fgqzH ;otD f;zx - CBSEcbseacademic.nic.in/.../doc/languages/sahitiak_kiarnan-B-(color)-final… · fgqzH ;otD f;zx P\;hns s/ ouBk fgqzH ;otD f;zx gqf;ZX y/v^b/ye jB. T[BQK dk iBw

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ep~vhfgqzH ;otD f;zx

P\;hns s/ ouBkfgqzH ;otD f;zx gqf;ZX y/v^b/ye jB. T[BQK dk iBwfIbQk b[fXnkDk d/ fgzv ueo fty/ 8 i[bkJh, 1940ƒ fgsk pkp{ f;zx ;zX{ d/ xo wksk eosko e"o dhe[Zy'A j'fJnk. ‘gzikp d/ T[~x/ fyvkoh’, ‘y/v^;z;ko’,‘gzikph fyvkoh’, ‘y/vîrs ftZu Gkos’, ‘Ubzfgey/vK’, ‘fgzv dh ;ZE ’u'A’, ‘pksK tsB dhnK’, ‘y/vw?dkB ’u'A’, ‘y/v irs dhnK pksK’, ‘y/v gfoeowk’,

‘y/v doPB’, ‘y/v w/b/ t/yfdnK’, ‘c/oh tsBK dh’, ‘nZyhA t/y Bk oZihnK’,‘gzikp dhnK d/;h y/vK’, ‘y/vK dh d[Bhnk’, ‘w/b/ epZvh d/’, ‘nwodhg ekbid/ dkBtho’, ‘gzikp d/ u'Dt/A fyvkoh’, ‘nZyhA fvZmk epZvh tobv eZg’,‘J/EBI s'A bzvB’, ‘y/v s/ ;/js tkosk’, ‘feZ;k epZvh dk’, ‘r'bvB r'b’‘T[bzfge y/vK dh ;dh’, ‘y/v s/ f;js tkosk’, pbpho f;zx dh ihtBh T[BQKdhnK g[;seK jB. ‘j;zfdnK y/bzfdnK’ ;t?̂ ihtBh j?. ‘;g'oN; w?B nk|gzikp’ T[BQK dh nzro/Ih GkPk ftZu fJZe j'o g[;se j?.

ep~vh

eZpvh gzikphnK dh wK^y/v wzBh rJh j?. PkfJd jh e'Jh gzikph j't/ fi;dk fyvkoh iK doPe d/ o{g ftZu epZvh Bkb brkT[ Bk fojk j't/. ni'e/g/Av{ gzikp ftu epZvh ;G s'A wep{b y/v j?. fJ; y/v tZb nkw gzikphnKdh J/Bh fyZu j? fe fJZe pzB/ Ubzfge y/vK j' ojhnK j'D s/ d{i/ pzB/ T[~u gkJ/dh epZvh sK T[j epZvh t/yD ƒ soihj d/Dr/. i/ ed/ J/Xob/ s/ UXob/ gzikp

55

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEbrkT[ Lfgnkowep{b LwzBh j'Jh,

gquZbssoihj Lgfjb d/DkJ/Xob/ LGkoshUXob/ Lgkfe;skBh

dk n;bh epZvh w?u j't/ sK tZv/ s'A tZvk ;N/vhnw th BZe'̂ BZe Go ikt/.fJj y/v g/Av{nK ’u J/Bh jowB fgnoh j? fe fgzvK d/ ;kXkoB w?uK T[~s/ thjIkoK doPe i[V iKd/ jB. 1974 ftZu id'A gzikp dh epZvh Nhw fJzrb?Avd/ gzikphnK dh Nhw fto[ZX w?u y/vD bJh bzvB rJh sK T[~E/ ;kT{Ekb dkfJZe gkoe doPeK Bkb nkco frnk ;h. r'o/ j?okB ;B fe fJj fejVhy/v j? fi; ƒ Uto NkJhw bkT[D tkb/ gzikph fdjkVhnK GzB e/ th d/yoj/ jB.

epZvh dh y/v gzikph ;ZfGnkuko dk nfBZyV nzr j?. gzikph fiZE/ thrJ/ jB fJ; y/v ƒ nkgD/ Bkb jh b? rJ/ jB. fJj y/v gzikp d/ G{r'bs/ fJfsjk; ’u'A ;[Gkfte s"o ’s/ T[gih j?. gzikp dh Xosh ;dhnK pZXh jZfbnKs/ T[BQK dhnK mZbQK dk w?dkB pDh ojh j?. epZvh dh y/v okjhA gzikp dkfJfsjk; o{gwkB jz[dk j?. fw;kb ti'A fJZe fyvkoh epZvh gkT[D iKdk Xkthd/ o{g ftZu jZbk p'bdk j?. nZr'A e'Jh fyvkoh T[; Bkb wZEk bkT[D bJh fBsodkj? fit/A jwb/ ƒ mZbQ gk fojk j't/. Xkth seVk j't/ sK T[j mZbQ gkT[D tkb/ƒ GzB wo'V e/ s/ T[jd/ T[~s/ csfj jk;b eoe/ ;[yh ;Kdh nkgD/ xo gosnkT[Adk j?. i/eo wkVk j't/ s/ nZr'A seV/ j'D sK T[j \[d wkfonk iKdk j?.fJj' gzikp dk fJfsjk; j?. fijVk jwbkto gzikp T[~s/ ufVQnk i/ T[j seVk;h sK T[; B/ gzikphnK ƒ wkfonk s/ bZ[fNnk ns/ i/ wkVk ;h gzikphnK jZE'Ay'fjnk s/ wkfonk frnk.

eZpvh Ppd ‘epZv’ s'A pfDnk j?, fi; dk noE j?, eZpk. Xkth epZvhepZvh efjzdk Xktk eodk j? fit/A nky fojk j't/, “w?A eZpk jK, w?E'A pu'.”nZr'A eZp/ ƒ eZpk jh Neodk j? s/ fiZs seV/ dh j[zdh j?. fJ; y/v okjhA nkwgzikphnK d/ eZp/ ;[Gkn dh th Mbe fd;dh j?. i/eo epZvh dh y/v dkftfrnkBe nfXn?B eohJ/ sK fJj fJZe ;zg{oB s/ nwho y/v f;ZX j[zdh j?.fJ; y/v ftZu eJh y/vK d/ ob/ fwb/ r[D fwbd/ jB. fJ; d/ ftZu dw, d"Vs/ skes dh goy j' iKdh j?. u[;sh, ukbkeh s/ ukb Ykb dk fJwfsjkBj' iKdk j?. geV s/ g?AsV/ dk th gsk bZrdk j?. fJ; d/ ftZu ;{M, f;oVs/ f;ZXhnK g[ZmhnK wkoB d/ th fBsko/ j' iKd/ jB. epZvh dh y/v ftZun?Eb?fNe; th j? s/ fiwBk;fNe; th. e[Psh th j? s/ ebk th. fJZe' ;kjepZvh epZvh dk nbkg c/cfVnK dh rzdh jtk fBu'V e/ T[BQK ƒ skIh Bo'Jhjtk dh nktkikJh dk do y'bQdk j?. jo/e ;kj fJZe fwzBh e[Psh x[bfdnK;oho dh jzYD;koh tZXdh j?. ;kj Bk N[ZND d/D dk f;oV pzd/ ƒ n"yhnK

56

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEnkco frnk LGo frnkGzB e/ Lezw SZv e/nfBZyV LtZy Bk j'D

tkbk, nN[ZNjZfbnK LjwfbnKmZbQK Lo'eKfw;kb LT[dkjoDXkth Ljwbkto$ e"vh

gkT[D tkbkx[bkVh LrzBk ghV

tkbh wPhBcfsj LfiZsufVQnk Ljwbk ehskg?AsV/ Ltko$sohe/f;oV LfdqVQskfBsko/ Lc?;b/, Bshi/do LdotkIk

xVhnK ftZu th fiT{D dk tZb f;ykT[Adk j?. j[D th f;nkbK dh o[Zs/ gzikpd/ ;?AeV/ fgzvK ftZu epZvh d/ N{oBkw?AN j[zd/ jB. fiBQK ’u jIkoK fyvkoh Gkrb?Ad/ s/ bZyK doPeK dk f;jswzd wB'oziB eod/ jB.

epZvh dh y/v d/ gzikp d/ tZy^tZy fJbkfenK ftZu nB/eK o{g gqufbsoj/ jB. fJ; dh fJZe ftP/P o{g;"Auh gZeh j[zdh ;h. n;b ftZu ;"Auhs'A jh epZvh dhnK j'o fe;wKftef;s j'JhnK jB. fJZe fe;w dhr[zrh e"vh iK u[Zg e"vh ;h, fi; ƒnzpo;oh e"vh th fejk iKdk ;h.fJ; e"vh ftZu wko e[NkJh ekch j[zdh;h. nzpkbth e"vh ftu dkfJok pj[sszr j[zdk ;h s/ Xkth ƒ fJZe ikch d/jZE'A S[ZN ikD pknd d{;ok ikch, c/o shik, u"Ek, ikch tkoh tkoh iZc/ bk;ed/ ;B. bkj"oh e"vh ftZu dkfJok BjhA ;h j[zdk. f;o| S/ Y/ohnK j[zdhnK;B. ikch s/ Xkth d' Y/ohnK T[~s/ yVQ iKd/ s/ fto'Xh fXo dh Y/oh ƒ jZEbk e/ iK T[~go dh r/Vk eZY e/ xo gosDk j[zdk ;h. bkfJbg[oh e"vh ftZuy/v d"okB gkDh dh x[ZN th BjhA ;h ghD fdZsh iKdh. fco'Ig[oh e"vh ftZufyvkoh jzfXnK s'A ekch d{o Y/ohnK T[~s/ yV'Ad/ ;B. fJzi jh fJZe S/ jzXhepZvh ;h s/ fJZe PwfbnK tkbh e"vh. gho e"vh XB g'm'jko d/ fJbke/ ftZuy/vh iKdh ;h. fJ; e"vh dh ftP/Psk fJj ;h fe Xkth ƒ nZfrT[A d' pzd/x/od/ ;B. p?mthA e"vh, x'V epZvh, uhothA e"vh, bzwh epZvh, d'X/ s/ p[oihnKtkbh e"vh nkfd epZvh dhnK j'o ;EkBe tzBrhnK ;B. go j[D ;kohnKepZvhnK B/ ni'eh dkfJo/ tkbh epZvh dk fwnkoh o{g XkoB eo fbnk j?.epZvh e"wh ;NkJhb fJ; s'A tZyoh j?.

gzikp ;NkJhb epZvh fi; ƒ dkfJo/ tkbh epZvh th fejk iKdk j? j[D22 whNo d/ dkfJo/ ftZu y/vh iKdh j?. gfjbK fJ; ƒ gzdoK gzMZso c[ZN dkdkfJok fejk iKdk ;h. j[D 22 whNo bzpkJh sZe chsk y'bQ e/ e/Ado s'A nkb/d[nkb/ dkfJok beho fbnk iKdk j?. ftueko f;ZXh beho dk gkVk fyZu fdZskiKdk j?. T[; gkV/ d/ ftueko 6 whNo dh ftZE ’s/ d' Y/ohnK bk bJhnKiKdhnK jB, fiBQK ƒ jzX/ fejk iKdk j?. fJBQK ftZu dh fyvkoh B/ e"vh gkT[DikDk s/ tkg; gosDk j[zdk j?. fyvkohnK dhnK NhwK 14^14 fyvkohnK ’s/

57

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEf;nkbK L;odhnK;"Auh LepZvh dk

w[ZYbk o{gnzpo;oh Lnzfwqs;o,

gzikp ftufJe fJbkek

nzpkbth Lnzpkb/ tkbhbkfJbg[oh Lgkfe;skB

ftu fJePfjo dk BK

PwfbnK LgrVh T[gofBefbnks[obk

g'm'jko Lgkfe;skB d/y/so dk BK

jzfXnK LgkV/ dhnKY/ohnK

ni'eh LnZi eZbQ dhgkV/ Lftuekobh

bkJhBg?ANQ Lnzent/;b/ LbkgotkjnDr"fbnk LBIo nzdkI,

fXnkB Bkd/Dk

w{jfoT[A L;kjwD/ s'AcVkJh LcVBke?Auh LbZsK Bkb

cVB dk dkntb?sh Lftd/PwkfJe LnkoEefYZv'A ikJh LnkgDh

wK^y/vcozrhnK Lnzro/IK

fBoGo j[zdhnK jB, fiBQK ftu 4^4 fyvkoh okyt/A j[zd/ jB. fJZe Nhw gkV/d/ fJZe gk;/ s/ d{ih d{i/ gk;/ yVQdh j?. y/v g[Pke f;o| eZSk jh j[zdh j?go j[D fes/ fes/ fyvkoh p[B?D th gkT[D bZr/ jB. y/v d/ w?u dk ;wK thjgzi thj fwzN j[zdk j?. f;Zek T[Skb e/ Nk; dk |?;bk ehsk iKdk j?. Nk;fiZsD tkbh Nhw dh T[Sb j[zdh j? fe wBGkT[Adk gk;k wZb/ iK e"vh gkT[D dhgfjb b? bt/. tX/o/ nze jk;b eoB tkbh Nhw i/s{ frDh iKdh j?. pokponzeK dh ;fEsh ftZu gfjbK nze jk;b eoB tkbh Nhw ƒ i/s{ eoko fdZskiKdk j?. d' fyvkt/ j[zd/ jB s/ fJZe ;wKgkb s/ d' bkJhBw?B. epZvh y/vfdnKmZph, ug/V iK T[vthA e?Auh wkoBh wBQK j[zdh j?. e'Jh nzr wo'VBk iK ikDe/ ;ZN wkoBh th |kT{b y/v frDh iKdh j?.

gzikp ftZu epZvh jowB fgnkoh j'D d/ pkti{d y/v ndkfonk tZb'A epZvhn|;'; dh rZb fJj j? fe gzikp d/ y/v ndkfonK tZb'A epZvh dh y/v ƒ UBkwjZst BjhA fdZsk iKdk i' gZSw tZb'A nkJhnK y/vK ƒ fdZsk iKdk j?. dbhbfJj fdZsh iKdh j? fe epZvh dk x/ok e/tb gzikp iK nKY^r[nKY d/ e[MfJbkfenK sZe jh ;hws j? idfe jkeh, c[ZNpkb s/ feqeN nkfd nzsoôkPNohy/vK jB. e[M y/v nfXekoh sK fJj th efjzd/ ;[D/ jB fe epZvh dk uzr/s'A uzrk fyvkoh eh yZN bt/rk < don;b n;hA gzikph nkgD/ ;ZfGnkuko tZb'Ant/;b/ j' e/ pj[sh tko j'oBhA gk;hA bZr s[od/ jK. gzikp dk e'Jh rZGo{ nzro/IK dh y/v feqeN d/ uko NZb/ tXhnk bk d/t/ sK T[jdk iZ; eoB'A BjhA EZed/s/ fJBkwK^;BwkBK d/ Y/o bk fdzd/ jK go epZvh d/ XBzso fyvkoh ƒnDr"fbnk eo fdzd/ jK.

fco th epZvh d/ eJh nfij/ fyvkoh jB fiBQK B/ nkgDh y/v ;edkgzikphnK d/ fdbK ftZu BkfJeK torh EK pDkJh j'Jh j?. thjthA ;dh d/ nkozGftZu ;or'X/ dk pkp{ ceho w[jzwd j'fJnk j? fijVk fNtkfDnK dh gqf;ZX epZvhNhw dk egskB jz[dk ;h. T[jd/ pko/ ejkts uZbh ‘e"vh ceho dh gk;/ ikt/uhodh’. ;[bskB Pkj nkd/ tkbk th XZeV Xkth ;h. fi; ƒ fNtkfDnK B/fJBkw tZi'A d' w[oZp/ IwhB fdZsh. T[jƒ e'Jh wkJh dk bkb vZe BjhA ;fenk.f;o| PkjI'o fyvkoh skok f;zx rZNh tkbk jh fJZe w?u ftZu T[; dh pokpoheo ;fenk.

gzikphnK ftZu feogkb f;zx ;kX epZvh dk nkcs ikch ;h. T[jd/ pko/wPj{o ;h fe e'Jh gzSh T[~v i/ sK T[~v i/ go T[jd/ w{jfoT[A BZm e/ e'Jhpzdk BjhA ;h fBeb ;edk. efjzd/ jB r[ZN dh cVkJh ;kX T[~s/ \sw ;h.

58

T[j bZr/ jZE fszB^fszB e?AuhnK bk iKdk s/ ;kjh ƒ n;b'A o'b fdzdk. 1954ftZu gkfe;skBh gzikp dh epZvh Nhw J/Xo w?u y/vD nkJh sK feogkb f;zxB/ UXob/ XkthnK ƒ pzBQ bk fdZs/. w?u fgZS'A jZE fwbk e/ w?dkB ’u'A pkjonkT[D bZr/ sK gkfe;skB d/ fJZe Xkth B/ fejk, “Gkn ih, T[Ai sK s[jkv/jZE e{b/ fij/ jB go y/vfdnK id'A s[;hA cVd/ ;h sK ikgdk ;h fit/A ;kv/r[ZN t/bD/ ’u nk rJ/ j'D.”

1955 ftZu ;kX, fi; ƒ epZvh dk r[o{ th fejk iKdk ;h, J/Xob/ gzikpdh Nhw dk egskB pD e/ gkfe;skB w?u y/vD frnk. T[~E/ T[; B/ nfijhnKgeVK ftykJhnK fe gkfe;skBhnKB/ T[jƒ ‘r[ZN dk gho ;odko’efj e/ tfvnkfJnk.

fpZb{ oki/nkDhJ/A d/ jZE fe;/Xkth dk r[ZN nk iKdk sK doPee{e T[md/, “nk rJh x[bkVh ’upKj. j[D feZE/ ikt/Ark <”

fBoG? owhdh tkbk iw{otKr bZsK pkjK dh eZ; gk b?Adk;h s/ yVQk^yVQk eJhêJh e?AuhnKbk iKdk. jm{o d/ SKr/ dk th fBnkDk gkT[D ’u e'Jh ;kBh BjhA ;h. pkp{jopz; bkb fi; ƒ d';s fwZso x[Zrk efjzd/ ;B, fyvkohnK ’u ‘v/Aio’ d/BK Bkb wPj{o ;h. bkfJbg[ohnk u"Xoh w[jzwd ;dhe th s{ckB w/b Xkth;h. ;zs'y f;zx ‘s'yh’ J/Bk s/I soko ;h fe T[jdk BK jh ‘n?Nw pzp’ uZbfBefbnk. ;zs'y f;zx NkJhro iZc/ dk p/fw;kb PkfJo ;h. t?o'fenK dk Bzih,Y[vhfenK dk whs', r[od/t nZNk, ;'jD izg, ioB?b o[Vek, ;otD owhdh, wzƒyK, Bio Phd', nihs wkbVh, wZd'fenK dk wZb, wfjzdo p'bk, pfmzv/ tZb d/eoB?b s/ ;[fBnkok nkfd nB/eK nfij/ fyvkoh jB fiBQK dhnK f;|sK ;ZEK’u j[zdhnK ojhnK.

thjthA ;dh d/ fgSb/ nZX ’u wbe w[Pske, d/th fdnkb, i'sk, gqhsk,;Zsk, BSZso YKvh, c"ik, ihsk, skok, fo;kbk, fPtd/t, fcZvk, joihs,nzro/I fpZbk, r[bIko nbh, ;hok s/ pzs u{jVuZehnk nkfd fyvkoh pVh uVQsftZu oj/ jB. ehjdk ehjdk BK bJhJ/ gzikp ;?AeV/ u'Nh d/ epZvh fyvkohnKBkb Gfonk fgnk j?. ed/ pbftzdo fcZv{ dh Mzvh j[zdh ;h, s/ ed/ joihs

59

pkikykBk dh. T[BQK B/ epZvh d/ f;o'A bZyK o[gJ/ ewkJ/. j[D T[; dk ;hIBxZN' xZN d' bZy o[gJ/ dk brdk j?. T[BQK dh e"vh dhnK Xz[wK ;Zs ;w[zdoKgko se gJhnK ojhnK. T[j fJe' ;kj fszB fszB w?u y/v iKd/ s/ brksko;" s'A tZX e"vhnK gkT[D Bkb th BjhA ;h jcd/.

epZvh j[D e"wKsoh y/v pD rJh j?. J/Xob/ s/ UXob/ gzikp s'A fpBKfJj y/v j'o eJh w[beK ftZu th pkekfJdk y/vh iKdh j?. fJzrb?Av, e?B/vks/ nwohek nkfd w[beK ftZu t;/ gzikphnK d/ nB/eK epZvh ebZp s/ epZvhc?vo/PBK jB i' epZvh d/ ;" s'A tZX N{oBkw?AN eokT[AdhnK jB. feqeN tKrT[~E/ epZvh dk ‘;hIB’ y/fvnk iKdk j? fi; bJh J/Xo'A epZvh fyvkoh jtkJhijkI dhnK fNeNK G/i e/ ;Zd/ iKd/ jB. fJj y/v nwohek, e?B/vk, ehBhnk,nk;Nq/bhnk, fJzzrb?Av, wbkfJnk s/ f;zxkg[o ik t;/ gzikphnK ’u pVh wep{bj?. Gkos^gkfe sK \?o epZvh d/ xo j'J/.

epZvh don;b gzikphnK d/ bj{ ftZu ;wkJh j'Jh j?. epZvh dk ;kj nkwgzikphnK bJh ihtB^;[nk; j? ihjƒ bJ/ fpBK T[BQK dk ;odk BjhA Gkt/A T[jgzikp dh Xosh ’s/ ofjD s/ Gkt/A tb?shA ik t;D. epZvh BK ftu jh MoBkjNj? s/ y/v ftu nk\oK dh fyZu. fJ; y/v B/ gzikp d/ rZGo{nK ƒ seV/ thpDkJh ofynk j?, fjzwsh th s/ fIzdrh dhnK orVK ;fjD i'r/ th. fJ;y/v dk gzikphnK Bkb gfjbK th bj{ s/ ;kj dk foPsk ;h s/ j[D th j?.gZSwh d/PK dhnK p/PZe pj[s ;kohnK y/vK gzikphnK ftu gqufbs j' u[ZehnKjB go jkbK th epZvh gzikphnK dh ;G s'A tZX jowB fgnkoh y/v j?.

b'V j? gzikp ftZu fJZe epZvh e/Ado T[;kfonk ikt/ fiE'A fJZe y/v gfsqekgqekfPs j't/. e/Ado ftZu fJZe r?boh pDkJh ikt/ fiZE/ fyvkohnK s/ y/v^fdqPKd/ fuZso bkJ/ ikD ns/ wjZstg{oB y/v fBPkBhnK ;KGhnK ikD. nkJ/ rJ/fyvkohnK dh fojkfJP dk gqpzX j't/. T[; e/Ado tZb'A ;ZN c/N dh jkbs ns/p/;jkok fyvkohnK bJh wkfJe ;jkfJsk d/D dk gqpzX j't/. tZy^tZy ndkfonKftZu epZvh fyvkohnK bJh B"eohnK th ;[oZfyns oZyhnK ikD. gzikp dh fJ;rohpDh go fYZv'A ikJh y/v bJh T[go'es ;[Mkn Gkt/A e[M b'eK ƒ Gkt[e fij/bZrD go nk\o ƒ sK fJ; y/v dh ;ko gzikphnK B/ jh b?Dh j?, cozrhnKB/ BjhA.

fN~gDhfJ; b/y ftZu b/ye efjDk ukjz[dk j? fe epZvh dh y/v gzikphnK ftueko

;G s'A tZX y/vh ikD tkbh y/v j?. fJj y/v gzikph ;ZfGnkuko dk nfBZyVtK

60

nzr j?. fJ; y/v okjhA gzikp dk fJfsjk; o{gwkB j[zdk j?. epZvh gzikp dhjowB fgnkoh y/v j?. go fJ; d/ pkti{d fJ; ƒ nzsookPNoh y/vK fizBhsoihj BjhA fdZsh iKdh. epZvh gzikphnK d/ bj{ ftZu ;wkJh j'Jh j?. fJjgzikphnK bJh ihtBîku tKr j?. b/ye B/ fyvkohnK d/ jZe ftZu nktkIp[bzd ehsh j?. b/ye dk efjDk j? fe fJ; y/v ƒ gqc[Zfbs eoB bJh e/AdotZb'A fyvkohnK dh wkfJe ;jkfJsk eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJZe epZvh e/Ado thpDkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fJZE/ fyvkohnK Bkb ;zpzfXs fJ; y/v dhnK fBPkBhnKdh ;zGkb ehsh ikt/. e/Ado ftZu y/v r?boh pDkJh ikt/ fiZE/ fyvkohnK ns/y/v fdqPK d/ fuZso brkJ/ ikD. fyvkohnK dh wdd eoB bJh T[BQK tk;s/o[Irko dk gqpzX eoB dh th b/ye B/ wzr ehsh j?.

nfGnk;1H d~;' yK Gbk L

(i) epZvh Ppd s'A eh Gkt j? <(ii) epZvh gzikphnK dh jowB fgnkoh y/v feT[A j? <(iii) “epZvh dh y/v okjhA gzikphnK dk fJfsjk; o{gwkB j[zdk j?.” fJ;

eEB dh ftnkfynk eo'.(iv) gzikp ;NkJhb epZvh d/ pko/ ft;Eko Bkb uouk eo'.(v) epZvh dh y/v ƒ nzsookPNoh y/vK fizBh soIhj feT[A BjhA

fdZsh iKdh <(vi) epZvh d/ e[M gqw[Zy fyvkohnK d/ BK dZ;'.(vii) ‘r[ZN dk gho ;odko’ fe; ƒ fejk frnk j? s/ feT[A <

nkU e[M j'o eohJ/TH gkm s'A n~r/ L

(i) eh s[;hA nkg ed/ e'Jh y/v y/vh j? < T[; y/v dhnK gqkgshnKpko/ o"PBh gkT[.

(ii) y/v ftZu jko^fiZs pko/ s[;hA eh ;'ud/ j' < eh y/v f;o| fiZs^jkosZe jh ;hfws j[zdh j? < nkgDk soe g/P eo' <

(iii) ‘gVQ'r/ fby'r/ pD'r/ Btkp, y/v'r/ eZ[d'r/ j't'r/ \okp’ eh s[;hA fJ;eEB Bkb ;fjws j' < i/ BjhA sK fJ; d/ fto'X ftZu nkgDhnKdbhbK g/P eo'.

61

(iv) gzikphnK dh wK^y/v fejVh j? < fJe ukoN dh wdd Bkb fJ;

dh ;zouBk dk fusoB eo'.

(v) fJZe fyvkoh d/ s"o ’s/ fe;/ o?|oh iK nzgkfJo pko/ s[jkv/eh ftuko jB. fyvkoh s/ fJBQK dk ;zpzX y/v T[go eh n;o

gkT[Adk j? <

nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) s/ }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L

(i) epZvh dh y/v gzikph ;ZfGnkuko dk nfByVtK nzr j?.

(ii) epZvh dh y/v dk ftfrnkBe nfXn?B BjhA j' ;edk.

(iii) epZvh dh fJe fe;w ;"Auh gZeh jz[dh j?.

(iv) epZvh dk e'Jh th fyvkoh BkfJe tork BjhApD ;fenk.

(v) epZvh t/yD bJh ;kT{Ekb dk gkoe doPeK Bkb Go

frnk ;h.

JH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) gzikph T[bzfge y/vK Bkb'A HHH t/yD ƒ

soIhj fdzd/ jB.

(ii) epZvh gkT[D tkb/ ƒ HHH nkyd/ jB.(iii) epZvh dh y/v ƒ HHH dh wK y/v wzfBnk

iKdk j?.

(iv) Gkos s/ gkfe;skB epZvh d/ HHH jB.(v) epZvh dh y/v dhnK fBPkBhnK ;zGkbD

bJh HHH dh b'V j?.

;H i'V/ pDkT[ L

(i) u"Xoh w[jzwd ;dhe v/Aio

(ii) feogkb f;zx ;kX n?Nw pzp

(iii) pkp{ jopz; bkb s{|kB w/b Xkth(iv) ;zs'y f;zx s'yh r[ZN dk gho ;odko

62

xo r?boh

ep~vh

Xkth gzikphnK

jH fto'Xh Ppd fby' L

(i) gosDk HHH(ii) u[;s HHH(iii) tXhnk HHH(iv) cVBk HHH

eH ;wkBkoEe Ppd fby' L

(i) Xkth HHH(ii) eko HHH(iii) f;nkb HHH(iv) brkT[ HHH

yH ep~vh dhnK j/m fbyhnK fe;wK dh ftP/Psk d~;' L

(i) nzpo;oh e"vh HHH(ii) nzpkbth e"vh HHH(iii) bkj"oh e"vh HHH(iv) fco'Ig[oh e"vh HHH(v) gho e"vh HHH(vi) gzikp ;NkJhb epZvh HHH

63

wjkswk p[~X dhnK ;{\wskJhnKr[oBkw f;zx sho

P\;hns s/ ouBkr[oBkw f;zx sho dk iBw 30 i{B, 1930 ƒ fgzve'N ;[yhnk, |ohde'N, gzikp fty/ fgsk Bzd f;zxpokV d/ xo wksk nk; e"o dh eZ[y'A j'fJnk. T[BQKB/ ftnzrkswe fBpzXK d/ y/so ftZu uzrk BkwDkyZfNnk j?. ;sjh jk;/ s'A gko ik e/ fdb dhnKvz{xkDK sZe I\w bkT[Adh eNk\Ph BPso T[BQK dhnKfbysK dk whoh r[D j?. T[BQK d/ ftP/ nkw s"o ’s/

;wkie, oki;h, Xkofwe iK nkofEe ;wZf;nk ƒ ftnzrkswe Yzr Bkbg/P eoe/ jk;ô; g?dk eod/ jB. T[BQK B/ nkgDhnK ouBktK ftZu ;z;ko d/wzB/̂ gqwzB/ XowK d/ ;{\w jk;^ftnzr ƒ th g/P ehsk j?. T[BQK XowK d/ wjkBT[gd/P fit/A nkgD/̂ nkg ƒ Xowh efjD d/ pkti{d ;ko/ Xzd/ nXow d/ eoBtkb/ wB[ZyK nkfd B[efsnK ƒ S'fjnk j?.

r[oBkw f;zx sho ;gskfje ekbw ‘ukuk uzvhrVQhnk’ th fbyd/ ;B.T[j fJZe b/ye, tehb (n?vt'e/N), gZsoeko ns/ ;hBhno nekbh B/skth ;B. T[j 15 ngq?b, 1991 ƒ nekb ubkDk eo rJ/. T[BQK dhnK w[ZyouBktK ‘neb ikVQ’, ‘r[VQsh’, ‘nZXh oks dhnK jkeK’, ‘ukuk uzvhrVQhnk’,‘nkofN;N p'fbnk’, ‘w?ƒ w?E'A pukU’, ‘fwZmhnK ghVK’, ‘fdZbh dh tehb e[Vh’,‘r[zMbK’, ‘S{j^wzso’, ‘fBoh cVQ’, ‘jZ;dk gzikp’, ‘jZ;dh d[Bhnk’, ‘tkj fgnkikDhJ/’ nkfd jB.

64

wjkswk p[~X dhnK ;{\wskJhnK

wjkswk p[ZX efjej/ wkoe/ jZ;D d/ nkdh BjhA ;B. fBzwh^fBzwh s/ ;{\ww[;eokjN Bkb eJh tko fIzdrh dhnK tZvhnK^tZvhnK ;ZukJhnK fByko e/ oZyfdzd/ ;B.

wjkswk p[ZX d/ ;w/A e[M nkdwh nkgD/ nkg ƒ ePN d/D ftZu wjkBsk;wMd/ ;B. T[BQK B/ th P[o{̂ P[o{ ftZu fJBQK tkbk nfGnk; ehsk, gozs{ fcoSZv fdZsk. fJZe fdB wjkswk p[ZX ƒ fJZe nfijk pzdk fwfbnk, fi; B/ fewjkswk p[ZX ƒ |\o Bkb fejk, “w?A 25 ;kbK d/ nfGnk; pknd J/Bh :'rskgqkgs eo bJh j? fe w?A dfonk d/ gkDh T[~s/ s[o ;edk jK.”

wjkswk p[ZX w[;eokJ/ s/ efjD bZr/, “GkJh sz{ sK fco fIzdrh d/ 25toQ/ r[nk e/ oZy fdZs/ jB. fJj ;wK s?ƒ fe;/ uzr/ b/y/ bkT[Dk ukjhdk ;h.fePsh tkb/ ƒ fJZe Nek d/ e/ dfonk dk gkDh sK sz{ 2^4 fwzN ftZu jh NZg;edk ;h.”

nkgD/ nkg ƒ ePN d/D tkb/ nkdwhnK pko/ wjkswk p[ZX d/ fJZe pzX{B/ nk e/ dZf;nk fe cbkD/̂ cbkD/ d' pzd/ nkgD/ :sBK Bkb e[Zsk s/ eK pDBdh e'fPP eo oj/ jB. T[BQK dh fJ; fIzdrh dk fgZS'A eh pD/rk <

wjkswk ih w[;eok e/ efjD bZr/, “iK sK fJj d't/A pzd/ e[Zs/ s/ eK dhi{B ftZu gk fdZs/ ikDr/ s/ iK fco pzd/ dh i{B ƒ y/j^\okp eoB eoe/ BoeKd/ Gkrh j' ikDr/.”

wjkswk p[ZX dk fJZe u/bk g[ZNk fJZe fdB wjkswk ih dh T[;ssh eodkj'fJnk efjD bZrk, “w?A ;wMdk jK fe ;ko/ ;z;ko ftZu s[jkv/ s'A tZvk p[ZXBk ed/ j'fJnk j?, ns/ Bk jh nZr'A bJh j't/rk.”

wjkswk ih w[;eok e/ efjD bZr/, “;qh g[ZNk, fJ; dk wsbp fJjj'fJnk fe s[jkƒ j[D sZe j' u[Ze/ p[ZXK s/ T[BQK dhnK gqkgshnK pko/ g{ok^g{okfrnkB j?.”

;qh g[ZNk efjD bZrk, “BjhA wjkoki, n?;h sK e'Jh rZb BjhA.”fco wjkswk p[ZX efjD bZr/, “fijV/ p[ZX nZr'A g?dk j'Dr/, PkfJd s[jkƒ

T[BQK pko/ th gfjbK jh frnkB j' u[Zfenk ikgdk j?.”pzX{ BhthA gk e/ efjD bZrk, “BjhA ih, fpbe[b BjhA.”nZr/ uZb e/ wjkswk p[ZX efjD bZr/, “j'o BjhA sK sz{ xZN'̂ xZN w/o/

o'wô'w d/ jo ftuko s'A Gbh gqeko ikDz{ j?A, s/ fJ; pko/ nEkj frnkBoZydk j?A.”

65

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEefjej/ LT[~uh;{yw Ljbeh|\o LwkDy/j \okpeoBk LfwZNh \okp

eoBk,popkd eoBk

T[;ssh Lgq;z;knEkj LftPkb,

pj[sfInkdk

“BjhA jI{o, fJj rZb BjhA j?.”

wjkswk p[ZX jZ;d/ j'J/ efjD bZr/, “nkdwh ƒ J/vh e[ gkvh jh wkoBhukjhdh j?, fiZvh e[ T[; dh ;{M^p{M nkfrnk d/t/. sz{ sK gfjbK tkb/ p[ZXKns/ nkT[D tkb/ p[ZXK pko/ fJ; soQK efj fojk j?A, fi; soQK fe sz{ T[BQK dhfIzdrh s'A Gbh^GKs ikDz{ j't/A s/ g{ok^g{ok frnkB oZydk j't/A. fJj p/̂ p[fBnkdrZbK dk nk\o eh bkG <”

wjkswk p[ZX fJZe fdB rik eoB rJ/ sK T[j fJj' fij/ fJZe xo ub/rJ/, fijVk T[BQK ƒ fxoDk dh BIo Bkb t/ydk ;h. T[; xo tkb/ B/ rikgkT[D dh EK wjkswk p[ZX ƒ rkbQK eZY fdZshnK.

wjkswk p[ZX r[Z;k eoB dh EK jZ; e/ efjD bZr/, “d';s, i/ e'Jh fe;/ƒ dyPDk d/t/, go nrb/ gkf;T[A dyPDk b?D tkbk BKj eo d/t/ sK fcodyPDK tkb/ wkb ’s/ fe; dk jZe j'fJnk <”

xo tkbk efjD bZrk, “dyPDk d/D tkb/ dk.”

bkov p[ZXk efjD bZr/, “uzrk fco s/o/ tZb'A fdZshnK rJhnK rkbQK w?A t;{beoB bJh fsnko BjhA jK. fJj nkgDk ehwsh wkb sz{ nkgD/ jh gk; oZyb?. w?ƒ sK e/tb J/BK n|;'; j? fe w?A nZr/ Bkb'A j'o rohp j' frnk jK,feT[Afe w?ƒ s/o/ tork fJZe ehwsh d';s SZvDk g? fojk j?.”

bkov p[ZXk fJZe fdB eEk eod/ j'J/ nkgD/ ;kEhnK ƒ efjD bZr/, “fIzdrhp/Pow, bVke/, Pokosh ns/ ftjbV b'eK bJh r[IkoBh pj[s jh ;"yh j?.fijV/ fJwkBdkoh, B/e^Bhns, ;Zu/ fdb ns/ ;opZs d/ Gb/ ƒ ;kjwD/ oZye/ ;zrokw eod/ jB, T[BQK bJh fIzdrh r[IkoBh e[M n"yh j[zdh j?. go i';tkd nfij/ b'eK ƒ gqkgs j[zdk j?, T[j b[ZN^x;[ZN eoB tkb/ b'eK ƒ gqkgsBjhA j[zdk.”

bzw/ GkPD d/D tkfbnK pko/ wjkswk ih efjD bZr/, “nebwzdh Bkb fejkfJZe Ppd xzfNnK pZXh fdZs/ rJ/ cI{b GkPD Bkb'A fInkdk ehwsh j[zdk j?.”fJ;/ soQK nZr/ uZb e/ efjzd/ jB, “B/e ns/ gftZso g[oP dh fIzdrh dk fJZefdB w{oy pzd/ dh jIkoK ;kbK dh fIzdrh Bkb'A fes/ fpjso jz[dk j?. fijV/pzd/ pj[sk p'bd/ j'D, T[BQK ƒ pj[s tZvk ftdtkB BjhA ;wM b?Dk ukjhdk. fijV/Grt/A bhV/ gkJh fcod/ j'D, Io{oh BjhA fe T[j ;zs j'D.”

fco nZr/ uZb e/ wjkswk pZ[X ih c[owkT[Ad/ jB, “T[; pzd/ bJh oks pVhbzwh j' iKdh j?, fi; ƒ ikrDk gt/. T[; ƒ nkgDk g?Avk j'o th bzwk bZrdkj?, fijVk pzdk EZfenk^N[ZfNnk j't/ s/ ;G s'A p/noE fIzdrh T[; pzd/ dh j'

66

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEgkvh wkoBk LcV wkoBh,

vhAr wkoBhrik LrZi e/ (T[~u/

;[o Bkb p'be/) wzrh j'JhfGZfynk

YZfrnK tor/ LgP{nK tor/nfeqsxD Lnfj;kB

|okw'P

iKdh j?, fijVk w{oy j't/. e[dos s/ fJB;kB d/ekƒBK s'A jo soQK Bkb nBikD j't/. fJ; bJhfe;/ w{oy Bkb ;kE fBGkT[D Bkb'A fJeZb/ ofjDkfes/ uzrk j[zdk j?. fi; w{oy ƒ nkgDh nfrnkBskdk frnkB j' ikJ/, T[j f;nkDk frfDnk ikt/rk s/fijVk nkgD/ nkg ƒ wZb' wZbh f;nkDk ;wMdkfco/, T[j don;b tZvk w{oy j[zdk j?. fijV/ pzd/xZN frnkB gqkgs eod/ jB, T[j ;koh T[woYZfrnK tor/ j[zd/ jB, T[AM Gkt/A T[j T[wo d/fbjkI Bkb fezB/ tZv/ j[zd/ ub/ ikD.”

wjkswk ih fJZe fdB efjD bZr/, “wkV/ pzd/ dh d';sh eoBk ns/ uzr/ pzd/Bkb d[PwDh eoBk pzd/ dh fIzdrh ftZu w[;hpsK dk tkXk eodh j?. fijV/ pzd/nkgD/ XB dh e/tb nkgDhnK fBZih y[PhnK bJh jh tos'A eod/ jB, s/ fe;/j'o d/ wz{j ftZu fJZe rokjh gkT[Dk gkg ;wMd/ jB, T[j XB dh Y/oh s/ p?m/Ifjohb/ ;ZgK tor/ j[zd/ jB. i/ e'Jh w{oy iK nfeqsxD pzdk g[Zm/ f;ZX/ Yzr Bkboki sys ’s/ ik fpoki/ sK fizBhnK w[;hpsK b'eK bJh T[j tXkT[Adk j?, UBhnKPkfJd j'o e'Jh Bk tXkT[Adk j't/. jo pzd/ d/ wz{j ftZu ihG dh EK e[jkVh oZyhj[zdh j?, id'A fJj e[jkVh wkV/ Ppd p'bdh j? sK T[j T[; dh Pkjor ƒ tZY;[ZNdh j?. fJ; bJh wz{j ftZu oZyh e[jkVh s'A ;dk pu e/ ofjDk ukjhdk j?.”

fN~gDhfJj b/y Bhsh puBK T[~s/ nkXkfos jk;^ftnzr j?. fJ; ftZu wjkswk p[ZX

dk ;{\w jk;^ftnzr j?. T[j fBzwh^fBzwh s/ ;{\w w[;eokjN Bkb fIzdrh dhnKtZvhnK^tZvhnK ;ZukJhnK fByko e/ oZy fdzd/ ;B. nkgD/ ;oho ƒ ePN d/ e/e[M BtK eoB tkfbnK iK cVQK wkoB tkfbnK ƒ T[BQK B/ pj[s ;fjisk Bkb;wMkfJnk j?. b/ye B/ w{oy s/ p[ZXhwkB, frnkBh s/ nfrnkBh ns/ wkV/ s/uzr/ ftueko |oe ƒ wjkswk p[ZX d/ puBK okjhA pVh ;obsk Bkb ;wMkfJnkj?. r[oBkw f;zx sho B/ ftnzrkswe P?bh ftZu fJ; b/y dh ouBk ehsh j?.


(i) pj[s nfGnk; s'A pknd dfonk d/ gkDh T[~s/ s[o ;eD tkb/ftnesh ƒ wjkswk p[ZX B/ eh fejk <

67

(ii) wjkswk p[ZX d/ u/b/ g[ZNk B/ T[BQK dh gq;z;k ftZu eh fejk <

(iii) wjkswk p[ZX B/ nkgD/ j'o rohp j'D dk eh ekoB dZf;nk <

(iv) feBQK b'eK bJh fIzdrh r[IkoBh n"yh j[zdh j? <

(v) ‘wz{j ftZu oZyh e[jkVh s'A ;dk pu e/ ofjDk ukjhdk j?’, tke dkGkt ;gPN eo'.

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/

TH gkm s'A n~r/ L

(i) fe;/ j'o Xkofwe P\;hns d/ B?fse T[gd/PK ƒ fJeZmk eoe/;eo?g p[Ze ftZu fby'.

(ii) wjkswk p[ZX d/ ihtB dhnK j'o xNBktK d/ jtkb/ Bkb ft;skoftZu f;ZfynkdkfJe soeK pko/ ikDekoh fdT[.

(iii) p[ZX Xow d/ ‘nPN wkor’ pko/ fJZe ukoN fsnko eo'.

(iv) eh s[jkƒ nkgDh pdÎ[pkBh ekoB ed/ fe;/ d/ r[Z;/ dk fPeko j'Dkfgnk j? < nfijh fe;/ xNBk dk toBD eo'.

(v) eh s[;hA fe;/ nfij/ ftnesh ƒ ikDd/ j' i' nkgDh p[[ZXh s'A tZXP/yh wkodk j't/ < T[; dh fJ; nkds ƒ ft;sko ftZu fbyD dhe'fPP eo'.

nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L

(i) pzX{ B/ wjkswk p[ZX ƒ d' pzfdnK d/ e[Zsk s/ eK pDBdhnK e'fPP pko/ ikDekoh fdZsh.

(ii) wjkswk p[ZX B/ nkgD/ u/b/ g[ZNk tb'A ehsh gq;z;kwzB bJh.

(iii) wjkswk p[ZX B/ wkV/ pzd/ Bkb d';sh eoB dh jwkfJsehsh.

(iv) bzw/ s/ |I{b GkPD ƒ p[ZX B/ Bekfonk j?.

(v) wjkswk p[ZX B/ wz{j ftZu oZyh e[jkVh ƒ ubkT[D dhiku f;ykJh.

68

JH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) wjkswk p[ZX B/ dyPDK ftZu fwbhnKHHH tkg; eo fdZshnK.

(ii) HHH pzd/ dh fIzdrh p/noE j[zdh j?.(iii) nkgDh HHH ƒ ikDB tkbk pzdk f;nkDk

jz[dk j?.(iv) i' pzdk d/o sZe ikrdk ofjzdk j? T[;

bJh HHH pVh bzwh j' iKdh j?.(v) }bs Yzr Bkb oki s\s ’s/ gj[zfunk

pzdk b'eK bJh HHH dk ekoB pDdk j?.

;H gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ n~r/ Ppd i'V e/ ;wk;h Ppd pDkT[ L

(i) HHH P[o{(ii) HHH g{ok(iii) HHH p{M(iv) HHH x;[ZN

jH fto'Xh Ppd fby' L

(i) nEkj HHH(ii) :'rsk HHH(iii) frnkBh HHH(iv) fJwkBdkoh


(i) p[ZXhwkB HHH(ii) p/noE HHH(iii) fxoDk HHH(iv) ePN HHH

yH j/m fby/ PpdK d/ tke pDkT[ L

(i) nfeqsxD HHH HHH HHH HHH(ii) b[ZN^y;[ZN HHH HHH HHH HHH(iii) dyPDk HHH HHH HHH HHH(iv) nfrnkBh HHH HHH HHH HHH

oks w[;hps

w{oy

rkbQK nfrnkBsk

69

u~b w/oh rmVh Pfjo' Pfjo è[bpho f;zx eKr

P\;hns s/ ouBke[bpho f;zx eKr dk iBw 13 iBtoh, 1936 ƒnzfwqs;o fty/ fgsk frnkBh r[ouoB f;zx d/ xowksk irihs e"o dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk. T[j gzikph;kfjs ftu fJZe ftbZyD b/ye jB. fJZe f;ow"onkb'ue j'D d/ Bkb^Bkb T[j fJZe ;|b b/ye thjB. T[BQK B/ fJZe nB[tkde d/ s"o ’s/ th gqf;ZXhgqkgs ehsh. eKr gzikph irs ƒ bfbs fBpzX

dhnK S/ g[;seK gqdkB eo u[Ze/ jB. fJBQK fBpzXK ftZu jo gqeko d/ ftP/bJ/ rJ/ jB fit/A o'wKue, ;wkie, nkoEe, okiBhse s/ wB'̂ ftfrnkBe.eKr d/ eJh fBpzX ekft^wJh jB. T[j eftsk BjhA fbyd/ go eftsk T[jd/nzdo^pkjo t;h gJh j?. T[j rZbK th ekfte^nzdkI ftZu jh eod/ jB. eftskBkb T[BQK dk ns[ZN fgnko j?. T[BQK ftZu fJZe uzrk b/ye j'D d/ Bkb^BkbfJZe ;|b eth d/ ;ko/ r[DK dk ;[w/b j?. T[BQK d/ :'rdkB bJh GkPk ftGkr,gzikp B/ 1984 ftZu T[BQK ƒ r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh fJBkw Bkb ;BwkBs ehsk.fJnkgk (e?B/vk) B/ th 1994 ’u T[BQK ƒ fJBkw d/ e/ fBtkfInk.

u~b w/oh rmVh Pfjo' Pfjo `

gfjbh tko xo'A pkjo B"eoh eoB bJh fi; Bro frnk, T[j gzikp dkfJZe fJfsjk;e e;pk ;h. nes{po wjhB/ dh mzvh s/ wB^b[GkT[Dh jtk s/gZehnK |;bK dh wfje B/ w/ok ;tkrs ehsk ;h—g[okD/ febQ/ d/ yzvoK ftu'Aw?ƒ fgnkoh fijh niBphns dk MkT[bk fgnk—w?A T[;/ fdB s'A T[E'A i'rk j'

70

n"y/ PpdK d/ noErZmVh L fJE/ ;oho s'A

Gkt j?wB^b[GkT[Dh L wBw'jD tkbhyzvoK L ofjzd^yz{jdniBphnsL nihp'^rohpMkT[bk L fdf;nk

frnk, fco fJj rmVh 25;kbK s'A eJh PfjoK,e;fpnK, fgzvK, gjkVK s/;w[zdoK d/ uZeo bk nkJhj?—go gZek fNekDk eoBkw/oh nkds BjhA. fJe fgzvftu w?ƒ nfijk fpoXftnesh th fwfbnk ;h i'65 ;kbK s'A T[E/ jh ;h s/edh pkjo BjhA ;h frnk, w?A;'funk nfij/ ;okg/ g[oP d/ doPB eoBk th wzd GkrK dh rZb j?.

xo p/Pe fgnkok nkbQDk j?, go pkjobk oNB ns/ BthnK EktK dh:ksok iK e[M fuo bJh w[ekw, T[; s'A th tXhnk j?. edhêdh w??A ;'udkjK fe j:{B ;Kr s/ ckjhnkB dh o{j feT[A ;"A rJh j?—xo'A T[dk;hnK ’s/s[o g?D tkbk r[o{ BkBe feE/ j? < g?Ashûkbh ;kb dh gZeh B"eoh eoe/ g?BPBb?D tkb/ pzd/ fJ; eftsk s/ ;zrhs ƒ BjhA ;wM ;ed/ i' G[tB/Pto s/ g[ohd/ wzdoK dh gqkuhBsk ftu'A bZGdk j?. w?ƒ fJBQK wzdoK ftu'A wqdzr dh rz{i;[DhAdh ;h. ns/ ;w[zdo feBko/ p?m e/ oks ƒ itkjoGkN/ ftu fGiDk fezBkfgnkok nB[Gt j?. w?A s/ w/ok d';s (;toB) oks d/ fszB ti/ se fJ;itkoGkN/ dhnK wX[o SZbK ftu p?m/ oj/. fJ; fsqgfjo/ ftu ;kƒ T[; dhxpokJh gsBh B/ irkfJnk. T[; ƒ vo ;h fe gzikp'A nkfJnk fJj owskT[; d/ gsh d/ g?oK ftu uZeo Bk gk d/t/. n"os dh w'j^wwsk s/ wkfJnkftu T[; dh o{jkBh y[Ph j?, ;kvh nkgDh o{j j?. w/oh wK s/ w/oh gsBhƒ th fJjh frbk j? fe s[jkv/ Bkb d/ s/ s[jkE'A fgS'A s[o/ pzd/ feZE/ d/ feZE/gj[zu rJ/ jB, w?A eh yZfNnk < G'bk w'j fJj BjhA ikDdk fe i' w?A bfGnkj?, T[j fJBQK yb's/ gkDhnK ƒ B;hp BjhA j' ;edk, tfjzdk dfonk jh ;kroƒ g'Ajdk j?, ;o'toK s/ SgVK ftu id'A ihtkD{ e[opbkjN wuk d/Ad/ jB sKT[jBK dk gkDh eZY e/ BtK GoBk g?Adk j?. fJe nzro/Ih fBpzX An apology

for idlers ftu w?A gfVQnk ;h fe nkpPko d/ Yfjzd/ gkDhnK ftu'A T[vdh c{jodh mzve ƒ nkgD/ fujo/ s/ ;oho T[s/ wkDB tkbk ftnesh jh fizdrh ƒ;wM ;edk j?.

fe;/ fJe ftnesh iK Bro d/ w'j ftu ieV/ ikDk ;kXkoD fposh

71

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEuZeo L r/V/fNekDk L v/ok,

fojkfJPfpoX L pI[or;qkg/ L ;okg d/ wko/

j'J/wzd GkrK L pdfe;wshnkbQDk L xo,

o?D p;/okoNB L GqwDw[ekw L mfjoBkj:{B ;Kr,ckjhnkB L uhBh :ksohT[dk;hnK L :ksoktKo{j L nkswkgqkuhBsk L g[oksBskwqdzr L ;kIwX[o L ;[ohbhnK,

fwZmhnKo{jkBh L nfXnkswe,

nksweyZfNnk L ewkfJnkyb's/ gkDh L fJZe EK pZM e/

ofjD tkb/ b'eg'Ajdk L nzdo ikDk,

gqt/P eoBk,wfj;{; eoBk

w'j L fgnkoe[op[bkjN L uhe^g[eko,

o'Dk^X'Dkc{jo L c[jko, gkDh

dhnK pz{dKfposh L ;[Gkn, ;'u

j?, fJBQK w'jK ƒ s'V e/ Bro^Bro x[zwD tkb/ ftnesh;?AeV/ feskpK dk frnkB nkgDh ;kXkoD p'bûkb ftu ;w'Jhp?m/ jB—okj[b ;zeosk:B B/ th fJBQK x[wZeVK ƒ Bw;ekoehsk ;h—feT[Afe T[j nkg wjK x[wZeV ;h. ;skoK ;kbo{; ftu ofj e/, gsBh s/ pZfunK ƒ T[E/ jh SZv e/ Gkosnk ikD tkb/ T[; p'Xh b/ye ftu'A j:{B ;Kr dh o{j bZGh ik;edh j?.

nZiêZbQ fJe pj[s gqkuhB wZXêkbh Bro ftuB"eoh eo fojk w?A ;'u fojk jK fe j[D d/P d/ pkeh ofjzd/fjZf;nK dh jtk Io{oh wkDBh j?, fco pd/PK dh \ke thSkDBh j?. xo Io{o nktkIK wkodk j?, go fJj rmVhr'o ftu ikD s'A gfjbK nkekP S{j b?D bJh T[sktbh j?.w?ƒ fJzM ikgdk j? fe T{mK d/ rb gJhnK NZbhnK dhnktkI nk ojh j? s/ efj ojh j?, “nk uZbhJ/, g[zƒ dkBro g[eko fojk j?.”

fN~gDhfJ; b/y ftu b/ye B/ frnkB jk;b eoB bJh xz[wD^fcoB dh b'V T[go

I'o fdZsk j?. b/ye nkg th fJe EK pZM e/ BjhA ofjDk ukjz[dk. T[j fBozso;|o ftu ofjD ƒ jh soihj fdzdk j?. fJ; d/ T[bN T[j fJe' EK pZM e/ofjD tkb/ wBZ[y ƒ e';dk th j?. T[j fJfsjk;e P\;hnsK d/ jtkb/ Bkb;|o dh nfjwhns ƒ ;wMkT[D bJh isBPhb j?. r[o{ BkBe dhnK T[dk;hnKs/ okj[b PzeoskfJB d/ ;|o dh nkds ƒ T[j nkgDk gq/oBk ;o's pDkT[Adkj?. fJ; dk wsbp fJj th BjhA fe T[j xo ƒ fsnkr fdzdk j?. xo thT[; ƒ fgnkok brdk j?. go T[j d/P^d[BhnK dh :ksok eoB dh nkgDhfJZSk th g{oh eoBh ukjz[dk j?.


(i) b/ye feZE/ B"eoh eoB bJh frnk ns/ T[~E/ T[; ƒ eh nfj;k;j'fJnk <

(ii) b/ye B/ nkgD/ ihtB ftZu fejVh^fejVh EK dh :ksok ehsh <

72

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEx[wZeV L x[zwD fcoB

tkb/pd/PK L ftd/PK\ke L fJZE/ x[zwD^

fcoB s'A Gktj?

r'o L epo, wVQhT[sktbh L T[s;[e

(iii) b/ye d/ xo ofjD tkb/ ns/ pkjo fcoB tkb/ ftnesh d/ ehftuko jB <

(iv) gkm ftZu fpoX ftnesh dh fejVh rZb ehsh rJh j? <

(v) b/ye d/ G[tB/Pto s/ g[oh dh c/oh ;w/A d/ nB[Gt ƒ nkgD/ PpdK

ftZu fby'<

(vi) b/ye dh wK s/ gsBh d/ b/ye pko/ eh ftuko jB <

(vii) gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ b/ye dhnK c/ohnK pko/ ikDekoh nkgD/ PpdK

ftZu fdT[.

(viii)okj[b PzeoskfJB e"D ;B s/ T[j o{; ftu fezBK ƒ SZv e/ feE/ ub/

rJ/ ;B <

nkU e[M j'o eohJ/TH gkm s'A n~r/

(i) x[zwD^fcoB bJh s[jkƒ fejVhnK EktK uzrhnK brdhnK jBs/ feT[A <

(ii) i/eo s[;hA b/ye dh EK j[zd/ sK fe; soQK dk fttjko eod/ <

(iii) fe;/ ‘nkpPko’ e'b p?m e/ T[; d/ BIko/ dh ebgBk ƒ nkgD/ PpdK

ftZu fby'.

(iv) r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dhnK T[dk;hnK pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j' < T[BQK

dhnK :ksoktK dk fJZe ukoN fsnko eoe/ t/otk th fdT[.

(v) ‘wqdzr’ fJZe ;kI j?. i/eo s[;hA j'o fe;/ ;kI pko/ ikDd/ j' sK

T[; dk fuZso pDk e/ T[; dh ftP/Psk ;wMkT[.


(i) b/ye gfjbh tkoh fe;/ Bt/A Bro ftZu frnk.

(ii) rZmVh ƒ gZe/ fNekD/ dh nkds BjhA j?.

(iii) okj[b ;zeosk:B fJZe i?Bh b/ye ;h.

(iv) b/ye nkg x[zwD^fcoB d/ jZe ftZu j?.

(v) b/ye B/ fpoX ftnesh ƒ fwbD dh fJZSk gqrN ehsh ;h.

73

JH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) T[j gzikp dk fJe HHH e;pk ;h.(ii) xo fJZe fgnkok HHH j?.(iii) HHH jh ;kro ƒ gkT[Adk j?.(iv) w?ƒ fJBQK wzdoK ftZu'A HHH dh rz{i

;[DhAdh ;h.(v) fe;/ fJZe ftnesh iK Bro d/ w'j

ftZu ieV/ ikDk HHH fposh j?.

;H i'V/ pDkT[ L

(i) ;wfgnk g[oP T[dk;hnK(ii) r[o{ BkBe :ksoh(iii) okj[b PzeoskfJB fpoX ftnesh(iv) fjT{B;Kr x[wZeV

jH fd~s/ rJ/ PpdK d/ ;wkBkoEe Ppd fby'' L

(i) fpoX HHH(ii) fNekDk HHH(iii) mzve HHH(iv) nkekP HHH

eH fto'Xh Ppd fby' L

(i) x[zwDk HHH(ii) BthnK HHH(iii) fGZiDk HHH(iv) fJfsjk;e HHH

yH tke pDkT[ L(i) yzvo HHH HHH HHH HHH(ii) frnkB HHH HHH HHH HHH(iii) T[dk;hnK HHH HHH HHH HHH(iv) fJfsjk;e HHH HHH HHH HHH

74

dfonk ;kXkoB

fJfsjk;e

wqdzr nkbQDk

gzikph GkPk, nB[tkd ns/ whvhnkvkH fgqEth oki Ekgo

P\;hns s/ ouBkvkH fgqEth oki Ekgo dk iBw 27 wJh, 1964 ƒgzikp d/ |ohde'N fIbQ/ ftZu fgzv e'N ;[yhnk fty/wksk ;qhwsh ;Zfsnk d/th dh e[Zy'A fgsk wk;No ;'jDbkb d/ xo j'fJnk. T[j okiXkBh fdZbh d/ fdnkbf;zx JhtfBzr ekbi ftZu gzikph d/ nf;;N?ANg'q|?;o jB. o/vhU s/ NhHthH ;w/s whvhnk d/ y/softu th ;orow jB. T[BQK dhnK g[;seK ftZu ‘okw;o{g nDyh dk Bktb ;z;ko’, ‘;kfjs^fuzsB’, ‘thBk towk dk rbgh irs’,‘gzikph tkose^g[Bo ftuko’, ‘gzikph whvhnk’ ns/ ‘;zuko, seBhe s/wbNhwhvhnk’ nkfd Pkfwb jB. whvhnk pko/ T[go'es feskpK tZy^tZyiwksK d/ f;b/p; ftZu gVQkJhnK ik ojhnK jB. nkg gzikph GkPk d/gquko^gq;ko dhnK rsh^ftXhnk Bkb fBozso i[V/ ofjzd/ jB. nkg ƒ gzikphnekdwh, fdZbh tZb'A gzikph GkPk ;/tk ;BwkB Bkb ;BwkfBs eoB d/Bkb^Bkb j'o th nB/eK ;z;EktK tZb'A wkD^;BwkB jk;b j' u[Ze/ jB.

gzikph GkPk, nB[tkd ns/ whvhnk

GkPk Ljo y/so dh nkgDh GkfPe Ppdktbh j[zdh j?. Xow, ;wki, okiBhsh,

noE Pk;so, ;kfjs nkfd tKr whvhnk dh th nkgDh seBheh Ppdktbhj?. whvhnk dk gq;s[sheoB iK nB[tkd GkPk dh ikDekoh fpBk j'Dk n;zGtj?. Gkos ftu fjzdh ns/ nzrq/Ih GkPk d/ whvhnk dk p'b^pkbk j?. 20thA

75

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEGkfPe L GkPk dh

;dh d/ nk\oh djke/ ’u y/soh GkPktK d/ u?BbK dk d"o P[o{ j'fJnk. fJ;nwb ftu fBZih (Private) u?BbK B/ \k; G{fwek fBGkJh. fJBQK y/soh GkPktK’u gzikph d/ u?Bb fit/A Ih gzikph, fbPekok NhHthH (i' j[D pzd j' u[Zfenkj?) JhHNhH;hH gzikph, ghHNhH;hH gzikph, ghHNhH;hH fBT{I, gzikp N{v/ (i'j[D pzd j' u[Zfenk j?), n?~wHn?~uHtB s/ uVQdh ebk tor/ u?Bb j'Ad ftunkJ/. d{odoPB ns/ nekPtkDh gfjbK jh gzikph gq'rokw s/ \poK g/P eod/nk oj/ jB. fgqzN whvhnk ’u gzikph fNqfpT{B, nihs, iZrpkDh, ;g'e;w?B,d/P ;/te, gzikp ikroB, d/P gqd/P, BtK IwkBk torhnK n\pkoK gzikphGkPk s/ gzikphns dh ;/tk bJh isBPhb jB. gzikph o;kb/ th ekch wksok’u Sg oj/ jB.

whvhnk bJh GkPk nfjw w;bk j?. ni'e/ w[ekpb/pkIh d/ d"o ftu fJ;dh rzGhosk j'o tZX rJh j?. n"yh, r[zMbdko s/ bzw/̂ bzw/ tkeK dh GkfPetos'A dk IwkBk bZd frnk j?. GkPk ƒ ;theko eoB iK oZd eoB dh Peshgkme, ;q'sk iK doPe d/ jZE ftu j?. T[j j[D p'Mb iK nekT{ GkPk;fjD eoB dk nkdh BjhA fojk. ftfrnkB dhnK BthnK ekYK B/ T[; ƒpdbt/A ;kXB w[jZJhnk eok fdZs/ jB. i' gkme, ;q'sK iK doPe ed/ fJed' n\pkoK, f;o| nekPtkDh iK d{odoPB ƒ gVQB, ;[DB iK t/yD dk nkdh;h, T[; d/ ;kjwD/ ftPkb whvhnk w"i{d j?. fJ; bJh GkPk d/ BIohJ/ s'Aj'o ;zihdk j'D dh b'V j?. n\pkoK dh GkPk jo gkme dh gj[zu ftu j'Dhukjhdh j?. gzikph fJe nwho GkPk j?. fJ; ƒ ;ob iK w[jkto/dko sohe/Bkb tos e/ j'o m[edko pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?. whvhnk ’u fe;/ GkPD iKgZsoeko ;zw/bB (Press Conference) ƒ ;zy/g ikDekoh fdzfdnK eJhtko noEK dk nBoE j' iKdk j?. nfijk eod/ ;w/A GkfPe Ppdktbh dk:'r fJ;s/wkb jh ;jkJh j[zdk j?. gkme, ;o's/ iK doPe, nBgVQ iK gVQ/fby/ d't/A fe;w d/ j' ;ed/ jB. fJ; bJh ;wki d/ jo ftnesh dhwkBf;esk ƒ fXnkB ’u oZy e/ jh b/yDêkoi f;o/ ukVQBk ukjhdk j?. tkeS'N/, ;ob s/ ;gPN j'D sK gVQB$;[DB tkb/ ƒ S/sh ;wM nk iKd/ jB.

whvhnk d/ ftfdnkoEh ƒ fJj rZb fXnkB ’u oZyDh ukjhdh j? fewhvhnk dh nkgDh ftbZyD p'b^pkDh j?. fJ; dh Ppdktbh ’u n;hA fe;/j'o Ppdktbh ƒ obrv BjhA eo ;ed/. n;hA wBwoIh dh Ppdktbh gkmeK,;o'fsnK iK doPeK T[~go BjhA E'g ;ed/. fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb ;fGne GkPkth b'eK ƒ tX/o/ gqGkfts s/ nkeoPs eodh j?. ;gPN PpdK dk gq:'r eoB

76

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEnfjw L wjZstg{oBbZd L bzx frnkp'Mb iKnekT{ L nek d/D tkbh;zihdk L rzGhom[edko L gqGktPkbhobrv L ob h ^ f w b h ,

fwbktN

;w/A gzikph GkPk d/ ftnkeoDe B/wK ’s/ r"o eoBk Io{oh j?. fw;kb d/ s"o’s/ ;wk;h PpdK ’u (^) i'VBh (Hyphen) dh tos'A :'r sohe/ Bkb j'Dhukjhdh j?. fit/A ^ d/P fBekbk, oks fdB, j[;B J/ wfbek }bs jB. fJjBKƒ i'VBh brk e/ d/P^fBekbk, oks^fdB, j[;B^J/̂ wbek fbyDk P[X j't/rk.PpdK d/ gq:'r ;w/A fgqzN whvhnk iK fpibJh whvhnk d/ tZy'̂ tZyo/ ndkfonKdh gozgok ƒ ngDkT[Dk Io{oh j[zdk j?. fJe' noE tkb/ PpdK ƒ tZy'̂tZyo/ ndko/ tZy^tZy PpdK ’u g/P eod/ jB. fit/A ‘nihs n\pko’‘fgSb/ n?stko’ ƒ ‘phs/ n?stko’ fbydk j? ns/ gzikph fNqfpT{B T[; ƒ ‘bzx/n?stko’ fbydk j?. fJjBK PpdK dk gq:'r T[go'es n\pkoK ’u fJ;/ o{gftZu jh j't/rk.

nB[tkd L

nB[tkd B/ g{oh d[Bhnk ƒ fJe ftPth fgzv ftu spdhb eo fdZsk j?.nB[tkd ;dek jh n;hA d{i/;fGnkukoK Bkb ;ztkdouk ;ed/ jK. fJj nB[tkdjh j? fi; okjhA d{ihnKGkPktK d/ frnkB ^ftfrnkBns/ tos'A ^ftjko ƒ ;wfMnkik ;edk j?. g{o/ Gkos dhgkobhw?AN fJe j?. fJ; ftujo ;{p/ s'A tZy'̂ tZyohnKGkPktK d/ gkobhw?AN w?ApofjZ;k b?Ad/ jB. fjzdh nzrq/Ih Bk p'bD tkb/ Bkb nB[tkd okjhA okpsk ekfJwehsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK nB[tkd okPNoh J/esk bJh th fJe ;kXB ti'A ezweodk j?. n\pkoK, o/vhU, d{odoPB nkfd ;G \poK dk nB[tkd eod/ jB.j[D gzikp ftu e/Ado s'A jo fjzdh^nzrq/Ih tkbh uhI ƒ gzikph okjhA nB[tkdeoe/ b'eK sZe gj[zukfJnk iKdk j?. gzikph ;kfjs ftu nB[tkd wjZstg{oBEK rqfjD eo u[Zfenk j?. d{ihnK I[pkBK dk ;kfjs gzikph ftu nB[tkd j'fojk j?. J/;/ soQK gzikph ;kfjs d/ d{ihnK I[pkBK ’u nB[tkd j'D Bkb gzikphGkPk ns/ ;kfjs ƒ nwho pDkfJnk ik fojk j?. nB[tkd j[D f;o| fJeebk BjhA pbfe g/P/ dk o{g XkoB eo u[Zfenk j?. whvhnk dk ;kokdko'̂ wdko jh nB[tkd T[~go fNfenk j'fJnk j?. gZsoekoh ftu fJ; dk

77

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE;{p/ L oki, gqKs,

gqd/;okpsk L ;zgoeg/P/ L o[Irkodko'^wdko L ezweki,

eko^ftjkoT[bEkfJnk L nB[tkd

ftP/P wjZst j?. :{Bhtof;NhnK ftu fJ; dh pkekfJdk f;Zfynk fdZsh iKdhj?. J/;/ eoe/ nB[tkd j[D o[Irko dk o{g th XkoB eo frnk j?.

nB[tkd dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk L

nB[tkd Ppd td Xks{ Bkb nB[ nr/so bk e/ pfDnk j?. fJ; dk noEw[V s'A efjD iK fe;/ d/ efjD s'A wro'A efjD s'A fbnk iKdk j?. nB[tkdfbys iK p'b^pkDh d'tK dk ehsk iKdk j?. fJe GkPk d/ gkm (Text) ƒ id'Ad{ih GkPk ftu T[bEkfJnk iKdk j?, T[; ƒ nB[tkd fejk iKdk j?. nB[tkddk ezw gkm dk noE gfotosD Bk eoe/ T[; dk GkPkJh o{g pdbDk j[zdkj?. fw;kb d/ s"o ’s/ id'A n;hA nzro/Ih d/ fe;/ gkm dk gzikph GkPk ’unB[tkd eod/ jK sK fJ; d"okB o'wB fbZgh ƒ r[ow[yh fbZgh ftu T[bEkfJnkikt/rk. Gkt w{b ouBk d/ ftP/ iK noEK Bkb e'Jh S/V^SkV BjhA ehshikt/rh. fit/A j/m fbyh nzrq/Ih dh \po ƒ gzikph ’u nB[tkd eoB dhT[dkjoD t/y ;ed/ jK L

"The Uniteed States and Russia signed a landmark

disarmament treaty." (nzro/Ih o{g)nwohek ns/ o{; B/ jfEnkoK dh eN"sh dh fJfsjk;e ;zXhT[~go d;s\s ehs/. (gzikph o{g)

T[go'es \po dk noE d{ih GkPk ftu th poeoko fojk j?. nB[tkdBkb e/tb GkPk dk o{g pdfbnk j?.

ftdtkB ‘tksf;nk:kB wkfPnk’ nB[;ko,“fe;/ fJe GkPk dh gkm ;kwZroh ƒ fe;/ d{ih GkPk ’u T[;/o{g ’u o{gKsos eoB ƒ nB[tkd fejk iKdk j?.”

gb?N' B/ nB[tkd d/ nwb ƒ ‘Beb dh d[pkok Beb’ dk BK fdZsk j?.T[; nB[;ko fJj fe;/ j'o soQK d/ dod dk nB[Gt j?. nB[tkd dk we;dd{ih GkPk d/ ftukoK ƒ nkgDh GkPk d/ nkuko^ftjko nB[;ko Ykb e/ g/PeoBk j[zdk j?. ;kfjs ftu nB[tkd okjhA GkPktK dk nfXn?B s[bBkswenfXn?B dk o{g XkoB eo b?Adk j?. id'A fJe GkPk ƒ d{ih GkPk ftu pdfbnkiKdk j? sK fJj GkPk ftfrnkB dh Pq/Dh ’u nk iKdk j?. ni'e/ ftPtheoBd/ :[r ’u nB[tkd dk wjZst j'o tX frnk j?.

nB[tkd dhnK ;w~f;nktK L

nB[tkd eoB dh ;wZf;nk fJe rzGho u[D"sh j?. brGr ;kohnK \pohJ/iz;hnK nzrq/Ih iK fjzdh GkPk ’u \poK dk nkdkB^gqdkB eodhnK jB. fJ;

78

bJh J/iz;hnK s'A fwbh \po ƒ nzrq/Ih iK fjzdh GkPk s'A gzikph ftu nB[tkdeoBk j[zdk j?. fJ; tk;s/ ;G s'A gfjbh Pos sK fJj j? fe \po dk w{bo{g fiT[A dk fsT[A ofjDk ukjhdk j?. fJj th BjhA j' ;edk fe wZyh ’s/ wZyhwkoh ikt/. tke dk Gkt eZY e/ T[; dh o{j nB[;ko jh nB[tkd eoBk ukjhdkj?. GkPk dk nX{ok frnkB j'D ekoB nzro/Ih^fjzdh d/ pj[s/ Ppd fiT[A d/fsT[A tos b?D Bkb gzikph GkPk dk w[jKdok ftrVdk j?. fJ; dk ekoB fJjj? fe ;kv/ wB w;se T[~go nzro/Ih s/ fjzdh GkPktK dk gqGkt tX u[Zfenkj?. eJh tko n;hA fJBQK GkPktK ftu jh ;'uD brd/ jK. Ikfjo j? fe fi;GkPk ftu ;'uKr/ T[;/ ftu jh fbyKr/. fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb y/soh GkPktK d/nkg;h nkdkB^gqdkB ;w/A th fJ;/ soQK dhnK ;wZf;nktK dk ;kjwDk eoBkg?Adk j?.

BK dk nB[tkd eoB dh ;w~f;nk L

nzro/Ih fjzdh iK fe;/ j'o GkPk s'A gzikph ’u nB[tkd eoB;w/A BK ƒ fbyD dh pj[s tZvh ;wZf;nk j?. fJj nkw t/yD ftu nkT[Adkj? fe whvhnk ’u BK nkgD/ P[X o{g ftunB[tkd BjhA j' ;ed/. fJ; soQK T[jBKƒ }bs sohe/ Bkb g/P eoB Bkb b'eKftu T[j }bs o{g ’u jh gqubs j' iKd/jB. n\pkoK d/ Bkb^Bkb fpibJhwhvhnk ’u fJj ;wZf;nk j'o th rzGhoj?. o/vhU ns/ NhHthH ’s/ \poK p'bd/n?Aeo ne;o }bs BK dk T[ukoB eod/jB. \k; eoe/ uhBh, ikgkBh iK ncoheB nkfd b'eK d/ BK nzro/Ih okjhAid'A gzikph ’u nB[tkd j' e/ gj[zud/ jB sK T[jBK dk o{g ftrV u[Zfenk j[zdkj?. fw;kb d/ s"o ’s/ uhB d/ okPNogsh dk BK nzro/Ih GkPk ’u Wen Jia

Bao fbfynk iKdk j?. gzikph ftu i/eo fJ; ƒ J/;/ soQK fbyDk j't/ sK ‘t?Bihnk pkT[’ pDdk j?. go fJ; dk P[X T[ukoD ‘t?B uhnk gkU’ j?. d/PKiK EktK d/ nB[tkd ;w/A th fJ; soQK dh ;wZf;nk dk ;kjwDk eoBk g? ;edkj?. fit/A ;hohnk dh okiXkBh o'wB ’u Damascus fbyh iKdh j? go fJ;dk ;jh T[ukoB dfwPe j?. fJ; bJh gzikph ftu fJ; dk nB[tkd dfwPeehsk iKdk j?. Reuter ƒ gzikph ftu okJhNo fbfynk s/ p'fbnk iKdk j?.fJj fJ; dk P[ZX o{g j?.

79

BK dk ;zy/g o{g L

nB[tkd eod/ ;w/A BK dk ;zy/g o{g eJh tko jk;'̂ jhDk brdk j?. \pofbyD ;w/A pko^pko bzwk BK fbyD s'A puD bJh T[; dk ;zy/g o{g tos fbnkiKdk j?. fw;kb ti'A ndkeko Grtzs wkB dk \po d/ P[o{ ’u g{ok BK fbye/ wro'A fJeZb/ ;qh wkB Bkb tke fby/ ik ;ed/ jB. J/;/ soQK fe;/ Bkbiks fbyD tkb/ dk ;zy/g BK iksh nXkfos th j' ;edk j?. fit/A ;qhwshebgBk uktbk dk ;zy/g o{g ;qhwsh uktbk pDdk j?. go fXnkB oj/ fe BKdk ;zy/g o{g eoB ;w/A fJeZb/ BK d/ N[ZeV/ BjhA ehs/ ik ;ed/. r[ioks,fpjko, dZyDh Gkos d/ BK dk ;zy/g o{g pDkT[D bZfrnK B/w dk \k; fXnkBoZyDk j[zdk j?.

;[Mkn L

GkPk d/ nB[tkd dk whvhnk ftu \k; :'rdkB j?. whvhnk okjhA GkPkp'b e/ iK fby e/ g/P ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; bJh nB[tkde dh fIzw/tkoh pDdhj? fe T[; d/ nB[tkd ftu fszB ;Zf;nK Gkt ;ziw, ;obsk s/ ;zuko dk fwPoDIo{o j't/.

nfGnk; L

Language ^ GkPk, Literature ^ ;kfjs, Play ^ BkNe, Brief ^;zy/g, Translation ^ nB[tkd, Example ^ T[dkjoB, News ^ \po,Newspaper ^ n\pko, Magazine ^ o;kbk, Pronounce ^ T[ukoBk,Speak ^ p'bDk, Publish ^ SkgDk, Audiance ^ doPe, Source ^ ;kXB,Journalist ^ gZsoeko, Problem ^ ;wZf;nk, Headline ^ w[Zy \po,Broadcast ^ gq;koB, Live ^ f;ZXk, Bkb'̂ Bkb Handbill ^ gouk, All India

Radio ^ nkekPtkDh, Audio Video ^ Pqt s/ fdqP, Enternaiment ^ wB'oziB,Edit ^ ;zgkdB, Medium ^ wkfXnw

fN~gDhT[go'es gkm ftZu gzikph GkPk, nB[tkd s/ whvhnk pko/ w[ZYbh ikDekoh

fdZsh rJh j?. gzikph GkPk d/ gquko^gq;ko ftZu whvhnk d/ :'rdkB ƒ uoukdk ftPk pDkfJnk frnk j?. nB[tkd dh gfoGkPk s/ ftXh ƒ ;wMkT[D dhe'fPP ehsh rJh j?. nB[tkd eoB ftZu nkT[D tkbhnK ;wZf;nktK ƒ jZbeoB d/ sohe/ th do;kJ/ rJ/ jB. nB[tkd bJh b'VhAdh Ppdktbh d/nfGnk; bJh nzro/Ih s'A gzikph nB[tkd tkbh Ppdktbh fdZsh rJh j?.

80


(i) gzikph dhnK d' gqf;ZX n\pkoK d/ BK dZ;'.(ii) ;wk;h^Ppd eh j[zd/ jB < T[dkjoBK ;fjs ;wMkT[.(iii) nB[tkd dh gfoGkPk fdT[.(iv) nB[tkd dhnK ;wZf;nktK T[~go o"PBh gkT[.(v) BK dk nB[tkd eoB dh ftXh dZ;'.(vi) j/mK fdZs/ j'J/ nzro/Ih PpdK dk gzikph ftZu nB[tkd eo' L

Language, Newspaper, Magazine, Translation, Speak

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/TH gkm s'A n~r/ L

(i) gzikph dh e'Jh n\pko gVQ e/ ;e{b dh n;?Apbh ftZu p'bD bJhw[Zy \poK fsnko eo'.

(ii) nzro/Ih, gzikph s/ fjzdh GkPk d/ NhHthH iK o/vhT[ T[~go \poK d/p[b/fNB d/y^;[D e/ T[BQK ftZu tos/ rJ/ wjZstg[{oB PpdK dk d{i/ftfdnkoEhnK Bkb fwb e/ nB[tkd eoB dk nfGnk; eo'.

(iii) eh s[jkƒ gzikph GkPk dh w[ZYbh ikDekoh jk;b j?. fJ; dhftnkeoB dk fJZe ukoN fsnko eo'.

(iv) d' d';sK ftueko nzro/Ih ftZu j'Jh rZbpks ƒ gzikph ftZu fby'.(v) ;e{b ftZu j'J/ ;kbkBk ;wko'j dh fog'oN ƒ gzikph s/ nzro/Ih

ftZu fby'.


(i) nB[tkd eoB dh ;wZf;nk e'Jh rzGho w;bk BjhA j?.

(ii) nB[tkd dk ezw gkm dk noE gfotosB j[zdk j?.

(iii) nzro/Ih s/ fjzdh GkPktK dk gqGkt tX u[Zfenk j?.

(iv) ‘BK’ fJe tkoh g{ok fbyD wro'A ;zy/g ftZu fbfynk ik;edk j?.

(v) nB[tkd ;w/A n:'r Ppdktbh dh tos'A eoBhukjhdh j?.

81

JH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) fJe GkPk s'A d{ih GkPk ftu T[bEkT[Dƒ HHH nkyd/ jB.

(ii) nB[tkd B/ HHH dk o{g Xko fbnk j?.(iii) nB[tkd dh ;wZf;nk fJe HHH u[D"sh j?.(iv) \poK p'bD tkb/ HHH ne;o rbsh eo

iKd/ jB.(v) BK d/ nB[tkd ;w/A T[; dk HHH o{g th tos fbnk iKdk j?.

;H i'V/ pDkT[ L

(i) wZ[y \po Translation

(ii) o;kbk Handbill

(iii) nB[tkd Head Line

(iv) gouk Magazine

jH ‘n\pko’ fgqzN whvhnk dk fj~;k j?. fgqzN whvhnk ftu j'o ehêh nkT[Adk j?<HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH

eH fit/A ‘NhHthH ƒ t/fynk iKdk jK’ p'fbnk iKdk j?. j/m fbfynK ƒeh p'bKr/ <

(i) o/vhU HHH(ii) n\pko HHH

yH nzro/Ih ftu nB[tkd eo' L

(i) nwoheh okPNogsh B/ Gkos dh jwkfJs ehsh j?.HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH

(ii) ;fuB s/Ad[beo Gkosh feqeN dk f;oski j?.HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH

(iii) gzikp gzi dfonktK dh Xosh j?.HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH

(iv) jo/e ftnesh ƒ nkgDh wK^p'bh ftu rZb eoBh ukjhdh j?.HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH

(v) ftfdnkoEhnK B/ ob e/ y/v y/vh.HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH

82

rzGho n?Aeo

o[Irko

nB[tkd ;zy/g

r~g pkIfgnkok f;zx dksk

P\;hns s/ ouBkfgnkok f;zx dksk dk iBw 15 i[bkJh, 1910 ƒ fgzvdkskGZN, fIbQk oktbfgzvh (j[D gkfe;skB ftu) fty/fgsk okw f;zx d/ xo wksk nksw e"o dh e[Zy'Aj'fJnk. T[BQK ƒ jk;^ftnzr dk pkdPkj fejk iKdkj?. fiZE/ T[BQK dk ftnzr e[sê[skohnK eZYdk j?,fYZvhA ghvK gkT[Adk j?, T[~E/ r[ops, trko, wIp{ohns/ ;wki dh ;Zuh s;tho fyZu e/ ;'uD bJh wIp{oth eodk j?. T[BQK dhnK ouBktK jB—jk;^ftnzr, ihtBhnK, fJfsjk;,;|oBkwk ;kfjs, nB[tkd ns/ pkb ;kfjs nkfd. T[BQK B/ ‘;cbsk’ ns/ ‘BtK;kfjs’ o;kfbnK d/ ;zgkde dh G{fwek th fBGkJh. fJ; s'A fJbktk T[BQK B/nB/eK g[;sek dh ;zgkdBk th ehsh j?.

r~g pkI

pN/o pkI, w[or pkI, ep{so pkI s/ gszr pkI tKr, rZg pkI th ;kv/;wki ftu nkgDh ftP/P EK oydk j?.

rZg pkI jo xVh ;kv/ nZr/ fgZS/ wzvbKdk ofjzdk j?. T[j jo rbhwjZb/, fgzv^fgzv, Pfjo, w;id wzdo s/ ;Gk ;';kfJNhnK ftu w"i{d ofjzdkj?. nZi thjthA ;dh ftu sK e'Jh pPo th fJj efjD dh db/oh BjhA eo;edk fe rZg pkI d/ T[; ƒ edh doPB BjhA j'J/.

rZg pkI brGr nkg p/eko ofjzdk j?, go rZbK T[j seV/ eko'pkohnKs/ ;/mK tkbhnK eodk j?. nkg T[; edh fpZbh th BjhA wkoh j[zdh, go T[j

83

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEwzvbKdk Lx[zwdkpPo Lnkdwh, pzdkdb/oh Lpjkdoh

nkgD/ nkg ƒ P/oK dk fPekoh do;Kdk j?. IwhB n;wkB d/ ebkt/ fwbkDftu T[j P/yfuZbh dk pkg j?. rZb^rZb ftu T[j pVhnK tZvhnK j;shnK d/jtkb/ d/t/rk. nkgD/ fgzv'A, Pfjo'A iK d/P s'A edh T[j pkjo fBefbnkBjhA j[zdk, go rZbK pksK ftu T[j fIeo iowBh, o{; s/ nwohek dkeo/rk. fwfbnk edh T[j nkgD/ d/P d/ S'N/̂ w'N/ bhvo ƒ th BjhA j[zdk, goIkfjo eo/rk, fe “cbkD/ ;w/A w?E'A gqXkB wzsoh B/ wPtok wzfrnk ;h.;NkfbB ƒ fwbD ;w/A w?A T[; ƒ :'rsk Bkb je{ws ubkT[D dhnK eJh sithIKdZ;hnK jB. okPNogsh Bkb ukj ghD ;w/A w?A T[BQK ƒ T[gfBPdK pko/ nkgDhtke|h dZ;h, sK T[j M{w T[~m/.”

b/ye ƒ gfjbh tko rZg pkI d/ doPB fJe fgzv dh wfj|b ftu j'J/;B. fgzvK ftu nkw eoe/ ykD ghD s'A ftjfbnK j' e/ b'eh p'jVK dhSkt/A nk p?md/ jB. T[~E/ jh T[j skP, u"gN, Psozi nkfd y/vd/ iK fgzv,Pfjo, ;{p/ no w[be pko/ fJe d{i/ s'A tke|h gqkgs eod/ jB. rZg pkIfJBQK wfj|bK ftu pVh PkB Bkb fpokiwkB j[zdk j?. ftuko/ nBgVQ g/Av{fe;kB T[; dhnK rZbK pV/ fXnkB Bkb ;[Dd/ jB.

T[; wfj|b ftu T[j efj fojk ;h, “fgSb/ ;kb w?A fPwb/ d/ xD/ izrbKftu fJe gjkVh dh u'Nh ’s/ p?mk ;K, fe fJe gkf;T[A w?ƒ fe;/ izrbh ikBtod/ r[okD dh nktkI nkJh. w?A nkgDh bkmh ;zGkb e/ u/szB j' yV' frnk.d{o BhM bk e/ t/fynk, sK fJe izrbh P/o s/ P/oBh dk i'Vk BIo nkfJnk.T[j nkg' ftu g?bK gkT[Ad/ BZud/̂ NZgd/ w/o/ tZb ub/ nk oj/ ;B. ;oho T[BQKd/ fJzB/A wIp{s s/ eZd d/ fJzB/A T[~u/ fe d{o'A T[j jkEh BIo nkT[Ad/ ;B. T[jw/o/ B/V/ nk e/ yV' rJ/ go w?A fpbe[b Bk vfonk. w?ƒ t/yfdnK ;ko T[BQKw/o/ ’s/ fJe fwbtK jZbk p'fbnk. w?A fJe tZv/ ;ko/ doZ\s d/ fgZS/ g[IhPB;zGkb bJh. d' rI bzph vKr w/o/ jZE ftu ;h, fiT[A jh ;{s e/ wkoh fegfjb/ tko Bkb jh P/o d{o ik fgnk. nkgD/ gqhsw dh fJj rs t/y P/oBhr[Z;k yk e/ nZr/ tXh, go T[; ƒ th w?A fJe' tko Bkb EK oZfynk. p; xVhnKgbK ftu d' bkPK fJe d{i/ ’s/ fvrhnK w/o/ ;kjwD/ sVg ojhnK ;B.”

w?A t/fynk, fe id'A rZg pkI, g/Av{nK dh wfj|b ftu nkgDh pjkdohdhnK vhrK wko fojk ;h, sK ;[DB tkb/ nP^nP eo oj/ ;B. T[;;w/A rZgh wjkoki dhnK nZyK uwe ojhnK ;B. T[; B/ nkgDh eEkikoh oyh L

“P/o s/ P/oBh d'jK ƒ T[~E/ jh SZv w?A nZr/ s[o fgnk. okj ftu w?A fJe

84

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEP/yfuZbh Lr ZgK wkoB

tkbkwPtok L;bkjp'jVK Ldo\su/szB L;[u/s j'DkEK oZfynk LY/o eo fdZsk

nihp fijk izrbh ikBto t/fynk.pJh eh dZ;K fe T[j fezBk T[~uk ;h.T[; dk f;o n;wkB ƒ Sz{jdk ;h s/g?o T[; d/ Xosh ’s/ ;B.”

w?A rZgh d/ fgZS/ p?mk ;K s/ T[;dk uzrh soQK tke| ;K. T[; dh fgZm’s/ w?A nkgDk jZE c/fonk, fi; dkGkt ;h fe fJzBh tZvh rZg jZeDh mheBjhA. T[j w/ok fJPkok ;wM frnk s/ nkgD/ fpnkB ƒ do[Z;s eofdnK j'fJnKp'fbnk, “jK ;Zuh, T[; d/ g?o sK Xosh ’s/ ;B, go f;o T[; dk nZX n;wkB’s/ ik gj[zudk ;h.”

w?A fco fJPkok ehsk, sK T[j p'fbnk, “jK pJh g?o sK T[; d/ Xosh BkbbZrd/ ;B, go f;o T[; dk u"EkJh n;wkB she gj[zudk ;h.” w?A fco T[; dkg?o dpkfJnk, sK T[j w/o/ tZb wz{j eoe/ efjD bZrk, “owfsnk ` j[D dZ; fJ;s'A th xZN w?A eh T[; dk e~d fpnkB eoK, sz{ sK w?ƒ yk jh bEk J/A.”

w?A T[; nZr/ f;o fBtk e/ T[~E'A s[o nkfJnk, sK gsk bZrk fe w/o/ fgZS'Ap'jV w[Y p?m/ fJe nkdwh ƒ fJe ;Zg dk pZuk BIo nkfJnk. T[; B/ P'owukfJnk sK ;ko/ eZm/ j' e/ rJ/ s/ xVhnK gbK ftu T[BQK B/ ;Zg ƒ wkoe/ fpZb/ bk fdZsk.

fgZS'A b'eK t/fynk fe P/oK d/ fPekoh rZg pkI dk ;Zg dk BK ;[D e/ jhbj{ ;[Ze frnk ;h s/ T[j T[;/ t/b/ uzgs j' frnk ;h.

fJj P/qDh d{o^d{o sZe c?bh j'Jh j?. fejk iKdk j?, fe fJBQK dktv/ok G"Ad{ wZb ;h. G"Ad{ pVk Gkoh rZgh ;h. T[; d/ d' g[Zso ;B—fBjkbks/ r[gkbk. fJj d't/A fgT[ d/ th ezB e[sod/ ;B.

fJe tkoh Goh wfj|b ftu fJj d't/A rZgK jZe oj/ ;B. fBjkbk efjfojk ;h, “;kv/ pkg{ gk; eJh jIko wZMK ;B. T[j wZMK ƒ ;t/o s'A Pkwshe fJe tZv/ ;ko/ sbkp ftu u'Adk ofjzdk ;h s/ b'ehA pkbNhnK Go^Go ;kokfdB d[ZX nkgD/ xohA fbiKd/ ofjzd/ ;B, fco th sbkp jo tes Gfonk jhofjzdk ;h.

“;kv/ pkg{ B/ fJe tZvh ;koh y[obh pDkJh j'Jh ;h. T[j fdZbh s'A b?e/ tkfPzrNB (nwohek) she bzph ;h. T[; nZr/ wZMK pzBQhnK ofjzdhnK ;Bs/ T[j nkgDk ukok yKdhnK ofjzdhnK ;B.”

85

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEdo[Z;s Lmhe eoBkuzgsj' frnk Ld"V frnku'Adk Ld[ZX eZYDky[obh LgP{ d/ ukok

ykD tkbh EK

r[gkbk p'fbnk, “T[J/ p; eo rZghnk, s/o/ pkg{ dk ;kv/ pkg{ Bkb ehNkeok < ;kv/ pkg{ e'b Xosh s'A nekP she bzwk B/Ik ;h. id'A edh d/Pftu pkoP dh b'V Gk;dh, b'ehA pkg{ d/ uoBhA nkD fvrd/. s/ pkg{ T[BQK ’s/so; yk e/ nkgDk B/Ik n;wkB ’s/ pZdbK ftu yG' fdzdk. p; fco eh j[zdk,fSBK gbK ftu toyk j' iKdh s/ ;[Ze/ y/s jo/ Go/ j' iKd/.”

ftu'A fBjkbk N'edk, “p; eo UJ/ :pbk, i/ fJvk tZvk s/o/ fgT[ gk;B/Ik ;h, sK T[j oydk feZE/ ;h <”

r[gkbk nZr'A s[ozs T[so d/Adk, “s/o/ fgT[ dh y[obh ftu.”s/ p; ;[DB tkfbnK ƒ d'jK dhnK rZgK ’s/ fJedw ftPtk; nk iKdk.bkb febQ/ fdZbh pko/ T[j d't/A fJT[A fpnkB d/Ad/ L“bkb febQk gsk i/ fdZbh fet/A g[Zik < ni s'A d' ;" ;kb gfjbK fJj

febQk r'b ezv/ dhnK gjkVhnK ’s/ yV'sk ;h. ;kv/ fgsk G"Ad{ s/ ukfunK—bZS{ okw, fwoI/ s/ dhB/ B/ fJ; dhnK u"jK B[ZeoK Bkb uko jkEh eZ; e/ pzBQfdZs/. fJ; fgZS'A T[BQK jkEhnK g[o u"jK gk;/ ;kv/ fgsk ih s/ ukfunK B/ jZbkp'b fdZsk. nZr/̂ nZr/ fJj jkEh febQ/ ƒ Xoheh nk oj/ ;B s/ fgZS/̂ fgZS/ fJjgzi/ GkJh x'fVnK ’s/ uVQ/ jZbk eo oj/ ;B. p; T[BQK jkEhnK B/ iwBk feBko/febQk nkD fNekfJnk s/ nkg nZbQk ƒ fgnko/ j' rJ/.

“gziK GkJhnK B/ jkEhnK d/ oZ;/ y'bQ e/ T[BQK ƒ Xohe e/ iwBk ftu;[ZfNnk, fJ; soQK fJj febQk w[}bK d/ jtkb/ ehsk.”

d't/A rZg pkI T[go dk ekoBkwk \sw eod/, sK ;o'sk rD tkj^tkjeo T[~md/.

fejk iKdk j? fe nZi d/ rZgh, G"Ad{ dh jh n"bkd jB. fJBQK b'eKftu pVk Gkoh fJs|ke j?, s/ tes e[tes fJj nkgD/ GkJhpzdK dh pVhwdd eod/ jB. ftnkj PkdhnK no woB/ gofBnK s/ fJBQK dk nkww/b j[zdk j? s/ fJBQK wjkB ;wkrwK ’s/ T[j nkgDh f;nkDg d/ efoPw/ftykT[Ad/ jB.

ftnkj PkdhnK s/ th fJj ‘G"Ad{ dh n"bkd’ pVhnK vhArK wkodh j?.e'Jh g[okDk w[Y rZgh ej/rk, “;kv/ tesK dh eh g[ZSd/ j', gksPkj' `

T[j th e'Jh t/b/ ;B. ;kv/ uku/ d/ wkw/ d/ ;kb/ dh Pkdh ;h. T[; poksftu Pkwb j'D bJh wjkokik ;kfjp e'NrVQ nkg jkEh ’s/ uVQ e/ nkJ/ ;B,s/ t?;okn B/ nkgD/ bkN ƒ G/fink ;h. poks eh ;h, fJe mkmK wkodk;w[zdo ;h. wjkokik ;kfjp d/ 500 c"ih itkB Ioe poe todhnK gfjBhA

86

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEB/Ik LGkbk:pb Lw{oyfJs|ke LJ/ekbkN LrtoBo

poks dh PkB ƒ uko uzB bk oj/ ;B. fJe jIko sK fBo/ x'V/ jh ;B,i' fjD^fjD eod/ poks d/ d'jhA gk;hA wkou eo oj/ ;B.”

T[Xo rZgh wjkoki dh Xow gsBh nkgDk GkPB nbkg ojh j[zdh,“;kvk th ftnkj e'Jh ftnkj ;h, w/o/ wkfgnK B/ 500 s'b/ ;'Bk s/ 10 wZMKdki Bkb fdZshnK ;B. d[~X dhnK sK ;kv/ xo BdhnK tfjzdhnK ;B,G?D BdhnK. ;kok fgzv w[|s d[ZX bZ;h b? e/ iKdk ;h. nBki d/ sK xo ftue'm/ jh Go/ ofjzd/ ;B. p; i' ;[Zy gkfJnk, T[j nkgD/ pkpb d/ xo gkfJnk.id dh w?A fJZE/ nkJh, p; G[ZfynK BzfrnK d/ gZb/ pzBQ fdZsh rJh, Bk uZidk ykDk, Bk ghDk, Bk woBk, Bk ihDk. xo d/ ezw eofdnK s/ p[jkoh p'jeoc/ofdnK wo ikJhdk j?. g/e/ xo sK B"eo B"eokDhnK ezw ƒ jZE BjhA ;BbkD d/Ad/ HHH.”

;qhwsh dk GkPB jkbhA ikoh jh j[zdk j?, fe gk; p?mh T[; dh r[nKYD;zsh nkgD/ Bkb p?mh p;zsh ƒ efjzdh j?, “;Zu efjzdh j? ftukoh. fgT[ d/xo fJ; ƒ ykD ƒ BjhA ;h fwbdk. fJj NZpo r[nKYhnK s'A bZ;h wzr e/r[Ikok eodk ;h, go ;j[fonK d/ xo tVfdnK jh pkpb d/ ftjV/ pzBQhnKwZMK dh :kd nk rJh ;{.”

nZbQk pukt/ fJ; e"w s'A, fizBK fJBQK s'A pfunk ikt/, UBk jh E'VQk, gofJj f;o| ows/ dh okJ/ j?, c[zwD f;zx dk sK f\nkb j? fe fJBQK b'eK ƒ;dk nkgD/ ;Zi/̂ yZp/ wzvbKd/ ofjD fdU. fJj pzd/ dk fdb goukJh oyd/ jBs/ fuzsk }w iK fBok;sk T[; d/ B/V/ BjhA Y[eD d/Ad/.

fN~gDhrZg pkI b/y ftZu fgnkok f;zx dksk B/ ;kv/ ;wki ftZu ftuodh rZg pkI

dh e"w ’s/ ukBDk gkfJnk j?. fJj spek jo rbh^w[jZb/, fgzv, Pfjo s/ ;Gk;';kfJNhnK ftZu w"i{d ofjzdk j?. jo wfj|b ftZu fJBQK dh tZyoh PkB w"i{dofjzdh j?. nZi d/ ;w/A ftZu e'Jh th ftnesh nfijk BjhA j? fi; B/ rZg pkId/ doPB BjhA ehs/. rZg pkI dh \{ph fJj j? fe T[j rZgK$vhArK sK pj[stZvhnK^tZvhnK wkodk j?, go ;ZukJh Bkb o{̂ pô{ j[zd/ jh T[; dk \{B ;[ZeiKdk j?. fJBQK d/ ekoBkw/ ;[Dd/ jh ;o's/ tkj^tkj eo T[~md/ jB. ftnkjPkdh j't/ iK ;'r dk w"ek j't/ fJj rZg pkI jo EK nkgDh f;nkDg d/ efoPw/fdykT[Ad/ BIo nkT[Ad/ jB. fJBQK rZg pkIK dh \k;hns fJj j? fe fJj pzd/dk fdb goukJh oZyd/ jB, s/ fBok;sk ƒ B/V/ BjhA Y[eD fdzd/.

87

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEp'jeo LMkV{r[nKYD LBkb tkb/ xo

’u ofjD tkbhn"os


(i) rZg pkI feBQK EktK ’s/ w"i{d j[zdk j? <(ii) rZg pkI dk ufoZso T[ikro eo' <(iii) rZg pkI dhnK rZgK dk fPeko ;wki dk fejVk tor pDdk j? <(iv) rZg pkI dh ;wki ftZu eh EK j? <(v) rZg pkI B/ fJ; b/y ftZu fejV/ izrbh ikBto Bkb bVB dh rZZg

wkoh s/ T[; B/ fejVh ejkDh xVh <(vi) rZg pkI dh gsBh d/ nkgD/ ftnkj pko/ eh ftuko ;B <


(i) eh s[;hA nfij/ fe;/ j'o rZg pkI ƒ ikDd/ j'. i/ jK sK T[; d/;[Gkn s/ o[ZuhnK pko/ ikDekoh fdT[.

(ii) eh s[;hA ed/ rZg wkoh j? < T[; dk s[jkƒ e'Jh B[e;kB j'fJnkj? < nfijh xNBk dk jkb fpnkB eo'.

(iii) rZg wkoBh uzrh rZb j? iK wkVh. fJ; d/ gZy iK fto'X ftZu nkgD/ftuko g/P eo'.

(iv) eh s[;hA wzBd/ j' fe rZg pkIK ekoB n|tkjK c?bdhnK jB <i/eo ed/ s[jkvk nfijh fe;/ xNBk Bkb tkj fgnk j? sK T[; d/f;ZfNnK T[~go o"PBh gkT[.

(v) |oI eo' s[jkvk e'Jh fwZso rZg pkI j?. T[; dk fJ; nkds s'AfgZSk S[vkT[D bJh s[;hA eh eo'r/ <


(i) rZg pkI jo rZb ftZu pj[s tZvhnK j;shnK dk jtkbkfdzdk j?.

(ii) nBgVQ g/Av{ fe;kB rZg pkI dhnK rZbK dk fPeko BjhA j[zd/.

(iii) rZg pkI P/o s/ P/oBh d/ e'b jh p?mk ofjzdk j?.

(iv) r[gkbk efjzdk j? fe T[; dk pkg{ pZdbK ftZu B/Ik wkoe/ toyk eotk ;edk ;h.

(v) rZgh wjkoki dh gsBh nkgD/ xo d[ZX dhnK BdhnKtrD dh rZg wkodh j?.

88

JH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) bkb febQk HHH dh wdd Bkb iwBkfeBko/ fbnKdk frnk.

(ii) rZg pkI dhnK HHH ;[D e/ fgzv tkfbnKdh wfj|b nP^nP eo T[~mh.

(iii) nZi d/ rZgh ƒ HHH dh n"bkd fejkiKdk j?.

(iv) c[zwB f;zx rZghnK dh e"w dk HHH g{odk j?.(v) fdZbh d/ bkb febQ/ ƒ HHH dhnK gjkVhnK s'A fbnkT[D dh rZg wkoh

rJh j?.

;H i'V/ pDkT[ L

r'b e[zvk pkoPB/Ik iwBkr'gkbk gjkVhnKbkb febk :Zpb

jH fg~S/ Ppd bk e/ ;wk;h Ppd pDkT[ L

(i) fgzv HHH(ii) fjD HHH(iii) rZb HHH(iv) d{o HHH

eH fbzr pdb' L

(i) ;/m(ii) gsh(iii) jkEh(iv) jEBh

yH tke pDkT[ L

(i) vhArK wkoBhnK HHH HHH HHH HHH(ii) jZbk p'bDk HHH HHH HHH HHH(iii) fpnkB eoBk HHH HHH HHH HHH(iv) fpb/ bkT[Dk HHH HHH HHH HHH

89

vhArK g~y

jkEhnK

r'be[zvk G"Ad{

;t?ô~fynk;kX{ f;zx nKub

P\;hns s/ ouBk;kX{ f;zx nKub dk iBw 9 nes{[po, 1932 ƒ fgzvGfXnkDk, fIbQk ibzXo fty/ fgsk pfuZso f;zx d/xo wksk feogkb e"o dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk. w[ZYbhftZfdnk fgzv d/ ;oekoh ;e{b s'A jk;b ehsh ns/;e{bh gVQkJh s'A pknd phHJ/H eoe/ fdZbh g[fb;ftZu Gosh j' rJ/. ;oft; eofdnK jh fdZbh:{Bhtof;Nh s'A n?~wHJ/H gzikph gk; ehsh. T[j

;jkfJe g[fb; efwPBo d/ nj[d/ ’s'A ;/tk^w[es j'J/. nkgDh B"eoh d"okB thT[BQK B/ toePkgK s/ ;?whBkoK okjhA ;e{bK, ekbiK d/ ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ;t?̂ oZfynk Bkb ;zpzXs sohe/ ngBkT[D bJh gq/fos ehsk. T[j wPj{o gzikph;kfjseko jB. Gkt/A T[BQK B/ fInkdkso eftsktK s/ rhsK dh ouBk ehsh j?,fco th tkose d/ y/so ftZu fJBQK dk tZvw[Zbk :'rdkB j?. T[BQK d/ ekft^;zrqfjwB[Zyh gq/oDk d/ ;o's jB. ‘;ZXoK dhnK bkPK’, ‘fdb d/ dkr’, ‘fpoj'A fgnk;kv/ fynkb’ ‘dod ftS'V/ dk jkb’, ‘BjhA oh;K gzikp dhnK’ ‘nbp/bk gzikp’,‘nkjK s/ nZEo{’ s/ ‘f;Zyh dk ;|o’ T[BQK dhnK wPj{o g[;seK jB.

;t?ô~fynk

wB[Zyh j'Ad d/ Bkb jh T[; ftZu ;t?̂ oZfynk dk fXnkB nkfJnk. izrbhikBtoK s/ e[dosh nk|sK s'A fJbktk nZr^gkDh dk efjo wB[Zy bJh ;dkjh vo dk ftPk pfDnk fojk j?. nkdwh nkozG s'A jh fJj' fijhnK nk|sKs'A puD bJh Yzr sohe/ ;'udk nk fojk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh d[PwD T[~s/

90

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE;t?ôZfynk L ;[oZfynknk|sK L w[;hpsKefjo L r[Z;kekoro L ;jh

jwbk eoB d/ Yzr sohe/ th ;'udk fojk j?. wB[Zy dh jZE'̂ jZE bVkJh ftZuvzvk, bkmh, sbtko s/ poSk wB[Zyh tko ƒ o'eD bJh ekoro sohe/ ngDkJ/ik ;ed/ jB. pzd{e, sbtko iK j'o r'bh f;Zek, pko{d dh ekY s'A gfjbKwB[Zy T[go dZ;/ jfEnko jh ;t?̂ oZfynk bJh tosdk fojk j?. rse/pkIh th;t?̂ oZfynk dk fJe ;kXB wzBh iKdh j?. wB[Zy nkgD/ nkg ƒ bkmh, sbtkonkfd s'A pukn d/ Yzr dZ;dk j?. rse/pkIh ftZu ewo s'A EZb/ d/ fjZ;/ d/pukn bJh g?oh sohe/ ngDkJ/ iKd/ jB. g?oh (;kJhv) bZsK iK ewo T[~s/ehs/ tko ƒ nkyd/ jB. fi; ƒ bkmh Bkb o'fenk ik ;edk j?. b/feB n;hAfJE/ ;t?̂ oZfynk d/ ftP/ ti'A ykbh jZE oZfynk bJh Yzr sohfenk dk T[gkniK tos'A pko/ rZb eo oj/ jK.

eokN/ ikgkBh GkPk ftu d' PpdK dk i'V j?—‘eo’ dk noE j? ykbhs/ ‘N/’ dk wsbp j? jZE, Gkt ykbh jZE. nkdwh tb'A ykbh jZEK Bkb ngDkJ/rJ/ s"o sohfenK ƒ ‘eokN/’ nkyd/ jB. eokfNnK ƒ ikgkBh GkPk ftZu i{v'noEks e[Psh th nkyd/ jB. ikgkBh GkPk ftZu fJ; ƒ fJT[A fpnkB eo;ed/ jK fe i/eo s[;hA ;ohoe s"o s/ skesto BjhA j' sK th s[;hA nkgDhoZfynk eo ;ed/ j'. i/eo s[;hA eokfNnK dh w[jkos jk;b eoe/ nkgD/fi;w ƒ wIp{s pDk fbnk j? sK d{i/ T[~s/ jwbk eoB dh s[jkƒ e'Jh b'VBjhA. fJZe j'o eEB th fJ; ftP/ Bkb i'fVnk ik ;edk j?, fi; ƒ n;hAefjzd/ jK fe ;t?̂ ;[oZfynk sK jh eo ;ed/ jK i/eo ;kvk fdb s/ fdwkrfJe' t/b/ ;kE d/D ftZu ;woZE j'D.

eokfNnK dk nkozG sK fe;/ t/b/ gqkuhB ekb ftZu dZyDh ;{p/ e/ob dhXosh (Gkos) T[~s/ j'fJnk, go fJ; dk ftek; ikgkB ftZu frfDnk iKdk j?.fJ; dk r[o{ whuB c'BkePh gqf;ZX ftnesh j'fJnk j?. fi; B/ ;t?̂ oZfynkbJh pV/ s"o^sohe/ dZ;/ jB. ;G s'A gfjbK fJ; ftZu jZEK s/ pkjtK dk gq:'rj?. jZEK Bkb n;hA fe;/ d/ ehs/ j'J/fi;wkBh jwb/ (;ohoe tko) ƒ o'e;ed/ jK. jZEK Bkb nkgD/ jZE dhnKpzd ehshnK j'JhnK gzi T[ArbK dh w[ZmpDk e/ gzu wko ;ed/ jK. fi; ƒgzikph ftZu m'; w[Zek wkoBk th fejkik ;edk j?. fJj gzu jwkbkto d/ iKjwbk eoB tkb/ d/ BZe T[~s/, wz{j

91

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEekY L y'irse/pkIh L P;so

ubkT[Dkg?oh L ewo iK bZsK

T[~s/ ehs/ iKd/jwb/

T[gkn L sohe/w[jkos L wkfjob'V L Io{osgqkuhB L g[okD/ ;w/A

ftZugqf;ZX L wPj{os"o^sohe/ L Yzrfi;wkBh L ;ohoew[Zm L w[Zmhgzu L w[Zek

T[~s/, dzdK T[~s/, nZyK T[~s/ iK wZE/ T[~s/ wko e/ T[;ƒ fJe uzrh ;ZN gj[zuk ;ed/ jK. fJ; s'A fpBKfJj w[Zek fdb T[~s/ iK g/N T[~s/ th wkfonk ik;edk j?. jZE ƒ n;hA EZgV iK ug/V wkoB bJhth tosd/ jK. fJ; ftZu jZEK dk f;ZXk iK g[Zmkgk;k d[PwD ƒ ek|h ;ZN wko ;edk j?.

fJ; s'A fpBK n;hA nkgDhnK pkjK dh e{jDhƒ w"e/ w[skpe d[PwD d/ fe;/ fjZ;/ T[~s/ th wko;ed/ jK. e{jDh dh jZvh pVh wIp{s j[zdh j?.

fJ; bJh e{jDh w'V e/ i/ ;ZN wkoh ikJ/ sK jwbkto ƒ ekch o'e gkJh ik;edh j?.

bZsK s/ g?oK dk gq:'r th ;?bc fvc?A; (;t?̂ ;[oZfynk) bJh pj[s jhekoro ;kps j[zdk j?. g?o dk m[Zvk wko e/ n;hA d[PwD dhnK bZsK iK g?oKƒ B[e;kB gj[zuk ;ed/ jK. pV/ I'o Bkb wkfonk j'fJnk m[Zvk d[PwD dh bZsdh jZvh s'V ;edk j?. g?oK d/ Bkb m[Zv wko e/ d[PwD ƒ ekch jZd sZe I\whehsk ik ;edk j?. EZb/ fvZr/ j'J/ d[PwD ƒ n;hA nkgD/ r'v/ wko e/ p/j'Peo ;ed/ jK. r'v/ th ;kv/ fi;w ftZu wIp{s jZvhnK dk fJZe i'V j?. nkwny"s j? fe tes dk fJZe NKek p/tes d/ jIkoK NKfenK Bkb'A uzrk j?. id'AfeXo/ th ;kv/ fi;w ƒ e'Jh \sok pD/ sK xpokT[Dk fpbe[b th BjhA ukjhdkpbfe fdwkrh Pesh ns/ fi;wkBh skes dk w/b fwbk e/ jwbkto s'A puknehsk ik ;edk j?. w?A fJE/ s[jkv/ Bkb fJZe n;b xNBk pko/ ;KM gkT[DkIo{oh ;wMdk jK—Gkos d/ dZyDh ;{p/ eoBkNe d/ fJZe fgzv ftZu ofjD tkbkpzdk |?eNoh ftZu ‘tku n?Av tkov nk|h;o’ nkgDh |?eNoh dk d"ok eo fojk;h. |?eNoh d/ Bkb bZrd/ izrb ftZu'A nukBe fJZe P/o fBeb nkfJnk.P/o ƒ nkT[AfdnK t/y e/ T[; ƒ e[M Bk ;[ZfMnk fe j[D eh ehsk ikt/ < nukBeT[; ƒ IwhB ’s/ gJh j'Jh fJe yZgsh Gkt b'j/ dh sbtko BIo nkJh. T[;ƒ T[j nkgD/ jZE ftZu u[Ze e/ P/o d/ w[ekpb/ bJh fjZe skD e/ yVQk j' frnkns/ T[; B/ P/o ƒ pV/ I'o Bkb bbeko e/ fejk, “nk w?A fJ; sbtko BkbtZY e/ s/o/ N[eV/ eo fdnKrk.” T[; dh bbeko s/ sbtko d/ G?n s'A vofdnKP/o nZr/ tXD'A o[e frnk ns/ fgZS/ w[V frnk.

nZi d/ :[Zr ftZu n;hA o'IkBk n\pkoK ftZu gVQd/ jK iK N?bhftIB T[~s/d/yd/ jK fe pZfunK iK n"osK T[~s/ wzd GktBk Bkb jwb/ ehs/ iKd/ jB fiBQK

92

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE;ZN L u'Nm[Zvk L m'jeor'vk L x[NDk (;oho

dk nzr)ny"s L ejktsfi;w L ;ohotku n?Av tkovnk|h;o L u"ehdkofjZe L SkshtZY L eZNwzd L p[oh

ƒ nkgD/ jZEK^g?oK d/ gq:'r eoe/ Gkt eokN/ d/ tko Bkb ;cbskg{ote o'e;ed/ jK. fJ; s'A fpBK tv/oh T[wo d/ pI[orK T[~s/ b[ZN^y'j d/ jwb/ th j[zd/ofjzd/ jB fiBQK ƒ i{v' d/ tko Bkb o'fenk ik ;edk j?.

eokfNnK d/ r[o{ efjzd/ jB fe o'IkBk dk nfGnk; nkdwh d/ fi;w ƒbuedko pDk fdzdk j? i' f;js bJh pj[s jh ckfJd/wzd j?. fJj sohe/ tos'AftZu fbnKfdnK ;kvk jkiwk th do[Z;s ofjzdk j? ns/ ;kv/ fi;w dh \{Bhjoes th mhe ofjzdh j?.

fN~gDhb/ye B/ fJ; ouBk ftZu fJj dZf;nk j? fe n;hA nkgDh ;[oZfynk fejV/

Yzr^sohe/ Bkb eo ;ed/ jK. Io{oh BjhA fe n;hA nkgDh oZfynk fe;/jfEnko d/ Bkb jh eo ;ed/ jK. i/eo ;kv/ ’s/ e'Jh jwbk eodk j? ns/;kv/ e'b T[; ;w/A e'Jh jfEnko iK c/o e'Jh j'o ;kXB BjhA j? sK c/o n;hAnkgD/ jZEK^g?oK dh tos'A eoe/ th jwbkto ƒ fuZs eo ;ed/ jK s/ nkgDh;[oZfynk th eo ;ed/ jK. b/ye nB[;ko nZi d/ ;w/A ftZu jo wB[Zy ƒnkgDh ;[oZfynk eoBh f;ZyDh ukjhdh j?. fJ; bJh T[j i{v' iK eokN/torhnK y/vK ƒ ngDk e/ fiZE/ jwb/ s'A pukn eodk j? T[~E/ Bkb jh ;ohoes"o T[~s/ szdo[;s th ofj ;edk j?. fJ; b/y ftZu b/ye B/ pZfunK iK n"osKT[~go jwb/ ƒ o'eD bJh nkswôZfynk dk nk;kB sohek ;wMkT[D dh e'fPPehsh j?.


(i) wB[Zy bJh fejVh P?n vo dk ftPk pDh ojh j? <(ii) nkjw'̂ ;kjwD/ dh bVkJh ftZu fejV/ sohe/ ngDk e/ n;hA

;t?̂ oZfynk eo ;ed/ jK.(iii) ewo d/ j/mb/ fjZ;/ dh oZfynk fet/A ehsh ik ;edh j? <(iv) eokN/ dk eh noE j? <(v) eokN/ dk nkozG gqkuhB ;w/A ftZu feZE/ j'fJnk <(vi) jZEK ns/ g?oK Bkb n;hA nkgDh oZfynk fet/A eo ;ed/ jK <(vii) d[PwD ƒ ;ohoe s"o s/ B[e;kB gj[zukT[D bJh eh ehsk ik

;edk j? <

93


(i) ;t?̂ oZfynk ƒ gqrNkT[D tkb/ sohfenK dk ;z[do ukoN pDkT[.

(ii) Gkos d/ j'o ;{fpnK ftZu ;t?̂ oZfynk bJh ngDkJ/ iKd/ ;kXBK pko/

s;thoK ;fjs ikDekoh fdT[.(iii) ni'e/ ;w/A ftZu oZfynk d/ tZy'̂ tZyo/ sohfenK ƒ f;ZyDk feT[A

Io{oh j? <

(iv) eh s[;hA ed/ fe;/ d/ jwb/ dk fPeko j'J/ j' < s[;hA nkgDh oZfynkfet/A ehsh < ft;sko ftZu ;wMkT[.

(v) eh s[jkƒ eokN/ f;ZyD ftZu fdbu;gh j? < fJ; y/v d/ r[DK T[~go

o"PBh gkT[.

nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) s/ }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L

(i) eokN/ dk nozG coK; ftZu j'fJnk ;h.

(ii) bZsK iK ewo T[~s/ ehs/ tko ƒ g?oh nkyd/ jB.

(iii) r'v/ ewI'o jZvhnK dk fJZe i'V j?.

(iv) g?o dk m[Zv e[M BjhA eo ;edk.

(v) jZEK Bkb th d[PwD ƒ fuZs ehsk ik ;edk j?.

JH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) ikgkBh GkPk ftu ‘eo’ ƒ HHH

nkyd/ jB.(ii) rse/pkIh ftZu HHH d/ sohe/ f;ykJ/

iKd/ jB.

(iii) j/mK fvZr/ d[PwD ƒ HHH dh ;ZN BkbB[e;kB gjz[ukfJnk ik ;edk j?.

(iv) tkuw?B B/ |?eNoh ftZu HHH dk

;kjwDk ehsk.(v) eokfNnK d/ nfGnk; Bkb ;oho HHH pDdk j?.

94

r'v/ g?oh

P/o

buedko ykbh

;H i'V/ pDkT[ L

eo P/otkuw?B ykbhN/ r[o{whuB c'BkePh jZE

jH j/m fby/ PpdK d/ fto'Xh Ppd fby' L

(i) d[PwD HHH(ii) oZfynk HHH(iii) fBjZEk(iv) skesto


(i) T[gkn HHH(ii) fi;wkBh HHH(iii) gzu HHH(iv) w[jkos

yH tke pDkT[ L

(i) ;t?̂ oZfynk HHH HHH HHH HHH(i) B[e;kB gj[zukT[Dk HHH HHH HHH HHH(i) N[eV/ eo d/Dk HHH HHH HHH HHH(i) buedko HHH HHH HHH HHH

95

gzikph fto;kjoe/P f;zx efjb

P\;hns s/ ouBkjoe/P f;zx efjb dk iBw gzikp d/ fIbQk ;zro{o d/;zd'V fgzv fty/ j'fJnk. ps"o ghH;hHn?~;H nfXekoh;/tk^w[es j'J/ efjb B/ doiBK g[;seK gzikph;kfjs dh M'bh gkJhnK jB. fJBQK ftu Pkwb jB—‘b'erhsK ftu gzikph ihtB’, ‘gzikph b'e fto;k’,‘w/o/ fgzv dh pdbh B[jko’, ‘x[Zrhwko n|;o’,‘nb'g j' rJ/ o;w fotkI’ nkfd. efjb B/ ;ob s/

;gPN sohe/ Bkb gzikph b'e fto;k gq;s[s eoB dk isB ehsk j?.

;oQ'A dk ;kr

;oQ'A d/ jo/ gZs/$rzdbK ƒ, i' fozB e/ ;pIh ti'A ykX/ iKd/ jB, ;oQ'A dk;kr efjzd/ jB. f;nkb d/ w";w ftu ;oQ'A dk ;kr ykDk gzikphnK dhwB^GkT[Adh ;pIh j?. ;kr b'jk, e?bPhnw s/ ftNkfwB dk Gzvko j?. gfjbK;oQ'A d/ gZfsnK dk ;kr pDkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; ftu E'VQk fijk pkE{ s/ gkbeth gk b?Ad/ jB. id ;o'QA dhnK rzdbK fBeb nkT[AdhnK jB, T[; ;w/A rzdbKdk ;kr pDkT[Ad/ jB. jZE Bkb ;kr uhoB tkbh dksh Bkb gfjbK ;oQ'A d/gZfsnK$rzdbK ƒ uhfonk iKdk j?. ftu pkE{ s/ gkbe uho b?Ad/ jB. fwZNhdh s"Vh ftu E'VQk fijk gkDh gk e/ row eoB bJh u[ZbQ/ T[~go oZfynk iKdkj?. u[ZbQ/ ftu bZeVK, gkEhnK ns/ rZ[bK Bkb nZr pkbh iKdh j?. id gkDhrow j' iKdk j? sK T[; ftu uho/ j'J/ gZs/$rzdbK, gkbe s/ pkE{ gk fdzd/ jB.

96

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEuho L eZNDkrzdb L ;oQ'A d/ p{N/

dh w'Nh vzvhs"Vh L GKvk,

posBr[ZbK L SZbh d/ dkD/

eZYD wro'Apfunk fjZ;k

gshbk L GKvk,posB

ftu b{D fwouK gk fdzd/ jB. nkws"o ’s/ ;kr ftu johnK fwouK gkT[Ad/jB. id ;kr g{ok foZM iKdk j? sKT[; ftu wZeh d/ nkN/ dk nkbD gke/ x'NDh Bkb uzrh soQK x'fNnk iKdkj?. fJe fdB dk Xfonk ;kr sVekbk e/ eJhêJh fdB ykXk iKdk j?.;G s'A ;[nkd ;kr ;oQ'A dhnK rzdbKdk pDdk j?. pkE{ dh EK j[D fInkdkgkbe, w/Eh$w/E/ gkfJnk iKdk j?.

;kr j[D gfjbK d/ w[ekpb/ xZNykXk iKdk j?. j[D dhnK pj[shnKfJ;sohnK ;kr pDkT[Dk th BjhAukjz[dhnK. ;kr j[D jZE tkbh dksh Bkb BjhA uhfonk iKdk. j[D ;kr uhoBtkbhnK wPhBK pkIko ftZu fwb iKdhnK jB. ;kr j[D fwZNh dh s"Vh dh EKd/r d/ gshfbnK iK g?qPo e[ZeoK ftu pDkfJnk iKdk j?. eJh gfotko ;krƒ j[D x'NDh Bkb x'ND dh EK fwe;h ftu x'N e/ nkbD gk b?Ad/ jB. ;krdh j[D gfjb/ tkbh uVQs BjhA ojh.

izv

gfjb/ ;fwnK ftu izv d/ oZ[y gzikp ftu nkw ;B. J/;/ eoe/ izvK d/o[ZyK Bkb eJh b'e ftPtk; th i[V/ j''J/ jB. gfjb/ ;fwnK d/ ftnkjK ftueJh iksK ftu izv eZND$izvh tZYD dk fotkI ;h. izv eZND dh o;w izBuVQB ;w/A bkVk izv d[nkb/ ;Zs r/V/ d/ e/ eodk ;h. eJh fjzd{, pZu/ d/ w[zvD;w/A izv eZND dh o;w eod/ jB. j'o th fjzd{nK dhnK eJh o;wK izv Bkbi[VhnK j'JhnK jB. r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh :kd Bkb ;zpzfXs r[od[nkokizv;o sbtzvh ;kp' ftu j?. fJE/ fJe izv Bkb r[o{ ;kfjp B/ nkgDk x'VkpzfBQnk ;h. uwe"o dh rVQh ftu'A fBeb e/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih e[M ;w/A fJeizv EZb/ mfjo/ ;B. J/E/ th izv ;kfjp r[od[nkok j?. fgzv dk BK th izv;kfjp j?. J/;/ soQK jh j[fPnkog[o, w[es;o s/ cohde'N fIfbQnK d/ fgzvKftu fiE/ r[o{ ;kfjpkB izv j/m nkg mfjo/ iK x'Vk pzfBQnK, T[E/ th r[od[nko/

97

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEnkbD L ;kr ƒ (mix)

fwbkT[D bJhnkNk gkT[Dk

x'NDh L wZXDh (;kr ƒx'N e/ fwbkT[Dtkbk izso)

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEr/V/ L uZeoGowko L pj[s

f I n k d k ,pj[bsk

y'b L ;[ok\J/ohJ/ L fJbke/

pD/ j'J/ jB. fwoIk ;kfjpK dhg/qw ejkDh dk nzs th fwoI/ dkesb ;kfjpK d/ GoktK tZb'A izvd/ oZ[y EZb/ eo e/ ehsk frnk;h. pqkjwD, yZsoh s/ fpPB'Jhiksh tkb/ izv dh g{ik eod/jB. fJ; s'A ;k| Ikfjo j' iKdkj? fe gzikp ftu gfjb/ ;fwnKftu izvK d/ o[ZyK dh Gowko ;h.

izv izrbh oZ[y j?. o/sbhnKns/ y[Pe IwhBK ftu j[zdk j?.fJ; ƒ cZ[b ngq?b^wJh ftu g?Ad/jB. cbhnK i{B ftu pDdhnKjB. eZuhnK cbhnK ƒ S'NhnK^

S'NhnK eZN e/ bZ;h d/ gBho ftu gk e/ yKd/ ;B. cbhnK ;[ek e/ iK T[pkbe/ th ykXhnK iKdhnK ;B. c[Zb, ;Ze s/ cbhnK ƒ eJh dtkJhnK ftu thtofsnk iKdk j?. pZeohnK, G/vK th gZs/, cbhnK y[P j' e/ yKdhnK ;B.gZs/ uko/ ti'A tos/ iKd/ ;B. bZeV, rZv/ d/ gjhJ/, y/shpkVh d/ ;zd, xopDkT[D ns/ pkbD d/ ezw nkT[Adh ;h. izv dk oZ[y id pj[s g[okDk j' iKdk;h sK T[; d/ nzdo y'b g? iKdk ;h. fJ; y'b ftu ;Zg nkw s"o ’s/ nkgDhy[Zv pDk b?Ad/ ;B.

j[D gzikp dh ;koh fBZih IwhB nkpkd j?. fJ; bJh s[jkƒ fe;/ thfBZih IwhB ftu izv d/ o[Zy BjhA fwbDr/. jK, ;oekoh izrb iK ezYh J/ohJ/ ftu PkfJd s[jkƒ izv d/ o[Zy fwb ikD.

;~rh

;'B/ dh fJe N{w ƒ, fi; ƒ fJ;sohnK nkgD/ f;o d/ tkbK ftu r[zddhnKjB, ;Zrh efjzd/ jB. eJh fJbkfenK ftu fJ; ƒ u"Ae th fejkiKdk j?. ;Zrh fInkdk c[ZbK Bkb gkJh iKdh j?. go eJh t/o fJ;sohnKeZbh ;Zrh th gk b?AdhnK jB. ;Zrh ftnkj ;w/A gkT[D tkbh N{w j?.gfjb/ ;fwnK ftu id b'eK dh nkofEe jkbs pj[sh uzrh BjhA ;h, T[;

98

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE;Zrh L rfjDk

;w/A jo gfotko ;Zrh gkT[Ds'A n;woE jz[dk ;h.

;Zrh dh Peb w{Xhwkoh m{mh torh j[zdh j?.fJ; d/ T[go fJe fBZehfijh bz{ph bZrh j[zdh j?,fi; ftu Br ifVnk j[zdkj?. ;Zrh dk nzdobk fjZ;kuKdh dk jz[dk j?. fJ;nzdob/ fjZ;/ T[~go bky bke/ T[~go ;'B/ d/ gZso/ ƒwhBkekoh eoe/ bkfJnk iKdk j?. ;Zrh d/ nzdob/ gk;/ ez[vk bZfrnkj[zdk j?. fJ; e[zv/ ftu'A dh jh goKdk bzxk e/ whYhnK ftu ;Zrh r[zdhiKdh j?.

j[D ;Zrh gkT[D dk fotkI fpbe[b \sw j' frnk j?. j[D sK ;N/i ’s/frZXk gk ojhnK s/ BZu ojhnK w[fNnkoK d/ f;oK ’s/ jh ;Zrh gkJh BIonkT[Adh j?. fJj ;Zrh th Bebh j[zdh j?. ;'B/ dh BjhA j[zdh.

fN~gDhT[go'es gkm ftZu b/ye joe/P f;zx efjb B/ gzikph fto;/ Bkb ;zpzXs

wjZstg{oB gZyK ƒ T[ikro ehsk j?. ;oQ'A dk ;kr, izv dk o[Zy s/ ;Zrh dkrfjDk gzikph ofjD^;fjD d/ nN[ZN nzr oj/ jB. go ;w/A d/ pdbD Bkbj[D fJBQK dh j'Ad ;zeN ftZu j?. b/ye B/ fJBQK d/ fJfsjk;e, ;wkie wjZstns/ r[DK dh ikDekoh d/ e/ fJBQK dh nfjwhns dk nfj;k; eokfJnk j?.T[; dk w[Zy wzst ;kƒ nkgD/ fto;/ Bkb i'Vh oZyD s'A j?. T[go'es ;GftfPnK d/ n\ho ’u T[j fJBQK dh xkN T[go fuzsk gqrNkT[Adk j?. T[j ;kƒ;[u/s eodk j? fe j[D n;hA ;kr ykDk SZvd/ ik oj/ jK. izv dk o[Zy brGr\sw j'D tkbk j?. ;Zrh dk rfjDk nZieZbQ e'Jh BjhA gkT[Adk. fJj f;o|frZXk gkT[D tkbhnK w[fNnkoK sZe jh ;hfws ofj frnk j?. fJ; bJh T[j;kƒ nkgD/ fto;/ Bkb i'VB bJh isBPhb j?.

99


(i) ;oQ'A dk ;kr ykD Bkb eh |kfJdk j[zdk j? <

(ii) izv feT[A wjZstg{oB j? <

(iii) ;Zrh fe; ƒ nkyd/ jB <

(iv) ;Zrh dh pDso T[go o"PBh gkT[ <

(v) izv feZE/ j[zdk j? <

(vi) ;o'QA d/ ;kr dh getkB ftXh ;wMkT[.

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/TH gkm s'A n~r/ L

(i) eh s[[;hA ed/ ;kr Bk ykD dh fIZd ehsh j? < fJ; bJh s[jkƒxo tkfbnK iK pkjo tkfbnK d/ fto'X dk ;kjwDk sK BjhA eoBkfgnk, nfijh xNBk dh ft;sko ftZu ikDekoh fdT[.

(ii) rfjD/ gkT[D Bkb b[ZN^y'j dk \sok pfDnk ofjzdk j?. s[;hA fJ;pko/ eh ;'ud/ j' < nkgD/ ftuko g/P eo'.

(iii) fe;/ nfij/ o[Zy dk jtkbk fdT[ fi; dh b'e ;dhnK s'A g{ik eod/nk oj/ jB. T[; dk ;wkie wjZst th dZ;'.

(iv) Gkosh gozgok ftZu fJfsjk;e oZ[yK dhnK s;thoK tkbk fJZe ukoNfsnko eo'.

(v) ‘o[Zy bkT[ ;[y gkT[’ Bkjo/ dh soi ’s/ o[ZyK dh ;KG^;zGkb dhgq/oDk tk;s/ o[Zy bkT[D pko/ ;e{b d/ B'fN; p'ov bJh gzikph ftZufJZe B'fN; fsnko eo'.


(i) ;Zrh rb ftZu gkT[D tkbk rfjDk j?.

(ii) ;kr pDkT[D bJh e'fbnK dh nZr pkbh iKdh j?.

(iii) gzikphnK ftZu izvh eZND dh e'Jh o;w BjhA j?.

(iv) ;kr j[D gfjbK d/ w[ekpb/ tZX ykXk iKdk j?.

(v) ;Zrh ftnkj ;w/A gkT[D tkbk rfjDk j?.

100

JH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) ;oQ'A dk ;kr gZfsnK ns/ HHH dk pDdkj?.

(ii) izv dh bZeVh HHH pDkT[D d/ ezwnkT[Adh j?.

(iii) ;Zrh w{Xh wkoh HHH torh j[zdh j?.(iv) ;kr ƒ x'ND bJh fJ; ftZu wZeh dk

HHH gkfJnk iKdk j?.(v) gzikp dh IwhB HHH j'D eoe/ izv d/

oZ[y dh frDsh xNdh ik ojh j?.

;H i'V/ pDkT[ L

izv ;kr;oQ'A rfjDk;Zrh r[od[nkokizv;o bZeVh

101

m{mh ;zd

nkNk

rzdbK nkpkd

r'bh tKr ubdh p[b/N No/BvkH e[bdhg f;zx Xho

P\;hns s/ ouBkvkH e[bdhg f;zx Xho gzikph d/ ;opKrh b/ye jB.T[BQK dk iBw 15 Btzpo, 1943 ƒ gkfe;skB d/r[ioks fIbQ/ d/ wzvh pjkT[dhB fty/ fgsk wk;Nog/qw f;zx Xho d/ xo wksk e[btzs e"o dh e[Zy'Aj'fJnk. vkH Xho B/ gzikph ;kfjs ƒ 62 d/ eohpg[;seK gqdkB ehshnK jB. fJBQK ftZu nkb'uBk,o/yk^fuZso, s[bBkswe ;kfjs, ftfrnkB tkose

nkfd Bkb ;zpzXs g[;seK Pkwb jB. g/P/ s'A vkH Xho gzikph :{Bhtof;Nhs'A ps"o gq'|?;o ;/tk^w[es j'J/. gzikph n\pkoKô;kfbnK ftZu th vkH Xhodk pj[s ;kok ;kfjs gqekfPs j'fJnk j?.

r'bh tKr ubdh p[b/N No/B

s/I o|sko Bkb uZbD tkbh o/brZvh ƒ nkw eoe/ p[b/N No/B fejkiKdk j?. fJj e'Jh seBheh Ppd iK ;ze/s BjhA j?. r'bh tKr iKdh rZvhƒ, j'o e'Jh nky/ th eh < fJ;/ bJh ikgkB ftZu id'A gfjbh s/I o|skotkbh o/brZvh fPzeB;/B uZbh sK b'eK B/ }?o^;oekoh s"o ’s/ fJ; ƒ p[b/NNo/B dk fBZek BK fdZsk. s/I o|skoh d/ fJ; :[Zr ftZu s/I o|skoh fe;ƒ fejk ikt/ < wkb, g?;zio, n?e;gq?;, w/b, ;[go^ck;N rZvhnK eqwtkofJZe^d{ih s'A tZX s/I ubdhnK jB. :{oghnB :{BhnB B/ fJ; f;bf;b/ftZu jkJh iK T[~uh ;ghv dk ftP/PD T[BQK rZvhnK bJh tosD dk |?;bkehsk j? i' T[~u/ t/r T[~s/ ;|o bJh pD/ ftP/P fe;w d/ No?e T[~s/ xZN'̂ xZN

102

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEo|skoh Ls/I rsht/r Lrsh

d' ;" feb'whNo gqsh xzNk dh o|sko T[~s/ uZbD. o/bt/ dh nzsookPNoh:{BhnB T[~u ;ghv o/bt/ ƒ rZvh dh ;ghv se ;hws eoe/ BjhA t/ydh,fJ; dk ;pzX o/b No?e, ;zuko, po/eK s/ seBkb'ih d/ g{o/ skD/̂ pkD/ Bkbi'Vdh j?.

Gkos d[BhnK d/ tZv/ o/b ;zuko gqpzXK tkb/ w[beK ftZu'A fJZe j?. fJZE'AdhnK o/bK pj[s g[okDhnK jB. w{b o{g ftZu fJBQK e'b d' ;" feb'whNo gqshxzNk s'A tZX o|sko tkbhnK rZvhnK ƒ ;zGkbD dh ;woZEk BjhA j?. IwkB/d/ pdbD Bkb T[~u ;ghv rZvhnK pko/ rZb s[oh sK ;kvh ;oeko B/ ;kpekokPNogsh J/HghHi/H npd[b ebkw d/ ;[Mkn w[skpe o/bt/ bJh ftIB^2020fsnko ehsk. fJ; dh o{gô/yk fJZe tQkJhN g/go d/ o{g ftZu 18 d;zpo,2009 ƒ gkobhw?AN ftZu g/P ehsh rJh. o/b wzsokb/ B/ gozgokrs seBkb'ihns/ o/b gqqpzXK Bkb jh o|sko 130 feb'whNo s'A tXk e/ 160 s/ 200feb'whNo gqsh xzNk se eoB dk fBoDk o/bt/ eqKsh tZb gfjbk edw wzfBnk.fJ; d/ Bkb jh 200 s'A 300 iK 350 feb'whNo gqsh xzNk o|sko tkb/ o{Nu[D/ rJ/. fJBQK ƒ jkJh ;ghv e"ohv'o dk BK fdZsk frnk. fJj ;G e"ohv'o;B L fdZbhûzvhrVQ̂ nzfwqs;o (450 feb'whNo), g[D/̂ w[zpJh^nfjwdkpkd(650 feb'whNo), j?dokpkd^fti/tkVkû/BZJh (864 feb'whNo), jktVk^jbdhnk(135 feb'whNo), u/BZJh^pzrb"oê'fJzpN{o^noBke[bw (1850 feb'whNo),fdZbh^nkrok^bybT{̂ tkokB;h^gNBk (991 feb'whNo) ns/ noBke[bw^fsoftzdow (194 feb'whNo). nes{po 2013 ftZu jkJh ;ghv o/bekog'o/PB pDk e/ ssekbh gqXkB wzsoh vkH wBw'jB f;zx dh nrtkJh j/m;oeko B/ p[b/N No/BK dk GkoshnK dk ;[|Bk S/sh g{ok eoB tZb fJZe j'ojzGbk wkfonk.

vkH wBw'jB f;zx nkgD/ :sBK dk ;keko o{g gqXkB wzsoh ti'A BjhAd/y ;e/. T[BQK dk ekoi ekb g{ok j' frnk. ;qh Bfozdo w'dh dh nrtkJhftZu BthA ;oeko pDh.fszB i[bkJh 2014 ƒfdZbh^nkrok ftukb/gfjbh s/I No/B uZbh.e[Zb 100 fwzN ftZu fJ;B/ fJj d{oh s?n eobJh. o/b nfXekohnK

103

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEeKp/ LezgezgkjNebkt/ LgeV ftZu\bkn Lg[bkV, nkekPw[beK Ld/PKw[skpe LnB[;kofBoDk L|?;bkssekbh LT[; ;w/A d/jzGbk LT[gokbk,

e'fPPtQkJhN g/goLikDekoh bJh

Skgh ;oekohfog'oN

;keko LgqsZy, n;b,nkeko tkbk

ekoiekb Lnj[d/ dk ;wK

B/ fejk fe e[M jh fdBK ftZu fJj rZvh j'o s/I eoe/ ;|o BZp/ fwzN ftZuw[ekfJnk ikt/rk. fIeo:'r j? fe fJj p[b/N No/B BjhA, ;?wh p[b/N No/B jhj?. n;bh p[b/N No/BK bJh No?e pD oj/ jB. ni/ fJj No?e fsZy/ w'V BjhAw[Vd/ sK fe w'VK T[~s/ o|sko xNkT[Dh Bk gt/. fJBQK d/ No?eK T[~s/ gZEodh pZioh dh EK ezeohN$n;ckbN dhnK ;b?pK j[zdhnK jB, fiBQK Bkb No?edh ;woZEk tXdh j?. o/bK ftZu EKÊK o/bK ƒ ftZE oZy e/ BNK^p'bNK Bkbi'VB dh pikfJ bzwh d{oh se t?bv eoe/ f;o/ Utob?g eokJ/ iKd/ jB.fJZe^d{ih T[~s/ oZy/ iKd/ jB. fJ; Bkb s/I o|sko T[~s/ MNe/ BjhA g?Ad/.P'o BjhA j[zdk. No?e dh r'bkJh bJh ;kY/ uko feb'whNo iK fJ; s'A th tZvknoX^ftnk; tosD dk isB ehsk iKdk j?. ne;o jh o/bK ftZu r/i^ftZE1435 fwbhwhNo oZyh iKdh j?.

p[b/N No/BK d/ fJziD, vZp/, ukbD, po/e s/ ezNo'b dk ;kok gqpzX jhgozgokrs rZvhnK s'A osk tZyok j[zdk j?. edwêdw T[~s/ Gko xNkT[Ddh ;'uh iKdh j?. S/sh po/e bkT[D dk gqpzX eoBk g?Adk j?. ckNeK ƒ pzdeoB d/ MziNK T[~s/ ekp{ gkT[Dk g?Adk j?. jtk dh orV xNkT[D bJh fJziD$vZfpnK dh Peb ƒ ijkI tKr ;Nohw^bkJhB ehsk iKdk j?. jtk dh XkokftZu rZvh s?oB tKr ubdh j?. nrbk fjZ;k iK rZvh dk BZe$wz{j bzpk, w[bkfJws/ r'b B'e tkbk pDkfJnk iKdk j?. vZfpnK ns/ fJziD dk j/mbk gk;k No?ed/ tX/o/ B/V/ oZy e/ jtk dh orV dk n;o xNkfJnk iKdk j?. rZvh d/ vZp/pDkT[D bJh n?b{whBhnw dh fwPos Xks d/ y'yb/ g?NoB tos/ iKd/ jB.fJj fwPos Xks wIp{s, izrô'Xe ns/ eKp/ T[~s/ ekp{ gkT[D gZy'A pj[sbkj/tzd P?n j?.

T[~uh o|sko tkbhnK rZvhnK Gk| iK s/b dh EK fpibh Bkb ubdhnKjB. fJBQK Bkb ekoie[Pbsk tXdh ns/ tksktoB gqd{PD xZN j[zdk j?. rZvhdh SZs T[go osk T[~uh ftSh fpibh dh sko s'A g?N'rokc Bkb fpibh bJhiKdh j?. ;kXkoB o/brZvh ftZu po/e bkT[D t/b/ T{oik rowh ti'A \sw j[zdhj?. fe;/ ezw BjhA nk ;edh. T[~u o|sko o/brZvhnK ftZu ohi?Bo/fNtpo/e gqpzX j[zdk j?. fJ; g[Bo^T[sgkde gqpzX ftZu uZb ojh o/brZvh dh:Ksfoe T{oik po/e bkT[D t/b/ fpibJh T{oik ftZu pdb iKdh j?? i' w[V toshik ;edh j?. fJjh BjhA po/eK bJh fJBQK ftZu ro/ckJhN w?Nb gkT{vo iK;kXkoB Xks o/fPnK dh EK ekopB^ckJhpo ezg'fIN dh tos'A ehsh iKdh j?.fJj wIp{s, jbek s/ ;/e^gqsho'Xh j[zdk j?.

104

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEw[ekfJnk L\sw, g{okn;ckbN Lb[Ze pZioh dk

w;kbk,gZeh ;Ve

ftZE Lte|kgozgokrks LotkfJsh,

g[okDkGko LtIBMziN Lsebh|,

;wZf;nk, py/VkXkok Ltjkn, gotkjB'e LfsZyky'yb/ Lykbh, g'b/o'Xe Lo'eEkwP?n LuhI, t;sftSh LgkJh j'Jh,

ftSkJh j'Jhg[Bo Ld[pkok, w[V s'AT{oik LPesh, skes:Ksfoe L:zso ;zpzXh,

we?BhebfpibJhT{oik Lfpibh dh

Peshw[V Ld[pkok, fco s'Ao/fPnK LszdK, skoK,

szsKgqsho'Xh Lfto'Xh, Nkeok

eoB tkbk

;[oZfynk tXkT[D bJh p[b/N No/B ftZue?p f;rBb gqpzX dh tos'A ehsh iKdh j?.o/brZvh d/ nzdo'A jh f;rBb gqpzX BkbezNo'b ehs/ iKd/ jB. ckNe$ f;rBb dho[ektN ;w/A fJj rZvhnK nkN'w?fNe o{gftZu jh j"bh j' iKdhnK jB ns/ o[e thiKdhnK jB sK fe jkdf;nK s'A pukn j';e/. go jkd;/ fco th tkgo iKd/ jB. s/I rsh ekoB fJBQK ftZu ikBhB[e;kB e[dosh jh fInkdk j[zdk j?. 3 i{B, 1998 ƒ iowBh ftZu fJzNof;Nhn?e;gq?; d/ jkd;/ ftZu 101 ftnesh wko/ rJ/ ns/ fJzB/ jh I\wh thj'J/. o/brZvh dk fJZe gjhnk uZbûZb e/ eo?e j' u[Zek ;h. T[; ekoB fJ;p[b/N No/B dk fJj jkd;k j'fJnk. 24 i[bkJh, 2003 ƒ ;g/B ftZu j'J/p[b/N No/B jkd;/ ftZu 79 ftnesh w"s d/ wz{j ftZu ik gJ/ ns/ 140 p[ohsoQK I\wh j'J/ ;B. ekoB fJZe w'V T[~s/ b'V s'A tZX o|sko ;h. 23 i[bkJh,2011 ƒ uhB ftZu p[b/N No/BK f;rBb dh rbsh ekoB Neok rJhnK. fJ;ftZu 40 ftnesh wko/ ns/ 200 d/ eohp I\wh j'J/. fJzi jh 17 i[bkJh,2014 ƒ coK; ftZu fJZe p[b/N No/B ƒ fgZS'A g;?Aio rZvh B/ nk NZeo wkohns/ 40 ftnesh wko/ rJ/.

p[b/N No/B ƒ ubkT[D tkb/ gqpzX th ;kXkoB o/brZvh s'A osk tZyo/ j[zd/jB. nkw o/brZvh ftZu No?ePB w'NoK fJziD d/ n?e;b Bkb i'VhnK iKdhnKjB. fe;/ j'o vZp/ Bkb e'Jh No?ePB w'No BjhA j[zdh. ;ko/ vZp/ fJziD jhfyZudk j?. p[b/N No/BK ftZu tZvhnK fJe^d' No?ePB w'NoK fJziD Bkb bkT[Ddh EK jo vZp/ dh n?e;b Bkb S'Nh No?ePB w'No bkJh iKdh j?. fJ; eoe/p[b/N No/B d/ vZp/ iK fJziD tZy eo e/ j'o o/brZvhnK Bkb i'VD/ ;zGt BjhAj[zd/. otkfJsh fJziD dh EK ;ko/ vZp/ nkgD/ uZbD dk gqpzX nkg/ eod/ jB.fJzi eoBk uzrk ;wfMnk iKdk j? go jo p[b/N No/B dk bkIwh o{g ftZunfijk gqpzX j'Dk Io{oh BjhA j?. fJziD ns/ e[M j'o vZfpnK ftZu No?ePBw'NoK bZr ;edhnK jB. eJh tko o/brZvh d/ nrb/ s'A nk\oh vZfpnK BkbNo?ePB w'No bk fdZsh iKdh j?. fvIkJhBo nkgDh fJZSk s/ ;j{bs w[skpefJ; gqpzX dh ftT[As eod/ jB. p[b/N No/B dk fJZe j'o o{g u[zpeh ukbDgqpzX dh tos'A eodk j?. fJ; gqpzX ƒ w?rB?fNe b?thN/PB efjzd/ jB ns/ftXh ƒ ;zy/g ftZu w?rb?t. nfijhnK o/brZvhnK ftZu nkw rZvhnK tor/

105

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEjkdf;nK Ld[oxNBktKikBh LikB Bkb

;pzXse[dosh Lnkw s"o ’s/,

;[Gkteb'V LIo{ososk LE'VQk fijk,

wkw{bh fijkNo?ePB Lw'No nkfd dh

fyukJh, ieVbkIwh LIo{ohftT[As L;ehw, :'iBk

gjhJ/ j[zd/ jh BjhA. fpBK gjhnK dh rZvh No?e T[~s/ u[zpeh Pesh Bkbfit/A s?odh j?. s?odh th 300 feb'whNo gqsh xzNk dh T[~uh o|sko T[~s/ j?.No?e Bkb gjhnK dh orV Bk j'D eoe/ w?rb?t rZvhnK ftZu Bk P'o, Bk orV$;/e ekoB T{oik dk B[e;kB, Bk x;kJh iK N[ZN^GZi. fJ; bJh w[ZYb/ \ofunKfgZS'A ubkT[D ns/ w[ozws s/ ;KG^;zGkb d/ \ou/ xN iKd/ jB. ;kXkoBo/b No?e dh EK w?rb?t d/ No?e rZvh d/ j/mb/ gkf;nK ƒ ebkt/ ftZu b?Dtkb/ rkJhv^t/I d/ o{g ftZu ftSkJ/ iKd/ jB.

w?rb?t ftXh Bkb gfjbh o/b 1984 ftZu fJzrb?Av ftZu ubkJh rJh.pofwzxw jtkJh nZv/ ns/ pofwzxw ;N/PB d/ S'N/ fij/ okj T[~s/ pVh xZNo|sko T[~s/ fJj sIopk ehsk frnk. o|sko f;o| 40 feb'whNo gqsh xzNk;h. fJ; T[gozs ikgkB ftZu ;[goezvefNzr w?rb?t Bkb 581 feb'whNo sedh j?okBhiBe o|sko ;kb 2003 ftZu jk;b eoB dk ekoBkwk ehsk frnk.ngq?b, 2004 s'A uhB ftZu bKr:?r' o'v ;N/PB s'A g{vKr jtkJh nZv/ seiowBh ftZu pDh NoK;ô?fgv w?rb?t uZb ojh j?. fJ; ƒ Btzpo, 2003dh N?;BôB ftZu gzi ;" feb'whNo gqsh xzNk dh o|sko T[~s/ gofynk frnk.;kXkoB jkbsK ftZu fJ; dh n";s o|sko 266 feb'whNo gqsh xzNk se thgj[zu iKdh j?.

seBkb'ih d/ fJ; ewkb dk ftfrnkBe nkXko ikDB dh T[s;[eskj'Dh e[dosh j?. n;b ftZu w?rb?t rZvh u[zpeK d/ fJ; ;ob f;XKs T[~s/nkXkfos j? fe fJj' fij/ uz[peh Xo[t (g'b) fJZe^d{i/ ƒ goQK XZed/ jB ns/fto'Xh Xo[t fyZud/ jB. rZvh ns/ No?e d/ u[zpe ukj/ fJZe' fij/ Xo[tK w[skpe;kjwD/ nkT[D ns/ ukj/ fto'Xh Xo[tK ti'A, T[j iV/ fJzi iKd/ jB fed't/A fJZe^d{i/ Bkb fuzpV Bk ikD. d'tK ftZu fBPfus ftZE fBozso oj/ ns/No?e d/ ebkt/ ftZu o/brZvh ;[oZfyns d"Vh ikt/. uZbdh$yVQh rZvh ftZuNo?e s/ rZvh dh d{oh fJZe ;?ANhwhNo ofjzdh j?. fpibû[zpeh ;;g?BPBseBkb'ih Bkb fJj gqpzX ehsk iKdk j?. rZvh d/ j/mb/ gk;/ d/ rkJhv?A;u[zpe No?e d/ rkJhv^t/ d/ ebkt/ ftZu ofjzd/ jB go ftZE pDk e/. iowBhdh fJb?eNqo'w?rB?fNe ;;g?BPB seBkb'ih uz[peK d/ fto'Xh Xo[tK ƒ tosdhj?. ikgkB dh fJb?eNqo'vkfJB?fwe ;[go e{bv ;[go ezvefNzr fpibhu[zpe tos e/ w?rb't ƒ ubkT[Adh j?. fJ; gqpzX ftZu o/brZvh ns/ No?eftZu ftZE d; ;?ANhwhNo jz[dh j?. g{oh o|sko cVB s'A gfjbK rZvh opV d/NkfJoK Bkb T[;/ No?e T[~s/ d"Vdh j'Jh 100 feb'whNo gqsh xzNk dh o|sko

106

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEw[Yb/ Lgfjb/,

P[o{nkshebkt/ LgeV, x/o/ftXh Lsohek, ezw,

Yzr, i[rsekoBkwk LeosZt, uzrk

ezwn";s LseohpB, nkw

s"o ’s/goQK Ld{ojtk ftZuskoh Ljtk ftZu T[vDk

107

cVdh j?. fJ; fgZS'A fJ; dk w?rb?t gqpzX fJ; ƒ jtk ftZu skoh bkT[D bkfdzdk j?.

seBkb'ih d/ y/so ftZu ewkb dh ;hwk BjhA. nwohek dk fJZefJzihBhno v?okJhb U;No oke/N torh o|sko Bkb eko ubkT[D bJh JhHNhHEoh N?eBkb'ih T[~s/ ezw eo fojk j? ns/ efjzdk j? fe S/sh jh nfijh w?rb?teko pDk btKrk i' \bkn (t?feT{w) torh fNT{p ftZu gzi^;Zs jIkofeb'whNo gqsh xzNk dh o|sko Bkb d"V/rh. :kBh fJZe xzN/ ftZu bzvB s'AfBT{:koe ns/ d' xzN/ ftZu fBT{:koe s'A g/fJfuzr gj[zuk d/t/rh.

fN~gDhb/ye B/ T[go'es b/y ftZu p[b/N No/B dh seBkb'ih s/ T[; dh ekor[Ikoh

pko/ ikDekoh fdZsh j?. fJ; ftu p[b/N No/B d/ ;w[Zu/ fJfsjk; T[~go o"PBhgkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh rJh j?. fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb tZy'̂ tZyo/ d/PK ftZu fJ;pko/ j[zd/ sIop/ th ;KM/ ehs/ rJ/ jB. \k; s"o ’s/ p[b/N No/B dh rsh iKo|sko pko/ ikDekoh fdZsh rJh j?. ftfrnkB tkose j'D eoe/ fJ; b/yftZu b'V s'A tZX nzro/Ih Ppdktbh dh tos'A j'Jh j?.


(i) p[b/N No/B ;G s'A gfjbK feZE/ P[o{ j'Jh <(ii) Gkos ftZu p[b/N No/B dh ;'u ed'A P[o{ j'Jh <(iii) p[b/N No/B dh o|sko pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j' <(iv) p[b/N No/B dh ;[oZfynk d/ eh sohe/ jB <(v) p[b/N No/B dh d[oxNBk d/ f;ZfNnK pko/ fby'.

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/TH gkm s'A n~r/

(i) eh s[;hA ed/ s/Iô|sko o/brZvh ftZu ;|o ehsk j? < T[; ;|od/ nB[Gt ƒ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.

(ii) eh s[;hA nkg e'Jh sIopk$gq:'r eod/ j' < fe;/ nfij/ gq:'r d/f;ZfNnK pko/ ikDekoh fdT[.

(iii) eh s[;hA ed/ o/brZvh ftZu ;|o eoB dh fIZd ehsh j? < xo ftZunkgD/ wK^pkg Bkb j'Jh pfj; ƒ rZbpks d/ nzdkI ftZu fby'.

(iv) Gkosh o/bt/ dh ;wK^;koDh ns/ fJ; d/ n;{bK s/ fBod/PK ƒdo;kT[Adk fJZe gq'i?eN fsnko eo'.

(v) Gkos ftZu p[b/N No/B d/ GftZy pko/ fJ; d/ jZe s/ fto'X ftZudbhbK tkbk fJZe ukoN pDkT[.

JH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L

(i) p[b/N No/B ubkT[D bJh ckNeK ƒ pzd eoB dk e'JhMziN BjhA j[zdk.

(ii) 3 i[bkJh, 2014 ƒ fdZbh^nkrok ftueko gfjbh s/I‘No/B’ uZbh.

(iii) s/I o|sko tkbhnK rZvhnK fpibh Bkb BjhA uZb;edhnK.

(iv) p[b/N No/B d/ gjhJ/ nkw rZvh tor/ BjhA j[zd/.

(v) ;[oZfynk tXkT[D bJh e?p f;rBb gqpzX dh tos'Ajz[dh j?.

;H ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) ;kXkoB o/brZvh ftZu po/e bkT[D;w/A HHH rowh ti'A \sw j[zdh j?.

(ii) p[b/N No/B dk gqpzX nkw rZvh Bkb'A HHHj[zdk j?.

(iii) s/I soko o/brZvhnK ftZu ohiBo/fNtpo/e dk HHH jz[dk j?.

(iv) 2003 ftZu 581 feb'whNo sZe dhj?okBhiBe HHH dk sIopk ehsk frnk.

(v) p[b/N No/B d/ gjhJ/ HHH ukbD gqpzX Bkb ubd/ jB.

jH tke pDkT[ L

(i) o|sko HHH HHH HHH HHH(ii) No?e HHH HHH HHH HHH(iii) w[ozws HHH HHH HHH HHH(iv) ;N/PB HHH HHH HHH HHH

108

t~yok T{oik

gqpzX

o|sko u[zpeh

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fgqzH ;otD f;zx - CBSEcbseacademic.nic.in/.../doc/languages/sahitiak_kiarnan-B-(color)-final… · fgqzH ;otD f;zx P\;hns s/ ouBk fgqzH ;otD f;zx gqf;ZX y/v^b/ye jB. T[BQK dk iBw