIdj tal mqoa., wdodhu tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ 4000 b,lalh lrd <Õdùu hs' 2013 jifrys o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h ishhg 7'5 la jkq we;ehs wfmalaIs;h' fuu wfmalaId wyUq f,i bgqjk tajd fkdfõ' ta i|yd úêu;a ie,iqï iïmdokhla isÿfjhs' .;jQ jirj, wd¾Ólfhys yeisÍu ms<sn|j úuid nef,hs' ta wkqj 2010 iy 2011 jirj, Yla;su;a wd¾Ól j¾Okhla olakg ,enqK o 2012 § th ;rula ukao.dó jQQ njla olakg ,efnhs' flfia fj;;a idufha m%;s,dN meyeÈ,sj u olakg ,eì‚' wd¾Ólfha m%Odk wxY iEu tllu lemS fmfkk l%shdldß;ajhla olakg ,eì‚' jHdmdßl úYajdih j¾Okh úh' tfy;a 2011 jirg idfmalaIj 2012 jifrys f,dal wd¾Ólfha olakg ,enqfKa my< jeàuls' tfuka u 2013 jifrys o fmr wfmalaId lrk ,o ;rñka wd¾Ól j¾Okhla olakg fkd,efnk neõ o 2008 - 2011 we;s

jQ wd¾Ól w¾nqofhka f,dal wd¾Ólh h:d ;;a;ajhg m;ajkafka b;du;a u ukao.dój neõ o cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo," f,dal nexl=j we;=¨ fkdfhl=;a ixúOdk mqfrdal:kh lrhs'

id¾j wd¾Ól úoHd úIh lafIa;%h ;=< uQ,slj u úuid nef,k o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h" ú/lshdj iy WoaOukh hk lreKq iïnkaOfhka f,dal wd¾Ólh uqyqK md we;s ;;a;ajh i;=gqodhl fkdfõ' 2012 jifrys ishhg 2'3la jQ tlai;a ckmo wd¾Ól j¾Okh 2013 § ishhg 2'0la jkq we;s njg cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, mqfrdal:kh lrhs' 2012 jifrys fuka u 2013 § o hqfrda l,dmSh rgj, wd¾Ól ixfldapkh jkq we;ehs wfmalaIs; h' tfuka u iuia;hla jYfhka f,dal wd¾Ólfha olakg ,efnkq we;af;a ishhg 3'5 la muK jQ j¾Okhls' wd¾Ól j¾Okfha my< jeàu iy ixfldapkh úiska hqfrda l,dmfha ksIamdok iy l¾udka; wxYh mdvq ,nk ;;a;ajhg weo jeà we;' tys m%;sM, f,i wdh;k jeiS hñka mj;S' ish" oyia .Kka ckhd /lshd úhqla;s jQjkaf.a f.dkakg tlafjñka isà' wfkla w;g ñ, uÜgïj, isÿjk by< hEï úiska o ck Ôú;h w;sYh fÄockl ;;a;ajhlg fy<d we;' iudc wiykh fkdfhl=;a wdldrfhka ysi Tijñka ;sfí' uyck b,a,Sï" Woaf>daIK yd m%pKavldÍ l%shd njg fmrf<ñka mj;S'

f,dal wd¾Ólfha isÿjk W;amd;" wjmd;" w¾nqo wd§ lsisjlska uqükska u úhqla;j isàug Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg yelshdjla ke;' Y%S ,xldfjys m%Odk wmkhk .ekqïlrejka f,i .efkk wefußld tlai;a ckmoh iy we;eï hqfrdamSh rgj,a ish wd¾Ól h<s h:d ;;a;ajhg m;alr .ekSfï oeä m%h;akhl fh§ isá;s' ta i|yd úúO mshjr wkq.ukh lrñka isá;s' fuu rgj,a lskï ;;a;ajhlg uqyqK mEj o tys n,mEu Y%S ,xldjg o ke.S tk iy ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj, wd¾Ól flfrys o n,mdkq we;' fujr igyk 2013 f,dal wd¾Ólh iïnkaOj flfrk mqfrdal;k ms<sn| úuiqul fhfoa'❂

f,dal wd¾Ólh ukao.dój bÈßhg'''

2013

2012 ckjd˙$ fmnrjd˙ - igyk 3

ye¢kaùu

ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj, fndfyda fofkla ixj¾ê; rgj,a lrd ixl%uKhùfï isyskhl fj,S isá;s' hqfrdamdlrfhys /lshd fidhd hEfï wfmalaIdfjys we,S .e,S isá;s' tfy;a tu rgj,ska jir lsysmhl isg ksr;=rej wikakg ,efnkafka l¾udka;Yd,d jeiS hEï ms<sn|j h' oyia .Kkska flfrk /lshd lmamdÿ lsÍï ms<sn|j h' úhoï lmd yeÍï ms<sn|j h' iudc wiykh iy fkdikaiqka;dj ms<sn|j h' f,dalh 2013 jirg ms<smkafka fujka l,ne.Eks iuQyhla iuÕ h' 2008 jifrys wefußld tlai;a ckmofhka werö hqfrdamdlrh yryd yud .sh uQ,H iq<s l=Kdgqj úiska tlS wd¾Ól l<Ud,Sh' thska we;s l< whym;a M, ;j u uqükska u iukh ù ke;' w¾nqofha wys;lr M, ú| ord.ekSug isÿjQfha iDcqj u Bg ueÈ jQ rgj,g muKla fkdfõ' wdkhk wmkhk fjf<|du yryd iy fjk;a úúO wdldrfhka tu rgj,a iuÕ iïnkaOj isák wfkl=;a iEu rglg u mdfya úúO mßudKfhka w¾nqoh n,mEfõ h'

f,dal wd¾Ólfha jßka jr úúO fya;= u; mek ke.=Kq fujeks miqnEï /ils' m<uqjk iy fojk f,dal hqoaO" fldßhka hqoaOh iy úhÜkdï hqoaOh wjia:dj, o Lksc f;,a ñ, .Kka iS>%fhka by< .sh wjia:dj, o tjka w¾nqo mek ke.sks' tfuka u nexl= ms<sn| uyck úYajdih ì| jeàfuka yd fldgia fjf<|fmd< wkfmalaIs; ì|jeàïj,ska o f,dal wd¾Ólh úúO wjia:dj, w¾nqoj,g uqyqK mEfõ h' we;eï wjia:dj, udi lsysmhla ;=< fyda jir 2" 3 la fyda ;=< wd¾Ól h<s h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a ùfuka fuu miqnEï wjika úh' tfy;a f,dal wd¾Ólh uqyqK mE w¾nqo ish,a, w;=ßka 1930 uyd wd¾Ól wjmd;h úfYaI

h' th oYlhlg;a jeä ld,hla olajd mej;s‚' fuu wjmd;fhka tjlg o f,dalfha m%n, iy Yla;su;a wd¾Ól f,i mej;=Kq uyd ì%;dkH" wefußld tlai;a ckmoh" m%xYh" c¾uksh iy TiafÜ%%,shdj jeks rgj,a wd¾Ól iy iudchSh jYfhka oeä mSvdjlg" lïmkhlg ,la úh' tu wd¾Ól wjmd;fhka miq we;sjQ úYd,; u wd¾Ól miqnEu isÿjQfha 2008 - 2011 ld, iSudfõ hs' tlS miqneiafuka f,dal wd¾Ólh h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a fjñka mej;sh o th isÿjkafka b;du;a u ukao.dój h' f,dal wd¾Ólfha isÿjk fjkialï ms<sn|j fkdfhl=;a wdh;k" ixúOdk ksr;=rej úuis,af,ka miqfjhs' wd¾Ólfha .uka uÕ ms<sn|j wOHhkj, ksr; fjhs' ta wkqj f,dal wd¾Ólfhys fmr .uka uÕ ms<sn|j" bÈß wfmalaId ms<sn|j mqfrdal:k bÈßm;a lrhs' fï ta ms<sn|j flfrk flá igykls'

wd¾Ól j¾Okh

cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqof,a jd¾;dj,g wkqj 2012 ;=kajk ld¾;=fjys f,dal wd¾Ól j¾Okh hym;a w;g yefrk ,l=Kq fmkajñka ishhg 3l muK j¾Ok wkqmd;hla jd¾;d lf<a h' ke.S tk wd¾Ólj, j¾Okh iy úiauhckl f,i tlai;a ckmo wd¾Ólfhys by< ke.Su Bg fya;=ù we;' uQ,H ;;a;ajh ia:djr jk ,l=Kq my< úh' 2012 isõjk ld¾;=j jk úg uQ,H ;;a;ajh j¾Okh jqj;a th Yla;su;a tlla fkdjQ nj cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, mjihs' ;=kajk ld¾;=fõ f,dal wd¾Ólfha isÿjQ j¾Okh ;djld,sl fya;= u; ^úfYaIfhka u tlai;a ckmofha& mek ke.S we;ehs uQ,H wruqo, jeä ÿrg;a mjihs' wruqo, úiska 2012 Tlaf;dan¾ ui f,dal wd¾Ólh ms<sn| m%ldYhg m;a l< mqfrdal;k 2013 jifrys uq,

2013 f,dal wd¾Ólh

úkS;d fyar;a

ikaksfõok fomd¾;fïka;=j


h<s;a j;djla hdj;ald,Sk lr we;' ta wkqj 2013 jifrys f,dal wd¾Ólh l%udkql+,j h:d ;;a;ajhg m;ajkq we;s neõ 2013 jir i|yd jQ f,dal wd¾Ól wfmalaId ^World Economic Outlook& hdj;ald,Sk lrñka cd;Hka;r uQ,H

wruqo, mjihs' kj;u mqfrdal:kj,g wkqj 2012 jifrys ishhg 3'2 la jQ f,dal o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhys j¾Okh 2013 jifrys ishhg 3'5la jkq we;ehs wfmalaIs; h' ^01 jk ixLHd igyk& ta wkqj f,dal wd¾Ólh h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a

mqfrdal;kh lrk ,o

2011 2012 2013 2014 2013 2014

2012 Tlaf;dan¾ ui lrk ,o mqfrdal;k

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f,dalh 3'9 3'2 3'5 4'1 -0'1 -0'1

ixj¾ê; rgj,a 1'6 1'3 1'4 2'2 -0'2 -0'1

tlai;a ckmoh 1'8 2'3 2'0 3'0 -0'1 0'1

hqfrda l,dmh 1'4 -0'4 -0'2 1'0 -0'3 -0'1

c¾uksh 3'1 0'9 0'6 1'4 -0'3 0'1

m%xYh 1'7 0'2 0'3 0'9 -0'1 -0'2

b;d,sh 0'4 -2'1 -1'0 0'5 -0'3 0'0

iamd[a[h 0'4 -1'4 -1'5 0'8 -0'1 -0'2

cmdkh -0'6 2'0 1'2 0'7 0'0 -0'4

tlai;a rdcOdksh 0'9 -0'2 1'0 1'9 -0'1 -0'3

lekvdj 2'6 2'0 1'8 2'3 -0'2 -0'1

fjk;a ixj¾ê; rgj,a 3'3 1'9 2'7 3'3 -0'3 -0'1

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wdishd;sl rgj,a 4'0 1'8 3'2 3'9 -0'4 -0'2

ke.S tk iy ixj¾Okh fjñka

mj;akd rgj,a 6'3 5'1 5'5 5'9 -0'1 0'0

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ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd

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01 jk ixLHd igykwd¾Ól j¾Okh

2011 - 2014

uQ,dY%h( cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo,


fjñka mej;sh;a th isÿjkafka b;du;a u ukao.dój h' tuksid wd¾Ól miqnEfuka f.dv taug bjy,a jk wdldrfha m%;sm;a;s we;s l< hq;= nj jd¾;dj wjOdrKh lrhs' uQ,H wruqo, mqfrdal:kh lrk mßÈ 2014 § f,dal wd¾Ólfhys j¾Okh ishhg 4'1 la fõ hehs wfmalaIs; h' uE; ld,Sk f,dal wd¾Ólfhys msßySu weröug fmr tys jd¾Isl j¾Ok wkqmd;h ishhg 4'5 - 5'5 l uÜgul mej;sks' ^01 jk rEm igyk&

f,dal wd¾Ól j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka 2012 cQks ui f,dal nexl=j úiska l< mqfrdal:k o h<s hdj;ald,Sk lr we;' ta wkqj 2013 j¾Ifhys f,dal wd¾Ólh ishhg 3 lska j¾Okh jkq we;ehs mqfrdal;kh lr ;snqK o hqfrdamd l,dmfha miqneiSï" tlai;a ckmofha Kh .eg¨" Ök wdfhdackfha my< jeàu wdÈ lreKqj, n,mEfuka wd¾Ól j¾Okh ishhg 2'4 jkq we;s njg hdj;ald,Sk lr we;' 2014 § fuu wkqmd;h ishhg 3'1la jkq we;s njg o mqfrdal:kh lrhs' hdj;a ld,Sk lrk ,o f,dal nexl= mqfrdal:k wkqj ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj,a ishhg 5'1 la f,i miq.sh oYlfha wvqu wd¾Ól j¾Okh jd¾;d lf<a h' 2014 jk ;=re hqfrda l,dmfhys iqNodhS ,l=Kq olakg fkd,efnkq we;'

tlS l,dmfhys iaffjÍ;aj Kh w¾nqoh ksid fuu jifrys o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h ishhg 0'1lska ixfldapkh jkq we;' 2011 jifrys ishhg 8'3 la jQ kef.kysr wdishd iy meis*sla l,dmfhys wd¾Ól j¾Ok wkqmd;h 2012 jifrys ishhg 7'5 la olajd my< jeáks' f,dal nexl= jd¾;d Bg fya;= f,i olajkafka úfoaY b,a¨fuys my< hEu iy WoaOuk md,kh i|yd Ökh .;a m%;sm;a;suh l%shdud¾. h' 1999 isg Ök wd¾Ólh wvqu j¾Ok wkqmd;hla jd¾;d lf<a 2012 jif¾ h' th ishhg 7'9la úh' 2011 jifrys trg wd¾Ól j¾Ok wkqmd;h ishhg 9'3la úh' 2013 jifrys fuu wkqmd;h ishhg 8'4 la jkq we;s njg f,dal nexl= jd¾;d mqfrdal:kh lrhs' cmdkfhys wd¾Ól j¾Okh ishhg 1'5la jkq we;s njg lr ;snQ f,dal nexl= mqfrdal:kh ishhg 0'8la f,i hdj;ald,Sk lr we;'

cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo,g wkqj" m%;sm;a;s l%shdud¾. yryd hqfrdamd l,dmfha yd tlai;a ckmofha w¾nqo wjodkï wvqlr we;;a È.ska È.g we§ hk ixfldapkhlg miq h:d ;;a;ajhg m;aùug hqfrdamd l,dmhg ;jÿrg;a l,a .;jkq we;'


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uQ,H wruqof,a mqfrdal:khg wkqj 2012 ishhg 2'0la jQ cmdk wd¾Ólfha j¾Okh 2013 iy 2014 § ms<sfj,ska ishhg 1'2la iy ishhg 0'7 la jkq we;ehs wfmalaIs; h' tfy;a 2013 ckjdß 23 - 27 olajd iaúÜi¾,ka;fha vdfjdaia ^Davos& k.rfha mej;s jd¾Isl f,dal wd¾Ól iuq¿fõ ^World Economic Annual Meeting& 43 jk ieis jdrfha § cmka wd¾Ólh iïnkaOfhka m<jQfha fuhg jvd fjkia u;hls' thg iyNd.S jQ cmka" Ök iy wm%sld ksfhdað;hka f,dal wd¾Ólfha bÈß wfmalaId ms<sn|j oelajQfha iqNodhS wdl,amhls' cmdkfha l%shd;aul lrkakg fhÿkq kj wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s iy Ökfha iy wm%sldfõ Yla;su;aùu úiska f,dal wd¾Ólfha fyg ojfia wfmalaId iïnkaOfhka hï ukaodf,dalhla ,nd fokq we;s njg fuys§ woyia m< úh' tfukau ke.S tk wd¾Ól iy wvq wdodhï rgj, wd¾Ól j¾Okh ishhg 5'5 l uÜgul mj;skq we;ehs f,dal wd¾Ól ixúOdkh mjihs' fuu rgj,a ldKavh iïnkaOj cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqof,a weia;fïka;= o óg iudk fõ' flfia kuq;a cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqof,a l<ukdldr wOHlaIsld l%siaáka ,d.¾ ^Christine Lagarde& f,dal wd¾Ólh h:d ;;a;ajhg m;aùu úia;r lf<a b;du;a u ukao.dój ÿ¾j, wdldrfhka isÿjk njhs' —wm oeka Ôj;a jkafka c.;alrKh jQ f,dalhlhs' hqfrdamfha iy tlai;a

ckmofha l=ula isÿjqk o tys n,mEu Ök" wdishd yd wm%sld wd¾Ólj,g n,mdkq we;'— hs tu f,dal wd¾Ól iuq¿jg iyNd.S jQ Ök uyck nexl=fjys ^Peoplezs Bank of China& ksfhdacH wêm;s hS .eka.a ^Yi Gang& mejiqfõ h' f,dal wd¾Ól ix.ufha ks¾ud;D la,jqia iaÉjeí ^Klaus Schwab& iuq¿fõ iudrïNl foaYkh mj;ajñka m%ldYlr isáfha mj;akd ;;a;ajh hym;a w;g yrjkq jia ixúOdkh jvd;a .;sl ld¾hNdrhla bgql< hq;=j we;s njhs'

cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqof,a mqfrdal:kj,g wkqj" wd¾Ól j¾Okfha ukao.dó nj wefußld tlai;a ckmoh yd hqfrdamSh wd¾Ól we;=<;a ixj¾ê; rgj,g muKla iSudù ke;' Ökh" bkaÈhdj yd n%iS,h we;=¨ fõ.fhka ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj, mjd wd¾Ól j¾Ok fõ.h wvd,ùfï m%jK;djla olakg ,efí' we;eï ke.S tk wd¾Ólj, ie,lsh hq;= j¾Okhla isÿjqj;a w;eï rgj, úfoaY fjf<|dfuys my< jeàu iy foaYSh wjysr;d fya;=fjka wd¾Ólh miqnEïj,g ,lajkq we;' 2011 jirg idfmalaIj 2012 jifrys Ök wd¾Ólfha j¾Okfha hï miqnEula olakg ,enqK o fuu jifrys th ishhg ishhg 8'2 l j¾Okhla w;alr.kq we;s njg cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, mqfrdal;kh lrhs' 2011 jirg idfmalaIj 2012

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n%iS, wd¾Ól j¾Okfha my< jeàula olakg ,enqK o fuu jifrys trg ishhg 3'5 wd¾Ól j¾Okhla <Õdlr.kq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' flfiafj;;a w¾nqo wjodkï isÿ fkdjqkfkd;a iy uQ,H ;;a;ajh wLKavj u j¾Okh jqjfyd;a f,dal wd¾Ól j¾Okh mqfrdal;kh l< uÜgug jvd Yla;su;a úh yels h'

cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqof,a m%Odk w¾:Ydia;%{ T,súh¾ í,kap¾â Ôlivier Blanchard& mjikafka bÈßh ms<sn| hï ;rul iqNodhS wfmalaIdjka ;nd.; yels jqj;a th udhdjla fldg fkd.; hq;= njhs' Tyq mjik mßÈ ;jÿrg;a ie,lsh hq;= wNsfhda. /ila bÈßfhys mj;S' hqfrda l,dmfha rgj,a 17 iïnkaOj cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, fmr l< mqfrdal:k my< fy,d we;' l,dmfha we;eï rgj,a Kh w¾nqoh ksrdlrKh i|yd hï hï Okd;aul mshjr f.k ;snqK;a j¾Ok wfmalaId flfrys w¾nqo ksrdlrKh i|yd f.k we;s mshjrj, wúksYaÑ;;d mj;S'

ixfYdaê; mqfrdal:kj,g wkqj tlai;a ckmo wd¾:slh iïnkaOfhka iqNodhS ,l=Kq olakg ,efí' ta wkqj 2013 tlai;a ckmofhys wd¾Ól j¾Okh ishhg 2'0la jkq we;' kuq;a fuu wfmalaId kqÿre Èkhl isÿùug kshñ; nÿ iy úhoï ixfYdaOkh lsÍfï ;SrK wkqj fjkia úh yels h' flá ld,fha § ;shqKq f,i úhoï lmdyeÍï fkdl< hq;= njg cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, tlai;a ckmohg wk;=re wÕjhs' kuq;a ysñlï lmdyeÍfuka iy nÿ mekùu u.ska uOH ld,fha § wfmalaIs; m%%;sM, <Õdlr .; yels jkq we;s neõ mqfrdal:kh lr we;'

ì%;dkH cd;sl ixLHd f,aLk ld¾hd,fha o;a; wkqj 2012 y;rjk ld¾;=fõ tlai;a rdcOdksfha wd¾Ólh ishhg 0'3lska ixfldapkh úh' j¾Ih ;=< tu wd¾Ólfhys ixfldapkh ishhg 0'2 la jQ nj cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqof,a jd¾;d fmkakqï lrhs' wd¾Ól w¾nqoh wdrïNfha isg fï olajd tlai;a rdcOdksfha wd¾Ólh ishhg 3'3 lska ixfldapkh ù we;'

ke.S tk iy ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, wd¾Ól j¾Okh 2013 § ishhg 5'5 l w.hla .kq we;ehs cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, weia;fïka;= lrhs' 2011 jifrys fuu m%;sY;h ishhg 6'3 la jQ w;r ixj¾ê; rgj,ska we;sjk b,aü my< hEu u; fuu rgj, wmkhk wdodhu my< hkq we;'

l%h Yla;s iduH;dj wkqj .Kkh lrk ,o f,dal o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h i|yd wvlg;a jvd odhl jkafka ixj¾ê; rgj,a h' fvd,¾ á%%,shk 82la jk f,dal wd¾Ólfhys á%%,shk 16la i|yd ysñlï lshkafka ì%;dkH" c¾uksh yd m%xYh we;=<;a hqfrdamSh rgj,a h' wefußld tlai;a ckmofha

ysñlu fvd,¾ á%%,shk 15'6ls' m%;sY;d;aul jYfhka .;a úg ixj¾ê; rgj,a f,dal o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h i|yd ishhg 51'30lska o ke.S tk iy ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd wd¾Ól ishhg 48'70lska o odhl fjhs' ta wkqj wefußldj yd hqfrdamh f,dal wd¾Ólfhka wvla u ksfhdackh lrhs' fï ksid fï rgj,a uqyqK mdk wd¾Ól miqnEu ke.S tk iy ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd wd¾Ól flfrys we;slrk wys;lr n,mEu fkdje<elaúh yels h' Y%S ,xldj iïnkaOfhka .;a úg wmkhkj,ska ishhg 60lg wdikak m%udKhla hefjkafka wefußldjg yd hqfrdamhghs' 2011 jifrys wmkhk wdodhñka ishhg 20'3 la wefußld tlai;a ckmoh iuÕ l< .kqfokqj,ska o ishhg 10'5 la tlai;a rdcOdksh iuÕ l< .kqfokqj,ska o Wmhd we;' hqfrdamd ix.uhg wh;a rgj,g l< wmkhkj,ska ishhg 33'8la Wmhd we;' tfuka u 2011 jifrys Y%S ,xldjg meñ‚ ixpdrlhskaf.ka ishhg 43la muK hqfrdamd rgj,ska meñ‚fhda jQy' ta wkqj ixpdrl l¾udka;fhka Wmhk wdodhu iïnkaOfhka o hqfrdamd rgj, wd¾Ól miqnEu wys;lr f,i n,mdkq we;'

WoaOukh

f,dal nexl= jd¾;d wkqj 2012 jifrys f,dal WoaOuk wkqmd;h ishhg 3'9 la jQ w;r 2013 jifrys tu wkqmd;h ishhg 3'5 - 4 uÜgul mj;skq we;' 2012 wjika ld¾;=j u; mokïj úuid n,k úg ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj, jd¾Isl WoaOuk wkqmd;slh ishhg 5'1 la úh' fuu wkqmd;h 2013 jifrys ishhg 6'3la jkq we;s njg f,dal nexl=j mqfrdal:kh lrhs' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh o 2013 iy 2014 jirj, ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj, WoaOuk wkqmd;h by< hkq we;s njg mqfrdal;kh lrhs' wekaf.da,d yd khsÔßhd wd§ wm%sldkq rgj, WoaOuk wkqmd;h ishhg 10 lg;a jvd by< uÜgul mej;sks' kef.kysr wdishdkq rgj, WoaOuk wkqmd;h hï ia:djr uÜgul mj;skq we;ehs mjik tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdk jd¾;d 2012 jifrys ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj, ishhg 11 idudkH WoaOuk wkqmd;h 2013 iy 2014 jirj, ishhg 10 la fyda Bg wdikak w.hla fyda .kq we;s njg mqfrdal:kh lrhs' ngysr wdishdfõ fndfyda rgj, wvq WoaOuk wkqmd;hla mej;sh o fhaukfha th ishhg 10 lg jeä m%;sYhla .kS' ,;ska wefußldkq rgj, WoaOuk wkqmd;h ishhg 6 fyda Bg wdikak w.hla .kq we;s nj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a World Economic Situation and Prospects 2013 jd¾;dj mqfrdal:kh lrhs'

hqfrdaiageÜ ixLHd o;a;j,g wkqj 2013 fmnrjdß ui hqfrda l,dmfhys WoaOuk wkqmd;h ishhg 1'8 la fjñka hqfrdamSh uy nexl=fõ b,lal.; WoaOuk wkqmd;hg o jvd my< jeà we;' idudkHfhka wvq WoaOuk wkqmd;hla


hym;a m%jK;djla f,i ie,flhs' mdßfNda.sl b,a¨ï ;;a;ajh bka ms<sìUq flfrhs' fndfyda úg /lshd úhqla;sh by< w.hla .kakd úg WoaOukh my< jefgkq olakg ,efnhs' ta wkqj by< /lshd úhqla;shlska fmf<k hqfrdamSh ck;dj ish /lshd iqrlaIs;;dj ms<sn| wjodku flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduqlrñka úhoï wvqfldg jeäfhka b;sßlsÍug fm<ö isà'

2012 foieïn¾ ui ishhg 2'3 la jQ hqfrdamSh ix.uhg wh;a rgj, WoaOukh 2013 ckjdß jk úg ishhg 2'1 la olajd my< jeáks' th 2011 j¾Ifhys mej;sfha ishhg 2'9 laj h' hqfrdamd ix.ufhys idudðl rgj,a w;=ßka 2013 ckjdß ui by<u WoaOuk wkqmd;hla jd¾;d jkafka refïkshdfjks' th ishhg 5'1 ls' tiaf;dakshdfjys iy fko¾,ka;fhys WoaOuk wkqmd; ms<sfj,ska ishhg 3'7la iy 3'2la úh' 2012 foieïn¾ udifhys ishhg 0'3la jQ wvqu WoaOuk wkqmd;hla jd¾;d ù we;af;a .%Sisfhks' iaùvkfha ishhg 1'1 la jQ w;r m%xYfha iy ihsm%ifha ishhg 1'5la úh'

2011 jifrys tlai;a ckmofhys ishhg 3'1 la jQ WoaOuk wkqmd;h 2012 jif¾ § ishhg 2'1la olajd my< nei we;'

hqfrdamh

2012 wjika ld¾;=fõ hqfrdamfha uQ,H w¾nqoh ;j;a nrm;, njg fmr<S we;' hqfrda l,dmfhys wd¾Ólh 2012 isõjk ld¾;=fõ ishhg 0'6lska ixfldapkh ù we;' l,dmfha wd¾Ólfha ixfldapkhla we;sfõ hehs wfmalaId l< o th wfmalaId l<dg;a jvd jQ miqnEula úh' hqfrdamfha úYd,;u wd¾Ólh ysñ c¾ukshghs' tfukau th f,dalfha miajk

úYd,;u wd¾Ólhhs' hqfrdamd ix.uhg wh;a rgj,a w;=ßka Yla;su;a u wd¾Ólh ysñ o c¾ukshghs' tfy;a l,dmfha ksujqfuka ¼ la ksIamdokh lrk c¾uka wd¾Ólh o fï jk úg uqyqK § we;s ;;a;ajh t;rï hym;a fkdfõ' 2011 jifrys trg wd¾Ól j¾Okh ishhg 3'1 la jQ w;r 2012 ys th ishhg 0'9 la olajd my< jeà we;' 2013 jifrys wd¾Ól j¾Okh ishhg 0'6 la olajd ;jÿrg;a my< jefgkq we;ehs cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, mqfrdal:kh lrhs' c¾uka uy nexl=j mqfrdal:kh lrk mßÈ 2013 jifrys wd¾Ól j¾Okh ishhg 0'4la olajd my< jefgkq we;ehs wfmalaIs; h' c¾uka f*vr,a ixLHd f,aLk ld¾hd,hg wkqj 2012 wjika ld¾;=fõ c¾uka wd¾Ólh ishhg 0'5 lska ixfldapkh úh' fuu ;;a;ajhg fya;=jQfha wmkhkj, my< hEu nj tu wdh;kh mjihs' 2012 wjika ld¾;=fõ wdkhk NdKavj,g jvd ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhlska wmkhk my< jeà we;s neõ jd¾;d fjhs' flfia fj;;a trg m%Odk w¾: Ydia;%{fhl= jk wekaä%%hdia Íia Ândreas Rees& mjikafka c¾uka wd¾Ólfha we;sjQfha ;djld,sl miqnEula njhs' ta wkqj fuu miqnEu h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ hehs wfmalaId flf¾' iamd[a[h" b;d,sh" .%Sish yd mD;=.d,h jeks hqfrdamd l,dmfha wjg rgj, wd¾Ólj, isÿjQ iS>% miqnEï yd idfmalaIj .;a úg tf;la c¾uksh hqfrdamd wd¾Ólfha hï lemS fmfkk uÜgul mej;sks'

iamd[a[ nexl= jd¾;d wkqj 2012 y;rjk ld¾;=fõ trg wd¾Ólh ishhg 0'6 lska ixfldapkh úh' 2011 jifrys trg wh jeh ysÕh o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhka ishhg 9la úh' th 2012 jifrys ishhg 6'3 la olajd wvqlsÍug wfmalaId lrk ,o w;r 2013 jifrys nÿ by< oeóu yd úhoï lmd yeÍu u.ska whjeh ysÕh o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhka ishhg 4'5 la olajd wvq lsÍug ie,iqï lr we;'

f,dal fjf<| mßudj^fjkiaùfï m%;sY;h&

2011 2012 2013) 2014)

f,dal fjf<| mßudj ^NdKav iy fiajd& 5'9 2'8 3'8 5'5

wdkhk

ixj¾ê; wd¾Ól 4'6 1'2 2'2 4'1

ke.S tk iy ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd wd¾Ól 8'4 6'1 6'5 7'8

wmkhk

ixj¾ê; wd¾Ól 5'6 2'1 2'8 4'5

ke.S tk iy ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd wd¾Ól 6'6 3'6 5'5 6'9

02 jk ixLHd igyk

uQ,dY%h( cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, - World Economic Outlook Update)mqfrdal:k


2012 wjika ld¾;=fjys m%xY wd¾Ólfhys o miqnEula olakg ,enq‚' tu ld¾;=fjys wd¾Ólh ishhg 0'3 lska ixfldapkh úh' flfia fj;;a trg uy nexl= mqfrdal:k wkqj 2013 uq,a ld¾;=fõ wd¾Ól j¾Okfha hï m%.;shla fmkajkq we;' wd¾Ól miqnEug ,laj we;s fuu rgj,a ;u ;ukaf.a rgj, wd¾Ól h:d ;;a;ajhg f.k taug úúO mshjr .ksñka isà' m%xY ckdêm;s trg wd¾Ólh ;rÕldß;ajh ;=<ska h:d ;;a;ajhg f.k taug W;aidy oroa§ b;d,s rch ,sys,alrK m%;sm;a;s uÕska wd¾Ólh h:d ;;a;ajhg f.k taug W;aidy orkq olakg ,efí' tfuka u wmkhk wdodhï ;rlr .kq jia ;u ;uka f.a uQ,H tall my< oeóula o lrkq olakg ,efí' th uQ,H hqoaOhlg fya;= jkq we;ehs m%;sm;a;s iïmdolfhda fmkajd fo;s'

fmdÿfõ .;a úg wd¾Ól w¾nqohg uqyqK mE rgj, ksIamdok l¾udka;h fnfyúka miqnEug ,laj we;' fudag¾ r: iud.ï" .=jka fiajd iud.ï jeks úYd, mßudKfha wdh;k w,dN ,nk tajd njg m;aj we;' we;eï l¾udka;Yd,d jeiS hñka mj;S' we;eï wjia:dj, w,dN ,nk iud.ï taldnoaO lrkq olakg ,efnhs' fiajlhska /lshdj,ska bj;a lsÍï fuka u fiajl ixLHdj wvqlrkq ,nhs' jevlrk meh .Kka iSud lrkq ,nhs'

wd¾Ól miqneiau yuqfõ fndfyda rgj, whjeh mr;rh yd Kh nr mq¿,afjñka mj;S' tfuka u fjf<| mßudj wvqfjñka mj;S' ^02 jk ixLHd igyk&

02 jk ixLHd f,aLkh wkqj ixj¾ê; wd¾Ól iy ke.S tk iy ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj,a hk ldKav oajfhys u wdkhk wmkhk mßudj, my< hEula olakg ,efnhs' fï ksid w¾nqoh ksrdlrKh i|yd .; hq;= mshjr ta ta rgj, wd¾Ól u; muKla fkdj fmdÿfõ f,dj wd¾Ól /ila u; úúOdldrfhka n,mdkq we;'

w¾nqohg W.% f,i ue§ù isák rgj,g tajdfha wd¾Ól h:d ;;a;ajhg f.k tau i|yd cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, jßka jr Kh uqo,a ,nd fohs' ta wkqj 2013 ckjdß ui uQ,H wruqo, úiska .%Sishg fvd,¾ ì,shk 4'3l Kh uqo,la wkqu; lrk ,È' 2010 iy 2011 jirj, .%Sisfhys rdcH Kh o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhys m%;sY;hla f,i ms<sfj,ska ishhg 144'5la iy 165 la jQ w;r 2012 jifrys fuu m%;sY;h ishhg 170'7 la f,i o 2013 ishhg 181 '8 la jkq we;s njg o cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, mqfrdal:kh lrhs' o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhys m%;sY;hla f,i Kh mßudfjys by<u m%;sY;hla jd¾;djkafka cmdkfhks' th cmka wd¾Ólh fuka fo.=Khlg;a jvd úYd,h' fuu jifrys tu m%;sY;h ishhg 245 la muK fõ hehs weia;fïka;= lr we;'

by< hk /lshd úhqla;sh

f,dal wd¾Òlfhys we;sjk miqnEfuys m%;sM, f,i b;du;a u fÄockl iudc m%Yakhla f,i biau;=j we;af;a Èfkka Èk by< hk /lshd úhqla;sh hs' wd¾Ól miqnEu yuqfõ jHdmdr wdh;k jeiS hñka mj;S' /lshd" jegqma yd úY%du jegqma wdÈh lmamdÿ lrñka mj;S' fuu l%shdud¾. ck Ôú;h fkdikaiqka;djhg m;alrhs' iykh m;d flrk b,a,Sï" Woaf>daIK yd m%pKavldÍ l%shd njg fmrf<ñka mj;S' cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkfha jd¾;d wkqj 2013 jifrys f,dj mqrd ñ,shk 202 ck.ykhla /lshd úrys;j isákq we;' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a tackais jd¾;d wkqj Y%u yuqodfjka ishhg 6la /lshd úrys;j isà' 2012 jifrys /lshd úhqla;s ck.ykh ñ,shk 4 lska jeä fjñka ñ,shk 197 la olajd j¾Okh úh' ;reK ck.ykh flfrys fuys n,mEu b;du;a u wys;lrh' f,dj wjqreÿ 24 g wvq ck.ykfhys /lshd úhqla;sh ishhg 13 ls' f,dalfha úYd,;u wd¾Ólj, ^Ô 7 rgj,& uqo,a m%;sm;a;s l%shdud¾. fuu ;;a;ajh jvd;a W.%lrk nj cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkh mjihs' 2008 yd 2009 mej;s w¾nqo iuh yd ieie£fï § Ô 20 rgj, uqo,a m%;sm;a;s yd whjeh m%;sm;a;sj, ;d¾lsl nj ke;sù we;' tu ksid h:d ;;a;ajhg m;aùug yd wúksYaÑ;;dfjka ñ§ug tajd WmldÍ fkdjk nj cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkh mjihs'

hqfrda iageÜ ixLHd f,aLkj,g wkqj 2012 fkdjeïn¾ iy foieïn¾ udi jk úg hqfrda l,dmfhys ñ,shk 18'998 ck.ykhla /lshd úrys;j isáhy' fuh tu l,dmfhys Y%u yuqodfjka ishhg 11'8 la muK fõ' th 1999 fmdÿ uqo,a tallhla Ndú;h werô miq jd¾;d jQ by< u /lshd úhqla;shhs' 2013 ckjdß udifhys fuu m%;sY;h ishhg 11'9la olajd by< ke.sks' tfia by< ke.=fka foieïn¾ udihg jvd ñksiqka 201"000la /lshd úrys; jQjkaf.a f.dkakg weo jefgñks' th fmr j¾Ifha mej;s ;;a;ajh yd iei£fï § ishhg 1'2 l by< hEuls' by<u /lshd úhqla;s wkqmd;hla jd¾;d jkafka .%Sisfhka iy iamd[a[fhks' 2012 fkdjeïn¾ udifhys .%Sisfhka jd¾;d jQ /lshd úhqla;s wkqmd;h ishhg 27la úh' ̂ 2012 foieïn¾ iy 2013 ckjdß i|yd .%Sisfhys /lshd úhqla;sh iïnkaO o;a; hdj;ald,Sk lr fkd;sì‚'& 2011 iema;eïnrfha .%Sisfha /lshd úhqla;s wkqmd;h ishhg 18'9 la j mej;s‚' iamd[a[fha 1970 ueo Nd.hg miq jd¾;d jQ by<u /lshd úhqla;sh 2012 fkdjeïnrfha jd¾;d úh' th ishhg 26'2 la úh' iamd[a[ cd;sl ixLHd f,aLk wdh;khg wkqj miq.sh jifrys trg ñ,shk 5'97 l ck.ykhla /lshd úhqla;j isáhy' 2013 ckjdß udifha t ráka jd¾;d jQ /lshd úhqla;s wkqmd;h ishhg 26'2la ;rï by< w.hla .;af;a h' ^03 jk rEm igyk& /lshd lmamdÿjg tfrysj iamd[a[fhys uyck úfrdaO;d /ila mek ke.S we;s


w;r we;eï wjia:dj, tajd m%pKavldÍ iajrEmhla .kq olakg ,efnhs' 2013 ckjdß udifhys mD;=.d,fhys /lshd úhqla;sh ishhg 17'6 la f,i jd¾;d fjhs' th 2012 ckjdß udifhys ishhg 14'7 la úh'

hqfrdamd ix.uhg wh;a rgj,a 27 iuia;hla f,i .;a úg 2012 Tlaf;dan¾" fkdjeïn¾ iy foieïn¾ udij, /lshd úhqla;s wkqmd;h ishhg 10'7 uÜgfï /£ ;sì‚' tfy;a 2013 ckjdß jk úg ishhg 10'8la olajd by< ke. we;s neõ hqfrda iageÜ ixLHd o;a; fmkakqï lrhs' fmr udihg jvd ñksiqka 222"000 /lshd úhqla; ck.ykhg tlafjñka ckjdß ui ñ,shk 26'217 l ck.ykhla tu rgj,a iuQyfhys /lshd úrys;j isáh y' 2011 fkdjeïn¾ udifhys /lshd úrys;j isá ck.ykh yd ii|d n,k úg th ñ,shk 2'012l jeäùula fmkakqï lrhs' jir 2000 g fmr hqfrdamd ix.uhg wh;a rgj, /lshd úhqla;s wkqmd;h ishhg 9 la úh' ta wkqj ñ,shk 20 ck.ykhla /lshd úhqla;j isáfha h' 2001 § /lshd úhqla;s wkqmd;h ishhg 8'5la olajd my< jeá‚' ta wkqj tu jifrys /lshd rys;j isá ck.ykh ñ,shk 19 la úh' 2002 fuu ixLHdj ñ,shk 21 olajd by< ke.=k w;r 2005 ueo Nd.h f;la u th tu uÜgfï u r|d mej;sfha h'

hqfrdamd ix.ufhys idudðl rgj,a w;=ßka wvqu /lshd úhqla;shla jd¾;d jkafka Tiaá%%hdfjks' th ishhg 4'9 ls' c¾uksfha iy ,laiïn¾.a ys ishhg 5'3 ls' fko¾,ka;fha ishhg 6'0 ls' ix.uhg wh;a rgj,a 27 ka fmr j¾Ihg idfmalaIj rgj,a 20 l /lshd úhqla;s wkqmd;h by< f.dia we;' rgj,a 6 l /lshd úhqla;s wkqmd;h my< jeà we;s w;r fvkaud¾lfha 7'4 la f,i ia:djrj mej;sks' úYd,;u my< jeàu jd¾;d jkafka tiaf;dakshdfjks' 2011 foieïn¾ udifhys trg /lshd úhqla;s wkqmd;h ishhg 11'1 la j ;snqKq w;r 2012 foieïnrfha th ishhg 9'9la olajd my< jeà we;'

/lshd úhqla;sfhys by< hEu ms<snoj úuid n,k úg olakg ,efnk úfYaI ,laIKhla kï ;reK msßia w;r /lshd úhqla;sfhys by< hEuhs' 2013 ckjdß ui hqfrdamd ix.uhg wh;a rgj, wjqreÿ 25 g wvq ;reK ck.ykfhka ishhg 23'6 la" tkï ñ,shk 5'732 la /lshd úhqla;j isáh y' 2012 ckjdßfhys fuu wkqmd;h ishhg 22'4la úh' tfuka u hqfrda l,dmhg wh;a rgj, 2012 ckjdßfha ishhg 21'9la jQ ;reK ck.ykfhys /lshd úhqla;sh 2013 ckjdß jk úg ishhg 24'2la olajd by< ke. ;sfí' ta wkqj fï jir wdrïNfha ;reK ck.ykh ñ,shk 3'642 la hqfrda l,dmfhys /lshd úhqla;j isáhy'

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;reK ck.ykfhys by<u /lshd úhqla;sh jd¾;d jkafka .%Sisfhks' th 2012 fkdjeïn¾ udifhys ishhg 59'4la ;rï by< w.hla .;af;a h' iamd[a[fha yd b;d,sfha fuu m%;sY;h ms<sfj,ska ishhg 55'5la yd 38'7la f,i jd¾;d fjhs' 2013 ckjdß udifha ;reK ck.ykh w;r wvqu /lshd úhqla;sh jd¾;d jkafka c¾uksfhks' th ishhg 7'9 ls' Tiag%shdfõ yd fko¾,ka;fha tu m%;sY;h ms<sfj,ska ishhg 9'9 la iy 10'3 la fõ'

w;=re M,

/lshd úhqla;s wkqmd;h rgl iudc yd wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh uekSfï o¾Ylhla f,i Ndú;hg .efkhs' /lshd úhqla;sh by< hEu ;=<ska mqoa.,sl wdodhu my< jeàu" hefmkakka ixLHdj by< hEu" Ôjk ;;a;ajh my< jeàu" mßfNdack úhoï jeäù th b;=reï wvqùug;a ta Tiafia wdfhdack wvqùug;a" /lshd fkdue;slñka wiykfhka fmf<kakka iudc úfrdaê yd kS;s úfrdaê l%shdj,g fm<öu by< hEu" wd¾Ólhg M,odhS hula tl;= fkdlrk msßila fjkqfjka úYd, úhoula oeÍug isÿùfuka rcfha úhoï by< hEu" nÿ wdodhu my< hEu yd nÿ f.jkakka u; w;sf¾l nÿ nrla megùu hkdÈh isÿ fjhs'

tfukau wdodhï ud¾. ì| jeàfuka mdßfNda.slhkaf.a NdKav ñ,§ .ekSfï Yla;sh wvqfjhs' b,aü wvqùu;a iuÕ l¾udka;Yd,dj,g ish ksIamdok b,lal imqrd.ekSug fkdyels fjhs' tu wdh;k w,dN ,nk ;;a;ajhg m;aùfuka tu wdh;kj, fiajlhkaf.a /lshd iïnkaOfhka wúksYaÑ;;d u;=fõ'

fï jkúg /lshd úrys;Ndjh yd iudc fkdikaiq;djfhys w;=re m, f,i hqfrdamd rgj, ish Èú kid .ekSï wkqmd;h

o by< hñka mj;S' hqfrda iageÜ ixLHd o;a; wkqj /lshd úhqla;s w¾nqoh weröug fmr hqfrdamfha rgj,a w;=ßka wvqu ishÈú kid.ekSï m%udKhla jd¾;djQfha .%Sisfhks' th mqoa.,hka 100"000( 2'8 la úh' tfy;a oeka fuu ;;a;ajh fo.=Khla njg fmr<S we;' .%Sl fi!LH wud;HdxY wOHhkhlg wkqj 2011 uq,a Nd.fha ish Èú kid .ekSï wkqmd;h fmr jirg jvd ishhg 40lska jeä ù we;' wd¾Ól w¾nqohg uqyqKmd isák wfkl=;a hqfrdamd rgj, o ish Èú kid.ekSï by< hñka mj;S'

ÿqçka''''

2008 jifrys mgka wefußld tlai;a ckmo iy hqfrdamd wd¾Ólj, we;sjQ wd¾Ól w¾nqoh úiska f,dal wd¾Ólh ;j ÿrg;a miqnEug ,lalrñka isà' th h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ hehs wfmalaId l< o th isÿjkafka b;du;a u ukao.dójh' fï iïnkaOj .;hq;= m%;sm;a;s l%shdud¾. ms<sn|j i|yka lrk cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, ixj¾ê; rgj,a úiska ch.; hq;= wNsfhda. folla ms<sn|j i|yka lrhs'

1' ia:djr iy È.= l,a mj;akd Yla;su;a uQ,H mokula oeóu

2' uQ,H l%ufha wjodkï wLKavj wvqlsÍug uQ,H l%uh m%;sixialrKh lsÍu

fuu wNsfhda. ch.ekSu ;=<ska miqneiSï wjodkï wvqlr.; yels w;r wd¾Ól h<s h:d ;;a;ajhg m;alr .;yels neõ cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, mjihs'❂


Wlia hkak wmg tÈfkod Ôú;fha § jeo.;a jk kS;suh ixl,amhls' wm uQ,H wdh;khlska Kh uqo,la ,nd .ekSfï § wemhla f,i foam< Wlia lrk w;r" uqo,a yÈishl § rka NdKav Wlia lr Kh uqo,a ,nd .ekSu o isÿlrhs' fï wkqj Wlia iïnkaOfhka wod< jk kS;suh ;;a;ajh ms<sn|j oekqïj;a ùu b;du;a jeo.;a fõ'

foam< m%Odk jYfhka fldgia follg fnÈh yelshs' tkï"

1' ksYap, foam<

2' pxp, foam<

Wlia iïnkaO kS;s fuu fldgia fol hgf;a i,ld ne,sh yel'

1' ksYap, foam<

ksYap, foam< Wlia lsÍu iïnkaOfhka n,mdk m%Odk kS;sh 1949 wxl 6 ork Wlia mk;hs' Wlia mkf;ys Wlila ^Mortgage& hkak w¾: olajd ;sfí' ta wkqj Wlila hkq hï uqo,la fyda uqo,auh jákdlula we;s fohla fyda fjkqfjka wemhla f,i hï foam<la flfrys we;s jk whs;sjdisluls'

ksYap, foam< ms<sn|j Wlilg t<öfï § jeo.;a jk m%;smdokhla jxpd je<elaùfï wd{d mkf;a 2 jk j.ka;sfha oelafõ' tkï" tjeks Wlila kS;sh bÈßfha j,x.= ùug th ,sÅ;j úh hq;= w;r thg t<fUk md¾Yajh fkd;dßiajrhl= yd idlaIslrejka fofofkl= bÈßfha thg w;aika ;eìh hq;= h' ta njg fkd;dßiajrhd

yd idlaIslrejka tu Tmamqfõ ,shd iy;sl l< hq;= h' Bg wu;rj f,aLk ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï wd{d mkf;a 8 jk j.ka;shg wkqj ksYap, foam< iïnkaOfhka jk Wlia bvï ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï ld¾hd,fha ,shdmÈxÑ l< hq;=h' fufia ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfuka tu f,aLkhg" thg fmr ilia lrk ,o ,shdmÈxÑ fkdlrk ,o f,aLkhlg;a" thg miqj ilia lr ,shdmÈxÑ lrk f,aLkhlg;a tfrysj m%uqL;djla ,efí'

by; m%;smdok wkqj ilia lr ,shdmÈxÑ lrk ,o Wlila n,d;aul l< yels wdldrh ms<sn| ld¾hmámdáh Wlia mkf;a olajd we;' fuu ld¾hmámdáh m%Odk fldgia 3 lg fnÈh yel' tkï"

^w& Wli n,d;aul lsÍu i|yd kvq mejÍu

^wd& kvqj mj;ajdf.k hk w;r;=r mek k.sk lreKq

^we& kvqj wjidkfha § wod< foam< úlsŒu

^w& Wli n,d;aul lsÍu i|yd kvq mejÍu'

Wlila n,d;aul lsÍug mjrk kvqjla tu Wlig wod< uqo,a kej; whlr .ekSug wod< kvqjla ̂ Money Recovery Action& iuÕ tlg fyda fjka fjkaj fyda mejßh yelsh'

Wlia kvqjla mejÍug fmr kS;s{hl= úiska bvï ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï ld¾hd,fha foam<g iïnkaO f,aLk ,shdmÈxÑ lr we;s f.dkqfjys ‘,sia fmkavkaia’ f,i ye¢kafjk oekaùula ,shdmÈxÑ l< hq;=hs' fuh ,shdmÈxÑh u.ska wod< foam< iïnkaOfhka Wlia kvqjla mj;sk nj tu foam< iïnkaOfhka Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yajhkag wod< f.dkqj

Y%S ,xldfõ

Wlia kS;sh ms<sn| ye¢kaùula

;rx. úchfldaka

iyldr wOHlaI" nexl= fkdjk uQ,H wdh;k wëlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j


mßlaIdfjka oek .ekSug ,eîu;a" tu kvqj iïnkaOfhka fkd;sis ,eìh hq;= md¾Yajhkag fkd;sis ,eîug ie,eiaùu;a iy;sl flf¾'

^wd& kvqj mj;ajdf.k hk w;r;=r mek k.sk lreKq

kvqj mj;ajdf.k hk w;r;=r kvqfõ md¾Yajlrefjl= ñh .shfyd;a" ñh.sh ;eke;a;df.a foam< iïnkaOfhka fm%dfnÜ n,m;%hla fyda woañksia;%dis n,m;%hla fyda ksl=;a lrkq ,eìh yels mqoa.,fhl= ñh.sh mqoa.,hdf.a whs;sjdislï ksfhdackh lsÍu i|yd wêlrKh úiska m;a l< yel'

hï foam<la i|yd Wlia kvqj mj;ajdf.k hk w;r;=r tu bvu wdrlaIdj" l<ukdlrKh yd ixrlaIKh hk lreKq i|yd ,enqïlrefjl= ̂ Receiver& m;a lsÍfï n,hla wêlrKhg we;'

^we& kvqj wjidkfha § wod< foam< úlsŒu

Wlia n,d;aul l< hq;= njg wêlrKh ;Skaÿ l<fyd;a Wlig hg;a foam< úlsŒug ksfhda. lrkq ,efí' tu úlsŒu l< hq;af;a ljqreka úiska o" ta i|yd oekaùï m< lrk whqre" úlsŒug wod< fldkafoais yd ta yd ne÷kq wkqIxYsl lreKq ms<sn| ksfhda. ,nd§fï n,hla wêlrKhg we;' foam< úlsŒu ;Skaÿ m%ldYfhka udi folla we;=<; fyda wêlrKh úiska kshu lrk jeäuk;a ld,hla ;=< fyda isÿl< hq;=h'

Wlia mk;g wkqj Wlia l< foam< yer fjk;a foam<la Wli hgf;a whúh hq;= uqo,a ,nd .ekSu i|yd úls‚h fkdyel'

flfia fj;;a Wlia mkf;a 47 w j.ka;sfhka fuhg jH;sf¾Lhla mkjd we;' tkï Khg fok wdh;khlg Wlia lsÍula lrk úg" Kh uqo, re' 150"000$- blaujkafka kï tu Wlia Tmamqj iu.u fkd;dßia flfkl= úiska ,shd iy;sl lrk ,o fjk;a Tmamqjla u.ska by; oelajQ whs;sh w; yßk njg;a" tlS m,úmdl ;ukag myod § we;s njg;a m%ldYhla Wlialreg l< yel' flfia fj;;a fuu m%ldYh ,nd .ekSfï whs;sh we;af;a"

^w& n,m;%,dNS jd‚c nexl=

^wd& rdcH Wlia yd wdfhdack nexl=j

^we& cd;sl ixj¾Ok nexl=j

^wE& cd;sl b;sßlsÍfï nexl=j

^b& Y%S ,xld ixj¾Ok uQ,H ixia:dj hk Kh fok wdh;kj,g mu‚'

Wlialref.a fjk;a foam< úls‚h yels jkafka uq,ska Wlia l< foam< úl=Kd tu úlsŒfuka ,o uqo, kvqfõ ;Skaÿ m%ldYh imqrd,Su i|yd fhoùfuka miqj mu‚'

foam< úlsŒug fmr oekg tys mÈxÑj isák whf.ka w;am;a lr.; hq;= kï th wêlrKfha msial,ajrhd yryd isÿl< yels w;r" tfia w;am;a lr.;a wjia:djl § úlsŒu isú,a kvq úOdk ix.%yfha wod< m%;smdok wkqj isÿl< hq;=h'

ksYap, foam<la wemhg ;nd we;s lrk m%:u Wli" m%d:ñl Wlila hkqfjka y÷kajk w;r thg miqj tu foam< wemhg ;nd we;s lrk Wlia oaú;shsl Wlia hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' hï oaú;shsl Wlilg hg;a bvula Wlia mkf;a m%;smdok wkqj úl=Kk úgl § oaú;shsl Wlia ysñfhl=g ysñ jkafka m%d:ñl Wlia ysñhdg ,eìh hq;= uqo,a fíßfuka miq ,efnk uqo,la mu‚'

Wlia kvqjl meñ‚,slrefjl=g Wlia foam<la ñ, § .ekSug fyda ta i|yd ,xiq ;eîug fyda yelafla ta i|yd wêlrKh úiska wjir ,nd ÿkfyd;a mu‚'

nexl= u.ska Kh wdmiq whlr .ekSfï ^úfYaI úêúOdk& mk;

fuf;la wm idlÉPd lf<a idudkH kS;sh hgf;a ksYap, foam< iïnkaOfhka jQ Wlila n,d;aul l< yels wdldrh ms<sn|jhs' flfia fj;;a

^w& n,m;%,dNS jd‚c nexl=

^wd& Y%S ,xld ixj¾Ok uQ,H ixia:dj

^we& cd;sl b;sßlsÍfï nexl=j

hk nexl=j,g n,mdk úfYaI kS;suh m%;smdok 1990 wxl 4 ork nexl= u.ska Kh wdmiq whlr .ekSfï ^úfYaI úêúOdk& mk; u.ska mkjd we;'

fï wkqj nexl=jla u.ska foam< Wlila u; Kh uqo,la ,nd § we;akï" tu Kh wdmiq f.ùu meyer yßk ,o úgl §" tu nexl=j, wOHlaI uKav,hg tys wOHlaI uKav, ;SrKhla u; Wlia lr we;s foam< m%isoaO fjkafoaisfha úls‚h yel' ta wkqj fuu wdh;kj,g Wlila n,d;aul lsÍu i|yd wêlrKfha kvq mejÍula wjYH fkdfõ' fufia kvq fkdmjrd Wlia foam< úlsŒu ‘mrdfg n,d;aul lsÍu’ f,i ye¢kafõ' ;jo" Wlia foam< ñ, § .kakdg whs;slrefjl= i;= ish¨ n,;, mejfrk f,i úlsŒfï


iy;slhla ksl=;a lsÍfï n,h o by; mk; hgf;a wOHlaI uKav,hg ysñ fõ'

fuu úfYaI úêúOdk mkf;a m%;smdok n,m;%,dNS uqo,a iud.ïj,g o wod< l< yelsoehs i,ld ne,Su ldf,daÑ; fõ' fuu.ska tu iud.ï Wlia n,d;aul lsÍug jehjk Okh" ld,h yd Y%uh b;sß lr .ekSug yelsjkq we;' flfia fj;;a uqo,a iud.ïj, wOHlaI uKav, fuu mk;ska ,efnk n,;, j.lSulska hq;=j Ndú;d lrkq we;aoehs hkak o i,ld ne,sh hq;=h'

flfia fj;;a j¾;udkfha § uqo,a iud.ï Wlia .súiqïj,g t<öu fjkqjg Kh uqo, yd fmd,sh f.jQ úg Khlreg wdmiq mejÍfï fmdfrdkaÿj msg wod< foam< ;uka fj; mjrd .ekSu isÿ lrhs' fuhska Wlia .súiqulg t<öfï yd Wli n,d;aul lsÍfï úhou yd Y%uh u.yrjd .ekSug uqo,a iud.ï lghq;= lrhs' flfia fj;;a fuu l%shdodufha § Khlreg Wlia mk;ska ysñjk /ljrKh wysñ jk w;r uqo,a iud.u úiska foam< wdmiq mjrd §u ms<sn|j kS;sh bÈßfha ms<s.; yels iy;slhla fkd,eîfuka kS;sfha /ljrKh ,eîug we;s yelshdj;a wysñ fõ'

2' pxp, foam<

fuf;la wm i,ld ne¨fõ ksYap, foam<g wod< jk Wlia kS;shhs' pxp, foam< iïnkaOfhka wod< jk kS;s ;;a;ajh jvd;a ixlS¾K fõ' fuhg fya;=j pxp, foam< iïnkaOfhka"

^w& 1949 wxl 6 ork Wlia mk;

^wd& 1942 wxl 13 ork Wlia .kakkaf.a wd{d mk;

^we& 1988 wxl 30 ork nexl= mk; hgf;a ksl=;a lr we;s 1998 n,m;%,dNS jd‚c nexl= ^Wlia& fldkafoais

^wE& m<d;a iNd úiska ksl=;a l< yels m%{ma;Ska hk kS;s$Í;s j,ska tlla fyda lsysmhla fyda wod< úh yels neúks'

isxy, NdIdfjka —Wlia˜ hk jpkh bx.%sis NdIdfõ§ —Mortgage˜ yd —Pawn˜ f,i ye¢kafjk .kqfokq j¾. folla ye¢kaùug Ndú;d flf¾' tu ksid by; —Mortgage˜ yd —Pawn˜ w;r fjkialu i,ld ne,sh hq;=h'

Pawn iïnkaOfhka wod< jkafka Wlia .kakkaf.a wd{d mk;hs' tu wd{d mkf;a Pawn hkak w¾: olajd ke;' kS;s YíofldaIj, Pawn hkak hï Kh uqo,lg wemhla f,i pxp, foam<la ;ekam;a lsÍu f,i y÷kajd § we;'

idudkH Wlil § ksYap, fyda pxp, fyda foam< Wlia ysñhdf.a ika;lfha ;ekam;a lsÍu w;HdjYH fkdfõ' f,aLk ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï wd{d mkf;a 17 jk j.ka;shg wkqj pxp, foam< Wlia lsÍu kS;sh bÈßfha n,d;aul ùug kï"

^w& tu Wli ,sÅ; f,aLkhla f,i Wlia lr" ilia lsÍfuka Èk 21 la we;=<; wod< bvï ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï ld¾hd,fhys ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu fyda

^wd& wod< pxp, foam< Wlia ysñhdf.a ika;lhg Ndr lsÍu fyda isÿl< hq;=h'

fï wkqj Pawn f,i ye¢kaúh yelafla hï pxp, foam<la by; fojk l%uhg Wlia lsÍula fõ'

Wlia .kakkaf.a wd{d mk;g wkqj n,m;%hla fkdue;sj hï ;eke;af;l=g NdKav Wlia .ekSfï jHdmdrfhys ^Business of a Pawn Brokers& ksr; úh fkdyel' j¾;udkfha fuu n,m;% ksl=;a lrkq ,nkafka m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd, yryd h'

tu wd{d mk;g wkqj NdKavhla Wlia lsÍfï § Wlia iSÜgqjla ,nd§u wksjd¾h jk w;r" tu iSÜgqj bÈßm;a lsÍfuka Wlia NdKavh fírd.; yel' Wlia l< NdKavhla Wlia l< Èkfha isg udi 12 l ld,hla ;=< fírd .ekSug yelsúh hq;=h' fï wkqj fuu wd{d mk; hgf;a Wlila we;s lr.; yels tlu ld,iSudj udi 12 l ld,hla fõ' Wlialrejkaf.a wd{d mk; hgf;a ,nd fok Khla i|yd whl, yels Wmßu udisl fmd<sh 2] ls' tkï" Wmßu jd¾Isl fmd<sh 24] ls' wod< ld,h ;=< fírd fkd.;a NdKav m%isoaO fjkafoaisfha úlsŒu wksjd¾h fõ' Wlia ysñhd fjkafoaisfha úlsŒfuka ,nd .kakd uqo, ;ukag wh úh hq;= Kh uqo, yd fmd,sh blaujkafka kï ta nj Wlialreg oekqï § tu jeämqr uqo, ,nd .ekSug bÈßm;a jqjfyd;a" Wlialre fj; tu uqo, ,nd§ug lghq;= l< hq;=h'

Wlia .kakkaf.a wd{d mk;g wu;rj Wlia mk; hgf;a o pxp, foam< Wlia l< yel' Wlia mk; hgf;a pxp, foam< Wlia lsÍfï § Wlia ysñhdf.a ika;lhg foam< mjrd §u w;HjYH fkdfõ' ;jo" Wlia mk; hgf;a fldgia ysñlï yd Ôú; rlaIK jeks wIam¾YkSh pxp, foam< Wlia lsÍu iïnkaOfhka m%;smdok o mkjd we;'

j¾;udkfha we;eï uqo,a iud.ï pxp, foam< iïnkaO Wlia .kqfokq Wlia .kakkaf.a wd{d mk; wkqj isÿ fkdfldg Wlia mk; hgf;a isÿ lrkq ,nhs' Wlia .kakkaf.a wd{d mk; hgf;a n,m;%hla ,nd .ekSug w;HjYH ùu" Wlia ld,h udi 12 lg iSud ùu yd udisl


fmd,S wkqmd;h 2] l Wmßuhlg hg;a ùu jeks m%;smdok Wlia mk; hgf;a u.yeÍug yelsùu fuhg m%Odk fya;=j fõ'

1988 wxl 30 ork nexl= mk;ska n,m;%,dNS jd‚c nexl= Wlia .kakkaf.a wd{d mk;ska ksoyia lr we;s w;r ta fjkqjg nexl=j, Wlia jHdmdr kshdukh lsÍu i|yd fldkafoais mekùug uy nexl=fõ uqo,a uKav,h fj; n,h ,nd § we;' fï wkqj by; i|yka l< —n,m;%,dNS jd‚c nexl= ^Wlia& fldkafoais˜ uqo,a uKav,h úiska mkjd we;' Bg wu;rj jd‚c nexl=j,g Wlia mk; hgf;a o Wlia .kqfokqj,g t<ôh yel'

´kEu mqoa.,fhl=g Wlia mk; hgf;a pxp, foam<la Wlig .; yel' tfy;a tu Wli n,d;aul lsÍug kï Tyq wksjd¾hfhka wêlrKh bÈßhg f.dia wêlrK ;Skaÿjla ,nd .; hq;=h' iq¿ jákdlula we;s pxp, foam<la yd iïnkaO Wlila n,d;aul lsÍug wêlrKh bÈßhg hEug isÿ jqjfyd;a th ld,h yd uqo,a wmf;a hjk l%shdoduhla jkq we;' Wlia mk;ska —wkqu; Kh fok wdh;k˜ Âpproved Credit Agencies& fuu wmyiq;djfhka uqojd we;'

Wlia mk; hgf;a wkqu; Kh fok wdh;k hkq"

^w& nexl= mk; hgf;a n,m;%,dNS jd‚c nexl=

^wd& rdcH Wlia yd wdfhdack nexl=j

^we& jd‚c fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wOHlaI fckrd,a úiska .eiÜ m;%fhys m< lrk fjk;a ́ kEu wdh;khla fõ'

tu wkqu; Kh fok wdh;kj,g Wlia mk; hgf;a Wlig fyda pxp, foam< Khlre úiska Kh wdmiq f.ùu meyer yeß úgl § kvq úNd.hlska f;drj úl=Kd oeóug n,h ysñ fõ' fuu úlsŒu m%isoaO fjkafoaishla u.ska úh hq;= w;r" tf,i úl=Kd ,efnk uqo, tu wdh;khg whúh hq;= uqo,g jvd jeäkï jeämqr uqo, Wlialreg f.úh hq;=h' oekg wkqu; Kh fok wdh;k f,i wdh;k 350 la muK .eiÜ ksfõok u.ska m%ldYhg m;a lr we;'

fuhg wu;rj wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 13 jk ixfYdaOkfha 9 jk Wmf,aLkfha m<d;a iNd ,ehsia;=j hgf;a n,m;%,dNS jd‚c nexl= yereKq úg fjk Wlia .kakd wdh;k ^Pawn Brokers& i|yd m%{ma;s mekùfï n,h m<d;a iNdj,g ,nd § we;' oekg niakdysr m<d;a iNdj úiska 2001 wxl 03 ork Wlia .kakkaf.a m%{ma;sh mkjd we;' fï wkqj n,m;%,dNS jd‚c nexl= yereKq úg niakdysr m<df;a Wlia .kakkag n,mdkafka fuu m%{ma;shhs'

,xldfõ Wlia .kqfokq i|yd kS;S .Kkdjla wod< jk nj fmkShhs' fuf,i kS;S .Kkdjla wod< ùu;a tu kS;S l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd wdh;k .Kkdjla ueÈy;a ùu;a ixlS¾K ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh lr we;' fuu kS;S yd l%shdj,s ir, lr uyck;djg jgyd .; yels myiq kS;sÍ;s ilia lsÍu i|yd ueÈy;a ùu wod< rdcH wdh;khj,;a" jHjia:dodhlfha;a j.lSuhs'❂


Wfoaks ,xildr

iyldr wOHCIsld" m%%;sm;a;s iudf,dapk yd wëCIK fomd¾;fïka;=j

^1& wruqK

wd¾Ól Wmdh ud¾. yd l%ufõoj,g yß; m%fõYhla ,nd§u ms<sn| ixl,amh wo f,dalfha l;d nyg ,laù we;s m%n, lreKla njg m;aj we;' tu ksid yß; wd¾Ólh kï jQ ixl,amh iy th o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h ô'foa'ks'& uekSfï ñkqula f,i fhdod .ekSfï ;d¾lsl;ajh ms<sn| úuid ne,Su fuu ,smsfha wruqK fõ'

^2& yß; wd¾Ólh hkq l=ulao@

f,dal m%cdj mßir ys;ldó jevms<sfj,lg f.k hEfï wruq‚ka 1992 jif¾ § werô ßfhda iuq¿fõ 20 jeks idxj;aißlh 2012 jif¾ ;sridr ixj¾Okh ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ^The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development& iuq¿j RIO ¬ 20 kñka n%iS,fha ßfhdao cekfrda ys § meje;a úh' tys f;audj jQfha —yß; wd¾Ólg wm we;=<;a o@˜ hkakhs' yß; wd¾Ólhla Wfoid f,dal ck;dj ;u odhl;ajh flfia ,nd Èh hq;= o hkak wjOdrKh lsÍu" iuq¿fõ wruqK úh'

—yß; wd¾Ólh˜ ms<sn| ixl,amh 1989 § muK ìysjQjla jk w;r" ta i|yd úúO ks¾jpk mj;S' tajdhska lsysmhla fufiah'

^w& tlai;a cd;Ska f.a mdßißl jevigyk ̂ United Nations Environment Programme-UNEP&1 wkqj —yß; wd¾Ólh˜ hkq"

1. Towards a green economy-UNEP

yß; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h y÷kajd §u

—mdßißl wjodku yd mdßißl ysÕlu wvq lr .ksñka f,dal m%cdj f.a Y=NidOkh yd iudc idOdrK;ajh by< kexùuhs˜' th ir, u wdldrfhka m%ldY l<fyd;a" wvq ldnka úfudapkh ^Low Carbon Emission&" iïm;aj, Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;dj ̂ Resource E�ciency& iy iudchSh wka;¾.;Ndjh ^Socially Inclusive& we;s lsÍuhs'

ldnka úfudapkh yd mßir ¥IKh wju lrñka n,Yla;sh yd iïm;a Ndú;fha ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kxjñka mßir moaO;shg iy ffcj úúO;ajhg isÿúh yels ydksh j<lajd,ñka" rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack uÕska wdodhu yd fiajd kshqla;sh by< kxjd,Su bka woyia fõ'

^wd& wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;d iy ixj¾Ok ixúOdkh Ôrganization for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD&2 wkqj —yß; wd¾Ólh˜ hkq"

iajdNdúl j;alïj, .=Kd;aul yd m%udKd;aul;dj u; we;s jk wys;lr n,mEu wju lr.ksñka we;s lr.kakd jQ wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh hs'

fuu ks¾jpk foflys fjki i,ld ne,Sfï §" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mdßißl jevigyk úfYaIfhka È<s÷lu msgqoelSu iy iudc idOdrK;ajh jeks iudc ñkqï flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr we;s nj fmfka'

2. Green Growth Strategy-OECD


^we& yß; Ñka;lfhl= jQ ld¾,a nQld¾Ü ^Karl Burkart& 3 yß; wd¾Ólh ks¾jpkh lsÍfï § th m%Odk lreKq 6 la u; f.dvke.S we;s nj olajhs' tkï" mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;sh ^Renewable Energy&" yß; bÈlsÍï yd ks¾ñ; ^Green Construction and Created&" msú;=re mßjykh ^Clean Transportation&" c, l<ukdlrKh yd ixrlaIKh ̂Water Management and Conservation&" li, ixrlaIKh ^Garbage Conservation& iy N+ñ ixrlaIKh ^Land Conservation&'

^wE& .af,dan,a isáikaia fikag¾4 ys ^The Global Citizens Center& ks¾jpkhg wkqj yß; wd¾Ólhla l%shd;aul ùu ;%s;aj mokula u; isÿ fõ' t kï" ;sridr wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh ^Sustainable Economic Development&" iudc idOdrK;ajh ^Social Equity& iy foaYSh uQ,dY% ^Native Sources&'

yß; o< foaYSh ksYamdÈ;h ms<sn| j i,ld ne,Sfï § —yß; j¾Okh˜ ^Green Growth& ms<sn| ixl,amh o i,ld nef,a' yß; j¾Okh hkak ;=<ska .uH jkqfha" ;sridr

3 . ht t p ( w w w ' m n n ' co m$ gre e n - te c h$ re s e a rc h - i n n ovat i o n s$

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12$what-is-green-economy'html

whqßka iajdNdúl iïm;a fhdod.ksñka wd¾Ól j¾Okh ,nd.; hq;= wdldrhhs' fuh wm oekg Ndú;d lrkq ,nk —wd¾Ól j¾Okh˜ hk ixl,amh i|yd úl,am woyils'

^3& idïm%odhsl o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h j,x.= ñkqulao@

rgl o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h jYfhka i,lkq ,nkafka" hï rgl hï ksYaÑ; ld,mßÉfþohla ;=< ksIamdokh lrk ,o ishü wjika NdKav yd fiajdj, uq¿ fjf<|fmd< jákdluhs' fuh .Kkh lsÍu i|yd ksIamdok m%fõYh" wdodhï m%fõYh yd úhoï m%fõYh fhdod .kq ,nhs' kuqÿ NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsßfï § mßirhg isÿjk ydksodhl ;;a;aj iy w,dN ms<sn|j i,ld fkd ne,Su ksid o'foa'ks' ms<sn| ksjerÈ Ñ;%hla fuhska ms<sônq fkd jk nj mdßißl úoHd{hskaf.a woyihs' tu ;;a;ajh ie,ls,a,g .ksñka" idïm%odhsl o'foa'ks' uekSfï l%ufõofha mej;s W!k;dj,g m%;spdrhla f,i 1990 oYlfha uq,a ld,fha —yß; wd¾Ólh˜ ms<sn| ixl,amh ìys úh' tys§ iajdNdúl iïm;a laIhùfï wd¾Ól msßjeh;a mdßißl ¥IKh fya;=fjka udkj Y=Nisoaêh flfrys jk wys;lr n,mEfï wd¾Ól msßjeh;a ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,È'

idïm%odhsl o'foa'ks' yd yß; o'foa'ks' ^Green GDP& ixikaokh lsÍfï § yß; o'foa'ks' rgl o'foa'ks' uekSfï § jvd fyd| ñkqula nj mdßißl úoHd{hskaf.a woyihs' ukao" yß; o'foa'ks' uekSfï § my; uQ,sldx. we;=<;a ùu;a

-2.00

-1.55

-1.10

-0.65

-0.20

0.25

0.70

1.15

1.60

2.05

2.50

^Source( The International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change ÛNU-IHPD&"UNEP&

wka;¾.; Okh ms<sn| o¾Ylh ^f;dard .;a rgj,&

wka;¾.; Okh ms<sn| o¾Ylh

iajdNdúl m%%d.aOkh

udkj m%%d.aOkh

ld¾ñl m%%d.aOkh


idïm%odhsl o'foa'ks' .Kkh lsÍfï § fï i|yd .e,mSula fkdlsÍu;a h'

1. mdßißl úhou Ênvironmental Expenditure&( mdßißl ydksh iy mßir ¥IKh j<lajd .ekSug hk mdßißl úhou'

2. fjf<|fmdf<a wf,ú fkdjk fiajd ^Non Marketed Goods&( iajdNdúl mßirh úiska ñksidf.a mßfNdackh Wfoid fhdod.kakd f.dvke.s,s wuqøjH" or" Tiq YdL j¾.'

3. fjf<|fmdf<a wf,ú fkdjk fiajd ^Non Marketed Services&( iajdNdúl mßirh uÕska imhkq ,nk wf,ú fkdjk fiajd jk" jkdka;r uÕska iajdNdúl mßirh wdrlaId lr§u iy Èhfn;au wdrlaId lr §u jeks fiajd'

4. iajdNdúl m%d.aOk mßfNdackh ^Consumption of Natural Capital&( iajdNdúl iïm;a laIhùu'

fu f,i idïm%odhsl o'foa'ks' ;=<ska wd¾Ól iqNidOkh ms<sn| ksishdldr uekSula isÿ fkd jk fyhska ta i|yd úl,am l%ufõo .Kkdjla bÈßm;a ù we;'

3'1 wka;¾.; Okh ms<sn| o¾Ylh Înclusive Wealth Index ÎWI&2012&

wka;¾.; Okh ms<sn| o¾Ylh5 uÕska cd;Skaf.a Okh ^Wealth of Nations& ms<sn| j uefkk w;r ta i|yd l¾udka; .sKqï" udkj iy iajdNdúl m%d.aOk .sKqï ^jkdka;r" u;aiH" fmdis, wd§& fhdod.kq ,nhs'

fuh iE§fï § by<" uOHu iy my< wdodhï we;s wd¾Ól 20 la ish¿u uydoaùm ksfhdackh jk mßÈ fhdod f.k we;s w;r tajd f,dal o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhka 72] la iy f,dal ck.ykfhka 56] la ksfhdackh lrhs' tu rgj,a f;dard.ekSfï § N+f.da,Sh" iudchSh" wd¾Óluh úúO;aj iy wd¾Ól úoHd;aul iajNdj ie,ls,a,g .kakd ,È' t

5. idïm%odhsl o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h ;=<ska rgl hï ksYaÑ; ld,mßÉfþohla

;=< § ksmojk ,o ish¿u NdKav yd fiajdj, jákdlu muKla uefkk

w;r t ;=<ska jd;h" c,h" fi!LHh jeks idOlj, .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh iy

i;=g ms<sn| j uekSula isÿ fkdfõ' tu ksid" tlai;a cd;Ska f.a mdßißl

ixúOdkh;a ÛNEP& f.da,Sh mdßißl fjkiaùï ms<sn| cd;Hka;r udkj

ñkqï jevigyk;a ^The International Human Dimensions Programme&

uQ,sl;ajh f.k m%udKd;aul ixj¾Okh ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a c,

oYl jevigyk ÛN-Water Decade Programme& iy RIO¬20 iuq¿fõ

iajdNdúl m%d.aOk jHdmD;sfha ^Natural Capital Project& iyfhda.S;ajfhka

wka;¾.; Okh ms<sn| o¾Ylh y÷kajd fok ,È'

fia u ld,mßÉfþoh f,i wjqreÿ 19 l ld,hla tkï ^1999 - 2008& olajd ld,h fhdod .kakd ,È' fuu jd¾;dj jir follg jrla m%ldYhg m;ajk w;r th m%:u jrg m%ldYhg m;alrk ,oafoa 2012 jif¾ § h'

fuhska my; oE ks.ukh l< yelsh'

• fuu o¾Ylhg wkqj by< u ia:dkfha isákafka Ökh jk w;r my< u ia:dkfha isákafka khsÔßhdjhs' Ökfha udkj m%d.aOkh iy ld¾ñl m%d.aOkh o by< uÜgul mj;S' kuq;a iajdNdúl m%d.aOkh iDK uÜgfï mj;S' khsÔßhdj ms<sn| j i,ld ne,Sfï §" tys iajdNdúl m%d.aOkh by< iDK w.hla .kakd w;r udkj m%d.aOkh o iDK w.hla .kS' fuys§ ld¾ñl m%d.aOkh muKla iq¿ jYfhka Ok w.hla f.k we;'

• tfiau wvqu iDK iajdNdúl m%d.aOkhla iys; rg jkqfha ì%;dkHh fõ'

• fuu rgj,a 20 ka wka;¾.; Okh ms<sn| o¾Ylh Ok w.hla iys; rgj,a .Kk 14 la fõ' wka;¾.; Okh ms<sn| o¾Ylh iDK w.hla iys; rgj,a .Kk 6 la jk w;r" iajdNdúl m%d.aOkh wêl f,i laIhùu" fuu rgj, o¾Ylh iDKùug n,md we;s m%Odk fya;=jhs'

3'2 fndaiagka úYajúoHd,h bÈßm;a l< úl,am l%u

fuu úYajúoHd,h uÕska o rgl o'foa'ks' uekSu i|yd úl,am l%ufõo .Kkdjla fmkajd § we;' tkï"

^w& o'foa'ks' i|yd úêu;a o¾Yl iïmdokh lsÍu( wdodhfï ;sridr;ajh iy yß; o'foa'ks' uekSu i|yd idudkH m%.;s o¾Ylh ^General Progress Indicator& iïmdokh fldg we;'

^wd& idïm%odhsl o'foa'ks' i|yd ixhqla; o¾Yl we;=<;a lsÍu( WodyrK(- udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh ^Human Development Index&

we& o'foa'ks' i|yd o¾Yl iuQyh fhdod .ekSu( WodyrK(- iyi% ixj¾Ok o¾Yl' ^Millennium DevelopmentIndices&

idïm%odhsl o'foa'ks' ;=<ska o'foa'ks' ms<sn| ksjerÈ Ñ;%hla ms<sìUq fkd jk ksid fï i|yd fu jeks úl,am l%ufõo bÈßm;a lr we;' wo jk úg f,dj fndfyda rgj,a úl,am l%ufõohla jk mdßißl .sKqïlrKh fj; fhduq ù we;' tneúka ta ms<sn| j fidhdne,Su jeo.;a fõ'


4' mdßißl .sKqïlrKh fï i|yd fhdod.kafka flfiao@

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mdßißl jevigyk iy f,dal nexl=j tlaj iajdNdúl iïm;a iy mßirfha fN!;sluh iy uQ,Huh YlH;dj mÍlaId lsÍug;a mßirh iy wd¾Ólh w;r mj;akd wka;¾ in|;dj uekSu i|yd;a mdßißl j .e,mQ o¾Yl Ênvironmentally Adjusted Indicators& jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd;a mdßißl .sKqïlrKh Ênvironmental Accounting& fhdod .kakd ,È' Bg iu.dó j tlai;a cd;Ska f.a ixLHdk wxYh Ûnited Nations Statistics Division& uÕska o mdßißl .sKqïlrKh i|yd jQ l%ufõo jeäÈhqKq lrk ,È'

4'1 mdßißl .sKqïlrKfha m%fNao fudkjd o@

1' mdßißl l<ukdlrK .sKqïlrKh Ênvironmental Management Accounting&

fuys§ øjHuh iy n,Yla;s ;=,k wdldr ms<sn|j;a mdßißl msßjeh ms<sn|j;a i,ld nef,a'

2' mdßißl uQ,Huh .sKqïlrKh Ênvironmental Financial Accounting&

fuys § mdßißl j.lSï msßjeh;a fjk;a ie,lsh hq;= mdßißl msßjeh;a ms<sn|j i,ld nef,a'

3' mdßißl cd;sl .sKqïlrKh Ênvironmental National Accounting&

fuys § iajdNdúl iïm;a f;d. iy m%jdy ms<sn|j;a mdßißl msßjeh iy ndysr;d msßjeh ms<sn|j;a i,ld nef,a'

mdßißl .sKqïlrKfha b;sydih ms<sn|j i,ld ne,Sfï §" 1970 oYlfha we;sjQ n,Yla;s w¾nqoh fya;=fldg f.k fuu ixl,amh ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla we;s jQ w;r" 1992 jif¾ mej;s RIO iuq¿fõ § mdßißl .sKqïlrKfha wjYH;dj fmkajd fok ,È'

4'2 yß; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh lrkafka flfiao@

yß; cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha § wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï fya;=fldg f.k iajdNdúl iïm;a wysñùu;a mßirhg isÿjk ydksh;a .Kkh lrkq ,nhs' fufia isÿjk ydksh wvq fldg .Kkh lrkq ,nk o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ; w.hka rgl wd¾Ól l%shdldß;ajh fmkajk jeo.;a o¾Ylhls' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ixLHdk wxYh mßir idOl tl;=fldg .;a kj l%uhla f,i iïu; wdodhï .sKqï yd fYaI m;% fuu kj l%uhg tl;= lsÍug lghq;= lr we;' fuys § uQ,slj iEu rgla i|yd u ta rfÜ m%udKd;aul j ñkqï lrk ,o ish¿ u iajdNdúl iïm;a we;=<;a j

úia;rd;aul f,aLkhla ilikq ,nhs' ish¨ u rgj,a i|yd fu jeks úia;rd;aul f,aLkhla iE§ug fkdyels jqj;a iuyr rgj,a tys we;s iajdNdúl iïm;a f;d.h fjkqfjka lsishï uqo,a jákdlula wdfrdamKh lrkq ,nhs' fï ;=<ska mßirhg wys;lr ksIamdok yd mßfNdack rgd y÷kd .; yels fõ' yß; .sKqïlrKh" mdßißl .sKqïlrK l%ufõohla jk w;r ta i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk l%u 2 la my;ska olajd we;'

^w& m<uq l%uh( fï hgf;a my; m%fõYh yß; o'foa'ks' .Kkh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kq ,nhs'

yß; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h6 } idïm%odhsl o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h - iajdNdúl iïm;a laIhùu yd mdßißl mßydksh'

^wd& fojk l%uh( fï hgf;a my; m%fõYh yß; o'foa'ks' .Kkh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kq ,nhs'

• yß; o< foaYSh ksYamdÈ;h ^GGDP& } idïm%odhsl o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h ^TGDP & - mdßißl msßjeh ÊC&

mdßißl msßjeh ^CE& } ^mdßißl ydksh j<lajd .eksug hk úhou ^PC&" mdßißl iïm;a ydksh ^DC&" iajdNdúl iïm;a m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍfï úhou ^RC&" mdßißl iïm;a mj;ajdf.k hEu i|yd lrkq ,nk úhoï ^MC&

ta wkqj"

GGDP } TGDP-^PC¬DC¬RC¬MC & fõ'

fuu l%ufõo foflys fjki i,ld ne,Sfï §" m<fjks l%uh uÕska mdßißl ydksh j<lajd .ekSug" iajdNdúl iïm;a m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍug iy mdßißl iïm;a mj;ajdf.k hEug lrkq ,nk úhoï ms<sn| j fkdi,ld yer we;s w;r" fojeks l%uh uÕska fuu úhoï ish,a, ms<sn|j i,ld ne,Sula isÿ fldg we;'

4'3 yß; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh lsÍu i|yd mdßißl - wd¾Ól .sKqï l%ufõoh ^System of Environmental and Economic Accounting - SEEA& fhdod.kafka flfiao@

SEEA tlai;a cd;Ska f.a ixLHdk wxYh uÕska cd;Hka;r ixLHdkuh m%ñ;Skag wkqj 1993 § m<uqjrg m%ldYhg m;ajQ w;r th fï jkúg fndfyda rgj,a mdßißl .sKqïlrK i|yd ud¾f.damfoaYhla f,i Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs' fu uÕska mßirh yd wd¾Ólh w;r mj;sk wka;¾ in|;djh fmkajk w;r cd;sl .sKqï moaO;sh ^System of National Account - SNA& i|yd W!kmQrlhla o fõ' t fia u" fï i|yd

6. China Green National Accounting Study Report - 2004


SEEA rduqj

wdrïNl f;d.h

wd¾Ól iïm;a

mdßißl iïm;a

¬

¬

foaYSh ksIamdÈ; ^l¾udka;&

ksIamdok iemhqï ^NdKav yd fiajd&

ksIamdok Ndú; ^NdKav yd fiajd&

ksIamdÈ; fkdjk j;alï ys Ndú;h

^msßySu yd laIh ùu&

.,mk ,o mdßißl o¾Yl

ia:djr m%d.aOk Ndú;h

^m%d.aOk mßfNdack&

tl;= l< jákdluVA$NDP

w;rueÈ mßfNdackh

ÎCi&

l¾udka;j, mdßißl msßjeh

ÊCi&

EVAi } NVAiECi

EDP }∑∑EVAiECh

ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdackh

^CCi&

NVAi}Oi - ICi - CCi

NDP }∑∑NVAi

wjidk mßfNdackh

^C&

l=gqïNj, mdßißl msßjeh

ÊCh&

o< m%d.aOk iïmdokh

^CF&

iajdNdúl m%d.aOk ÊC& mßfNdackh

m%d.aOk mßfNdackh

^CC&

ksuejqï Ôi& wdkhkM

wmkhk X

wjidk mßfNdackh

^l=gqïN" rch&

m%d.aOk iïmdokh

m%d.aOk iuqÉÑ;h

ndysr f,dalh

ECF } ^CF-CC& - EC

GDP - o'foa'ks'

NDP - Y='cd'ks'

EDP - yß; o'foa'ks'

NVAi - l¾udka;j, o< tl;= l< jákdlu

EVAi - l¾udka;j, mdßißlj .,mk ,o tl;= l< jákdlu

EDP - mdßirlj .,mk ,o o'foa'ks'

ECF - mdßißlj .,mk ,o m%d.aOk ks¾udKh

fjkiaùï" we.hSï" .e,mSï" ms<s we.hqï

}

wjidk f;d.h wd¾Ól iïm;a

mdßißl iïm;a

uQ,dY%h ( Integrated Environment and Economic Accounting - An Operational Manual - 2000" UNSD


jQ cd;Hka;r w;afmd; o Înternational Manual& 2011 jk úg ixfYdaOkh lr we;' my; rEmigykska yß; o'foa'ks' .Kkh lsÍu i|yd SEEA ixl,ams; rduqj fhdod.kakd wdldrh olajd we;'

4'4 SEEA ys ixl,ams; rduqj

by;ska olajk ,o SEEA flakaøSh rduqj my; mßÈ ieflúka oelaúh yelsh'

^1& ksIamdok iemhqï iy ksIamdok Ndú; i¾j iduHh îdentity&

O ¬ M } IC ¬ C ¬ CF ¬ X

^2& foaYSh l¾udka;j, iuqÉÑ; ^mdßißlj .,mk ,o& tl;= l< jákdlï ys ÊVAi& i¾j iduHh'

EVAi } Oi - ICi - CCi - ECi } NVAi - ECi

^3& iuia; wd¾Ólh i|yd ^mdßißlj .,mk ,o& o< foaYSh ksIamdok i¾j iduHh

EDP } ∑EVAi - ECh } NDP - EC } C¬CF - CC - EC ¬ X- M

fuu mdßißl wd¾Ól .sKqï ^SEEA& flakaøSh rduqj ;=< olajd we;s mdßißl iïm;a ;ks ;ks mdßißl ixrpl 7 la uÕska olajd we;' tkï" Lksc iy n,Yla;s iïm;a" N+ñh" mdxY= iïm;" oej iïm;" c,c iïm; ^j.d lrk ,o c,c iïm;" iajdNdúl c,c iïm;&" fjk;a ffcj úoHd;aul iïm; ôej iïm; yd c,c iïm; yer&" c, iïm; û;=msg c,h" N+ c,h" mdxY= c,h& fõ'

SEEA flakaøSh rduqj ;=< uQ,Huh iemhqï iy Ndú; j.= fuka u fN!;sluh iemhqï iy Ndú; j.= ms<sn| j o úia;r lr we;s w;r th mdßißl .sKqïlrKh i|yd ud¾f.damfoaYhla imhhs'

4'5 SEEA m%dfhda.slj Ndú; lrk rgj,a fudkjdo@

yß; o'foa'ks' ms<sn| ixl,amh j¾;udkfha f,dj mqrd jvd;a m%p,s; fjñka mj;S' fï jkúg f,dalfha rgj,a 25 l muK fuu l%uh mÍlaIKd;aul uÜgñka Ndú; lrk w;r tu rgj,a w;rg Ökh" fkda¾fõ" bkaÿkSishdj" keïìhdj" fko¾,ka;h" Ñ,S rdcHh" fldiagßldj" ms,smSkh" bkaÈhdj" cmdkh" tlai;a rdcOdksh we;=<;a fõ'

Ökh fï jk úg mdßißl wd¾Ól .sKqï m%dfhda.slj l%shd;aul lrk rgla f,i y÷kajd Èh yels h' Ökfha cd;sl ixLHdk ld¾hdxYh ^National Bureau of Statistics& uÕska wd¾Ólh iy mßirh w;r mj;sk wka;¾ in|;dj uekSu i|yd SEEA ixLHdkuh rduqjla f,i fhdod .kq ,nhs'

Ökh m%:u jrg 2004 jif¾ § yß; o'foa'ks' .Kkh l< w;r 2006 § th m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È' thg wkqj mßir ydksfha uQ,H msßjeh hQwdka ñ,shk 511'877 ^tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ ñ,shk 82'01& jQ w;r 20098 § th hQwdka g%s,shk 1'4 ^tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ ñ,shk 0'22& úh' th fmr jir yd iei£fï § 9'2] l jeä ùuls' fuu jd¾;djg wkqj Ökh mdßißl mú;%;dj fjkqfjka o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhka ishhg 3'8 la jeh fldg we;' ms,smSkh fuh 1998 § kshduk jHdmD;shla jYfhka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jevigyfka Ûnited Nations Development Programme - UNDP& uQ,H wdOdr iy tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixLHdk wxYfha ;dlaI‚l iyfhda.fhka hq;= j fuh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhs' fuu .sKqï iïmdokh i|yd jkdka;r ^Forests&" u;aiH iïm; ^Fish&" c,h ^Water&" Lksc iy n,Yla;s ^Mineral and Energy&" N+ñh iy mi ̂ Land and Soil& fhdod.kq ,nhs'

SEEA m%dfhda.sl jYfhka l%shd;aul lrk ;j;a rgj,a ldKavhla jkafka hqfrdamd ix.uhg wh;a rgj,a h' fuu rgj,a jdhq úfudapkh Âir Emissions&" øjHuh m%jdy ^Material Flows&" mdßißl wdrlaIK úhoï ̂ Environmental Protection Expenditure&" mdßißl NdKav yd fiajd wxYh Ênvironmental Goods and Services Sector&" jkdka;r .sKqu ^Forest Account& wdÈh SEEA iïmdokfha uQ,sldx. f,i fhdod.kS' t fia u 2011 cQ,s udifha hqfrdamd md¾,sfïka;= iy kS;s WmfoaYkh uÕska uQ,sl wÈhrfha § tall ;=kla u; mdßißl .sKqï iïmdokh l< hq;= njg kS;shla mkjk ,§' tu tall kï mdßißl nÿ" l¾udka; iy l=gqïN uÕska jdhqjg úfudapkh lrkq ,nk øjH oy y;rl iy wd¾Ólh mqrd me;sreK øjHuh m%jdyj, .sKqï fõ'

4'6 yß; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh lsÍu i|yd wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;d iy ixj¾Ok ixúOdkh fhdod.kakd l%ufõoh l=ulao@

wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;d iy ixj¾Ok ixúOdkh fhdod .kakd yß; .sKqïlrK ixl,ams; rduqj my;ska olajd we;'

wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;d iy ixj¾Ok ixúOdkh yß; j¾Ok ñkqï rduqjg wkqj" o¾Yl my; mßÈ ldKav y;rlg fnod we;'

1& ksIamdok yd mdßfNdackj, ld¾hlaIu;dj Ê�ciency of Production and Consumption&

2& iajdNdúl iïm;a moku ^The Natural Asset Base&

3& Ôú;j, mdßißl .=Kd;aul;dj ^The Environmental Quality of Life&




4& m%;sm;a;s m%;spdr iy wd¾Óluh wjia:d ^Policy Responses and Economic Opportunities&

by; rEmigyk uÕska fuu o¾Ylj, wka;¾ in|;dj úia;r lrkq ,nhs' ta wkqj mßirhg jk n,mEu by; olajd we;s o¾Yl y;r u; ;SrKh fõ' th fufia oelaúh yels h'

mßirfha iajdNdúl iïm;a wd¾Ól ksIamdok i|yd wjYH fõ' tkï" n,Yla;sh" c,h" ffcj ialkaO" f,damia iy fjk;a iïm;a h' tys § wd¾Ól ksIamdok fya;= fldgf.k uqodyßkq ,nk wmøjH mßirh úiska wjfYdaIKh lr.kq ,nhs' tu in|;dj fuys m<uq ldKavh uÕska úia;r lrkq ,nhs' iajdNdúl iïm;a moku uÕska iajdNdúl iïm;a f;d.fha .=Kd;aul;dj fuka u m%udKd;aul;dj ukskq ,nhs' iDcq j u wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï i|yd n,mdkq ,nk iajdNdúl iïm;a f;d.h ^tkï" mqk¾ckkSh iïm;a ôej& iy mqk¾ckkSh fkdjk iïm;a ^fmdis, n,Yla;s ixÑ;& we.hSu iajdNdúl iïm;a moku uÕska isÿ fõ' t fuka u mßir moaO;s fiajdj, wod< o¾Yl o iajdNdúl iïm;a mokug we;=<;a fõ'

Ôú;j, mdßißl .=Kd;aul;dj uÕska mßirh iy ck.ykfha Ôú;j, .=Kd;aul;dj w;r iïnkaOh ms<sn| j fidhdne,Sula isÿfõ' t fia u foaYSh mdßißl .eg¨ ms<sn|j o fidhdne,Sula isÿfõ'

yß; wd¾Ólhla fj; udreùfï §" tu rgj, úfYaIs; ;;a;aj u; úúO m%;sm;a;s m%;spdr wjYH fõ' idudkHfhka rgj,a fï i|yd úúO m%;sm;a;s fuj,ï tkï nÿ" iykdOdr f;dard.; yel' wjidkfha yß; wd¾Ólh flfrys ixl%uKh jk w;r t ;=<ska wd¾Óluh wjia:d ks¾udKh fõ' fuu wka;¾ in|;dj by;ska olajk ,o ixl,ams; l%ufõoh ;=<ska ms<sônq fõ'

fï whqßka fndfyda ixj¾ê; rgj,a yß; o'foa'ks' flfrys fhduq jqjo" ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, fuu ixl,amh flfrys olajk keUqre;djfha wvqjla olakg we;' thg fya;= i,ld ne,Sfï § tu rgj, fuu ixl,amh ms<sn| j we;s f;dr;=re ysÕ;dj fyda fkdue;slu;a" yß; o'foa'ks' .Kkh lsÍug wjYH o;a; W!k;dj;a" fï ms<sn| j we;s ;dlaI‚l iy iudc msßjefha ysÕlu;a oelaúh yels h'

yß; j¾Ok o¾Yl j, ixl,amSh l%ufõoh

mßfNdackh

-l=gqïN

-rch

ksIamdokh

-l¾udka;

-fiajd

IV m%;sm;a;s m%;spdr iy wd¾Óluh

wjia:d ks¾udKh

-nÿ

-iykdOdr

-kùlrKh

-wdfhdackh

iajdNdúl iïm;a

wmøjH ¥IH ldrl

mßir moaO;s fiajd

II iajdNdúl iïm;a moku

1' ksIamdok yd mßfNdackj, ld¾hlaIu;dj

III' Ôú;j, mdßißl .=Kd;aul;dj ^foaYSh yd f.da,Sh&

uQ,dY%h ( ÔECD 2010&


4'7 yß; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h .KkhlsÍfï wruqKq fudkjdo@

^w& mdßißl msßjeh y÷kd .ekSu" tl;= lsÍu" .Kkh lsÍu iy úYaf,aIKh lsÍu'

^wd& wNHka;r jd¾;dlrKh iy mdßißl msßjeh ms<sn| f;dr;=re wOHhkh lsÍu iy ;SrK .ekSu'

4'8 yß; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh lsÍfï jdis iy wjdis fudkjdo@

jdis

^w& wdh;khl uq,H ld¾hidOkh iy yß; .sKqïlrKh ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSug yelsùu'

^wd& úfYaIfhka mdßißl msßjeh wju lsÍfï b,lal imqrd .ekSug;a" mßirh flfrys we;s iDKd;aul n,mEï y÷kd .ekSu i|yd;a wjYH jkakd jQ f;dr;=re ,nd.; yels ùu'

^we& mdßißl l%shdldrlïj, ld¾hidOkh ;lafiare lsÍu" mÍlaId lsÍu iy jd¾;d lsÍug yels ùu'

wjdis

mdßißl ld¾h idOkhka yß; .sKqïlrKh uÕska ksjerÈ j bÈßm;aùula isÿfõ oe hs lsj fkd yels ùu'

4'9 yß; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh lsÍfï § uqyqK mdk wNsfhda. fudkjdo@

1' yß; o'foa'ks' ixrpl ms<sn| tlÕ;ajhla fkd ue;sùu( yß; o'foa'ks' .Kkh lsÍfï § fhdod.kakd ixrpl fudkjdo hkak ms<sn|j fmdÿ tlÕ;djhla fkd ue;sùu wNsfhda.hls'

2' iajdNdúl iïm;a ñ, lsÍfï wmyiqlu( idïm%odhsl o'foa'ks' .Kkh lsÍfï § NdKav yd fiajdj, w.h ñ, lsÍu myiq jqj;a" yß; o'foa'ks' .Kkh lsÍfï § iajdNdúl iïm;aj, jákdlu ñ, lsÍu wmyiq h' ukao" tajd nyq;rhla fmdÿ NdKav jk w;r u fjf<| NdKav fkd jk ksidh' t fia u jkdka;r" Lksc iïm;a" fmdis, bkaOk wd§ iajdNdúl iïm;aj, jákdlu ia:djr fkd jk ksid ñ, lsÍu wmyiq ù we;' WodyrKhla f,i wjqreÿ 100 l muK jhia.; YdLhla wjqreÿ 1 la muK jhia.; YdLhlg jvd jákdlñka jeä h' t fia u

ksire ìul jevqKq YdLhlg jvd jeis jkdka;rj, jevqKq YdLhl jákdlu jeäh'

3' iajdNdúl iïm;aj, wmeyeÈ,s nj( yß; o'foa'ks' .Kkh lsÍfï § mj;akd iajdNdúl iïm;a m%udKh muKla .Kkh lrkq ,nhs' kuqÿ" mdßißl .Kkh lsÍfï § thska ksjerÈ o;a; ,nd fokafka ke;' tneúka ta i|yd mq¿,a jQ cd;sl uÜgfï iólaIKhla isÿ l< hq;= h' túg .=Kd;aul iy m%udKd;aul o;a; fuka u iajdNdúl iïm;a f;d.h iy tys fjkiaúu ms<sn| o;a; o ,nd.; yels h'

ks.ukh

fu jeks wNsfhda. mej;=K o fuu o'foa'ks' ms<sn| ixl,amh fï jk úg m%p,s; fjñka mj;sk w;r th fndfyda rgj, mÍlaIKd;aul wjêfha mj;S' fï uÕska wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï ms<sn| j idïm%odhsl o'foa' ksIamdokhg jvd mQ¾K jQ yd ksjerÈ jQ Ñ;%hla ,nd foa' tneúka Y%S ,xldj o SEEA l%ufõoh mÍlaIKd;aul uÜgñka ms<sfh, lsÍu i|yd wjYH uQ,sl mshjr .ekSu l< hq;= fõ'❂

wdY%s; uQ,dY%(-

1. The World Conservation Union ÎUCN& - Environment Accounting - What it all about

2. United Nations Statistics Division" Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting An Operational Manual - 2000

3. Statistics Division$Department of Economic and Social A�airs" United Nations" REVISION OF THE SYSTEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL - ECONOMIC ACCOUNTIG ^SEEA&

4. UNEP" 2011" Towards a Green Economy

5. Karen Chapple" De�ning the Green Economy - A Primer on Green Economic Development


7. Towards Sustainable Development - Wuppertal Institute

8. World Bank Publication" The Little Green data Book 2012

9. Interim Report of the Green Growth Strategy( Implementing our commitment for a sustainable future Meeting of the OECD Council at Ministerial Level 27- 28 May 2010

10. SEEA 2003 and SEEA 2010

11. WWW'unep'org

24 2013 ckjd˙$ fmnrjd˙ - igykrdc.sßh" Y%S chj¾Okmqr udjf;a" wxl 58 ork ia:dkfha msysá Y%S ,xld uy nexl= uqøKd,fha uqøKh lrk ,ÿj"

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ ikaksfõok fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ksl=;a lrk ,§'

fuu .%ka:h Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ iyldr wêm;s iy uqo,a uKav,fha f,alï mS' iurisß uy;d úiska rÑ; f;jk .%ka:h hs' fuys wd¾Ólhl laIqø" id¾j" uQ,H" rdcH iy úfoaYSh hk iEu wxYhlu l%shdldß;ajhg wod< m%Odk kHdhd;aul iy m%dfhda.sl lreKq o úYaf,aIK l%u o mshjßka mshjr b;du;a u ir, nia jyrlska bÈßm;a lr hs' tuksid .%ka:h mßYS,kh b;du;a myiqh' fuh w'fmd'i' Wiia fm<" úYaj úoHd, iy jD;a;Suh mdGud,dj, wd¾Ól úoHdj iy uQ,H úIhhka yodrk isiqkag fukau .=rejrekag" m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhkag iy W.;=kag b;d m%fhdackj;a wd¾Ól úoHd .%ka:hls'

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j wd¾Ól iy uQ,H lghq;= ms<sn|j idudkH oekqu fukau úIh oekqu uyckhd w;r fnod yeÍu ms‚i úúO m%ldYk iy jevigyka l%shd;aul lrhs' iurisß uy;df.a fuu f;jeks wd¾Ól úoHd .%ka:h m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu o ta i|yd .;a ;j;a tla mshjrls'

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ kj;u m%ldYk

wd¾Ól úoHd uQ,O¾u iy m%;sm;a;s

fuh rdc.sßfhys msysá uy nexl= úÿ mshfiys wf,ú ljq¿fjka o"

m<d;a ld¾hd,j,ska o ñ,§ .; yelsh' .%ka:fhys ñ, re' 750$- ls'

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