ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõohta i|yd mdGud,d 40 la muK úYajúoHd, ish,a, ;=< u iQodkï jk w;r 2016 isg Tjqka Y%S ,xld rdcH úYajúoHd, moaO;shg ms

ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh

úIh ks¾foaYh

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<&

12 yd 13 fY%aKs^2013 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ'&

;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uyr.u

Y%S ,xldj

www.nie.lk

Wiia fm< ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj

12 iy 13 fY%aKs

úYh ks¾foaY

m%:u uqøKh - 2014

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uqøKh( uqøKd,h

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uyr.u

fjí msgqj - www.nie.lk

ÿrl:kh - 011-7 601601

.re wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh

zzuyskao Ñka;kZZ bÈß oelau wkqj ms<sfh, lr we;s Y%S ,dxlSh wkd.; ixj¾Ok ie,iqï mokï ù we;af;a kdúl" .=jka" wd¾Ól" jdKsc yd wOHdmk

hk mxp flakaøSh ixj¾Ok Wmdh ud¾.hka uq,a fldgf.k h' fuu ixj¾Ok ld¾hhka i|yd ;dlaIKsl ksmqK;djkaf.ka iukaú; udkj iïm;a

ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd úYd, b,aüla j¾;udkfha ks¾udKh ù ;sfí' tfia jqj o j¾;udkfha § l%shd;aul jk wOHdmkh ;=< Wiia fm< isiqkg

bf.kqu ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj we;af;a úoHd" .Ks;" jdKsc yd l,d úIh Odrdjka jk w;r thska o jeäu isiqka m%udKhla bf.kqu ,nkafka l,d úIh

Odrdfõ h' jd¾Isl j úYaj úoHd, moaO;sh ;=<ska ks¾udKh lrkafka o jeä jYfhka u jev f,dalhg wjYH jkakd jQ olaI;djka yd l=i,;djkaf.ka

iukaú; fkdjkakd jQ úYd, l,d WmdêOdÍka m%udKhls' fuh l,d WmdêOdÍka w;r úYd, fiajd úhqla;shla we;s ùug o uQ,sl j n,md ;sfí'

fuu ;;ajh jydfjkia ú hq;= nj rch úiska y÷kdf.k we;s w;r ;reK ;reKshka kj wNsfhdaj,g uqyqK §ug yd /lshdj, kshq;= ùug wjYH jkakd

jQ olaI;djkaf.ka hqla; /lshd úhqla;sh wvq lsÍug bjy,a jk ;dlaIKsl yd uDÿ l=i,;dj,ska iukaú; ùfï wjYH;dj o ukdj wjfndaO fldgf.k

we;' w¨;ska y÷kajd fokq ,nk ;dlaIKsl úIh Odrdj ud¾.fhka cd;sfhys orejkg /lshdjla i|yd wjYH jkakd jQ oekqu" wjfndaOh yd olaI;djka

úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh yryd ks¾udKh jk w;r úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh i|yd wjia:dj fkd,nk isiqkg o cd;sl jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï (NVQ) moaO;shg

m%fõY ùug yels jkq we;'

fuu cd;sl ld¾hh bgq lsÍfï § uy;a fjfyila oerE wod< wud;HdxYj,g o" wdh;kj,g o" fomd¾;fïka;=j,g o" úYaj úoHd,j,g o b;d flá

ld,hla ;=< wod< úIh ks¾foaYhka iïmdokh lsÍu i|yd odhl jQ isü fokdg o Tjqkaf.a lemùu fjkqfjka udf.a ia;+;sh m< lsÍug o fuh

wjia:djla lr.kq leue;af;ñ'

nkaÿ, .=Kj¾Ok

wOdmk weu;s

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh

biqremdh

n;a;ruq,a,'

i

.re Wiia wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" fh!jk lghq;= yd ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYh tlaj y÷kajd fok kj —;dlaIKfõoh˜ úIh

Odrdj w;s.re ckdêm;s;=udf.a m%Odk;ajfhka wo Èk y÷kajd §ug ,eîu Y%S ,dxlsl wOHdmk lafIa;%fha ft;sydisl isÿùuls'

rgg wjYH ;dlaIKh ms<sn| W.;=ka" nqoaêu;=ka yd m%ùKhka fuka u m¾fhaIlhka o fuu kj úIh Odrdj Tiafia ìysjkq oelSu wmf.a wfmalaIdjhs'

w'fmd'i' Wiia fm<ska miq fldgila ;dlaIK Ys,amSka f,i /lshd fjf<|fmd<g tlajk w;r" ;dlaIKfõoh ms<sn| úoHdfõ§ Wmdêh yodrd wm

úYajúoHd, moaO;sh ;=<ska ;j;a nqoaêu;=ka msßila /lshd fjf<|fmdf<a wjYH;d i|yd l<ukdlrejka" úfYaI{hka" .=rejreka yd wdpd¾h uydpd¾hjreka

f,i tla ù wm Y%S ,xldfõ È.=ld,Sk oelau jk wdishdfõ wdYap¾hh njg Y%S ,xldj m;a lsÍug Tjqka odhl jkq oelSu wmf.a wfmalaIdjhs'

ta i|yd mdGud,d 40 la muK úYajúoHd, ish,a, ;=< u iQodkï jk w;r 2016 isg Tjqka Y%S ,xld rdcH úYajúoHd, moaO;shg ms<s.ekSug wm ish¨ fokd

iQodkï j isák nj o okajkafka buy;a i;=áks'

fuu kj ;dlaIK úIh Odrdj w;sYh id¾:l úIh Odrdjla jk nj wmf.a taldka; úYajdih hs'

tia'î' Èidkdhl

Wiia wOHdmk weu;s

ii

.re fh!jk lghq;= yd ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh

ld¾ñl wOHdmkh iy jD;a;Sh mqyqKq úIh lafIa;%h mj;sk uÜgñka by< kexùug wod< m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK .Kkdjla u l,ska l,g miq.sh rchka

úiska f.k ;snqK;a th b,lal.; wruqKq lrd <`.d fkdjQ nj ;¾lhlska f;dr j ms<s.; hq;= h'

uyskao Ñka;k bÈß oelafuys ;enQ fmdfrdkaÿ m%ldjr u hñka fuu ;;ajhg fya;= fijQ wmg óg wod< ;SrKd;aul idOlh m%;HlaI úh' tkï ixj¾ê;

fndfyda hqfrdamd yd wdishdkq rgj, ld¾ñl wOHdmkh yd jD;a;Sh mqyqKqjg wod< ;dlaIK úIh Odrdj úYajúoHd, wOHdmkhg iu.dó úIh lafIa;%hka

f,i j¾Okh ùug ufydamldÍ ù we;s idOlh kï ;dlaIK úIh Odrdj tu rgj, mdi,a úIhud,djka iu`. id¾:l f,i iqixfhda.Sj ;sîuhs'

f,dalfha m<uq jrg fh!jk lghq;= úIh ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh iu`. taldnoaO fldg wud;HxYhla f.dvke.+ rg Y%S ,xldjhs' w;s.re ckdêm;s uyskao

rdcmlaI ue;s;=ud óg jir 03 lg fmr tu m%.;sYS,S mshjr ;nkafka kQ;k ixj¾ê; Y%S ,xldj f.dvke.Sfï tla uQ,sl mshjrla jYfhks' tfia kï

;dlaIK úIh Odrdj Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a wOHdmkfha Wiia fm< úIhud,dj iu. taldnoaO lsÍu;a iu. u fh!jk lghq;= yd ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok

wud;HdxYh f.dvke.Sfï È ;enQ wdrïNl wruqKq wNsu;d¾: yd n,dfmdfrd;a;= ish,a, u,aM, oeÍug ;snQ wjika ndOdj o myj .sh nj udf.a tlu

úYajdihhs' tkï fu;eka isg ;dlaIK úIh Odrdj Tiafia ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg msúfik ;reKhd fyda ;reKsh Bg wod< oekqu" l=i,;d yd mkakrh

iu. uQ,sl kHdhka yd ixl,am f.dvk.d .kafka mdi,a moaO;sh ;=<ska u h' úfYaIfhka u mdi,a wOHdmkhg ;dlaIK úIh taldnoaO ùu ;=< isiq

orejka yd foudmshka ;=< fï ms<sn| f.dvkef.k ms<s.ekSu" úYajdih iy ;r.ldß;ajh ;=< ÈhqKq ixj¾ê; rgj, oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh wjidkfha

;dlaIK úIh Odrdjg ysñ j we;s ms<s.ekSug iudk ms<s.ekSula wm rg ;=< o Wodfõh hkak úIh Ndr weu;sjrhd f,i udf.a tl u n,dfmdfrd;a;=jhs'

úfYaIfhka u wm ðj;a jk fuu 21 jk ishji ye¢kafjkafka wdishdfõ ishji f,ihs' Wodjk wdishdfõ ishji mokï jkafka oekqu uQ,sl lr.;a

oekqfï wd¾Ólh u;hs' Wodjk oekqï wd¾Ólfha uQ,sl m%d.aOkh jYfhka nqoaêh" ;dlaIKh" oekqu yd ksmqK;d ye¢kaúh yels h' fï wkqj Wodjk

wdishdfõ ishji ;=< oekqfï wd¾Ólh u; mokï jQ kQ;k ixj¾ê; Y%S ,dxlSh rdcHhg wjYH ksmqK jD;a;slhka ish¨ fokd u mdi,a moaO;sh ;=<ska

u ìysfõjd hkak udf.a m%d¾:khhs'

v,ia w,ymafmreu

fh!jk lghq;= yd ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok wud;H

iii

.re wOHdmk wëlaIK uka;%S;=udf.a mKsjqvh

cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;shg kj ;dlaIK úIh Odrdj y÷kajd §fï jevigyk i|yd mKsjqvhla ksl=;a lsÍug wjia:djla ,eîu i;=gg ldrKhla f,i

i,lñ'

w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< i|yd ;dlaIK úIh Odrdj y÷kajd §u kHdhsl nqoaêhg wu;r j m%dfhda.sl yelshdj we;s Y%S ,dxlsl orejkg joe.;a wjia:djls'

w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< .Ks;h yd úoHdj we;=¿j úIhhka yhla iu;a ùu;a bka ´kEu úIhhka ;=kla i|yd iïudk idud¾: ,nd isàu;a ;dlaIK

úIh Odrdj i|yd uQ,sl iqÿiqlï fõ'

uQ,sl isoaOdka; ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,ndkjd;a iu. u m%dfhda.sl oekqu ,nd .ekSu;a jev f,dalhg wj;S¾K ùug wjYH ;dlaIKh yd ksmqK;dj ,nd

§u;a fuu.ska wruqKq flf¾'

Wiia fm< by< m%;sM, u; úYajúoHd,hg;a tfia fkdyels jqjfyd;a ld¾ñl yd jD;a;Sh fldñIka iNdj hgf;a cd;sl jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï NVQ III& ,nd

.ekSug;a fuu.ska orejkag wjia:dj ,nd § we;'

wjidk jYfhka fuu úIh Odrdj ilia lr .ekSfï § wmg iydh ÿka ish¨ u wud;HdxY" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh iy úYajúoHd,hka ys wOHhk

ld¾h uKav,fha ish¨ fokdg uu fï wjia:dfõ § ia;+;sjka; fjñ'

fudydka ,d,a f.%are

wOHdmk wëlaIK uka;%S

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh

biqremdh

n;a;ruq,a,'

iv

wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha f,alï;=udf.a mKsjqvh

cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;shg ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj y÷kajd fok fuu fudfydf;a fï mKsjqvh ksl=;a lrkqfha buy;a fidïkisks'

wmf.a WmdêOdÍkaf.a ksmqK;d W!k;djka Tjqkg /lshd ,nd .ekSfï § ndOlhla j mj;S'

fuu ;;a;ajh Y%S ,xldfõ rchg fuka u Y%u fjf<|fmd<g o ;Èka n,md we;'

fuu ;;a;ajhg uqyqK §u fuka u Èfkka Èk by< hk Y%u b,a ug ms<shula f,i l=i,;d mQ¾K ;reK mrmqrla ìys lsÍu i|yd ;D;Shsl wOHdmk uÜgu

i|yd ;dlaIKh úIh Odrdj we;=<;a lsÍug rch úiska mshjr f.k we;'

rcfha ie,eiau jkafka l,d úIh Odrdjkag we;=<;a jk YsIH ixLHdj m%.dó f,i wvq lr wfkl=;a úIh Odrd i|yd we;=<;a ùï jeä lsÍu i|yd

úYajúoHd," ld¾ñl yd jD;a;Sh wOHdmk wdh;kh ;=< kj ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdjka o iys; j Wiia fm< i|yd fjk u y÷kd .; hq;= úIh Odrdjla

fõ'

tia'tï' f.daGdNh chr;ak

f,alï

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh

n;a;ruq,a,'

2013' cQks 07 Èk

v

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wOHlaI ckrd,a

uydpd¾h ví,sõ'tï' wfír;ak nKavdr uy;df.a mKsjqvh

fhdað; Wiia fm< ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj yryd Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH wOHdmk l%uh ;=< mj;skakdjQ jHQyd;aul wiu;=,s;;dj bj;a lsÍug o" Wiia

fm< úoHd yd ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh i|yd mj;sk wjia:djka jeä lrñka l,d wxYhg we;=<;a jkakdjQ YsIH ixLHdj wvq lsÍug o yels jk ksid th

Y%S ,dxlsh wOHdmkfhys yerjqï ,laIHla f,i ie,lsh yels fõ'

hqfkiaflda wdh;kh yd cdHka;r lïlre ixúOdkh j¾I 2002 § bÈßm;a l< ks¾foaYj,ska ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh y÷kajd §fï we;s jeo.;alu

y÷kdf.k we;' jev f,dalhg yd ;dlaIKsl f,dalhg yd tys Ndú; jkakd jQ fuj,ï" wuqøjH" Ys,amSh l%u iy ksIamdok" fnodyeÍï yd l<ukdlrK

l%shdj,Ska ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yels jk wdldrfhka fuu úIh Odrdj y÷kajd §u u.ska yd iuia;hla f,i m%dfhda.sl w;aoelSï yryd

,nd .; yels oekqu mokï fldg f.k wOHdmkh i|yd jk wjia:djka mq¿,a l< yels jk nj tu wdh;kj, ks¾foaYj, meyeÈ,s j oelsh yels h'

f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a ish fcHIaG oaú;Sh wOHdmkh i|yd ;dlaIKsl úIh Odrdj y÷kajd § tys m%;s,dN ish rgj, wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd odhl

fldgf.k we;' kj ;dlaIKsl úIh Odrdj hgf;a Wiia fm< isiqkg bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh" ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh yd ;dlaIKfõoh i|yd

úoHdj hk kj úIhhka yeoEÍug wjia:dj ie,fikq we;' tfia u tu.ska cd;sl jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï ,nd.kSug o wjia:djla ie,fik ksid Wiia fm<

úNd.fhka miq jev f,dalhg wj;S¾K ùug o isiqkg wia:dj ie,fia'

kj ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj y÷kajd §fï we;s jeo.;alu wjfndaO lr .ksñka tu úIh Odrdj y÷kajd §u i|yd w;s.re ckdêm;s uyskao rdcmlaI

ue;s;=ud" Wiia wOHdmk wud;H;=ud" jD;a;Sh yd ;dlaIKsl mqyqKq wud;H;=ud iy wOHdmk wud;H;=ud úiska .kakd ,o uQ,sl mshjrhka fuys,d b;d

w.h f,dg i,lñ'

wod< wud;HdxY f,alï ;=uka,dg o" úYajúoHd, m%;smdok fldñIka iNdfõ iNdm;s ;=ñhg o" ish¨ u úYajúoHd, Wm l=,m;s ;=uka,d yd ;=ñhka,dg

o" úIhud,d uKav,j, ish¨ idudðl idudðldjkag yd fuu ld¾hh i|yd WmldÍ jQ wka ish¨ u ks,OdÍkag o fuu ld¾hh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd

,nd ÿka uy`.= Wmldrhg ia;+;s lsÍug o fuh wjia:djla lr.kq leue;af;ñ'

uydpd¾h ví,sõ'tï' wfír;ak nKavdr

wOHlaI ckrd,a

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

vi

1'0 ye|skaùu

hqfkiaflda wdh;kh yd cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkh j¾I 2002 § bÈßm;a l< ks¾foaYj,ska ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh y÷kajd §fï we;s jeo.;alu

y÷kdf.k we;' jev f,dalhg yd ;dlaIKsl f,dalhg yd tys Ndú; jkakd jQ fuj,ï" wuqøjH" Ys,amSh l%u iy ksIamdok" fnodyeÍï yd l<ukdlrK

l%shdj,ska ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yelsjk wdldrfhka fuu úIh Odrdj y÷kajd §u u`.ska yd iuia;hla f,i m%dfhda.sl w;aoelSï yryd

,nd.; yels oekqu mokï fldg f.k wOHdmkh i|yd jk wjia:djka mq`M,a l< yelsjk nj tu wdh;k ksl=;a l< ks¾foaYj, meyeÈ,s j oelsh yels

h'

oaú;Sh iy by< oaú;Sh wOHdmkh i|yd ;dlaIKsl úIhka we;=<;a lsÍu u.ska f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, fuh m%o¾Ykh lr we;' fï ms<sn| wdishdkq

rgla f,i uef,aishdj WodyrKhla f,i oelaúh yels h' f;dard .ekSu i|yd ;dlaIKsl úIhhka úYd, ixLHdjla idudkH fm< uÜgfï § bÈßm;a

lr we;s w;r" th isiqka jev f,dalhg fhduq lsÍfï wdrïNhla f,i ye¢kaúh yels jqj;a jeäÿr wOHdmkh i|yd tu.ska ,efnk msgqjy, m%udKj;a

fkdfõ'

fhdað; Wiia fm< ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH wOHdmkh kj uxfm;lg fhduq lrjk ikaêia:dkhla jkafka tu.ska oekg 51]

muK jk l,d úIhh Odrdj yodrK isiqkaf.a m%udKh wju lr" ;dlaIKfõoh iy úoHd úIh Odrdjka yodrK isiqka m%udKh jir 2016 § 40] olajd

j¾Okh lr .ekSu m%Odk b,lalhla jk neúks'

fhdað; Wiia fm< ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj meyeÈ,s f,i u Wiia fm< i|yd jQ fjk u úIh Odrdjla jk w;r tu.ska ;dlaIKfõohg wod< mq`M,a

úIh lafIa;% wdjrKh lrkqfha w;HjYH jk wdOdrl úIhhka o iu. h' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" úYajúoHd, m%;smdok fldñIka iNdj iy cd;sl

wOHdmk wdh;kh w;r meje;a jQ idlÉPdj, m%;sM,hla f,i mq`M,a ;dlaIKfõo lafIa;% lsysmhla wdjrKh jk mßÈ úIhka y÷kdf.k we;' tajdkï

bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh iy Ôj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh fõ' fï w;=ßka tla úIhla f;dard .ekSug yelsjk w;r" fojk úIh jYfhka ;dlaIKfõoh

i|yd úoHdj ;=<ska wjYH uQ,sl úoHdj" .Ks;h iy f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ms<sn| m%udKj;a oekqu l=i,;d ,nd fokq we;' ;=kajk úIhh jYfhka

oekgu;a Wiia fm< úIhh Odrdj ;=< l%shd;aul jk úIhh 11la w;=ßka tlla f;dard .ekSug wjia:dj isiqkag ,eî we;'

;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdfõ jHqyh my; i|yka mßÈ fõ:

1' bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh $ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh ^tla úIhhla muKla f;dard .; hq;= h'&

2' ;dlaIKfõoh i|yd úoHdj

vii

3' my; i|yka úIhkaf.ka tla úIhla f;dard .; hq;= fõ'

• wd¾Ól úoHdj

• N+f.da,h

• .Dy wd¾Ól úoHdj

• bx.%Sis NdIdj

• ikaksfõokh iy udOH wOHhkh

• f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

• Ñ;%

• jHdmdr wOHhkh

• lDIsúoHdj

• .KldêlrKh

wruqKq (

• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § wjYHjk ;dlaIKsl l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu'

• ienE jev f,dalfha mj;sk .eg¨ i|yd ;dlaIKsl úi÷ï ,nd§ug wjYH lrk l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu'

• /lshd mdol l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu'

• isiqkaf.a jD;a;Sh wOHdmkh cd;sl jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï rduqj iu`. iïnkaO lr.ksñka moaO;shg f.khdug wjia:dj ie,iSu'

;lafiarelrKh

mdi,a mdol we.hSï l%shdj,sh mdi,aj, l%shd;aul jk w;r fï ms<sn| wod< Wmfoia iy wdlD;s .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh iu`. bÈßfha § ,ndfokq

we;'

we.hSu

we.hSu úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska isÿlrkq ,nk w;r wdlD;s m%Yak m;%" .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh iu`. ,ndfokq we;' flfia fj;;a ,sÅ;

mÍCIKh i|yd ,l=Kq 75] o m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKh i|yd ,l=Kq 25] o yssñjkq we;'

;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uyr.u'

15 cqks 2013

viii

2'0 cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq(

mqoa.,hdg yd iudchg wod< jk m%Odk cd;sl wruqKq lrd <`.dùu iòyd mqoa.,hskag iy lKavdhïj,g cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;sh iydh úh

hq;= h'

jir .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk wOHdmk jd¾;d iy f,aLk u.ska mqoa., yd cd;sl wjYH;djka imqrd,Su iòyd wruqKq kshu lrkq

,eî h' iuld,Sk wOHdmk jHQyhka yd l%shdj,ska ;=< oelsh yels ÿ¾j,;d ksid OrKSh udkj ixj¾Ok ixl,am rduqj we;=<; wOHdmkh ;=<ska <``.d

lr .; hq;= my; oelafjk wruqKq imqrd .ekSu wOHdmk moaO;sh iòyd jQ ;u bÈß oelau f,ig cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj m%;HlaI fldg f.k

we;'

I. udkj wNsudkhg .re lsrSfï ixl,amhla u; msysgd Y%S ,dxlsl nyqúO iudcfha ixialD;sl úúO;ajh wjfndaO lr .ksñka cd;sl taldnoaO;dj"

cd;sl Rcq .=Kh" cd;sl iu.sh" tluq;=lu iy iduh m%j¾Okh lsÍu ;=<ska cd;sh f.dv ke`.Su iy Y%S ,dxlSh wkkH;dj

;yjqre lsÍu

II. fjkia jk f,dalhl wNsfhda.hkag m%;spdr olajk w;r cd;sl Wreufha udye`.s odhdohka y`ÿkd .ekSu iy ixrlaIKh lsÍu

III. udkj whs;sjdislï .re lsÍu" hq;=lï yd j.lSï ms<snò oekqj;a ùu" yDohx.u ne`§ulska hq;=j tlsfkld flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùu hk

.=Kdx. m%j¾Okh lsÍug bjy,a jk iudc idOdrK;aj iïu;hka iy m%cd;dka;%sl Ôjk rgdjla .eí jQ mßirhla ks¾udK lsÍu iy

mj;ajd f.k hdug iydh ùu

IV. mqoa.,hskaf.a udkisl yd YdÍßl iqj iïm;a iy udkj w.hkag .re lsÍu u; mokï jQ ;sridr Ôjk l%uhla m%j¾Okh lsÍu

V. iqiudys; jQ iunr fm!reIhla iòyd ks¾udmK yelshdj" wdrïNl Yla;sh" úpdrYS,S Ñka;kh" j.lSu yd j.ùu we;=`M fjk;a Okd;aul

wx. ,laIK ixj¾Okh lsÍu

VI. mqoa.,hdf.a iy cd;sfha Ôj .=Kh jeä ÈhqKq flfrk iy Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh iòyd odhl jk M,odhs ld¾hhka iòyd wOHdmkh ;=<ska

udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu

VII. YS>%fhka fjkia jk f,dalhla ;=< isÿ jk fjkialï wkqj yev.eiaùug yd tajd md,kh lr .ekSug mqoa.,hska iqodkï lsÍu iy ixlS¾K yd

wkfmalaIs; wjia:djkag id¾:l j uqyqK §fï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu

VIII. cd;Hka;r m%cdj w;r f.!rjkSh ia:dkhla ysñ lr .ekSug odhl jk hqla;sh iudk;ajh iy wfkHdakH .re;ajh u; mokï jQ wdl,am

yd l=i,;d fmdaIKh lsÍu

ix

3'0 uQ,sl ksmqK;d

wOHdmkh ;=<ska j¾Okh flfrk my; oelafjk uQ,sl ksmqK;d by; iòyka cd;sl wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug odhl jkq we;'

(I) ikaksfõok ksmqK;d

idlaIr;dj" ixLHd ms<snò oekqu" rEml Ndú;h u; f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;dj hk wkqldKav 4la u; ikaksfõok ksmqK;d mokï lr .kS'

idlaIr;dj : idjOdk j weyqïlka §u meyeÈ,s j l:d lsÍu" f;areï .ekSu iòyd lsshùu" ksjeros j iy ksrjq,a j ,sùu"

M,odhs whqßka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu

ixLHd ms<snò oekqu : NdKav" wjldYh yd ld,h .Kka lsÍu" .Kkh iy ñkqï iòyd l%udkql+, b,lalï Ndú;h

rEml Ndú;h : f¾Ld iy wdlD;s Ndú;fhka woyia ms<sìUq lsÍu iy f¾Ld" wdlD;s iy j¾K .<mñka úia;r" Wmfoia yd woyia

m%ldYkh yd jd¾;d lsÍu

f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;dj : mß.Kl oekqu iy bf.kSfï § o fiajd mßY%hla ;=< § o fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fha § o f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok

;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu

(II) fm!reI;aj j¾Okhg wod< ksmqK;d

- ksßudKYS,S nj" wmidÍ Ñka;kh" wdrïNl Yla;Ska" ;SrK .ekSu" .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍu" úpdrYS,S yd ú.%yd;aul Ñka;kh" lKavdhï

ye`.Sfuka lghq;= lsÍu" mqoa.,dka;r inò;d" kj fidhd.ekSï iy .fõIKh jeks j¾.Sh l=i,;d

- Rcq .=Kh" bjid ord isáfï Yla;sh iy udkj wNsudkhg .re lsÍu" jeks w.hhka

- Ñ;a;fõ.S nqoaêh

(III) mßirhg wod< ksmqK;d

fuu ksmqK;d idudðl ffcj iy fN!;sl mßirhg wod< fõ'

iudc mßirh : cd;sl Wreuhka ms<snò wjfndaOh" nyqjd¾.sl iudchl iudðlhka ùu yd iïnkaO ixfõ§;dj yd l=i,;d"

idOdrK hqla;sh ms<snò ye`.Su" iudc iïnkaO;d" fm!oa.,sl p¾hdj" idudkH yd ffk;sl iïm%odhhka"

whs;sjdislï" j.lSï" hq;=lï iy ne`§ï

ffcj mßirh : iÔú f,dalhl" ck;dj iy ffcj moaO;sh" .ia je,a" jkdka;r" uqyqo" c,h" jd;h iy Ôjh - Ydl" i;a;aj

yd ñksia Ôú;hg iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõoS nj yd l=i,;d

fN!;sl mßirh : wjldYh" Yla;sh" bkaOk" øjH" NdKav iy ñksia ðú;hg tajdfha we;s iïnkaO;dj" wdydr" we`ÿï" ksjdi"

wjfndaOh" ixfõÈ;dj yd l=i,;dj

bf.kSu" jev lsÍu iy Ôj;a ùu iòyd fuj,ï iy ;dlaIKh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï l=i,;d fuys wvx.= fõ'

x

(IV) jev f,dalhg iqodkï ùfï ksmqK;d

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu

;u jD;a;Sh <eÈhd iy wNsfhda.H;d y`ÿkd .ekSu

yelshdjkg iß,k whqßka /lshdjla f;dard .ekSu iy

jdisodhl yd ;srir Ôjfkdamdhl ksr; ùu

hk yelshdjka Wmßu lsÍug yd Odß;dj jeä lsÍug wod< fiajd kshqla;sh yd iïnkaO l=i,;d

(V) wd.u iy iodpdr O¾uhkag wod< ksmqK;d

mqoa.,hkag ;u ffoksl Ôú;fha § wdpdr O¾u" iodpdrd;aul yd wd.udkql+, yeisßï rgdjkag wkq.; fjñka jvd;a WÑ; foa f;dard thg

iß,k fia lghq;= lsÍu iòyd w.hhka Wlyd .ekSu yd iaùhlrKh

(VI) l%Svdj iy úfõlh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï ksmqK;d

fi!kao¾hh" idys;Hh" fi,a,ï lsÍu" l%Svd yd u,, l%Svd" úfkdaodxY yd fjk;a ks¾udKd;aul Ôjk rgdjka ;=<ska m%ldY jk úfkdaoh" i;=g"

wdfõ. iy tjka udkqIsl w;aoelSï

(VII) "bf.kSug bf.kqu" ms<snò ksmqK;d

YS>%fhka fjkia jk ixls¾K yd tlsfkld u; hefmk f,dalhl mßj¾;k l%shdj,shla yryd fjkiaùï yiqrejd .ekSfï § yd Bg ixfõ§

j yd id¾:l j m%;spdr oelaùu;a iajdëk j bf.k .ekSu;a iòyd mqoa.,hkag Yla;sh ,nd §u'

Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH wOHdmkh ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;s rduqjla i|yd fhdackd cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj ^2003 foieïn¾&

xi

xii

mgqk msgqj

12 jk fY%aKshtallh01' ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõh ye¢kaùu 01

02' c, úoHdj yd ld,.=K úoHdj 01

03' mi yd c,h w;r iïnkaO;dj 03

04' ìï uekSu yd uÜgï .ekSu 07

05' Ydl m%pdrK l%u Ys,am 08

06' wdydr fi!LHdrlaIs;;dj 10

07' miq wiajkq ;dlaIKh 12

08' wdydr weiqreïlrKh yd f,an,a lsÍu 13

09' wdydr wuqøjH wkqmd; ks¾Kh 14

10' bf,lafg%dksl ;dlaIKh yd WmlrKSlrKh 15

11' c,fha .=Kd;aulNdjh iy c, mú;%Kh 17

12' c,h tiùu 19

13' c, iïmdokh 20

14' m<sfndaO l<ukdlrKh 22

13 jk fY%aKshtallh15' i;a;aj ksIamdok ;dlaIKfõoh 28

16' mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;h 32

17' wdydr mßrlaIKh 33

18' ;jdka me< ksIamdokh 36

19' md,s; ;;a;aj hgf;a fnda. j.dj 38

20' f.dúfmd< jHqy 41

21' f.dúm< hdka;S%lrKh 42

22' N+ñ w,xlrKh yd u,a j.dj 46

23' c,c Ôj iïm;a l¾udka;h 48

24' jkdka;r ixrlaIKh yd jk ksmehqï 51

25' Ydlidr yd Y%dj wdY%s; ksIamdok 52

26' n,Yla;s w¾nqoh yd ms<shï 53

27' jD;a;Suh fi!LH yd wdrlaIdj 53

28' jHjidhl;ajh 54

ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï M,ld,ÉfÊoixLHdj

1' ffcj moaO;s;dlaIKfõofhaúldYh iym%jK;d úuidn,hs'

2' ld,.=KslidOl ms<sn|úuid n,ñkaffcj moaO;swdY%s;l%shdldrlïj,kshef<hs'

1'1 ffcj moaO;s;dlaIKfõofhaúldYh úu¾Ykhlrhs'

1'2 ffcj moaO;s;dlaIKfõofhawkd.; m%jK;dmqfrdal:kh lrhs'

2'1 c, pl%fha wjia:dy÷kd .ñkskaj¾IKh isÿ jkwdldr úia;rlrhs'

² ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh² ye¢kaùu² úldYh

² úúO ffcj moaO;sj, Ndú;

² ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõofha wkd.;m%jK;d² fnda. úoHdj wdY%s;² wdydr úoHdj wdY%s;² ëjr iy c,c Ôù úoHdj wdY%s;² i;a;aj md,kh wdY%s;

² c, pl%h² ye¢kaùu² ixrpl² wjia:d

² j¾IKh² ye¢kaùu² wdldr

² ffcj moaO;shla hkak ú.%y lrhs'² ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKffõoh w¾:

olajhs'² ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõofha úldYh

ms<sn| úia;r lrhs'² úúO ffcj moaO;sj, Ndú; ksoiqka

iys; j úia;r lrhs'

² lDIsl¾udka;h wdY%s; ffcjmoaO;Skaf.a kj m%jK;d ms<sn| júia;r lrhs'

² lDIsl¾udka;h wdY%s; j ffcjmoaO;skaf.a wkd.; m%jK;d ms<sn|fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'

² c, pl%fha ixrpl kï lrhs'² c, pl%fha wjia:d úia;r lrhs'² j¾IKh y÷kajd tys wdldr úia;r

lrhs'

03

03

03

01


2'2 ffcj moaO;sflfrys ld,.=KslidOlj, n,mEuúia;r lrhs'

2'3 ld,.=Ksl o;a;jd¾;d lrhs'

² ld,.=Kh iy foaY.=Kh w¾: oelaùu² ld,.=Ksl idOl

² j¾Idm;kh² wdf,dalh² WIaK;ajh² iq<`.² idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj

² úúO ffcj moaO;s flfrys tuidOlj, n,mEu² fnda. j.d wdY%s;² wdydr ksIamdok wdY%s;² êjr iy c, ðù j.d wdY%s;² i;a;aj md,k wdY%s;

² ld,.=K uOHia:dkh² ye¢kaùu² ia:dkhla f;Íu² WmlrK ia:dmkh lsÍu² o;a; ,nd .ekSu² o;a; jd¾;d lsÍu² .Kkh lsÍu

² ld,.=Kh iy foaY.=Kh úia;r lrhs'² foaY.=Ksl idOl úia;r lrhs'² foaY.=Ksl idOl úúO ffcj

moaO;sj,g n,mdk wdldrh meyeÈ,slrhs'

² ld,.=K uOHia:dkhla ia:dmkh lsÍfï§ i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq úia;r lrhs'

² ld,.=Ksl o;a; ,nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú;lrk WmlrK kï lrhs'

² ld,.=Ksl WmlrKj,ska o;a; ,nd .kshs'• ,nd .;a ld,.=Ksl o;a; ksjerÈ j jd¾;d

lrhs'• ld,.=K o;a;j,g wod< .Kkh lsÍï isÿ

lrhs'

07

10

02


3'1 mfiys uQ,slix>gl y÷kd.kshs'

3'2 mfiys fN!;sl.=Kdx. úia;rlrhs'

² mi² ye¢kaùu

² mfiys uQ,sl ix>gl² mdxY= >k øjH

² mdxY= Lksc² ldnksl øjH

² mdxY= c,h² mdxY= jd;h² mdxY= Ôùka

² uyd Ôùka² uÊcd Ôùka² laIqø Ôùka

² fN!;sl .=Kdx.² ye¢kaùu² m%Odk .=Kdx.

² mdxY= jhkh² ye¢kaùu yd jeo.;alu² uekSu

² mdxY= jHQyh² ye¢kaùu yd jeo.;alu² uekSu

² mdxY= >k;ajh² i;H >k;ajh

² ye¢kaùu yd jeo.;alu² uekSu

² oDYH >k;ajh² ye¢kaùu yd jeo.;alu² uekSu

• mi y÷kajhs'• mfiys uQ,sl ix>gl úia;r lrhs'• mdxY= Lksc øjH yd ldnksl øjHj,

jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'• mdxY= c, j¾. úia;r lr mdxY=

f;;ukh ks¾Kh lrhs'• mdxY= jd;fha jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'• mdxY= Ôùka j¾.SlrKh lrhs'

• mfiys fN!;sl .=Kdx. w¾: olajhs'• mfia fN!;sl .=Kdx.j, jeo.;alu

úia;r lrhs'• mia ksheÈj, jhkh yd jHQyh ks¾Kh

lrhs'• mfiys i;H iy oDYH >k;ajh ks¾Kh

lrhs'• mdxY= iújr;dj .Kkh lrhs'

05

10

3' fnda. j.dfõ§ mfia iymdxY= c,fhajeo.;aluúuid n,hs'

03


3'''''3 mfiys c,h r|jd.ekSfï Odß;djms<sn| ixisoaêúuid n,hs'

3'4 N+ c,fhajeo.;aluúu¾Ykh lrhs'

² mdxY= iújr;dj² ye¢kaùu yd jeo.;alu² .Kkh lsrSu

² mdxY= c, Odß;dj² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu² n,mdk idOl² ixisoaê

² ixila;sh iy wdila;sh² mDIaÀh wd;;sh² c,fha O%eùh;dj

² N+ c,h² ye¢kaùu² j¾.SlrKh

² I mka;sh² II mka;sh² III mka;sh² IV mka;sh

² c, ixpdhl² ye¢kaùu² j¾.SlrKh

² wdáishdkq fkdjk² wdáishdkq

² N+.; c,h mqkrdfrdamKh² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu

• mdxY= c, Odß;dj y÷kajhs'• mfia lafIa;% Odß;dj ks¾Kh lrhs'• mdxY= c, Odß;dj ms<sn| uQ,O¾u úia;r

lrhs'

• N+ c,h y÷kajd jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'• N+ c,h j¾.SlrKh lr fmkajhs'• c, ixpdhl y÷kajd tajd j¾.SlrKh lrhs'• N+.; c,h mqkrdfrdamKh y÷kajd tys

jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'• N+ c,h mqkrdfrdamK l%u úia;r lrhs'• N+ c,h mqkrdfrdamKh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍfï

l%u úia;r lrhs'

02

04

04


² l%u² úirK² flakaøSh

² fõ.j;a lrk l%u

² mdxY= ydhkh² ye|skaùu² n,mdk l%shdj,s

² mdxY= Ldokh² ye|skaùu² Ldok ldrl² Ldok wdldr

² mdxY= iqixykh² wl%uj;a c, jykh² mfia ldnksl øjH wvq ùu² ,jKSlrKh² wdï,SlrKh² mi ¥IKh ùu

² mdxY= mqkre;a:dmkh² ye¢kaùu² l%u

² mdxY= ixrlaIK l%u² hdka;%sl l%u

² ifudaÉp jeá² ifudaÉp ldkq

² YIH úoHd;aul l%u² jiqka fhoSu² fy,au¿ l%uh

3'5 mdxY= ydhkhj<lajd .kakd l%uw;ayod n,hs'

² mdxY= ydhkh hkak ks¾jpkh lr thgn,mdk idOl úia;r lrhs'

² mdxY= m%;sl%shdj mßlaIKd;aul j ks.ukhlrhs'

² mdxY= mqkre;a:dmkh ks¾jpkh lrhs'² mdxY= mqkre;a:dmk l%u wkq.ukh lrhs'

09

05


² ffcj úoHd;aul l%u² fojeá l%uh - SALT

² wdjrK fnda. jeùu² c, jykh l%uj;a lsÍu² oshqKq fnda. j.d l%u yd rgd Ndú;h² mfiys pH w.h ksjerÈ lsÍu² mig ldnksl øjH tl;= lsÍu² mi ¥IKh ùu je<elaùu

² mfika c,h ydks ùfï l%u² W;aiafõokh² jdIamSlrKh² .eUqre jEiaiSu

² mdxY= c, ixrlaIKh² ye|skaùu² jeo.;alu² l%u

² jiqka fhoSu² wdjrK fnda. j.dj² ìï ieliSu

² wju ìï ieliSu² Y=kH ìï ieliSu

² ldnksl øjH ñY% lsÍu

3'6 mdxY= c, ixrlaIKl%u w;ayod n,hs'

² mfika c,h ydks jk l%u úia;r lrhs'² mdxY= c,h ixrlaIKfha jeo.;alu meyeos,s

lrhs'² mdxY= c,h ixrlaIKh lsÍug l%shdud¾.

wkq.ukh lrhs'

04

06


² ìï uekSu yd uÜgï .ekSu(surveying and levelling)

² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu

² ñkqï ,nd .ekSfï l%fudamdhka² ;sria ÿr² isria ÿr

² ;, fïi ñks;h² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu² wjYH WmlrK² l%ufõo

² mßl%uKh (traversing)

² wÍh l%uh (radiation)

² fþokh$ ;%sfldaKlrKh$triangulation

² tla tla l%ufha jdis yd wjdis² ñks; ie,iaula ieliSu² is;shï lshùu

² bvfï j¾.M,h .Kkh lsÍu

² oïje,a uekSu² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu² WmlrK² l%ufõoh

² mshjr² ,nd .; hq;= ñkqu

4'1 ìï uekSu yduÜgï .ekSu y÷kd.kshs'

4'2 ìï uekqu i|yd;, fïi ñks;l%u w;ayod n,hs'

4'3 oïje,a uekSfïl%uh w;ayod n,hs'

² ìï uekSu yd uÜgï .ekSu ks¾jpkh lrtajdfha jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

² ìï uekSfï § yd uÜgï .ekSfï § uQ,slñkqï ,nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; jk fuj,ïyd l%fudamdhhka y÷kd .kshs'

² ;, fïi ñks;h y÷kajhs'² ìï uekSfï § iqÿiq ;, fïi ñks; l%uh

f;darhs'² ;, fïi ñks;fha È fhdod .kakd WmlrK

y÷kd .kshs'² ;, fïi uekqï l%shdj,s úia;r lrhs'² ;, fïi ñks; l%uj, jdis yd wjdis

i|yka lrhs'² ñks; ie,iaula ilihs'² uksk ,o bvfï j¾.M,h .Kkh lrhs'

² oïje,a uekSu y|kajhs'² oïje,a uekSug Ndú; jk WmlrK y÷kd

.kshs'² oïje,a uekSfï § ,nd .kakd úúO ñkqï

úuid n,hs'² iïu; ixfla; Ndú; lrñka ñkqï

ie,iaula ilia lrhs'

03

12

12

4' ìï uekSu yduÜgï .ekSum%dfhda.sl jNdú; lrhs'

07


² ñkqï ie,eiaula ieliSu² Ndú; jk úúO ixfla;² ie,iau we£u

² j¾.M,h fiùu² úúO lafIa;% .eg¨

² ìu uÜgï .ekSu² mdßNdIsl jpk² l%ufõoh² uekSfï mshjr² ñkqï ,nd .ekSu

² isria ÿr² ;sria ÿr

² mdGdxl igyka lsÍu² ie,lsh hq;= lreKq

² Ydl m%pdrKh² ye¢kaùu² l%u

² ,sx.sl m%pdrKh² ye¢kaùu² jdis yd wjdis

² w,sx.sl m%pdrKh² ye¢kaùu² jdis yd wjdis

² oïje,a uekSfï § we;s jk .eg¨ y÷kd.kshs'

² ìï uÜgï .ekSu yd iïnkaO mdßNdIsljpk y÷kd .kshs'

² ìï uÜgï .ekSu i|yd fhdod .kakdWmlrK y|kd .kshs'

² ìï uÜgï .ekSfï § ie,lsh hq;= lreKqúia;r lrhs'

² ;sria yd isria ÿr i,l=Kq lrhs'

² ,sx.sl iy w,sx.sl m%pdrKh w¾:olajhs'

² ,sx.sl iy w,sx.sl m%pdrKfha jdis ydwjdis ikaikaokh hs'

4'4 ìu uÜgï .ekSuw;ayod n,hs'

5'1 Ydl m%pdrKhy÷kajd fohs'

08

025' WÑ; ;dlaIKhNdú; lr Ydlm%pdrKfhakshef<hs'

08


² w,sx.sl m%pdrK l%u² iajdNdúl l%u

² N+.; l|ka u.ska² Odjl u.ska² n,aì, u.ska² fudfrhshka u.ska² n,an u.ska

² lD;%su l%u² len,s lsÍu² w;= ne£u

² jdhj² fN!ñl

² noaO lsÍu² wxl=r noaOh² ßls,s noaOh

² iSudldÍ idOl

² mgl frdamKh yd laIqø m%pdrKh² w¾: oelaùu² Ndú;

² laIqø m%pdrK ls%hdj,sh² uõ Ydl f;Íu² uQ,sl mglh ,nd .ekSu iy iqodkï

lsÍu² frdamK udOHh iqodkï lsÍu² wduql+,kh² .=Kkh lsÍu² mßirhg yqre lsÍu

06

05

² w,sx.sl m%pdrK l%u j¾.SlrKh lrhs'² w,sx.sl m%pdrK l%u w;ayod n,hs'² w,sx.sl m%pdrK l%shdj,sfha § Ndú;

jk WmlrK ksjerÈ j yiqrejhs'² w,sx.sl m%pdrKfha iSudldÍ idOl

úuid n,hs'

² mgl frdamKh yd laIqø m%pdrKh w;rfjki úia;r lrhs'

² laIqø m%pdrKfha uQ,sl mshjr úia;r lrhs'² laIqø m%pdrKfha mshjrhkays § yiqre

l=i,;d m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

5'2 w,sx.sl m%pdrKl%u Ndú;fhkaYdl m%pdrKfhakshef<hs'

5'3 mgl frdamK;dlaIKh u.skalaIqø m%pdrKhw;ayod n,hs'

09


² wdydrfha ;;a;ajh² ye|skaùu² jeo.;alu

² fN!;sl ,laIK ^bkaøsh f.dapr&² ridhksl ,laIK

² fmdaIl² wys;lr ridhksl øjH

² ;;a;aj iy;sl lsÍu² jeo.;alu² iy;sllrKfha mshjr² ;;a;aj iy;sl lsÍfï wdh;k

² ;;a;aj l<ukdlrK moaO;s² GAP

(Good Agricultural Practices - ukd lDIsld¾ñl ms<sfj;a&

² GMP

(Good Manufacturing Practices - ukd ksIamdok ms<sfj;a&

² GHP

(Good Hygenic Practices - ukd fi!LH ms<sfj;a&

² HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical

Control Point)

² m%ñ;s² ISO

² SLS

6'1 wdydrfha ;;a;ajl<ukdlrKh ydne£ mj;skl%uYs,am y÷kd.kshs'

² wdydrfha ;;a;ajh y÷kajd tys jeo.;aluúia;r lrhs'

² wdydrfha ;;a;aj iy;sl lsÍfïjeo.;alu meyeos,s lrhs'

² ;;a;aj iy;sllrKfha úúO mshjr kïlrhs'

² Y%S ,xldfõ ;;a;aj iy;sl lsÍu iïnkaOwdh;k kï lrhs'

² ;;a;aj iy;sl lsrSfï moaO;s yd m%ñ;sfláfhka úia;r lrhs'

046' .=Kd;aulwdydrksIamdokhlai|yd l%uúêie,iqï lrhs'

10


04

03

6'2 fi!LHdrlaIs;wdydrhl wjYH;djyd jeo.;alu úuidn,hs'

6'3 wdydr mßyrKhgwod< kS;s ydfr.=,dis úuidn,hs'

² wdydrfha fi!LHdrlaIs;;dj (food

safety)

² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu

² wdydr wid;añl;dj² ye¢kaùu² ,laIK

² wdydr úI ùu² ye¢kaùu² ,laIK

² wdydr mßyrKh ms<sn| kS;s fr.=,dis² wjYH;dj² wdydr mk;

² ye¢kaùu² mk; l%shd;aul jk wdldrh² mk;g wh;a fr.=,dis

² mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIdj² wdydr wdl,k² weiqreïlrKh² f,an,a lsÍu² .nvd lsÍu² wdydr ilia lsÍu

² wdydrfha fi!LHdrlaIs;;dj y÷kajd tysjeo.;alu meyeos,s lrhs'

² wdydr wid;añl;dj yd úI ùfï ;;a;ajy÷kajhs'

² wid;añl;d yd úI ùï we;s ùug jvd;abv we;s wdydr j¾. y÷kd .kshs'

² wdydr mßyrKh iïnkaO kS;sfr.=,disj, wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² wdydr mkf;ys we;s wdydr mßyrKhiïnkaO kS;s yd fr.=,dis úia;r lrhs'

² wdydr mk;g tl`. j hï wdydr øjHhlafjf<|fmd< i|yd bÈßm;a lrk wdldrhúia;r lrhs'

11


² miq wiajkq ydksh² ye¢kaùu² miq wiajkq ydksh i|yd n,mdk

fmr wiajkq idOl² fnda. f;aÍu² ld,.=Ksl idOlj, n,mEu² .=Kd;aul frdamK øjH Ndú;h² c, iïmdokh² fmdfydr Ndú;h² m<sfndaO yd frda.² lmamdÿ lsÍu" mqyqKq lsÍu yd fnda.

ikSmdrlaIdj² fmr wiajkq idOl l<ukdlrKh

² miq wiajkq ydksh isÿ jk wjia:d ydwdldrh² wiajkq fk<Sfï §² wiajkq mßyrKfha §² wiajkq ieliSfï §

² wiajkq msßisÿ lsÍfï §² wkjYH fldgia bj;a lsÍfï §² f;aÍfï oS yd fY%aKs.; lsÍfï §

² wiajkq weisÍfï §² .nvd lsÍfï §² m%jdykfha §² wf,úfha §

² wiajkqj, iajNdjh wkqj miq wiajkqydksh úia;r lrhs'

² miq wiajkq ydksh i|yd n,mdkfmr wiajkq idOl úia;r lrhs'

² miq wiajkq ydksh flfrys n,mdkfmr wiajkq idOl l<ukdlrKh lrhs'

² miq wiajkq ydksh isÿ jk wjia:d ydwdldrh ifya;=l j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² miq wiajkq ydks isÿ ùug fya;=meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² tla tla wjia:dj, úúO wiajkqj,gisÿ jk miq wiajkq ydks WodyrKiys; j olajhs'

06

06

7'1 miq wiajkq ydkshflfrys n,mdkfmr wiajkq idOlúuid n,hs'

7'2 miq wiajkq ydkshisÿ jk wjia:d iywdldrh wOHhkhlrhs'

7' .=Kd;Aul ydm%udKd;aulM,odjla i|ydmiq wiajkq;dlaIKsll%uYs,am ms<sn|úuid n,hs'

12


² miq wiajkq ydksh wju lsÍu² wjYH;dj² ydksh isÿ jk wjia:d yd wju lsÍu

² wiajkq fk<Sfï §² wiajkq ieliSfï §² wiajkq weisÍfï §² .nvd lsÍfï §² m%jdykfha §² wf,úfha §

² wdydr weiqreïlrKh² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu² úúO weiqreï øjH² úfYaIs; ;;a;aj hgf;a weiqreï

lsÍu² Ôjdkqyß;² ßla; weiqreï lsÍu² kùk lD; wNHka;r jdhq mßir

hgf;a weiqreï lsÍu

² wdydr f,an,a lsÍu² ye¢kaùu² wruqKq² weiqreï f,an,hl wvx.= úh hq;=

lreKq² m%jdyk weiqreï

² miq wiajkq ydksh wju lsÍu i|ydfhda.H l%uYs,am meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² fïÍfï o¾Yl weiqßka úúO fnda.j,wiajkq fk<k wjia:d y÷kd .kS'

² wdydr weiqreïlrK y÷kajd tysjeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

² wdydr weiqreï øjH kï lr tajdfha,laIK úia;r lrhs'

² wdydr weiqreïlrKfha wruqKq iu.weiqreï øjH j, ,laIK .,mhs'

² weiqreï j, úúO;ajh úuid n,hs'² úfYaIs; ;;a;aj hgf;a wdydr weiqreï

lsÍfï l%uYs,am yd tys jeo.;aluúia;r lrhs'

² wdydr f,an,a lsÍu y÷kajd tys wruqKqúia;r lrhs'

² mdßfNda.sl weiqreï f,an,hl wvx.=úh hq;= lreKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² f,an,fha oelsh yels fla; wxl (Bar

code), fmdaIKSh wka;¾.;h ms<sn| jmeyeÈ,s lrhs'

² m%jdyk weiqreï i|yd Ndú; jkixfla; yd l%uYs,am i|yka lrhs'

08

08

03

8' wdydr weiqreïlsÍu yd wdydrf,an,a lsÍui|yd ksjerÈl%u wkq.ukhlrhs'

7'3 miq wiajkq ydkshwju lsÍu i|ydWÑ; l%uúêie,iqï lrhs'

8'1 wdydr weiqreïlsÍfï yd Bgwod< úfYaI;;a;aj .fõIKhlrhs'

8'2 wdydr f,an,alsÍfï mdßfNda.sljeo.;alums<sn| j úuidn,hs'

13


² wdydr ksIamdokhl fjf<|fmd< b,aüfiùfï l%uh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² wdydr ksIamdokhla i|yd wjYH wuqøjHm%udK ks¾Kh lsÍu i|yd ffokslfmdaIK wjYH;d igyk yd fmdaIKj.=j Ndú;fha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² wuqøjH m%udK ks¾Kh lsÍfï l%uYs,amúia;r lrhs'

² bkaøsh f.dapr;dj y÷kajd bkaøshf.dapr ,laIK kï lrhs'

² bkaøsh f.dapr;dj we.hSfï l%uYs,ami|yka lrhs'

² o;a; úYaf,aIKhg wkqj wdydrhlbkaøsh f.dapr;dj w.hhs'

² wdydr ksIamdokhl fjf<|fmd< b,a ufiùu² m%YAkdj,sh ieliSu² o;a; úYaf,aIKh² fjf<|fmd< b,aüg wod< fidhd

.ekSï² jd¾;dj ieliSu

² wdydr ksIamdokhla i|yd wuqøjH wkqmd;ks¾Kh² ye¢kaùu² ffoksl fmdaIK wjYH;d igyk² fmdaIK j.=j² wuqøjH m%udK ks¾Kh lsÍfï

l%uYs,am² iqÿiq wuqøjH f;aÍu

² bkaøsh f.dapr;dj² ye¢kaùu² bkaøsh f.dapr ,laIK

(Sensory characteristics)

² fmkqu² rih² iqj|² jhkh

² bkaøsh f.dapr;dj we.hSu² l%u² o;a; úYaf,aIKh

9' wdydrksIamdokhgwjYH wuqøjHwkqmd; iQ;%h&ks¾Kh lsÍfï(food

formulation)

l%uYs,amwOHhkh lrhs'

05

08

07

9'1 wdydr ksIamdokhlfjf<|fmd< b,aüy÷kd .kshs'

9'2 wdydr ksIamdokhlai|yd wjYH wuqøjHwkqmd; ks¾KhlsÍfï uQ,O¾uwOHhkh lrhs'

9'3 wdydrhl bkaøshf.dapr;djwe.hSfï (Sensory

Evaluation) l%uYs,amúuid n,hss'

14


² wdydrhl ix>gl m%udKh ks¾KhlsÍfï l%u bÈßm;a lrhs'

² wdydrhl wvx.= f;;ukh ne,Su i|ydmÍlaIK isÿ lrhs'

² wdydrhl wdhq ld,h y÷kajhs'² wdydrhl wdhq ld,h ks¾Kh lsÍfï

l%u meyeÈ,s lrhs'² ilik ,o wdydrfha wdhq ld,h

ks¾Kh lsÍfï mÍlaIKhla l%shd;aullrhs'

² úÿ,sh yd bf,lafg%dksl lafIa;%fhaNdú; jk uQ,sl rdYSka w;riïnkaO;dj olajhs'

² bf,lafg%dksl mßm:j, Ndú; jkwl%sh Wmdx. ms<sn| j wjfndaOh ,nd.kS'

² wdydrhl ix>gl m%udKhka ks¾KhlsÍu² ye¢kaùu² ridhkd.dr úYaf,aIKh

² f;;ukh$c, il%sh;dj(aw)

² fm%daàka² fïo² ldfndayhsfâ%Ü² Lksc ,jK² úgñka

² wdydrfha wdhq ld,h (Shelf life)

² ye¢kaùu² ks¾Kh lsÍfï l%u

² iDcq l%uh (Direct method)

² jl% l%uh (Indirect method)

² úÿ,sh yd bf,lafg%dksl ;dlaIKlafIa;%fha Ndú; jk rdYSka² fjda,aàh;dj² Odrdj² m%;sfrdaOh² iaÓ;shduh² wl%sh Wmdx.

² m%;sfrdaOl² Odß;%l² fm%arl

9'4 wdydrhl wvx.=ix>gl m%udKhkaks¾Kh lsÍfïl%uúê úuid n,hs'

9'5 wdydrhl wdhqld,h (Shelf life)

ks¾Kh lsÍfï l%ums<sn| wOHhkhlrhs'

10'1 iajxlS%hlrKmoaO;s i|yd Ndú;jk wl%sh Wmdx.iuyrla y÷kd .kS'

08

03

0410' bf,lafg%dksl;dlaIKh iyWmlrKSlrKhffcj moaO;s;dlaIKfõohi|yd Ndú;lrhs'

15


² bf,lafg%dksl mßm:j, Ndú; jk il%shWmdx. ms<sn| j wjfndaOh ,nd .kS'

² bf,lafg%dksl mßm: ie,iqï lsÍfï ÈNdú; jk .Kkh lsÍï isÿ lrhs'

² g%dkaisiag¾ iaúphla tl,ia lrhs'² bf,lafg%dksl mßm:j, Ndú; jk

ixfõol iy mdrkdhlj, ,dlaIKsl .=Kigyka lrhs'

² ixfõolhl ixfõÈ;dj iy ksrjoH;djúia;r lrhs'

² ldrl j¾Olj, m%Odk ,dlaIKsli|yka lrhs'

² wmj¾;l j¾Olhla f,i iyikaikaolhla f,i ldrl j¾Ol fhdod.kS'

² by; Ndú;hka ixfõolj, ixfõ§;djj¾Okh lr .ekSug fhdod .kS'

² il%sh Wmdx.² vfhdavh" LED" fik¾ vfhdavh² g%dkaisiagrh ^PNP iy NPN&

² Odrd,dNh² Wmßu úfudapl ix.%dyl

fjda,aàh;dj² Wmßu ix.%dyl Odrdj

² Odrdj md,kh lsÍu iy wjYHfjda,aàh;djla ,nd §u i|yd Ndú;jk m%;sfrdaOl

² g%dkaisiagrh keUqre lsÍfï l%u² g%dkaisiag¾ iaúÉ² ixfõol

² LDR

² NTC/PTC

² ms<shjkh

² ldrl j¾Ol² ixfla;h² m%Odk w.%² mßmQ¾K ,dlaIKsl

² m%odk iïndOkh² m%;sodk iïndOkh² újD; uqÿ m%;s,dNh

² ldrl j¾Olfha Ndú;² wmj¾;l j¾Olh² ikaikaolh

10'2 bf,lafg%dksl;dlaIKfõofhaNdú; jk il%shWmdx. lSmhlay÷kdf.k tuWmdx. ixfõoliy mdrkdhlj,giïnkaO lrhs'

10'3 ixfõolj,ixfõ§;dj jeälsÍu i|yd ldrlj¾Ol Ndú;lrhs'

09

05

16


² md,l j¾. y÷kdf.k kï lrhs'² md,k moaO;s ms<sn| WodyrK ,nd fohs'² újD; uqød iy ixjD; uqÿ md,k

moaO;sj, fjki i|yka lrhs'² md,k moaO;s i|yd fhdod .kakd

we,af.dß;uhla ilia lrhs'

² laIqø ieliqï md,k moaO;sj, ld¾hhmeyeÈ,s lrhs'

² laIqø ieliqï md,k moaO;sj,g wjYHm%odk iy m%;sodk y÷kdf.k kï lrhs'

² l%uf,aÅ; ;¾l md,l moaO;sj, ld¾hhmeyeÈ,s lrhs'

² l%uf,aÅ; ;¾l md,l moaO;s i|ydwjYH m%odk iy m%;sodk y÷kdf.k kïlrhs'

² c,fha fN!;sl ridhksl iy ffcùhmrdñ;s úia;r lrhs'

² by; ,laIK uek ñkqï ,nd .kshs'

² md,l moaO;s j¾.² újD; uqÿ md,k moaO;s² ixjD; uqÿ md,k moaO;s² we,af.dß;uhka

² laIqø ieliqï moaO;shl fldgia² m%odk² m%;sodk² uOH ieliqï tallh² u;lh

² m%odk laIqø ieliqï moaO;s i|yd.e<mSu

² m%;sodk laIqø ieliqï moaO;s i|yd .e<mSu² l%uf,aÅ; ;¾l md,l moaO;s² l%uf,aÅ; ;¾l md,l moaO;sj, m%odk

iy m%;sodk

² c,fha .=Kd;aulNdjh uksk mrdñ;s² fN!;sl mrdñ;s

² WIaK;ajh² j¾Kh² .kaOh² oDYH;dj² ;ekam;a jQ >k øjH m%udKh (TSS)

² ridhksl mrdñ;s² pH w.h² ridhksl Tlaiscka b,aü (COD)

04

07

06

10'4 ffcj moaO;sj,gwjYH mdßißlidOl iajhxl%sh jmd,kh lrhs'

10'5 iajhxl%ShlrKhi|yd l%uf,aLkmd,k moaO;sNdú; lrhs'

11'1 c,fha fN!;sl"ridhksl iyffcùh ,laIKúia;r lrhs'

11' c,fha.=Kd;aul njuekSu iy c,mú;%Kh ms<sn|ksmqK;d m%.=Klrhs'

17


² mdkSh c,h iy wm; c,h mú;%Kl%shdj,sh úia;r lrhs'

² wm c, mú;%K l%shdj,sh w;ayod n,hs'

² ødùh Tlaiscka m%udKh (DO)

² ffcj ridhksl Tlaiscka b,aü^BOD&

² lÀk;ajh Hardness&² úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj

² ffcùh mrdñ;s² Coliform m%udKh² E. Coli m%udKh

² c, mú;%Kh² ye¢kaùu

² mdkSh c,h$fnda;,a l< c,h² ye¢kaùu² mdkSh c,fha ,laIK² c, mú;%K l%shdj,sh

² wm c,h mú;%K l%shdj,sh² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu² wm c, j¾.

² l=vd mßudKfha wm c,h² ld¾ñl wm c,h² lDIsld¾ñl wm c,h

² wm c,h mú;%K l%shdj,sh

11'2c,fha .=Kd;aulnj ms<sn| woyiabÈßm;a lrñka.=Kd;aul nj jeälr .ekSfïl%shdud¾. fhdackdlrhs'

04

18


² c,h tiùu hkak y÷kajhs'² idïm%odhsl c, Tijk l%u úia;r lrhs'² kùk c, Tijk l%u úia;r lrhs'• úúO c, Tijk l%uj, jdis yd wjdis

ii|hs'

² c,h tiùu² ye|skaùu² l%u

² idïm%odhsl² wdçhd <s‘|² lmamsh² fhd;a;² c, frdaoh

² kùk² c, fmdïm

² ksh; úia:dmk fmdïm^positive displacement pump&² msiagka fmdïm

² frdgß fmdïm² .sh¾ fmdïm

² N%uK pd,l fmdïm^Rotodynamic&² flakaødmidrS

² iaj mQrKh jk - Self priming

² iaj mQrKh fkdjk - Non self priming

² jdis yd wjdis

12' ld¾hh ydwjYH;djwkqj iqÿiq c,fmdïm f;dard.kshs'

12'1idïm%odhsl ydkùk c, Tijkl%u úia;r lrhs'

06

19


² c, tijqug iïnkaO .Kkh lsrSï² úi¾ck YS>%;dj² pQIK ysi (Suction Head)

² úi¾ck ysi (Delivery Head)

² uq¿ iaÓ;sl ysi (Total Static Head)

² >¾IK ysi (Friction Head)

² c, fmdïmhla f;dard .ekSu² i,ld n,k lreKq

² c, m%Njh² .eUqre <sx² fkd.eUqre <sx² osh myr

² c, wjYH;dj² .,d hk YS>%;dj² mSvk wjYH;dj

² c, fmdïm iú lsrSu yd kv;a;=j² iú lsÍfï § ie,lsh hq;= lreKq² kv;a;=j isÿ lrk wdldrh² fodaI y÷kd .ekSu yd ms<shï fh§u

² c, iïmdokh² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu

² idïm%odhsl jdß ;dlaIKh² ye¢kaùu² wjYH;dj yd úNjh² jdß moaO;sfha úúO jHQy

13' ffcjmoaO;Skays c,Ndú;ld¾hlaIu;djby< kxjhs'

• úi¾ck YS>%;dj" pQIK tijqu" pQIKysi yd úi¾ck ysi w¾: olajñka wod<.Kkh lsrSï isÿ lrhs'

² c, fmdïmhla f;dard .ekSfï oS i,ldne,sh hq;= lreKq úia;r lrhs'

² c, m%Njh yd Ndú;h wkqj fhda.H c,fmdïm j¾. kï lrhs'

² c, fmdïm iú lsÍu yd kv;a;=j isÿlrk wdldr w;ayod n,hs

² c, iïmdokh y÷kajd tys jeo.;aluúuid n,hs'

² Y%S ,xldfõ idïm%odhsl jdß ;dlaIKhms<sn| j úuid n,hs'

12'2 c, tijqu ydiïnkaO úúO.Kkh lsrSï isÿlrhs'

12'3 wjYH;dj wkqjiqÿiq c, fmdïmf;dard iú lrhs'

13'1 Y%S ,xldfõidïm%odhsl c,iïmdok;dlaIKh úuidn,hs'

04

04

01

20


² fnda.fha c, wjYH;dj² ye¢kaùu² ks¾Kh lsÍu² .Kkh lsÍu

² jdß c, iïmdok wjYH;dj² ye¢kaùu² .Kkh lsÍu

² Y=oaO c, iïmdokh² o< c, iïmdokh

² c, iïmdok ld¾hlaIu;dj² ye¢kaùu² .Kkh lsÍu

² c,h f.k hdfï ld¾hlaIu;dj² c,h fh§fï ld¾hlaIu;dj² c, Ndú; ld¾hlaIu;dj

² mDIaÁh c, iïmdokh² msgdr² we,s$jeá² fíiï² ;Sre

² mDIaÁh c, iïmdok l%u iei£u

² f;dard .;a fnda.hla i|yd c,wjYH;dj .Kkh lrhs'

² jdrs c, iïmdokh y÷kajhs'² Y=oaO yd o< c, iïmdok wjYH;dj

ks¾jpkh lr tajdys jeo.;alu úia;rlrhs'

² Y=oaO yd o< c, iïmdok wjYH;dj.Kkh lsÍu i|yd wjYH iólrKhf.dv k.hs'

² lafIa;%hla i|yd Y=oaO o< c, iïmdokwjYH;d .Kkh lrhs'

² c, iïmdok ld¾hlaIu;dj w¾: olajhs'² c, iïmdok ld¾hlaIu;djg wod< úúO

.Kkh lsÍï iólrK wdY%fhka isÿ lrhs'² f;dard.;a ia:dk lsysmhl c, iïmdok

ld¾hlaIu;dj .Kkh lrhs'² c, ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu i|yd

wjYH lghq;= isÿ lrhs'

² mDIaÁh c, iïmdok l%u úia;r lrhs'² mDIaÁh c, iïmdok l%u ii|hs'

13'2 fnda.fha c,wjYH;dj .Kkhlrhs'

13'3 c, iïmdokwjYH;dj .Kkh lrhs'

13'4 lafIa;%hl c,iïmdokld¾hlaIu;dj.Kkh lrhs'

13'5 mDIaÁh c,iïmdok l%uie,iqï lrhs'

04

06

06

05

21


² Wm mDIAÁh c, iïmdokh² ye¢kaùu² l%u

² laIqø c, iïmdokh² ye¢kaùu² wdldr

² úiqreï c, iïmdokh² ìxÿ c, iïmdokh

² ie,iqï lsÍu² i,ld n,k idOl

² ia:dmkh² .eg¨ yd úi÷ï

² fnda. j.dfõ m<sfndaO j¾.² w¾: oelaùu² jeo.;alu² j¾.SlrKh

² j,a me<² frda. ldrl² lDñ yd lDñ fkdjk i;a;aj

m<sfndaO² .yk >k;aj uÜgï

² iu;=,s; uÜgï (PEL)

² wd¾Ól ydksodhl uÜgu (EIL)

² wd¾Ól foay,Sh uÜgu (ETL)

² jix.; ;;a;aj

14' id¾:l fnda.j.djla Wfoidm<sfndaOl<ukdlrKhlrhs'

² úúO Wm mDIAÁh c, iïmdok l%uúia;r lrhs'

² Wm mDIaÀh c, iïmdok l%u w;ayodn,hs'

² laIqø c, iïmdokh ks¾jpkh lr laIqøc, iïmdok l%u kï lrhs'

² laIqø c, iïmdok moaO;Skays úúO wx.y÷kd .kshs'

² laIqø c, iïmdok l%uhla ie,iqï lsÍfï§ ie,lsh hq;= idOl úia;r lrhs'

² fok ,o N+ñhlg iqÿiq laIqø c, iïmdokl%uhla ie,iqï lrhs'

² m<sfndaO j¾. lrhs'² m<sfndaO .yk >k;aj uÜgï y÷kd

.kshs'² m<sfndaO md,kh isÿ l< hq;= wjia:dj

y÷kd .kshs'

13'6 Wm mDIaÁh c,iïmdok l%uwOHhkh lrhs'

13'7 ir, laIqø c,iïmdok l%uhlaie,iqï lrhs'

14'1 m<sfndaO j¾. lr.yk >k;ajhms<sn| úia;rlrhs'

03

06

03

22


² j,a me<² w¾: oelaùu² jdis yd wjdis² j¾.SlrKh

² ðú; ld,h wkqj² rEmSh ,laIK wkqj• jefvk mßirh wkqj

² j,a me< md,k l%u² hdka;%sl yd fN!;sl l%u

² w;ska .e,ùu$Wo¨ Ndú;h$lmdbj;a lsÍu

² ìï ieliSu u.ska ^mi fmr<Su&² c,h mqrjd ;eîu² iQ¾h ;dmkhg Ndckh lsÍu² ms,siaiSu² jiqka fh§u

² YIH úoHd;aul l%u• msßisÿ frdamK øjH Ndú;h• wdjrK fnda. jeùu• m%Yia; me< >k;ajhla mj;ajd

.ekSu² ksjerÈ fmdfydr Ndú;h

² ffcùh l%u² jHjia:dms; l%u² ridhksl l%u

² ifudaOdks; j,a me< l<ukdlrKh

² j,a me< j¾. lrhs'² j,a me<j, jdis yd wjdis úia;r lrhs'• j,a me< md,k l%u úia;r lrhs'• j,a me< md,k l%u ^fN!;sl$YIH

úoHd;aul& w;ayod n,hs'

14'2 j,a me< md,khi|yd WÑ;l%ufõo ie,iqïlrhs'

08

23


² lDñ yd lDñ fkdjk i;a;aj m<sfndaO² w¾: oelaùu² j¾.SlrKh² lDñ m<sfndaO

² ,laIK² rEmdka;rKh

² mQ¾K² w¾O

² lDñ ydksj, iajNdjh² imd lEu² úo hqI Wrd îu² m;%$u,a iQrd lEu² M, fyda l| isÿre lsÍu

² lDñ fkdjk i;a;aj m<sfndaO² ye¢kaùu² ydks

² lDñ yd lDñ fkdjk i;a;aj m<sfndaOmd,k l%u² fN!;sl yd hdka;%sl l%u

² lDókag we;=,a úh fkdyels fiandOl fh§u

² wdf,dal$Yío W.=,a Ndú;h² YIH úoHd;aul l%u

² iS iEu² fnda. udrej² fnda.fha ikSmdrlaIl lghq;=

² ffcj úoHd;aul l%u² jHjia:dms; l%u² ridhksl l%u

• i;a;aj m<sfndaO j¾. lrhs'• m<sfndaO md,kh iy rEmdka;rKh w;r

iïnkaO;dj u;+ lr olajhs'² lDñ ydksj, iajNdjh kso¾Yl iys; j

úia;r lrhs'² lDñ yd lDó fkdjk m<sfndaO md,k

l%u w;ayod n,hs'

14'3 lDñ yd lDñfkdjk i;a;ajm<sfndaO md,kl%u ms<sn| júuid n,hs'

08

24


² lDñ m<sfndaO md,kfha kjm%jK;d

² ifudaOdks; lDñ iy lDñ fkdjki;a;aj m<sfndaO l<ukdlrKh

² Ydl frda.² ye¢kaùu² frda. ldrl ldKav

² nelaàßhd² È,Sr² jhsri² jgmKq$fkufgdavd² *hsfgdma,diaud

² È,Sr frda.² fmdÿ frda. ,laIK

² frda. ,laIK y÷kd .ekSu² frda. ,laIK ksÍlaIKh

lsÍu² È,Sr cd, yd îcdKqOdks

mÍlaId lsÍu² frdamK udOHhl j.d lsÍu

² nelaàßhd² fmdÿ frda. ,laIK

² frda. ,laIK y÷kd .ekSu² frda. ,laIK ksÍlaIKh

lsÍu² hqI jEiaiSfï mÍlaIdj² frdamK udOHhl j.d lsÍu² wkaùlaISh mÍlaIdj

² Ydl frda. ldrl ldKav kï lrhs'² kso¾Yl weiqßka tla tla frda.ldrl

ldKavj,ska we;s jk fmdÿ frda.,laIK y÷kd .kS'

² Ydl frda. md,k l%ufõo w;ayod n,hs'

14'4 nyq, j mj;skYdl frda. iytajd md,khlsÍfï Wml%ufhdackd lrhs'

10

25


² jhsria frda.² fmdÿ frda. ,laIK

² frda. ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lsÍu² uia;= mÍlaIdj ÊLISA&² cdk mÍlaIdj

² jgmKq frda.² fmdÿ frda. ,laIK

² frda. ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lsÍu² n¾udka mqkS, l%uh

² *hsfgdma,diaud frda.² fmdÿ frda. ,laIK

² frda. ,laIK ksÍlaIKh² Ydl frda. md,k l%u

² fN!;sl iy hdka;%Sh l%u² ;dm m%;sldr l%u² frda.S Ydl bj;a lsÍu

² YIH úoHd;aul l%u² frda. ldrlj,ska f;dr frdamK øjH

Ndú;h² c, l<ukdlrKh lsÍu

² jHjia:dms; l%u² frda. ldrl we;=¿ ùu je<elaùu

² ffcùh l%u² ridhksl l%u

² ifudaOdks; frda. l<ukdlrKh

26


² m<sfndaO md,k WmlrK² ye¢kaùu

² WmlrK j¾.² øj bisk hka;%

• w;ska l%shd;aul lrk² msiagka wdldr² m%dÖr wdldr

• hka;% u.ska l%shd lrk² l=vq bisk hka;%

² w;ska l%shd;aul lrk² hka;% u.ska l%shd lrk

² m<sfndaO kdYl ñY%K ieliSuiy fh§u

² WmlrKj, kv;a;= lghq;=

14'5 m<sfndaO md,kWmlrK Ndú;hms<sn| yqrejla,nhs'

² m<sfndaO md,kh msKsi fhdod .kakdWmlrK j¾. lrhs'

² m<sfndaO md,k WmlrKj, fldgiay÷kdf.k tys l%shdldß;ajh úia;rlrhs'

² m<sfndaO md,k WmlrKj, kv;a;=lghq;= isÿ lrhs'

06

27


² f.dúfmd< i;=ka² ye¢kaùu

² i;a;aj ksIamdok j¾. yd fmdaIKShw.hka² lsß² uia² ì;a;r

² Wiia ;dlaIKh Ndú;h² jeo.;alu² l=l=¿ md,kfha §

² ksjdi iemhSu² wdydr iemhSu² c,h iemhSu² ikSmdrlaIdj

² t< .jhka md,kfha §² ksjdi iemhSu² wdydr iemhSu² c,h iemhSu² lsß foùu² ikSmdrlaIdj² i;=ka y÷kd .ekSu

² fokqkaf.a m%ckk moaO;sh² jHQyh

² ,sx.sl mßK;sh² uo pl%h

² ye¢kaùu² wjÈ yd tajdfha ,laIK

15'1 f.dúfmd< i;a;ajksIamdokj,fmdaIKSh w.hkaúuid n,hs'

15'2 f.dúfmd< i;a;ajmd,kfha § Ndú;jk Wiia;dlaIKsl l%uYs,am úuidn,hs'

15'3 fokqkaf.a m%ckkld¾hlaIu;djby< kexùfïúúO ;dlaIKsll%uYs,am úuidn,hs'

02

05

10

² f.dúfmd< i;=ka y÷kajhs'² f.dúfmd< i;=kaf.a ksIamdok kï lrhs'² i;a;aj ksIamdokj, fmdaIKSh w.hhka

olajhs'

² f.dúfmd< md,kh i|yd Wiia;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSfï jeo.;aluúia;r lrhs'

² l=l=¿ md,kfha § iy t< .j md,kfha§ Wiia ;dlaIKsl l%u fhdod .kakdwhqre úia;r lrhs'

² t<foklf.a m%ckk moaO;sfha fldgiay|kd .kshs'

² uo pl%h y÷kajhs'² uo pl%fha wjÈ kï lr ta ta wjÈj,

,laIK úia;r lrhs'² lD;%su isxpk l%shd ms<sfj< úia;r lrhs'

15' Wiia;dlaIKslYs,am l%uwkq.ukhlrñka i;a;ajksIamdokl¾udka;fhakshe<SfïiQodkum%o¾Ykhlrhs'

28


² fmr uoh² uoh² miq uoh² uo w;=r

² m%ckk ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu² jeo.;alu² l%u

² lD;%su isxpkh² ye¢kaùu² l%shd ms<sfj<

² Y=l%dKq tl;= lsÍu² we.hSu² ;kqllrKh² YS; lsÍu yd .nvd lsÍu² isxpkh

² l,, udrej² ye¢kaùu² l%shd ms<sfj<

² odhl fok f;aÍu² úYsIag iïnkSyrKh

^superovulation&² fok isxpkh lsÍu² l,, fidaod yeÍu² l,, ;lafiarej² .%dyl fokqka f;aÍu yd

iQodkï lsÍu² l,, noaOh² l,, .nvd lsÍu

² lD;%su isxpkh i|yd fhdod .kakdWmlrK y÷kd .kshs'

² l,, udrej y÷kajhs'² l,, udrefõ l%shd ms<sfj< úia;r lrhs'² uo iudfhdack isoaOdka;h úia;r lrhs'² uo iudfhdackh isÿ lrk l%u úia;r

lrhs'

29


² uo iudfhdackh² ye¢kaùu² l%u

² fm%dfciagfrdaka fydafm%dfciagfrdakuhm%;sl¾uh

² ¨fgkSlrK m%;sl¾uh² fm%dfciagfrdaka yd

¨fgkSldrl ixfhdackNdú;h

² ,sx. ks¾Kh² Y=l%dKq² l,,h

² lsß² ye¢kaùu² jdKsc lsß ksIamdok l¾udka;h

² .=Kd;aul lsß ksmoùu² jeo.;alu² n,mdk idOl² lsß mÍlaId

² jeo.;alu² úúO mÍlaIK

² fïo m%;sY;h² fïo fkdjk >k øjH

(SNF)

² uq¿ >k øjH (TS)

² úYsIag .=re;ajh² wdï,sl;dj

10² lsß ks¾jpkh lrhs'² .=Kd;aul núka yd m%udKd;aul núka

by< lsß ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSfïjeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

² .=Kd;aul lsß ksmoùu i|yd n,mdkidOl úia;r lrhs'

² lsßj, .=Kd;aul nj mÍlaIK u.ska;yjqre lrhs'

² by< lsß ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSuflfrys n,mdk idOl úia;r lrhs'

15'4 jdKsc lsßl¾udka;hgwjYH ;;a;ajúuid n,hs'

30


² m%udKd;aul j by< lsß ksIamdokh² jeo.;alu² n,mdk idOl

² fmdaIKh² fi!LHh² jß.h² jhi

² l=l=¿ uia wdY%s; ksIamdok l¾udka;h² .=Kd;aul uia

² jeo.;alu² n,mdk idOl² mßlaId

² fN!;sl² ridhksl² bkaøsh f.dapr

² ksIamdok² w.h tl;= l< uia

² ì;a;r wdY%s; ksIamdok l¾udka;h² .=Kd;aul ì;a;r

² ye¢kaùu² mÍlaId

² ì;a;r lgqfõ >klu yd jhkh

² kejqï nj² msßisÿ nj

² j¾.SlrKh² jeo.;alu

06

08

² .=Kd;aul l=l=¿ uia ksIamdokfhajeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

² l=l=¿ uiaj, .=Kd;aul nj flfrysn,mdk idOl úia;r lrhs'

² uiaj, .=Kd;aul nj ks¾Kh lsÍfïúúO l%u úia;r lrhs'

² uia ieliSfï kj l%u úia;r lrhs'

² .=Kd;aul núka hq;a ì;a;r f;darhs'² ks¾Kdhl wkqj ì;a;r fY%aKs .; lrhs'² ì;a;r wdY%s; kj ksIamdok ilik

whqre úia;r lrhs'

15'5 l=l=¿ uia wdY%s;l¾udka;fha kjm%jK;d úuidn,hs'

15'6 ì;a;r wdY%s;ksIamdokl¾udka;fha kjm%jK;d úuidn,hs'

31


² ì;a;r wdY%s; ksIamdokj, kjm%jK;d² ì;a;r mjqv¾² fm;s ^flakes&

² mßirh flfrys n,mEu² jdhqf.da,hg² mig² c,hg² ðùkag

² n,mEï wju lsÍu² 4R ixl,amh

² idïm%odhsl ixpdrl l¾udka;h² j¾;udk ;;a;ajh² wNsfhda. yd .eg¨

² mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;h² wjYH;dj² m%;s,dN

² mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;fhaúúO;ajh² iajNdj mdol ixpdrl l¾udka;h

(Naturebase tourism)

² úl%udkaú; ixpdrl l¾udka;h(Adventure tourism)

² lDIs ixpdrl l¾udka;h(Agro tourism)

² wOHd;añl ixpdrl l¾udka;h(Spiritual tourism)

04

04

² f.dúfmd< i;=ka ksid we;s jkmdßißl .eg¨ y÷kd .kshs'

² mdßißl .eg¨ wju lsÍug lghq;=lrhs'

² idïm%odhsl ixpdrl l¾udka;fhaj¾;udk ;;a;ajh úia;r lrhs'

² mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;fhawjYH;dj u;= lr olajhs'

² mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;fhaúúO;ajh f.kyer olajhs'

16' ;sridrjmdßißlixpdrll¾udka;fhakshe<SfïiQodkum%o¾Ykhlrhs'

15'7 f.dúfmd< i;=kaksid we;s jkmdßißl .eg¨wju lsÍuglghq;= lrhs'

16'1 mdßißl ixpdrll¾udka;fhaúúO;ajh.fõIKh lrhs'

32


² ixialD;sl ixpdrl l¾udka;h(Cultural tourism)

² ;sridr ixj¾Okhg we;s odhl;ajh

² mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;h i|ydm%foaYfha we;s úNj² ffcj úúO;ajh² wdl¾YkSh ia:dk² ft;sydisl ia:dk² .%dóh Ôjk rgd

² mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;fhaid¾:l;ajhg n,mdk idOl² há;, myiqlï² ixpdrl fjf<|fmd<² udkj iïm;aj, .=Kd;auh

² wdydr krla ùu² ye¢kaùu² we;s jk wys;lr n,mEï² n,mdk idOl

² fN!;sl idOl² f;;ukh² WIaK;ajh² hdka;%sl ydks² ld,h

² ridhksl idOl² pH w.h² jd;h Ô

2&

² tkaihsu l%shdldß;ajh

04

06

² mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;fha kshe,Sui|yd m%foaYfha we;s úNj ,ehsia;=.;lrhs'

² mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;fhaid¾:l;ajhg n,mdk idOl úia;rlrhs'

² wdydr krla ùu y÷kajhs'² wdydr krla aùu ksid we;s jk wys;lr

n,mEï ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'² wdydr krla ùug n,mdk idOl úia;r

lrhs'

17' ksfrda.Su;aosúfmfj;lai|yd.=Kd;aulwdydrksIamdokhlrhs'

16'2 mdßißl ixpdrll¾udka;fhakshe,Sug we;s bvm%ia:d fidhd n,hs'

17'1 wdydr krla ùui|yd n,mdkidOl y÷kdf.ktajd md,kh lrhs'

33


² cSj úoHd;aul idOl² laIqø csùka² uyd csùka

² wdydr mßrlAIKh² ye¢kaùu² wruqKq

² wmf;a hdu je<elaùu² wdhq ld,h jeä lsÍu² ld,Sk úúO;ajh wvq lsÍu² wdydr fõf,ys úúO;ajh jeä lsÍu² wdydrfha fmdaIK w.h jeä lsÍu

² uQ,O¾u² laIqø Ôù l%shdldß;ajh ksfIaOkh

lsßu² ridhksl m%;sl%shdjka ksfIaOkh

lsÍu² lDñ ydks je<elaùu

² wdydr mßrlaIKh lsÍfï l%uYs,am² by< WIaK;aj Ndú;h

² mdYapÍlrKh (Pasteurization)

² ðjdKqyrKh (Sterillization)

² úh<Su ^Drying&² úisß úh<Su ^spray Drying&

² wvq WIaK;ajh Ndú;h² YS;lrKh² wê YS;kh (Freezing)

² YS; úh<Su (Freeze Drying)

08² wdydr mßrlaIKh y÷kajhs'² wdydr mßrlaIKh lsÍfï wruqKq

,ehsia;= .; lrhs'² wdydr mßrlaIK uQ,O¾u úia;r lrhs'² wdydr mßrlaIKh lsÍfï l%uYs,am

w;ayod n,hs'

17'2 wdydr mßrlaIKhlsÍfï uQ,O¾u ydl%uYs,am .fõIKhlrhs'

34


² meiùu (Fermentation)

² ,elaála wï, meiùu² weisála wï, meiùu² uoHidr meiùu

² idkaøSlrKh (Concentration)

² iSks Ndú;h² ¨Kq Ndú;h

² ÿï .eiSu (Smoking)

² m%úlsrKh (Irradiation)

² wdydr úúOdx.SlrKh² ye¢kaùu

² ire lsÍu (Enrichment)

² m%n, lsrSu (Fortification)

² jdis yd wjdis

² wdydr ksIamdokhla ilia lsÍfï talll%shdldrlï² m,;=re ksIamdokhla² OdkH$udY fnda. ksIamdokhla² lsß ksIamdokhla² ud¿ ksIamdokhla

² ilia lrk ,o wdydrh weiqreï lsÍuyd f,an,a lsÍu'

02

15

17'3 wdydrúúOdx.SlrKfhal%u y÷kd.kshs'

17'4 WÑ; talll%shdldrlï iy l%uYs,am Ndú; lrñkawdydr ksIamdokilihs'

² wdydr úúOdx.SlrKh y÷kajhs² wdydr ire lsÍfï yd m%n, lsÍfï l%u

úia;r lrhs'² wdydr úúOdx.SlrKfha jdis yd wjdis

,ehsia;+ .; lrhs'

² úúO j¾.fha wdydr ilia lsrSu i|ydNdú; jk WÑ; l%uYs,am yd talll%shdldrlï úia;r lrhs'

² WÑ; l%uYs,am yd tall l%shdldrlïWmfhda.S lr f.k wdydrhla ilia lrweiqreï lr f,an,a lrhs'

35


² uõ Ydl md,kh² kquqyqka fm< mj;ajd .ekSu² mrd.Kh isÿ lsÍu² fïrE M,hlska îc fjka lsÍu² îc l,a ;nd .ekSfï l%u

² Ys;lrKfha ;eîu² ueá n÷kaj, ;eîu² lr,a f,i .nvd lr ;eîu

² îc m%;sldr² >k îcdjrKh bj;a lsÍu² WKq c, m%;sldrh$wï, m%;sldrh² ksfIaOl øjH bj;a lsÍug fia§u² os,Sr kdYl fh§u

² ;jdka² ye¢kaùu² ia:dkhla f;aÍu² ;jdfka o< ie,iau ilia lsÍu² ;jdka i|yd wdrlaIdj iemhSu

² i;=kaf.ka² iq<`.ska² j¾Idfjka² ysre t<sfhka

² ;jdka j¾. ieliSu² ;jdka md;a;s

² Wia ;jdka² .s,a jQ ;jdka

18'1 ;jdka lsÍu i|yd.=Kd;aul îc ,nd.kshs'

18'2 .=Kd;aul me<,nd .ekSu i|ydîc m%;sldr isÿlrhs'

18'3 .=Kd;aul ;jdkame< ksIamdokhlrhs'

² Wiia .=Kd;aulNdjfhka hq;= îc ,nd.ekSug kquqyqka fm< mj;ajd .kshs'

² mrd.Kh isÿ lsÍfuka M, ,nd .kshs'² îc l,a ;nd .ekSfï l%u wkq.ukh

lrhs'

² iqÿiq îc m%;sldr l%u isÿ lrhs'

² ;jdka i|yd iqÿiq ia:dkhla f;dard o<ie,iaula ilia lrhs'

² ;jdka i|yd wdrlaIdj imhhs'² úúO ;jdka j¾. ilihs'² ;jdfka WÑ; mßÈ îc ixia:dmkh

lrhs'² ;jdka kv;a;= lghq;= isÿ lrhs'² m%jdykh i|yd me< iQodkï lrhs'² ;jdka me< ksIamdokfha úúO

l%shdldrlï i|yd jd¾;d ;nd .kshs'

18' .=Kd;aul îcme< ksmojdfnda.ixia:dmkhisÿ lrhs'

02

02

06

36


² je,s ;jdka² fkßfvdaflda ;jdka² n÷ka ;jdka

² udOH ieliSu² ;jdka ÔjdKqyrKh² îc ixia:dmkh² ;jdka kv;a;=j

² fmdfydr fh§u² c, iïmdokh² m<sfndaO md,kh² me< ±ä lsÍu

² n÷ka ;jdka me< m%jdykhg iqodkïlsÍu² me< fY%aKs.; lsÍu² n÷ka msßisÿ lsÍu² ysia wjldY i|yd mia msrùu² m%jdykh i|yd jHQy fhdod .ekSu

² ma,diaála l+v ^Crates&² rdlal² ;eá

² jd¾;d ;nd .ekSu² fnda. m%fNaoh² me< ixLHdj² isgq jQ Èkh² c, iïmdok ld,dka;rh² fmdfydr fh§u² j,a me< md,kh² me< wf,úh

37


² me< isgqùu² isgqjk mr;rh ;SrKh lsÍu² j.d j< ieliSu² fmdfydr fh§u

² ldnksl² ridhksl

² ixia:dmkh

² md,s; ;;a;aj hgf;a fnda. j.dj² ye|skaùu² jeo.;alu² md,kh lrk idOl

² jdhj idOl² WIaK;ajh² wdf,dalh² idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj² j¾Idm;kh

² mdxY= idOl

² wdrlaIs; jHQy² j¾.SlrKh

² ;djld,sl jHQy² iQ¾h m%pdrl

² w¾O iaÓr jHQy² oe,a ksjdi² fmd,s;ska Wux

² iaÓr jHQy² yß;d.dr

² mdßißl ;;a;aj md,kh lsÍfïWml%u

19' md,s; mßir;;a;aj hgf;aid¾:l jfnda. j.d isÿlrhs'

² fnda.hg iqÿiq mßÈ isgqjk ia:dkhms<sfh, lrhs'

² iqÿiq fmdfydr Ndú; lrhs'² kshñ; mr;rj,g wkqj fnda. isgqjhs'

² md,s; ;;a;aj hgf;a fnda. j.dfõjeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

² md,s; ;;a;aj hgf;a fnda. j.dfõ oSmd,kh lrk idOl úia;r lrhs'

² wdrlAIs; jHQy WodyrK iys; jj¾.SlrKh lr olajhs'

² wdrlaIs; jHQy ;=< mdßißl ;;a;ajmd,kh lsÍfï Wml%u úia;r lrhs'

18'4 me< isgqùu i|ydksjerÈ l%ums<sfj;a wkq.ukhlrhs'

19'1 fnda. j.dfõ oSmd,kh l< yels;;a;aj úuidn,hs'

19'2 wdrlaIs; jHQy ;=< mdßißl ;;a;aj md,kh lsÍfï Wml%u úuid n,hs'

02

02

02

38


² ks¾mdxY= j.dj² ye|skaùu² jeo.;alu² j.d l%u

² c, frdams; j.dj² ixirKh jk

² fkd.eUqre fmdaIK ødjKmg, ;laIKsh

² .eUqre fmdaIK Odrd;dlaIKh

² ixirKh fkdjk² uq,a .s,a jQ j.dj² md fjk j.dj² flaYsl wjfYdaIK j.dj

² >k udOH ;=< j.dj² isria j.d u¨ ;=<² ;sria j.d u¨ ;=<² n÷ka ;=< j.dj

² l%shd ms<sfj<² jHQy ieliSu² fmdaIl udOH ielisu² fmdaIl udOH iys; j.d jHQyh ;=<

me< ixia:dmkh lsÍu² kv;a;=j

² fmdaIl pl%SlrKh² pH w.h md,kh² úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj md,kh

19'3 ks¾mdxY= j.d l%uúuid n,hs'

19'4 c, frdams; j.dl%uh w;ayod n,hs'

² ks¾mdxY= j.dj y÷kajd tys jeo.;aluúia;r lrhs'

² ks¾mdxY= j.d l%u y÷kdf.kj¾.SlrKh lr olajhs'

² úúO ks¾mdxY= j.d l%u isÿ lrkwdldrh úia;r lrhs'

² ixirKh jk c, frdams; j.dj i|ydwjYH jHQyh ilihs'

² ixirKh jk c, frdams; j.dfõkv;a;= lghq;= isÿ lrhs'

04

08

39


² l%shd ms<sfj<² jHQy ieliSu² >k udOH f;aÍu

² i,ld n,k .=Kdx.² >k udOH j¾.h

² wldnksl iajdNdúl² ldnksl iajdNdúl² wldnksl lD;%su² ldnksl lD;s%u

² >k udOH ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍu² >k udOH iys; j.d jHQyh ;=< me<

ixia:dmkh lsÍu² kv;a;=j

² fmdaIl iemhSu

² wdrlaIs; .Dyhla ;=< ikSmdrlaIl;ajhmj;ajd .ekSu

² úfYaI kv;a;= lghq;=² lmamdÿ lsÍu" mqyqKq lsÍu² M, yd u,a ;=kS lsÍu² mrd.Kh² wdOdrl iemhSu

19'5 >k udOH ;=< j.dl%u w;ayod n,hs'

19'6 wdrlaIs; fnda.j.dfõ §ikSmdrlaIdj iyúfYaI kv;a;=lghq;= ms<sn|ie,ls,su;a fjhs'

² >k udOH ;=< j.d l%u i|yd wjYHjHQy ieliSu

² >k udOH ;=< j.dj i|yd iqÿiq >kudOHhla f;dard ÔjdKqyrKh isÿ lrhs'

² >k udOH iys; j.dfõ kv;a;= lghq;=isÿ lrhs'

² wdrlaIs; .Dyhka ;=< ikSmdrlaIdfõwjYH;dj myod fohs'

• wdrlaIs; .Dyhka ;=< isÿ lrk úfYaIfnda. kv;a;= lghq;= isÿ lrk whqrewdo¾Ykh lrhs'

08

04

40


² f.dúfmd< jHQy² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu² fnda. j.dj wdY%s; wdrlaIs; jHQy

² yß;d.dr² oe,a .Dy² fmd,s;ska Wux

² i;a;aj md,kh wdY%s; jHQy² nDDvr yd l=l=¿ ksjdi² .j ksjdi

² bÈ lsÍï i|yd wuqøjH² ye¢kaùu² j¾. iy tajdfha .=Kdx.

² fldkal%SÜ² oej² ma,diaála² GI ng² fmd,s;Ska² .fvd,a² fiú,s øjH

² f.dúfmd< jHQy bÈ lsÍu² mshjr

² uQ,sl iQodku² w;a;sjdru oeóu² ì;a;s f.dv ke.Su² fiú,s fh§u

20'1 úúO f.dúfmd<jHQy ms<sn| úuidn,hs

20'2 f.dúfmd<jHQyhka bÈ lsÍui|yd iqÿiq wuqøjHy÷kd .kshs'

20'3 f.dúfmd<jHQyhka bÈ lsÍfïksjerÈ wdldrhms<sn| wOHhkhlrhs'

² f.dúfmd< jHQy y÷kajd tys jeo.;aluúia;r lrhs'

² úúO f.dúfmd< jHQyj, ie,iqï w¢hs'

² f.dúfmd< jHQy f.dv ke.Su i|ydwjYH jk wuqøjH ,ehsia;= .; lr.=Kdx. ii|hs'

² f.dúm< jHQy bos lsÍug WÑ; wuqøjHf;darhs'

² f.dúfmd< jHQy f.dvke.Sfï ksjerÈwkqms<sfj< úia;r lrhs'

02

03

02

20' úúOf.dúfmd<jHQyhkaie,iqï lrhs'

41


² m%udK ì,am;a² ye|skaùu² jeo.;alu² ieliSfï l%u² ieliSfï mshjr² m%Odk jev YS¾I i|yd m%udK .ekSu² l%shdldrlï ika;;sh y÷kd .ekSu² ì,m;a ieliSu

² N+ñ w,xlrKh² ye|skaùu² jeo.;alu² b;sydih² uQ,O¾u iy l,d uq,hka

² wkqmd;h² ;=,s; nj² kej; kej; fh§u² talShNdjh² udhsu² iajrEmh² jhkh² j¾Kh

20'4 f.dúfmd< jHQyi|yd m%udKì,am;a ilia lrhs'

21'1 N+ñ w,xlrKuQ,O¾u iy l,duQ,hka úia;rlrhs'

² wuqøjH iy Y%u wjYH;d .Kkh lrhs'² f;dard .;a f.dúfmd< jHQyh i|yd

m%udK ì,am; ilihs'

² N+ñ w,xlrKh i|yd fhdod .kakduQ,O¾u iy l,d uQ,hka ms<sn| ksoiqkaolajhs'

04

02

21' N+ñ w,xlrKhiy jHdmdßlu,a j.djms<sn| l=i,;dm%.=K lrhs'

42


² wjYH øjH f;aÍu² uDÿ wx.

² ye¢kaùu² j¾.

² ;DK msá² c, jyk moaO;s ie,iqï

lsÍu² fndaor² Ydl jeá² u,a md;a;s² ;ks Ydl

² ia:dmkh iy kv;a;=j² ;DK msá² fndaor² Ydl jeá² u,a md;a;s² rEÜ fnda,a lrk ,o Ydl

² oDV wx.² ye¢kaùu² j¾.

² m%;sud iy ueá n÷ka² mdrj,a iy w;=rKq² mzf.da,d iy wdrelal=² .suka y,² Èh we,s $fmdl=Kq$md,ï

² ia:dmkh yd kv;a;=j² ks¾udK ie,iqula i|yd wjYH Ydl

iy oDV f;aÍu

² WoHdk ks¾udKh i|yd wjYH uDÿ iyoDV wx. f;darhs'

² uDÿ wx. kv;a;=j ms<sn| úia;r lrhs'² iqÿiq ia:dkhl uDÿ iy oDV wx. ia:dms;

lrhs'

21'2 N=ñ w,xlrKhi|yd .kakd uDÿwx. iy oDVdx.ms<sn| j úuidn,hs'

04

43


² N+ñ w,xlrK wdldr² úêu;a wdldrh² wúêu;a wdldrh² ñY% wdldrh

² úúO WoHdk wx.² cmka WoHdk² mshis WoHdk² .sß WoHdk² kd.ßl WoHdk

² ie,iqï lsÍfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;=lreKq² fiajd odhlhdf.a wjYH;dj² ia:dkfha f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu

² N+ñh² udhsu

² foaY.=Ksl idOl² m%dfoaYSh kS;s Í;s

² ie,iqï lsÍu iy we£u² Ndú; jk ixfla;² is;shï ks¾udKh

² úhou weia;fïka;= lsÍu

² WoHdk kv;a;=j² WoHdk wx. kv;a;=j² WmlrK kv;a;=j² WoHdk wmøjH l<ukdlrKh

² N+ñ w,xlrK wdldr úia;r lrhs'² úúO WoHdk wx.j, ,laIK úia;r

lrhs'

² fok ,o N+ñhlg iqÿiq ie,iqulaks¾udKh lrhs'

² ks¾udKh lrk ,o ie,iaul úhouweia;fïka;= lrhs'

² WoHdk wx. kv;a;=j isÿ lrhs'² WmlrK kv;a;=j isÿ lrhs'² WoHdkfha ikSmdrlaIdj ukdj mj;ajd

.kshs'² WoHdk wmøjHj,ska fldïfmdaiaÜ

ksmojhs'

21''3 N+ñ w,xlrKfha§ Ndú; jk N+ñw,xlrK wdldryd WoHdk wx.ms<sn| j úuidn,hs'

21'4 WÑ; ;dlaIKhNdú; lrñka N+ñw,xlrKie,iqulaks¾udKh lrhs'

21'5 WoHdk kv;a;=lghq;= ksis mßosisÿ lrhs'

02

06

08

44


² jHdmdßl u,a j.dj² j¾;udk fjf<|fmd<

² foaYSh² úfoaYSh

² fjf<|fmd< b,aü iys; u,a ydúis;=re Ydl² lemQ u,a

² frdai² weka;+ßhï² ´lsâ² fy,sfldakshd

² lemQ m;% iy uq,a weoao jQ o~qlen,s² v%iSkd j¾.² *dï j¾.

² n÷ka .; me<² weka;+ßhï² v%iSkd² c¾fnrd

² lemQ u,a iy úis;=re m;%sl Ydl j.dlsÍu² frdamK øjHh ieliSu² frdamK udOHh ieliSu² md;a;s$n÷ka ms<sfh, lsÍu

² kv;a;= lsrSu² m<sfndaO md,kh² fmdfydr fh§u² c, iïmdokh

² wiajkq fk<Su² fjf<|fmd< i|yd ieliSu

21'6 fjf<|fmd<b,aü iys; u,a ydúis;=re m;%sl Ydlj.dfõ kshef<hs'

² jHdmdßl u,a j.dfõ j¾;udk ;;a;ajhmeyeÈ,s lrhs'

² fjf<|fmd< b,aü iys; u,a j.dlsÍfï yqrejla ,nhs'

² úis;=re m;%sl Ydl j.d lsÍfï yqrejla,nhs'

12

45


² f.dúfmd< hdka;%SlrKh² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu

² ìï ieliSu² wjYH;dj² ìï ieliSfï uQ,sl l%shdldrlï² ie,lsh hq;= lreKq

² ld,dka;rh² iS idk .eUqr

² ìï ieliSfï WmlrK² j¾.SlrKh

² l%shd lrùug Ndú; lrk n,hwkqj² ñksia n,fhka² i;aj n,fhka² bkaOk n,fhka

² Ndú; lrk wjia:dj wkqj² m%d:ñl ìï ieliSfï WmlrK² oaú;Shsl ìï ielisfï WmlrK

² l%shd lrjk whqre² kv;a;=j

22'1 f.dúfmd<hdka;%SlrKhy÷kajhs'

22'2 ìï ieliSfïWmlrK l%shd;auljk whqrewOHhkh lrhs'

² f.dúfmd< hdka;%SlrKh y÷kajhs'² hdka;%SlrKfha jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

² ìï ieliSfï wjYH;d yd uQ,sll%shdldrlï úia;r lrhs'

² ìï ieliSfï oS ie,lsh hq;= lreKqmeyeos,s lrhs'

² ìï ieliSfï WmlrK j¾. lrhs'² ìï ieliSfï WmlrKj, l%shdldß;ajh

úia;r lrhs'² ìï ieliSfï WmlrKj, kv;a;=

lghq;= isÿ lrk whqre meyeÈ,s lrhs'

02

06

22' f.dúfmd<hdka;%SlrKhms<sn|.fõIKfhafhfohs'

46


22'3 w;=reh;a .EfïWmlrKhkaysl%shdldß;ajhy÷kd .kshs'

22'4 i;a;aj ksIamdoki|yd wjYH jkhkaf;%damlrKhkaysl%shdldß;ajhy÷kd .kshs'

22'5 oaú frdao iyisõ frdaog%elag¾j,l%shdldß;ajhwdo¾Ykh lrhs'

² w;=reh;a .Efï WmlrK² ye¢kaùu² j¾.SlrKh

² ñksia n,fhka l%shd lrjk² fyda WmlrK² l,aáfõgr² j,a me< fk<k hka;%

² hka;% n,fhka l%shd lrjk^g%elagrhg iú lr&

² i;a;aj ksIamdok i|yd Ndú; lrkhkaf;%damlrK yd tajdfha l%shdldÍ;ajh² lsß foùfï §

² ia:djr WmlrK² cx.u WmlrK

² lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok ieliSfï oS² meiagÍlrK" ðjdKqyrK" fïoh

fjka lsÍfï WmlrK² úisrs úh<k

² g%elag¾² oaú frdao yd isõ frdao g%elagrh

² uQ,sl wx.² tkaðu² iïfm%aIK moaO;sh² ødj moaO;sh² bkaOk moaO;sh² isis,k moaO;sh

² w;=reh;a .Efï WmlrK j¾. lrhs'² w;=reh;a .Efï WmlrKhkays

l%shdldß;ajh ikaikaokh lrhs'

² i;a;aj ksIamdok ieliSu i|yd Ndú;jk WmlrK j¾. lr tajdfhal%shdldÍ;ajh meyeos,s lrhs'

² oaú frdao iy isõ frdao g%elag¾ y÷kdf.k tajdfha wx. ms<sn| úuid n,hs'

• ;=ka mqrela wEªug WmlrK iú lsÍu iy.e,ùu ms<sn| wdo¾Ykh lrhs'

• oaú frdao iy isõ frdao g%elagrj,g úúOWmlrK iú lrk wdldrh wdo¾Ykhlrhs'

04

04

08

47


² n, iïfm%aIK moaO;Skays Ndú;jk f;,a j¾.

² ;=ka mqrela wE÷fuys l%shdldß;ajh(3 point linkage)

² iS iEu² leg fmdä lsÍu² iu;, lsÍu

² c,c Ôj iïm;a l¾udka;h² ye|skaùu² jeo.;alu

² wd¾:slhg² fmdaIKhg² úfkdaodiajdohg

² wdY%s; l¾udka;² úúO ksIamdok² NdKav yd fiajd² há;, myiqlï² úNjh oshqKq lsÍug

² c,c ffcj iïm;a² ye|skaùu² i;a;aj iïm;a

² u;aiH² wdydrhg .kakd² úis;=re

² u;aiH fkdjk² l%iafÜishdjka

23'1 c,c Ôj iïm;al¾udka;fhajeo.;alu ydúNjh úuidn,hs'

23'2 c,c ffcjiïm;a y÷kd.kshs'

² ëjr yd c, cSù l¾udka;fha jeo.;aluúia;r lrhs'

² ëjr yd c, ðù l¾udka;h wdY%s;l¾udka; kï lrhs'

² ëjr yd c, Ôù l¾udka;h oshqKq lsÍugwe;s úNjh úia;r lrhs'

² c,c ffcj iïm;a WodyrK iys; jj¾.SlrKh lrhs'

02

04

23' Wiia ;dlaIKl%uYs,amNdú;fhkac,c ffcjiïm;al¾udka;fhakshef<hs'

48


² fudïaldjka² tlhsfkdav¾fïgdjka

² Ydl² wdydrhg .kakd

² lrÈh² ñßÈh

² úis;=re² lrÈh² ñßÈh

² m%udKd;aul úYaf,aIKh² oDYH mdol we.hSu² .yk úYaf,aIKh

² wdydruh c, Ôù j.dj² ye|skaùu² m%Odk úfYaI² j.d l%u

² fmdl=Kqj,² l+vqj,² fldgqj,

² kv;a;=j² wdydr iemhSu² frda. md,kh² c, l<ukdlrKh² wiajkq fk<Su² w;=re ksIamdok

² wdydruh u;aiH j.dj" fhda.H u;aiHúfYaI y÷kd .kshs'

² fhda.H u;aiH j.d l%uh f;dard .kshs'² kv;a;=fõ oS wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shdud¾.

úia;r lrhs'² ksjeros j wiajkq fk<k wdldrh úia;r

lrhs'

23'3 wdydruh c, Ôùj.dj i|ydiQodku m%o¾Ykhlrhs'

03

49


10

08

24' iajdNdúl jkiïm;aj,;sridr Ndú;hms<sn| jie,ls,su;a fõ'

² úis;=re u;aiH l¾udka;h² ye|skaùu² m%Odk úfYaI² j.d l%u

² gexls ;=<² fmdl=Kq ;=<

² kv;a;=j² wdydr iemhSu² frda. md,kh² c, l<ukdlrKh

² fk<Su" ieliSu yd fjf<|fmd<gheùu

² ksfrdaOdhkh

² úis;=re c,c me<Eá l¾udka;h² ye|skaùu² j¾.SlrKh

² ksu.ak² w¾O ksu.ak² md fjk

² j.d Ys,am l%u² c,.; j.dj

(hydrophonics)

² kv;a;=j² fjf<|fmd< i|yd ieliSu² ksfrdaOdhkh

² u;aiH j.dj fhda.H úfYaI y÷kd .kshs'² fhda.H u;aiH j.d l%uh f;dard .kshs'• ksjeros ;dlaIKsl Ys,am l%u wkq.ukh

lrñka uiqka we;s lrhs'² kv;a;=fõ oS wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shdud¾.

úia;r lrhs'² fjf<ofmd< i|yd uiqka wiqrk whqre

úia;r lrhs'

² úis;=re c,c me<Eá j¾.SlrKh lrolajhs'

² fjf<|fmd< i|yd b,aüla we;s úis;=rec,c me<Eá f;darhs'

² fhda.H j.d Ys,am l%u wkq.ukh lrhs'² úis;=re c,c me<Eá j.djla ksjeros j

kv;a;= lrhs'

23'4 úis;=re u;aiHl¾udka;fhakshef<hs'

23'5 úis;=re c,cme<Eá l¾udka;fhakshef<hs'

50


05

06

0525' Ydlidr ydi%dj wdY%s;ksIamdokilihs'

² jkdka;rj, ffcj úúO;ajh² ye|skaùu

² ffcj úúO;aj wdldr² cdk úúO;ajh² úfYaI úúO;ajh² mßir moaO;s úúO;ajh

² ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIs; f,ijkdka;rj, jeo.;alu

² jkdka;r l<ukdlrKh iyixrlaIKh² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu² l<ukdlrK l%u

² kS;s Í;s u.ska² cd;Hka;r .súiqï iy m%{ma;s² úúO ck fldgia wdY%s; ms<s.;a

l%ufõo² ixrlaIK l%u

² kej; jk j.dj² jkdka;r j.d lsÍu

² jkdka;r wdY%s; ksIamdok² wdydruh ksIamdok² T!IOuh ksIamdok² w;alï ks¾udK

² jkdka;r iïm;aj, ;sridr Ndú;h

² ffcj úúO;ajh w¾: olajhs'² ffcj úúO;aj wdldr yªkajhs'² ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIs; jkdka;rj,

jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

² jkdka;r l<ukdlrKh iyixrlaIKh w¾: olajhs'

² jkdka;r l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;aluúia;r lrhs'

² úúO jk ixrlaIK l%u wkdjrKh lr.kshs'

² jkdka;r wdY%s; ksIamdok ,ehsia;= .;lrhs'

² jkdka;rj, ;sridr Ndú;h ms<sn|fidhd n,hs'

24'1 ffcj úúO;ajm%Njhla f,ijkdka;r y÷kajdfohs'

24'2 jkdka;rl<ukdlrK iyixrlaIK l%u.fõIKh lrhs'

24'3 jk iïm;aj,;sridr Ndú;hms<sn| j úuidn,hs

51


07

09

² Ydl idr² j¾.

² jdIamY,S f;,a² jdIamYS,S fkdjk ixfhda.

² ksiaidrKh² ia:djr f;,a

² mSvkh hgf;a ksiaidrKh² ødjlh f,i c,h Ndú; lr

ksiaidrKh² jdIamYS,S f;,a

² wdijkh² ldnksl ødjKhla oud f;,a

ksiaidrKh² jdI amY S, S fkdjk ixfhd a.

^we,alf,dhsv&² ;eïîfuka fyda ;,d ñßld .ekSu

² wdY%s; ksIamdok

² Ydl i%dj² j¾.

² rn¾ lsß² lcq-ue,shï² mefmd,a lsß² mhskia ue,shï² f;,sÊc ^fmd,a" ;,a" ls;=,a&

² Ydl i%dj ,nd .kakd l%u² Ydl i%dj wdY%s; ksIamdok² meKs² yl=re

² Ydl idr j¾. yd tajd ,nd .kakd Ydlfldgia WodyrK weiqßka fmkajd fohs'

² Ydl idr j¾. ,nd .kakd l%u WodyrKiys;j úia;r lrhs'

² m%foaYfhka imhd .; yels Ydl øjHhlaNdú;fhka Ydl idr ,nd .kshs'

² Ydl idr ksiaidrKfha mshjr úia;rlrhs'

² Ydl idr wdY%s; ksIamdok y÷kd .kshs'

² Ydl i%dj j¾. yd tajd ,nd .kakd Ydlfldgia WodyrK olajñka fmkajd fohs'

² Ydl i%djj,ska isÿ l< yels úúOksIamdok ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'

² m%foaYfhka imhd .; yels Ydl øjHNdú;fhka Ydl idr ksmojhs'

² Ydl i%dj ,nd .ekSfï § u;=jk .egÿd tajdg ms<shï fhdackd lrhs'

25'1 Ydl idrksiaidrKh yd tawdY%s; ksIamdoky÷kd .kshs'

25'2 Ydl i%dj ,nd.ekSu yd ta wdY%s;ksIamdok ieliSuisÿ lrhs'

52


03

12

04

26' n, Yla;swdY%s;.eg¨j,gms<shï fidhdn,hs'

27' jD;a;Suhfi!LHh ydjD;a;slhdf.awdrlaIdjms<sn|ie,ls,su;a fõ'

² úkdlsß² .ï² rn¾ lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok

² i%dj ,nd .ekSfï § u;=jk .eg¨ ydúi÷ï

² n,Yla;s m%Nj² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu

² n,Yla;s b,aü² iSudldÍ idOl² n,Yla;s w¾nqoh

² ffcj iïm;aj,ska n, Yl;a;sh ksmoùu² ffcj ialkaO oykh u.ska

² .a,sßiSähd² ,S l=vq$ oyhshd l=vq

² Ôj jdhq ksIamdokh² t;fkda,a ksIamdokh² ffcj ãi,a ksIamdokh

² ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKh Ndú;fha §wdmod isÿ jk wjia:d² hka;% Ndú;fha oS² lDIs ridhk fhoSfï oS² i;a;aj md,k l¾udka;fha §

² jD;a;Suh fi!LHh² jD;a;Suh mßirfha § we;s úh yels

;¾ck

² n,Yla;s m%Nj y÷kdf.k tys jeo.;aluúia;r lrhs'

² n.Yla;s b,aü ixLHd;aul o;a; wdY%s;j úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

² n,Yla;s w¾nqoh ú.%y lrhs'

² ffcj ialkaO oykh u.ska n,Yla;shksmojk whqre úia;r lrhs'

² Ôj jdhq ksIamdok l%shdj,sh w;ayod n,hs'² úl,am n,Yla;s uQ,dY%hla f,i t;fkda,a

ksIamdokh úia;r lrhs'² nfhdaãi,a ksIamdokh úia;r lrhs'

• ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKhg wod< wdmodwjia:djka i|yka lrhs'

² jD;a;Suh fi!LHfha jeo.;alu úia;rlrhs'

² jD;a;Suh frda. úia;r lrhs'

26'1 n, Yla;s wdY%s;.eg¨ y÷kd .kshs'

26'2 n,Yla;s wdY%s;.eg¨ úi£u i|ydúi÷ï fhdackdlrhs'

27'1 úúO jD;a;Suhwdmod wjia:djkay÷kd .kshs'

53


05

04

06

² wdmod je<elaùfï jeo.;alu wjOdrKhlrhs'

² wdmod wju lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq wdrlaIlúê fhdackd lrhs'

• wdmod je<elaùug wod< kS;suh me;swkdjrKh lrhs'

² jHjidhl;ajh ks¾jpkh lrhs'² jHjidhlhl= ;=< ;sìh hq;= ,laIK

,ehsia;= .; lrhs'² jHjidhl;aj ,laIK oshqKq lsrSu i|yd

Wmdh ud¾. úia;r lrhs'

27'2 wdmod je<elaùfïúúO ks¾foaY y÷kd.kshs'

27'3 wdmod je<elaùfïkS;suh ,laIK.fõIKh lrhs'

28'1 jHjidhl;aj,laIK m%o¾Ykhlrhs'

² f,mafgdiamhsrd wdidokh² jl=.vq wdidokh² ms<sld ;;a;aj² l=re¨ WK wdidokh² tkafi*,hsáia wdidokh² p¾u frda. ;;a;aj² m¾jm%odyh

² wdmod je<elaùu² udkj .;sl úoHdj² wdrlaIl ú.Kk (Safety audits)

² fm!oa.,sl wdrlaIl me,÷ï Ndú;h² wk;=re je<elaùu² m%:udOdr

² wdmod je<elaùfï kS;suh ,laIK² ISO 18001² OHAS m%;sm;a;s² iy;sl lsÍï wdrlaIl wdfõIK

,ehsia;=• ISO lïlre m%ñ;s

² jHjidhl;ajh² ye|skaùu² ,laIK

² mrsmd,k l=i,;d² ie,iqï lsrSu² ixúOdkh lsrSu² kshdukh

54

28' iajhx/lshdjl ksr;ùu i|ydwjYH .=Kdx.oshqKQ lr .kshs'


55

² we.hSu² fm!reI l=i,;d

² wjodkï l<ukdlrKh² jHdmdr wjia:d y÷kd .ekSu² ks¾udKYS,S;ajh² kjHlrKh• iyfhda.S;dj

² jHdmdr wjia:d² ye¢kaùu² y÷kd .ekSfï l%ufõo

² fjf<|fmd< iólaIK² Yÿw; (SWOT) úYaf,aIKh

² jHdmdr ie,iau² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu² ixrpl

² Wmldrl fiajdjka² jHdmdr ie,iqï ilia lsrSu

28'2 jHdmdr wjia:dy÷kd .kshs'

28'3 wdrïN lsrSugwoyia lrkjHdmdrhg wkqjjHdmdr ie,iqïilia lrhs'

² jHdmdr wjia:d ks¾jpkh lrhs'² jHdmdr ud¾. y÷kd .ekSu i|yd Yÿw;

(SWOT) úYaf,aIKh fhdod .kshs'² fjf<|fmd< iólaIK l%ufõoh úia;r

lrhs'

² jHdmdr ie,iaul wvx.= úh hq;= úúOixrpl y÷kd .kshs'

² ,nd .; yels Wmldrl fiajd y÷kd.kshs'

² jHdmdr ie,iaula ilia lrhs'

06

08

Documents

ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõohta i|yd mdGud,d 40 la muK úYajúoHd, ish,a, ;=< u iQodkï jk w;r 2016 isg Tjqka Y%S ,xld rdcH úYajúoHd, moaO;shg ms