Fertility Management Joint Lecture (18 22 Jan. 2016) Nutrient …akokada/soil/files/06... · 2016-01-21 · Soil Fertility Management ‐6‐Plant Nutrient Acquisition ZEF‐IPADS

Soil Fertility Management ‐6‐ Plant Nutrient Acquisition

ZEF‐IPADS Joint Lecture (18‐22 Jan. 2016)

1

ZEF‐IPADS Soil Fertility Management ‐6‐

Plant Nutrient Acquisition (1)

Department of Global Agricultural Sciences , IPADS

Kensuke OKADA

([email protected]‐tokyo.ac.jp)

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International Program in Agricultural Development Studies (IPADS) 21 January 2016

Today’s topic

1. Phosphorus acquisition

2. Aluminum tolerance

3. Tolerance to iron deficiency

4. Biological nitrification inhibition

5. Organic N utilization

1. PHOSPHORUS ACQUISITION

Pigeonpea cultivation in the worldhttp://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/GapAnalysis/?p=1205

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp)

Origin : India (at least 3,500 yrs ago)Today cultivated in India, east Africa and Central AmericaShrub to grow for a few years (long‐duration), medium, short (3‐4 months).Usually inter‐croped with sorghum, pearl millet or maize.

Forms of P in soil

(Otani et al. 2001)

(Stevenson 1994)

Specific Organic P Compounds

Sorghum

Chickpea

Pigeonpea

Grain yield (t/ha)

Sorghum

Grain yield (t/ha)

Pigeonpea

Chickpea

P

P applied (kg P / ha)

Response of sorghum, pigenopea, and chickpea to P application in a Vertisol and an Alfisolfield of low P fertility

Shoot dry weight of plant species without P application on P deficient soils（Grain filling stage, pot exp. ）

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

乾物重

（ｇ

）

ｿﾙｶﾞﾑｷﾏﾒﾀﾞｲｽﾞﾄｳｼﾞﾝﾋﾞｴﾄｳﾓﾛｺｼ

Alfisols

Vertisols

Pigeonpea could grow better on Alfisol compared with other crops.

Sorghum Pigeon Soy Pearl Maizepea bean Millet

(Ae et al. 1990, Science 248,477‐480)



2

Growth of sorghum and pigeonpea on Vertisol and Alfisol without P application

Pigeon pea(Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)

Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

Vertisol Alfisol Vertisol Alfisol

• Hypothesis for the better growth of pigeonpea in low‐P soil1. Pigeonpea can utilize large volume of soil by its extensive root system2. Association with VAM3. Special mechanism of pigeonpea

Hypothesis 1 : Pigeonpea can utilize large volume of soil by its extensive root system

×REJECTED

(Ae et al. 1990, Science 248,477‐480)

(Okada)

Hypothesis 2 : VAM association as mechanism to acquire P ×REJECTED

(Ae et al. 1990, Science 248,477‐480)

Forms of P in Alfisol and Vertisol

(Ae et al. 1990, Science 248,477‐480)

When Fe‐P (FePO4) was applied as only source of P (the lowest figure), pigeonpea absorbed more P than other crops

→Pigeonpea has the special ability to absorb Fe‐P which other crops cannot utilize

(Ae et al. 1990, Science 248,477‐480)

The amount of the ordinary organic acids exuded from the roots of pegeonpea and other crops

→Pigeonpea is not different from other crops



3

Soybean Sorghum Pigeonpea

Pigeonpea had unique peak that other crops did not have (GC)

(Ae et al. 1990, Science 248,477‐480)

Active substance in the root exudates of pigeonpea which is responsible for Fe‐P solubilization (identified by GC‐MAS)

p‐Hydroxybenzoic acid Tartaric acidPis=fishcidic=toxicJamaica dogwood

(Ae et al. 1990, Science 248,477‐480)

Piscidic acid

Root Alfisol

Exclusion from rhizosphere

A mechanism of P solubilization by pigeonpea (hypothesis)

Uptake

Grainyield(t/ha)

P applied for sorghum (kg P / ha)

2nd year (P‐S)

3rd year (S‐P‐S)

1st year (S)

Effect of pigeonpea on the following sorghum in low‐P alfisols.

Effect of different crops on the following growth of maize in low‐P Alfisols （no P added）

After intercropping ofsorghum andpigeonpea

After pigeonpea

Aftersorghum

(Ae)



4

SoleSorghum

SolePigeonpea

Sorghum/PigeonpeaIntercropping

Amountof Pabsorbedby plant(kg P/ ha)

P absorbed bysorghum

P absorbed bypigeonpea

Effect of sorghum/pigeonpea intercropping on theP uptake from low‐P Alfisol (Ae)

P applied (kg‐P/ha)

Strategy to acquire P from Ca‐P

<Chickpea>

Sorghum

Pigeonpea

Chickpea

Grain yield (t/ha)

P forms in Alfisols and Vertisols

When pH decreases, phosphorus is solubilized in

Vertisols and Ca‐P

Chickpea acidifies its rhizosphere by exuding citric acid from the roots



5

When P is held by Fe and Al on the surface of clay

In the case of organic P

(Otani et al 2001)

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Organic acid exudation from roots and solubilization of P in a volcanic ash soil and absorption mechanism

Citrate exudation from proteoid roots in Lupin

Proteoid roots in Lupinus albus

→Proteoid roots increases under P deficient conditions

Organic acid secretion induced by P deficiency in crop species

(Randall et al. 2001)

Estimated available P for different cropsExudation of organic acids from different parts

of plant roots



6

P acquisition mechanisms : Synthesis(Randall 2001)

P deficiency was overcome by the introduction of Pup1 loci (P uptake 1)

Nipponbare

NIL-Pup1Nipponbare introduced with Pup1

Kasalath

Near isogenic line with Pup1 loci (NIL-Pup1): 97% same as ‘Nipponbare’ but Pup1 (on 12th chromosome) from Kasalath

(indica varitey) was introduced →Introduction to NERICA

Genetic Improvement B（Low soil fertility, contd.)

(Wissuwa, 2009)

2. ALUMINUM TOLERANCE

Malic acid secretion as a resistant mechanism to Al in wheat

(Delhaize et al 1993)

Malic acid in wheat


Malic acid secretion as a resistant mechanisms to Al in wheat




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Citric acid for maize

Citric acid in maize

• Citric acid secretion from root apex is playing important role in Al resistance, not the secretion of the entire roots.

Oxalic acid in buck wheat(buck wheat is for SOBA noodle and crepes)

(Ma et al 1997)

Summary organic acids secretion as the mechanism of Al resistant

• Malic acid : wheat• Citric acid : maize, Cassia tora

• Oxalic acid: Buckwheat

3. IRON DEFICIENCY TOLERANCE

Iron Deficient Rice in calcareous soil (Vertisol)Photo by Prof. Naoko Nishizawa

Forms of Fe in soils

1. Fe2+ ←‐‐‐‐‐→ Fe3+

Reduced form Oxidized form

Water soluble Water insoluble

Grey/Blue Red

2. Deficiency symptom : Chlorosis in younger leaves



8

Fe deficiency symptom

(Matsunaka2003)

Maize plants in solution culture

The interveinal symptoms look like Mg deficienty, but the chlorosis of Mg deficiency starts from the lower leaves. (The topic of phytosiderophore (iron‐chelating compound) will be discussed in another lecture (Plant Nutrient Acquisition)).

Inquiry on the yellowing of the leaves of upland rice (NERICA) in the northern part

of Benin, Africa

44

•Depending on the varieties•Soil pH=7.6‐8.2•Yellowing of upper leaves

•Not N deficiency

Which problem ?

Iron deficiency

Iron (Fe) acquisition:Strategy I (dicotyledonous crops)

(Mori 2001)

Animationhttp://www.winep.jp/feuptake.html

Iron acquisition strategy II(monocots)

Role of mugineicacid to chelate Fe3+

to absorb from soil and transport in plant body

(Mori 2001)

Animationhttp://www.winep.jp/feuptake.html

Mugineic acid – How was it found?

Classis experiment by Prof. S. Takagi (Tohoku Univ.)• Rice was grown with synthetic soil (sand+ clay, without organic matter) under both upland and irrigated conditions.

• On this soil, rice in upland conditions grew well in wide pH conditions including higher pH range, while that in irrigated condition it suffered from chlorosis (Fe deficiency) at pH>6.0. (These are the unexpected results)

• Takagi intuited that the rice roots excrete a chelator‐like iron‐solubilizing substance, but the substance might be leached from the rhizosphere under flooding conditions.

• In the flooded conditions of normal soil, the rice plants do not suffer from iron deficiency, because the soil is in reduced conditions, and most of the iron exists in Fe2+ form which is soluble and can be easily absorbed by plants. But in the synthetic soil, this did not happen.

Mugineic acid



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Mugineic acid

• Takagi later identified a chelating substance for iron which is produced from rice roots under iron deficiency, which was later identified as mugineicacid (MA).

• It was found afterwards that MA was excreted from the roots of various crops (cereals), too.

• In fact, there is a good correlation between the degree of Fe efficiency of major cereal crops and the ability of their roots to liberate mugineic acid under Fe deficienc: barley>wheat, rye>oats>maize>sorghum>rice.

• The MAs production system has come to be called Strategy II for graminaceous crops.

Lowland rice in inland‐valley, and upland in the slopes(Cote d’Ivoire, West Africa）

Iron toxicity

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4. BIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATION INHIBITION (BNI)

(a). The mechanisms of nitrification suppression and inhibition of nitrous oxide emission by Brachiaria humidicola

Common nitrification inhibitor

• N‐Serve (nitrapyrin)

• DCD (dicyandiamide)

• DMPP (3,4‐dimethyl pyrazole phosphate)

Effect of crops on the number of the ammonia oxidizing bacteria

Brachiaria decumbens

Melinis minutiflora

Brachiaria humidicola



10

Effect of crops on the following nitrification processes in the soils

(Subbarao et al. 2012)

(Subbarao et al. 2012)

(Subbarao et al. 2012) (Subbarao et al. 2012)



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5. UTILIZATION ORGANIC NITROGEN BY PLANTS

Organic vs. Inorganic Nutrition Theory

• Thaer, A. D. (1752‐1828)“Humus (organic matter) of the soils is the nutrients for plants.”

• von Liebig, J., (1803‐1873)“CO2 and ammonia from air, and H2O, P, S, Si, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, NaCl from soil are the important nutrients for plants.”

“Manure are not utilized by plants directly, only after decomposition.”

“Plants can grow only with inorganic nutrients”

Latitude and net N mineralization rate

(Kielland 2001)

Boreal forest (Taiga)

Proposed new nitrogen pathway=Short‐Circuiting

UPTAKE

(Kielland 2001)

Forms of N in cold climate(Kielland 2001) N utilization by

arctic plants

• Arctic sedge utilize more N from amino acids while barley uses more inorganic nitrogen

(Kielland 2001)



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Species difference in the preference to glycine over ammonium

(Kielland 2001)

Contrasting N uptake among crops from organic and inorganic N sources

(Yamagata et al 2001)

Forms of nitrogenous compound in the soils under different climates

（Sowden et al. 1977)

Forms of nitrogen in the soils in the world• Proteneiceous N compounds

（protein, peptide, amino acids) 40%• Free amino acids 5‐6%• Heterocyclic N coumpouds 35%• NH3 19%

（Shulten and Schnitzer 1998)

Different effects of organic and inorganic N sources on vegetables

(Yamagata et al 2001)

Experiment in aseptic conditionsChingensai Carrot Pimento

20% 10% ControlSoil Extract

(Matsumoto et al 2000)

Xylem sap composition in two vegetables contrasting in

the utilization of organic and inorganic nitrogen

(Matsumoto et al 2000



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Effect of organic and inorganic N on sorghum growth on volcanic ash soil (Tsukuba, Japan)

Organic N(Rice bran+strawC/N=20, 150kgN/ha)

Inorganic N(Urea, 150kgN/ha)

Inorganic NWithout NOrganic N

The growth of sorghum on volcanic ash soil in Japan applied with 150 kg/ha N in inorganic (ammonium sulfate) or organic forms (rice bran and straw, C/N=20) (Okamoto et al. 2003)

A

B

C

D

A

B

C

DAS

73

86

108

DAS

73

86

108

128

ON IN

ON IN

Sorghum

Pearl millet

(Tsukuba, Japan)150 kgN/ha IN=Urea, ON=Rice bran+straw

(Okamoto et al. 2003)

AN : ammonium nitrateBran : rice bran (C/N=12)Bran+Straw (mixture of rice bran and straw, C/N=20)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Control AN Bran Bran+Straw

N吸

収量

(m

g pl

ant-1

)

a

bc

b

c

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14


a

bc

ac

b

Rice Sorghum

N u

pta

ke (

mg

/pla

nt)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50


a

b

c

a

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50


a

b

c

a

Pearlmillet

Maize

N u

pta

ke (

mg

/pla

nt)

Pearl millet, maize pattern[NH4NO3]＞[Bran]＞[Bran+Straw]≧[No N]

Sorghum, rice pattern[Bran+Straw]≒[Bran]≒[NH4NO3]＞[No N]

Effect of organic and inorganic N application on the nitrogen uptake of four gramineous crops (pot experiment).

Pearl millet →Inorganic N Sorghum→Organic N

（Okamoto andOkada 2004)

Ability to absorb proteinaceous N by gramineous crops

N u

pta

ke r

ate

(µ

mo

l g–1

roo

t D.W

. 3 h

–1)

P rotein N

Nitrate N

Am m onium N

-5

0

5

10

15

Sor

ghum

Ric

e

Mai

ze

Pe

arl

mill

et

N uptake rates of the four crop species when N was applied to the root bathing solution in the form of proteinaceous N extracted from soils in agricultural field. (Extracted organic N was dialized to exclude molecules <3,500Da)

（Okamoto and Okada 2004)

Documents

Fertility Management Joint Lecture (18 22 Jan. 2016) Nutrient …akokada/soil/files/06... · 2016-01-21 · Soil Fertility Management ‐6‐Plant Nutrient Acquisition ZEF‐IPADS