FEDERAL DAN KESATUAN

Harsanto nursadi

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UNITARY, FEDERAL AND CONFEDERATION UNITARY

Pada saat dibentuknya ada keinginan berbentuk kesatuan; terdapat persatuan (union) maupun (unity).

Bersusun tunggal Dibawah satu pemerintah pusat Pemerintahan subnasional mendapatkan

kewenangannya untuk memerintah dari pemerintah pusat

Pemerintahan daerah dibentuk dan diberikan kekuasaan oleh pemerintah pusat; tidak ada pembagian kedaulatan

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Hanya ada satu badan pembentuk undang-undang The supremacy of the central parliament and The absence of the subsidiary sovereign bodies

Pemerintah daerah tidak boleh membentuk peraturan yang bertentangan dengan perundang-undangan pusat

Parlement yang dimiliki tidak selalu menganut dua kamar (bicameral)

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FEDERAL Pada saat dibentuk menginginkan persatuan

(union) tetapi tidak menginginkan kesatuan (unity)

Terdapat sejumlah Canton (Suisse); Coloni-State (USA); Province (Canada); Lander (Jerman) yang sangat terkait dengan lokalitas sejarah, ras dan lainnya sehingga membawa rasa kebangsaan yang sama

Berasal dari bahasa latin foedus yang berarti perjanjian; berjanji bersatu dalam satu kesatuan politik; tertuang dalam konstitusi federal.

Bersusun bertingkat: Federal (negara) dan Kesatuan-kesatuan politik yang bergabung

Terdapat dua badan legislatif (legislature) badan legislatif federal dan badan legislatif negara bagian

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Kekuasaan negara bagian diberikan-diatur oleh-pada konstitusi federal. Pembagian kekuasaan dengan cara Konstitusi federal merinci kekuasaan pemerintah

federal, sisanya yang disebut reserve powers dimiliki oleh negara bagian

Konstitusi federal merinci kekuasaan Negara Bagian, reserve powers-nya ada pada pemerintah federal

Terdapat lembaga yang dapat menyelesaikan konflik yang timbul antar negara bagian atau atar negara bagian dengan pemerintah federalnya

Negara federal berdaulat dalam lingkungannya sendiri yang ditentukan dan dibatasi

Negara bagian bukan korporasi bawahan dari pemerintah federal

Parlement selalu dianut sistem dua kamar 5

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CONFEDERERASI Ikatan dari beberapa negara berdaulat Dibentuk berdasarkan suatu perjanjian

internasional diantara negara-negara yang berdaulat

Tidak dimaksudkan untuk membentuk negara baru yang berdaulat

Komponen-komponen negara konfederasi tetap suatu negara utuh, tidak menghilangkan kedaulatan negara-negara anggotanya

Warga negara yang bergabung dalam konfederasi tidak langsung terikat dengan peraturan organ-organ yang ada.

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FEDERAL-KESATUANLijphart (1984, dalam Work 2002: 7, Baldi 1999:

12)Federalisme sering diikuti dengan desentralisasi, Federalisme bukan prasyarat untuk desentralisasi .Federalisme maupun sistem negara kesatuan dapat

berkarakter desentralisasi ataupun sentralisasi.Desentralisasi dapat terjadi pada sistem kenegaraan

yang tidak mengenal federalisme. Azfar et.al. , (1999: 8)

negara federal tidak selamanya lebih terdesentralisasi.terdapat kecenderungan bahwa di negara federal

derajat sentralisasinya lebih rendah dibanding negara kesatuan.

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Work (2002: 11): There is no broad-based generalisation that can be made about the correlation of federal/unitary states and decentralisation .

Smith (1985, dalam Azfar et.al. , 1999: 8)Negara kesatuan dapat melakukan devolusi

terhadap urusan-urusan penting, yang memunculkan bentuk baru negara yakni semi-federal (quasi-federal arrangement).

Model ini dapat bersifat seragam (uniform ) atau tidak seragam (asymmetrical).

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Prasojo (2008) Tidak mungkin terdapat suatu negara yang sangat bersifat

unitaris atau sebaliknya sangat bersifat federalis. Elemen hubungan antara pusat dan daerah tidak bersifat

monosentris, melainkan polisentris bergerak dari satu kontinuum ke kontinuum lainnya, dari kontinuum unitaris ke kontinuum federalis dan sebaliknya.

Bodo Denewitz (dalam Prasojo, 2008) federalisme dan unitarisme adalah dua konsep kembar yang tidak mungkin membicarakan satu tanpa membicarakan yg lainnya.

Basta (tanpa tahun: 29) there is no completely unitary state. Every state is at least composed of municipalities as decentralized units .

Korelasi antara konsep negara kesatuan dengan negara federal tidak bersifat dikhotomis, melainkan membentuk sebuah hubungan matriks / kontinuum 9

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Confederation Federation Unitary State1. Weak

Centralization2. Sovereignty in the

constituent units3. Acts directly on

constituent units, not on individuals

4. Usually a formal right to secession

5. Central government can be overruled by constituent unit government-so-called nullification

6. Central government funded by contributions from constituent units

7. Example: USA before 1789; Germany before 1871; Suisse;

1. Moderate Centralization

2. Sovereignty divides between central government and constituent units

3. Acts both on constituent units and individuals

4. Generally no right to secession

5. National law supreme in its sphere; constituent units in theirs

6. Dual taxation system for both levels of government

7. Exp: USA since 1789; Canada; West Germany; Australia; Suisse; India; Brazil; Mexico

1. High Centralization

2. Undivided sovereignty

3. Acts directly on individuals

4. No right to secession

5. National law supreme; local ordinance clearly subordinate

6. Single taxation system; local variations must be approve by central authority

7. Exp: United Kingdom; France; Spain; Poland; Israel; Algeria; Indonesia

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NEGARA-NEGARA FEDERAL

Terdapat 24 negara Federal di Dunia(C) HN 2012

FEDERAL REPUBLICS Federal republics are federal states in which the administrative divisions (states or provinces)

theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government.

1. Republic of Argentina (since 1852)2. Republic of Austria3. Federative Republic of Brazil (since November 15th, 1889)4. Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1995)5. Federal Republic of Cameroon (1961-1972)6. Commonwealth of England (1649-1653)7. Czechoslovakia (Czech and Slovak Federative Republic) (1969-1992)8. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (unitary republic 1974-1994; federal republic since 1994)9. Federal Republic of Germany (since 1918)10. Republic of Colombia (1819-1886), known as Great Colombia from 1819 to 1831, when it included present-day

Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama.11. Republic of India (since January 26, 1950)12. United States of Indonesia (1949-1950)13. United Mexican States[20] (since 1917)14. Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (since 2007)15. Federal Republic of Nigeria (1963 – 66:1st Republic, 1979 – 83: 2nd Republic, 1993: 3rd Republic, 1999 – present:

4th Republic)16. Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956, Declaration of the Islamic Republic)17. Russian Federation (since November 7, 1917; up to 1991 it was named

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic)18. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922-1991)19. Swiss Confederation (since 1848)20. Union of Myanmar21. United Provinces of Central America (1823-1840)22. United States of America(since 1789)23. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela24. Yugoslavia: Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1946-1963), Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963-

1992), Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992-2003)

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NEGARA-NEGARA UNITARY

Terdapat 148 negara Unitary di Dunia(C) HN 2012

UNITARY REPUBLIC

1. Republic of Acre (1st: 1899-1900; 2nd: 1900; 3rd: 1903)

2. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (republic since 1973)

3. Republic of Albania (since 1946)4. People's Democratic Republic of Algeria5. Republic of Armenia (1st: May 28, 1918; Current:

December 25, 1991)6. Republic of Azerbaijan (1st: 28 May 1918; Re-

established: 18 October 1991)7. People's Republic of Bangladesh8. Republic of Benin9. Plurinational State of Bolivia10.Republic of Botswana11.Republic of Bulgaria (since 1946)12.Burkina Faso13.Republic of Burundi (since 1966)14.Republic of Cameroon (unitary republic 1960-

1961 and 1972-present; federal republic 1961-1972)

15.Republic of Cape Verde16.Central African Republic (1958-1976; restored

1979)17.Republic of Chad18.Republic of Chile

19. People's Republic of China20. Republic of Colombia (unitary republic since 1886)21. Republic of the Congo22. Democratic Republic of the Congo23. Corsican Republic (1755-1769)[8]

24. Cospaia (1440-1826)25. Republic of Costa Rica26. Republic of Côte d'Ivoire27. Republic of Croatia28. Republic of Cuba29. Republic of Cyprus30. Czech Republic31. Republic of Djibouti32. Commonwealth of Dominica33. Dominican Republic (1801-1861, 1844-present)34. Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste35. Republic of Ecuador36. Arab Republic of Egypt (since 1953)37. Republic of El Salvador38. Republic of Equatorial Guinea39. State of Eritrea40. Republic of Ezo (1868-1869)41. Republic of the Fiji Islands (since 1987)42. Finnish Democratic Republic (1 December 1939 to 12

March 1940)43. Republic of Finland (since 1919)

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44. Republic of Formosa (1895)45. Independent Commune of Franceville (1889)[9]

46. French Republic (1st: 1792-1804; 2nd: 1848-1852; 3rd: 1870-1940; 4th: 1945-1958 and 5th, since 1958)[citation needed]

47. Gabonese Republic48. Republic of The Gambia (since 1970)49. Georgia50. Republic of Ghana (since 1960)51. Goust (since 1648)52. Hellenic Republic (1st: 1822–1832; 2nd: 1924-1935; 3rd: since 1974)53. Republic of Guatemala54. Republic of Guinea[citation needed]

55. Republic of Guinea-Bissau[citation needed]

56. Co-operative Republic of Guyana (since 1970) is a "Co-operative Republic"[citation needed]

57. Republic of Haiti (1806-1849; restored 1859)[citation needed]

58. Republic of Hawaii (1894-1898)59. Republic of Honduras60. Republic of Hungary (since 1946)61. Republic of Iceland (republic since 1944)62. Republic of Indonesia (Unitary republic since August 1950)63. Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)64. Republic of Iraq (since 1958)65. Ireland (republic since 1949)66. Israel (since 1948) [10]

67. Italian Social Republic (1943 - 1945)[11]

68. Italian Republic (since 1946)69. Republic of Kazakhstan70. Republic of Kenya (since 1964)71. Republic of Kiribati72. Kyrgyz Republic73. Lao People's Democratic Republic (since 1975)74. Republic of Latvia75. Republic of Lebanon (November 22, 1943)76. Republic of Liberia77. Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (since 1969)

78. Republic of Lithuania79. Lokot Republic (1941-1943)80. Republic of Macedonia (1991-)81. Republic of Madagascar82. Republic of Malaŵi (since 1966)83. Republic of Maldives (since 1968)84. Republic of Mali (since 1960)85. Republic of Malta (since 1974)86. Republic of the Marshall Islands87. Islamic Republic of Mauritania88. Republic of Mauritius (since 1992)89. Menton and Roquebrune (1848-1861)90. Republic of Moldova91. Mongolia (since 1924)92. Republic of Montenegro (since 2006)93. Republic of Mozambique94. State of Muskogee (1799-1803)95. Republic of Namibia96. Republic of Nauru97. Republic of Nicaragua98. Republic of Niger99. Democratic People's Republic of Korea (since 1948)100. Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956)101. Republic of Palau102. Republic of Panama103. Republic of Paraguay104. Republic of Peru105. Republic of the Philippines (Thrice, two overlapping:

First Philippine Republic (1898-1901), Commonwealth of the Philippines to the Fifth Republic of the Philippines (1934-present), Second Philippine Republic (1943-1945))

106. Republic of Poland107. Republic of Portugal (since 1910)108. Romania (since 1947)

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109. Republic of Rwanda (since 1961)110. Russian Republic (from September 14, 1917 up

to November 7, 1917; de-facto - since February Revolution up to October Revolution)

111. Independent State of Samoa (since 2007)112. Most Serene Republic of San Marino (since 301)113. Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe114. Republic of Senegal115. Republic of Serbia116. Republic of Seychelles117. Republic of Sierra Leone (since 1971)118. Republic of Singapore (since 1965)119. Slovak Republic (1939–1945)[15]

120. Republic of Slovenia121. Republic of Somalia122. Republic of South Africa (since 1961)123. Republic of Korea (since 1948)124. Spain (Twice: First Spanish Republic (1873–

1874), Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939))125. Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (since

1972)126. Republic of the Sudan127. Republic of Suriname

128. Syrian Arab Republic129. Republic of China (Taiwan) (established 1912,

current Constitution since 1947)130. Republic of Tajikistan131. United Republic of Tanzania132. Republic of Texas (1836-1845) [16]

133. Togolese Republic134. Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (since 1976)135. Tunisian Republic (since 1957)136. Republic of Turkey (republic since 1923)[17]

137. Republic of Turkmenistan138. Republic of Uganda (since 1963)139. Ukraine140. Oriental Republic of Uruguay141. Republic of Uzbekistan142. Republic of Vanuatu143. Vermont Republic (1777 - 1791)[18]

144. Socialist Republic of Vietnam145. Republic of West Florida (1810)146. Republic of Yemen (former

People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and Yemen Arab Republic)

147. Republic of Zambia148. Republic of Zimbabwe, formerly

Republic of Rhodesia (1970-1979)

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CONFEDERAL REPUBLICS Confederal republics are associations of sovereign

states, usually having power over critical common issues such as defence and foreign affairs:

Confederate States of America (1861 - 1865) State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003 –

2006) Swiss Confederation (1848 – today) United States of America (under the

Articles of Confederation, 1776 – 1789) Senegambia Confederation (1982 – 1989)

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REPUBLIK INDONESIA SERIKAT

1827 Desember 1949 sampai dengan 17 Agustus 1950

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Negara Bagian Otonom -non federasi1. Negara Republik

Indonesia2. Negara Indonesia Timur3. Negara Pasundan

(termasuk distrik Federal Jakarta)

4. Negara Jawa Timur5. Negara Madura6. Negara Sumatera Timur7. Negara Sumatera

Selatan

1. Jawa Tengah2. Kalimantan Barat

(Daerah Istimewa)3. Dayak Besar4. Daerah Banjar5. Kalimantan Tenggara6. Kalimantan Timur

(tidak termasuk ex Kesultanan Pasir)

7. Bangka8. Belitung9. Riau

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PIAGAM KONSTITUSI RIS DITANDATANGANI OLEH PARA PIMPINAN NEGARA/DAERAH DARI 16 NEGARA/DAERAH BAGIAN RIS1. Mr. Susanto Tirtoprodjo dari Negara Republik Indonesia menurut

perjanjian Renville.2. Sultan Hamid II dari Daerah Istimewa Kalimantan Barat3. Ide Anak Agoeng Gde Agoeng dari Negara Indonesia Timur4. R. A. A. Tjakraningrat dari Negara Madura5. Mohammad Hanafiah dari Daerah Banjar6. Mohammad Jusuf Rasidi dari Bangka7. K.A. Mohammad Jusuf dari Belitung8. Muhran bin Haji Ali dari Dayak Besar9. Dr. R.V. Sudjito dari Jawa Tengah10. Raden Soedarmo dari Negara Jawa Timur11. M. Jamani dari Kalimantan Tenggara12. A.P. Sosronegoro dari Kalimantan Timur13. Mr. Djumhana Wiriatmadja dari Negara Pasundan14. Radja Mohammad dari Riau15. Abdul Malik dari Negara Sumatera Selatan16. Radja Kaliamsyah Sinaga dari Negara Sumatera Timur

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