fizika 11phazisi.edu.ge/uploads/files/მე 11 კლასი ფიზიკა... · fizika 11 maswavleblis wigni saxelmZRvanelo grifirebulia ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis

fizika11

maswavleblis wigni

saxelmZRvanelo grifirebulia ganaTlebis xarisxis

ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier

(brZ. N375, 18.05.2012 weli)

qeTevan tatiSvili

qeTevan tatiSvili

fizika 11

maswvleblis wigni

redaqtorebi

lali baqraZe

lela metreveli

lali qadagiZe

dizaini da dakabadoneba

maka comaia

garekanis dizaini

beso danelia, kaxa gogsaZe

© gamomcemloba `diogene~, 2012

yvela ufleba daculia

Qetevan Tatishvili

Phisycs 11Teacher’s book

Editors Lali Bakradze Lela Metreveli Lali Kadagidze

© Diogene Publishers, 2012All rights reserved

ISBN 978-9941-11-313-0

gamomcemloba `diogene~ _ Tbilisi, afaqiZis q. 9telefoni 221 33 21www. diogene.ge

maswavleblis wignis struqtura

I. maswavleblis wignis daniSnuleba da misi gamoyenebis instruqcia ....................................4II. erovnuli saswavlo gegma fizikaSi (XI klasi) ......................................................................6III. Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka ...................................................................................................9IV. komentarebi moswavlis wignis struqturul elementebTan dakavSirebiT ..................... 13V. ramdenime sanimuSo scenari sxvadasxva tipis gakveTilebisTvis ..................................... 17VI. Sefaseba sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi ............................................................................. 36VII. pasuxebi paragrafebSi mocemul kiTxvebze, amocanebis amoxsnebi da eqsperimentebis savaraudo Sedegebi .................................................................................. 39VIII. ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ..................................................................................................... 77 zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebi .............................................................................. 77

3

I. maswavleblis wignis daniSnuleba da misi gamoyenebis

instruqcia

maswavleblis wignis ZiriTadi mizania fizikaSi swavleba/swavlis xarisxis amaRleba.am miznis misaRwevad maswavleblis wigns upiratesad oTxi funqcia aqvs:

1. samecniero da zogadi informaciis miwodeba. dRes, samecniero-teqnikuri progresis epoqaSi, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis ciklis sagnebis arc erTma pedagogma ar SeiZleba absoluturad yvelaferi icodes. miT umetes, rom yovel 10 weliwadSi samecniero informacia Zveldeba da misi naxevari axldeba.

wignis funqciaa, daexmaros fizikis maswavlebels, ise dagegmos gakveTilebi, rom man moswav leebTan erTad moiZios axali informacia ramdenime alternatiuli wyarodan, daaxarisxon is, amoarCion da praqtikulad miznobrivad gamoiyenon TavianTvis saintereso masala.

2. fizikis maswavleblis profesiuli ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.maswavleblis wignSi ganxilulia axali saswavlo teqnologiebi, moswavleze orien-

tirebuli swavleba/swavlis ZiriTadi principebi da swavleba/swavlis axali midgomis Ziri Tadi maxasiaTeblebi.

maswavleblis wignis funqciaa, daexmaros fizikis maswavlebels, gaiazros Tavisi roli sagan manaTleblo reformis warmatebiT ganxorcielebaSi da SeimuSaos swavlebis sakuTari stili.

3. saswavlo procesisa da gakveTilebis dagegmva/warmarTvaSi daxmareba.maswavleblis wignSi ganxilulia Tanamedrove interaqtiuli gakveTilis struqtura,

misi dagegmvis etapebi. mocemulia gakveTilebis dagegmvis sanimuSo sqema da sxvadasxva tipis ramdenime gakveTilis scenari.

4. Sefasebis axali sistemis daxasiaTeba da SefasebaSi daxmareba.maswavleblis wignSi ganxilulia monitoringis, Semowmebisa da Sefasebis xerxebi,

formebi da saSualebebi. mocemulia rekomendaciebi, romlebic daexmareba fizikis maswavlebels Sefasebis axali sistemis efeqtianad danergvaSi.amgvarad, fizikis maswavleblis wigni moicavs bevr aucilebel informaciasa da reko-

mendacias, romelic daexmareba maswavlebels, sworad SearCios da dagegmos aqtivobebi moswavleze orien tirebuli swavleba/swavlis procesis praqtikulad gansaxorcieleblad.

mocemuli wigni naxevrad Ria tipisaa. Cveni rCevebi da rekomendaciebi emsaxureba maswavleblis codnisa da praqtikis gamdidrebas da ar zRudavs mis Tavisuflebas, miiRos gadawyvetileba ama Tu im gakveTilisTvis aqtivobebis SesarCevad da gamosayeneblad. avtoris azriT, dRes fizikis maswavleblebs yvelaze metad iseTi saswavlo strategiis SemuSaveba sWirdebaT, romelic xels Seuwyobs fizikis gakveTilebze swavlisa da kvlevis procesebis ganxorcielebas.

es mxolod maSin SeiZleba moxdes, rodesac maswavleblis swavlebis stili SeTavsebadi aRmoCndeba TiToeuli moswavlis swavlis stilTan. maSin TandaTan aRmoifxvreba saswavlo masalis gagebis deficiti, moixsneba disciplinis problema da gaizrdeba moswavleTa motivacia fizikis gakveTilebze damoukidebeli swavlisaTvis.

gTavazobT XI klasis ̀ fizikis~ moswavlis wignis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs, sadac cal-calkea gamoyofili wignis Zlieri mxareebi da siaxleebi:

Zlieri mxareebi gasagebi da martivi instruqciebi moswavleebisa da maswavleblebisTvis; teqstTan Serwymuli da miznobrivad dakavSirebuli feradi ilustraciebi; Sriftis Sesabamisi zoma, furclisa da akinZvis kargi xarisxi; TiToeuli saswavlo Temis wardgena, ganviTareba/aTviseba da integracia; saswavlo-kvleviTi proeqtis momzadeba da dacva.

4

siaxleebi moswavlis wigni saganmanaTleblo resursia, romelSic mocemuli aqtivobebi: aamaRlebs moswavleTa motivacias; gankuTvnilia damoukidebeli da jgufuri kvlevebisTvis; aviTarebs cdebis dagegmvis, Catarebisa da analizis, informaciis moZiebis, daxarisxebis

da praqtikulad gamoyenebisTvis aucilebel unar-Cvevebs; saWiroebs movlenebze dakvirvebas, sqemebis, plakatebis, kolaJebis proeqtebis Seqmnas; xels uwyobs kritikuli da logikuri azrovnebis formirebas, gadawyvetilebis miRebis

unaris Camoyalibebas, garemosTan adaptacias.

5

II. erovnuli saswavlo gegmaXI klasifizika

wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi mimarTulebebis mixedviT:

mecnierulikvleva-Zieba fizikuri movlenebi

kvl. XI.1.moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi.

kvl. XI.2.moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/ monacemebis aRricxva.

kvl. XI.3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.

kvl. XI.4.moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.

fiz. XI.5. moswavles SeuZlia meqanikuri rxevebisa da talRebis daxasiaTeba.

fiz. XI. 6. moswavles SeuZlia eleqtromagnituri rxevebisa da talRebis daxasiaTeba.

fiz.XI.7. moswavles SeuZlia siTburi movlenebis analizi molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriisa da Termodinamikis kanonebis daxmarebiT.

fiz.XI.8. moswavles SeuZlia atomis agebulebis, radioaqtivobis da radioaqtiuri gamosxivebis saxeebis aRwera.

fiz.XI.9. moswavles SeuZlia birTvis aRnagobis aRwera da msjeloba birTvuli urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb.

wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da maTi indikatorebi:

mimarTuleba: mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

kvl.XI.1.moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi.

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tumoswavle: • gansazRvravs da ayalibebs kvlevis mizans;• gansazRvravs Sesabamisi informaciis moZiebis wyaroebs;• gamoTqvams argumentirebul mosazrebas/varauds; • gansazRvravs monacemebis mopovebis gzebs (mag., cdiT, savele samuSaos

CatarebiT, gamokiTxviT, sakiTxis irgvliv literaturis moZiebiT);• ganarCevs mudmiv da cvlad (damokidebul, damoukidebel) parametrebs;• gansazRvravs kvlevis pirobebs da Catarebis etapebs;• arCevssaTanado xelsawyoebs/aRWurvilobas/instrumentebs, asabuTebs arCevans;• gansazRvravs monacemebis aRricxvis formebs (cxrilebi, grafikebi, siebi,

fotoebi, Canawerebi).

kvl.XI.2.moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/ monacemebis aRricxva.

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tumoswavle: • moiZiebs da aanalizebs Sesabamis informacias; • iyenebs Sesabamis masalas an/da aRWurvilobas daatarebs dagegmil cdas

usafrTxoebis wesebis dacviT;• awarmoebs dakvirvebas da/an gazomvebs, iRebs sarwmuno monacemebs;

6

• gegmavs da atarebs sakontrolo cdas;• akvirdeba, zomavs, iyenebs informaciul-sakomunikacio saSualebebs monacemebis

saTanado sizustiT registrirebisTvis (mag., drois monakveTSi cvladebis mniSvnelobebis aRricxva);

• iyenebs saTanado wesebs sakuTari da sxvaTa usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad.

kvl.XI.3.moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tumoswavle:

• iyenebs sxvadasxva xerxs (diagramebs,cxrilebs, grafikebs, siebs) monacemTa warmosadgenad;

• iyenebs sainformacio-sakomunikacio teqnologiebs Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi monacemebis dasamuSaveblad da warmosadgenad.

kvl.XI.4.moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tumoswavle:

• iyenebs diagramebs, cxrilebs da grafikebs monacemebs an cvladebs Sorisdamokidebulebis aRsawerad;

• aanalizebs monacemebs (mag., saSualo ariTmetikuli sididis da saSualodan gadaxrebis dadgena), saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sakontrolo cdis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamoitans daskvnebs;

• ganixilavs, sakmarisia Tu ara monacemebi (raodenobrivad da Tvisebrivad) gamoTqmuli varaudis dasadastureblad an daskvnis gamosatanad;

• adarebs daskvnebs gamoTqmulvarauds, gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi xsnis mizezebs;• ganixilavs dakvirvebisa dagazomvebis dros gamovlenil moulodnelobebs,

cdilobs maT axsnas;• afasebs, iZleva Tu ara gamotanili daskvnebi morigi varaudis gamoTqmis

saSualebas;• saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gegmavs momaval cdas;• SeimuSavebs gamoyenebuli meTodebis daxvewis gzebs.

mimarTuleba: fizikuri movlenebi

fiz.XI.5.moswavles SeuZlia meqanikuri rxevebisada talRebis daxasiaTeba.

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle: • gegmavs da atarebs cdebs sxeulTa meqanikuri rxevebisSesaswavlad, atarebs

Sesabamis gazomvebs da aRwers kavSirs rxevis maxasiaTebel sidideebs Soris;• aanalizebs rezonansis movlenas, asaxelebs am movlenis amsaxvel faqtebs yofa-

cxovrebidan;• aanalizebs raodenobriv kavSirsrxevis maxasiaTebel fizikur sidideebs Soris;• raodenobrivad aRwers harmoniul rxevebs;• axasiaTebs ganivi da grZivi talRebis gavrcelebas; • atarebs cdebs da akvirdeba bgeris warmoqmnas da gavrcelebas, CamoTvlis

bgeris wyaros magaliTebs;

7

• moipovebs informacias sxvadasxva garemoSi bgeris gavrcelebis siCqaris Sesaxeb, adarebs erTmaneTs da gamoTqvams argumentirebul varauds maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis mizezebze;

• moipovebs informacias cxovelebisa da adamianebis mier aRqmuli bgeris sixSiris Sesaxeb, aanalizebs da warmoadgens sxvadasxva gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxiT;

• adekvaturad iyenebs Sesabamis cnebebs, kanonebs da formulebs amocanebis amosaxsnelad.

fiz.XI.6.moswavles SeuZlia eleqtromagnituri rxevebisa da talRebisdaxasiaTeba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

• poulobs analogias meqanikur da eleqtrul rxevebs Soris;• warmoadgens cvladi denis generatoris sqemas da xsnis misi moqmedebis

princips; • afasebs cvladi denis mniSvnelobas eleqtruli energiis generirebasa da

gadacemaSi;• aRwers da aanalizebs eleqtromagnituri talRebis warmoqmnasa da

gavrcelebas; • sqematurad warmoadgens eleqtromagnituri talRebis skalas da

Tvisebrivadganasxvavebs eleqtromagnitur gamosxivebas misi talRis sigrZis mixedviT;

• adekvaturad iyenebs Sesabamis cnebebs, kanonebs da formulebs amocanebis amosaxsnelad.

fiz.XI.7.moswavles SeuZlia siTburi movlenebis analizi molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriisa da

Termodinamikis kanonebis daxmarebiT.

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• ayalibebs molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis ZiriTad debulebebs,

raodenobrivad da Tvisebrivad akavSirebs idealuri airis Sinagan energiasa da wnevas temperaturasTan;

• martivi cdebissaSualebiT akvirdeba da warmoadgens Termodinamikur movlenebs;

• axasiaTebs siTburi Zravis m.q.k.-s;• adekvaturad iyenebs Sesabamis cnebebs, kanonebs da formulebs amocanebis

amosaxsnelad.

fiz.XI.8.moswavles SeuZlia atomis agebulebis, radioaqtivobis da radioaqtiuri gamosxivebis

saxeebis aRwera.

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• aanalizebs rezerfordis cdas, gamoitans Sesabamis daskvnebs;• aRwers radioaqtivobis movlenas, msjelobs birTvis mdgradobaze;• sxvadasxva mecnieris eqsperimentuli kvlevis analizis safuZvelze axasiaTebs α-,β- da γ-gamosxivebas, msjelobs maTi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb;

8

• moipovebs informacias radioaqtiuri gamosxivebis biologiuri zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb, aanalizebs da warmoadgens prezentaciis saxiT.

fiz.XI.9.moswavles SeuZlia birTvis aRnagobis aRwera da msjeloba birTvuli urTierTqmedebis

Sesaxeb.

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• axasiaTebs birTvul Zalebs, adarebs maT eleqtruls da gravitaciuls;• sqematurad aRwers jaWvur birTvul reaqcias, aanalizebs mas;• aRwers birTvuli reaqtoris muSaobis princips; • moipovebs informacias birTvuli energiis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb rogorc

mSvidobiani, aseve samxedro miznebisaTvis, aanalizebs SesaZlo safrTxeebs; • afasebs birTvuli energiis gamoyenebis gavlenas garemoze.

programis Sinaarsi

meqanikuri rxevebi da talRebi. meqanikuri rxeva, rxevis periodi da sixSire, amplituda, rezonansi.ganivi da grZivi talRa. bgera, bgeris wyaroebi. bgeris warmoqmna, gavrceleba da aRqma, harmoniuli rxeva da misi maxasiaTeblebi, faza, amplituda.

eleqtromagnituri rxevebi da talRebi.analogia meqanikur da eleqtrul rxevebs Soris. eleqtruli rxevebi, rxeviTi konturi.

cvladi deni, Zabvisa da denis efeqturi (moqmedi) mniSvnelobebi, cvladi denis simZlavre,

cvladi denis generatori, eleqtroenergiis gadacema, transformatori.

eleqtromagnituri talRis buneba da wyaro. sinaTle, rogorc eleqtromagnituri talRa, eleqtromagnituri talRebis skala.

Termodinamika.molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis safuZvlebi;

temperatura, absoluturi temperatura, absoluturi nuli, idealuri airi; idealuri

airis kanonebi, izoprocesebi.

muSaoba TermodinamikaSi, Sinagani energia. Termodinamikis I da II kanoni. Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi procesebi. siTburi Zravebis m.q.k., karnos cikli. adiabaturi procesi.

najeri orTqli. duRilis temperaturis damokidebuleba wnevaze. tenianoba, absoluturi da fardobiTi tenianoba.

atomis agebuleba, radioaqtivoba, birTvi.rezerfordis cda, atomis planetaruli modeli.

radioaqtivoba, α-, β- da γ- gamosxiveba; naxevraddaSlis periodi. radioaqtivobis gamoyeneba arqeologiaSi, medicinaSi, biologiaSi.

atomis birTvis aRnagoba, birTvuli Zalebi, bmis energia, masis defeqti.

jaWvuri reaqcia, birTvuli reaqtori; birTvuli sinTezis reaqciebi.

9

Tema Sinaarsistandartis Sesabamisi Sedegebi

da indikatorebi

indikatoris Sesrulebis saSualebebi

akademiuri saaTebis

raodenoba

Tem

a I.

meq

anik

uri

rxe

va. tal

Reb

i (7

sT).

proeqti: fizika guliscemis xmiT


fiz. XI.5. moswavles SeuZlia meqanikuri rxevebisa da talRebis daxasiaTeba.

diskusia;eqsperimenti;saSinao davaleba;amocanebis amoxsna;proeqtis momzadeba;zepiri prezentacia; Semajamebeli wera;

1.1 Tavisufali rxevebi 1

proeqti: pirveli qanqariani saaTi

1.2 harmoniuli rxeva 2

1.3 rezonansi 1

1.4 meqanikuri talRebi 1

1.5 bgera 1

1.6 talRuri movlenebi 1

proeqti: Svidi liTonis saidumlo, anu ratom `mRerian~ tibeturi fialebi

Tem

a II. m

ol

ekul

ur-k

inet

ikuri

Teo

rii

s Zi

riT

adi

deb

ul

ebeb

i

(7 s

T.)

`saganTa bunebisaTvis~




diskusia;eqsperimenti;saSinao davaleba;amocanebis amoxsna;zepiri prezentacia; Semajamebeli wera;movlenis modelireba.

2. 1. ra aris molekulur-kinetikuri Teoria

1

2. 2. molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis I debuleba

1

2. 3. molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis II debuleba

1

2. 4. molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis III debuleba

1

2. 5. idealuri airi 2

2. 6. temperatura 1

III T

ema. i

dea

luri

airis

kan

one

bi

(8 s

T)

haernaosnobakvl. XI.3. moswavles SeuZlia

monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.


diskusia;saSinao davaleba;grafikebze muSaoba;amocanebis amoxsna;zepiri prezentacia; Semajamebeli wera;

3.1. idealuri airis mdgomareobis gantoleba

2

3.2 boil-mariotis kanoni 2

3.3 gei-lusakis kanoni 2

3.4 Sarlis kanoni

III. Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka

10

Tema Sinaarsistandartis

Sesabamisi Sedegebi da indikatorebi


akademiuri saaTebis

raodenobaIV

Tem

a. T

ermo

din

amik

is s

afuZv

leb

i(1

1 sT

.)

proeqti: `perpetuum mobile~


kvl. XI.4.moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.



4.1. Termodinamikis ZiriTadi cnebebi 1

4.2 muSaoba TermodinamikaSi 1

4.3 Sinagani energiis Secvlis xerxebi 1

4.4 Termodinamikis I kanoni 1

adiabaturi procesi bunebaSi

4.5. siTburi Zravebi 2

4.6 Termodinamikis II kanoni 1

4.7. najeri orTqli 1

4.8. duRili 1

4.9. haeris tenianoba 2

Tem

a V. el

eqtroma

gnit

uri

rxe

vebi

(11

sT.)

5.1. Tavisufali eleqtruli rxevebi


fiz. XI. 6. moswavles SeuZlia eleqtromagnituri rxevebisa da talRebis daxasiaTeba.

diskusia;eqsperimenti;saSinao davaleba;amocanebis amoxsna;zepiri prezentacia; Semajamebeli wera;

2

5.2 cvladi denis generatori 2

5.3 cvladi denis wredi 2

5.4 transformatori 2

5.5 eleqtromagnituri talRebi 1

5.6 sinaTlis ormagi buneba 1

5.7 eleqtromagnituri talRebis skala

1

11

Tema Sinaarsistandartis

Sesabamisi Sedegebi da indikatorebi


akademiuri saaTebis

raodenoba

VI T

ema.

b

irTvu

li

ener

gia

(13

sT.)

proeqti: birTvuli xanis piramidebi kvl. XI.2.moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/ monacemebis aRricxva.

fiz.XI.8. moswavles SeuZlia atomis agebulebis, radioaqtivobis da radioaqtiuri gamosxivebis saxeebis aRwera.

fiz.XI.9. moswavles SeuZlia birTvis aRnagobis aRwera da msjeloba birTvuli urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb.


6.1 radioaqtivoba 1

6.2 rezerfordis cda 1

6.3 atomis planetaruli modeli 1

6.4 atomis birTvis agebuleba 1

6.5 radioaqtiuri daSla 2

6.6 birTvuli Zalebi 1

6.7 birTvuli reaqciebi 2

6.8 uranis birTvis gayofa 1

6.9 jaWvuri reaqcia 1

6.10 TermobirTvuli reaqciebi 1

6.11 radioaqtivobis gamoyeneba 1

12

IV. komentarebi moswavlis wignis struqturulelementebTan dakavSirebiT da ramdenime rCeva maswavlebels

moswavlis wigni `fizika XI~ damoukidebeli saxelmZRvaneloa sabunebismetyvelo saganTa jgufidan da faravs mimarTulebas: fizikuri movlenebi.

saxelmZRvanelo akmayofilebs XI klasis saswavlo wlis bolos misaRwev saerTo da specifikur Sedegebs. igi dabalansebuli, Tanmimdevruli da mravalferovania: maprovocirebeli kiTxvebi, damoukidebeli da jgufuri samuSaoebi, Teoriuli informacia xels uwyobs moswavles, iyos aqtiuri, gauCndes garemomcveli samyaros kvlevisadmi interesi da Seecados, axsnas masSi mimdinare procesebi. saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemulia eqsperimentebi, romelTa Catarebasac moswavle Tavad SeZlebs, ̀ keTebiTi~ swavla aRrmavebs Teoriuli masalis gagebas da moswavles codnis gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebs SesZens.

saxelmZRvanelos aqvs sarCevi.saxelmZRvanelo eqvsi Temisgan Sedgeba. TiToeuli Tema calkeul paragrafebs moicavs.

saxelmZRvaneloSi sul 43 paragrafia. XI klasSi fizikis swavlebisTvis gankuTvnilia 72 sT. aqedan 57 sT daeTmoba paragrafebSi warmodgenili masalis aTvisebas da Semajamebel gakve-Tilebs, xolo 15 sT sarezervoa.

masalis gageba da siRrmiseuli wvdoma gaaqtiurebulia teqstSi CarTuli an teqstTan miz-nobrivad dakavSirebuli samotivacio kiTxvebiT, romlebic gamoirCeva iseTi rubrikebiT, rogo-ricaa `dafiqrdi~, `fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis~. sagakveTilo procesis dros gansaxorcielebuli aqtivobebi (cda, amocana) logoebiTaa aRniSnuli.

yoveli paragrafi mdidaria vizualuri masaliT, romelic xels uwyobs masalis ukeT aRqmasa da gaazrebas.

saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli masala sirTulis mixedviT sxvadasxvaa. pedagogma unda gaiTva-liswinos, rom misi aTviseba bevr faqtorzea damokidebuli (moswavleTa SesaZleblobebze, sasko-lo laboratoriis teqnikur aRWurvilobaze da a. S.), amitom man Tavad unda SearCios masalis is optimaluri moculoba, romelic dasaZlevia mocemul pirobebSi da mocemuli kontingentisTvis.

saSinao davaleba. saklaso da saSinao davalebebi erT mTlianobad moiazreba: saSinao dava-leba klasSi dawyebuli kvlevis gagrZeleba unda iyos. Tu paragrafSi moyvanili yvela davalebis Sesruleba da yvela cdis Catareba ar moeswro, misi damoukideblad gagrZeleba moswavlem saxlSi unda scados (cxadia, ar igulisxmeba is cdebi, romelTa Catareba garkveul safrTxes Seicavs an kidev teqnikurad mouxerxebelia misi saxlis pirobebSi Catareba). amisTvis sasurvelic kia, ufrosebs an, sulac, megobrebs Tu daixmarebs. ase miRweuli Sedegi, damerwmuneT, misTvis ufro sasiamovnoa.

maswavlebels SeuZlia davaleba Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr SearCios an amisTvis Temis damate-biTi savarjiSoebidan SearCios rame. gTavazobT fizikis amocanaTa krebulebis sarekomendacio CamonaTvals:

T. xazaraZe - fizikis amocanebis amoxsnis meTodika;a. kurkumuli - amocanebis amoxsnis nimuSebi da savarjiSoebi fizikaSi;g. gedeniZe, e. lazaraSvili - fizikis amocanaTa krebuli;e. basiaSvili - fizikis amocanaTa krebuli;a. rimkeviCi - fizikis amocanaTa krebuli;v. balaSi - fizikis amocanebi da maTi amoxsnis meTodebi.

saSinao davalebis momzadeba gulisxmobs klasSi Sesrulebuli davalebebis xelaxla gadaxedvas, gaazrebas. moswavles unda SeeZlos paragrafSi warmodgenili masalidan mTavari sakiTxis gamoyo-fas. maswavlebelma moswavles unda auxsnas, rogor fasdeba saSinao davaleba. cxadia, maRali quliT Sefasdeba davaleba, Tu masSi ara marto gakveTilze miRebuli codna Cans, aramed damoukideblad mignebulic. es ukve samotivacio momentia moswavlisTvis: is Seecdeba, davalebis momzadebisas gamoiyenos ara mxolod savaldebulo, aramed misTvis saintereso sxva aqtivobebic.

avtori Tavisi praqtikidan gamomdinare girCevT, SemoiRoT saqaRaldeebi. sTxoveT moswavlee-

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bs, yoveli saSinao davaleba Seasrulon furcelze, romelsac Tqven CamoarTmevT, gadaxedavT, CainiSnavT SeniSvnebs da momdevno gakveTilze Secdomebs gaarCevT, miscemT saTanado rekomen-daciebs. moswavleebma namuSevrebi unda Seinaxon saqaRaldeSi. saSinao davalebis aseTnairad Semowmeba Zalze efeqturia: Tqven gakveTilze drois dakargvis gareSe xarisxianad SeamowmebT moswavleTa mier Sesrulebul saSinao davalebebs da amasTan, saqaRaldeSi Tavmoyrili nawerebi moswavlis muSaobas erTgvarad Seajamebs.

moamzade Tema prezentaciisTvis. Temis saprezentaciod momzadeba gulisxmobs: moswavlis mier ama Tu im Temis Sesaxeb informaciis Segrovebas. informacia ZiriTadad unda eyrdnobodes moswavlis ukve arsebul codnas, magram garda amisa, warmodgenil TemaSi unda Candes moswavlis damoukidebeli muSaoba da misi SemoqmedebiTi midgoma am Tu im sakiTxisadmi.

mag., moswavlem damoukideblad unda dasvas raime problema da misi gadaWris efeqturi gzebi monaxos. unda gamoyos sakvanZo sakiTxebi, misTvis cnobili yofiTi magaliTebis daxmarebiT axsnas ama Tu im cnebisa da movlenis mniSvneloba.

warmodgenil TemaSi unda Candes SeZenili codnis praqtikulad gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebi, moswavlis damokidebuleba ganxiluli movlenebisadmi da aseve misi damokidebuleba saerTod samyaros mimarT (mag., misi, rogorc garemos damcvelis pozicia, unda Seicavdes usafrTxoebis wesebis Sesaxeb miseul rekomendaciebs da a. S.).

sasurvelia, warmodgenil TemaSi moswavle acnobierebdes misTvis xelmisawvdomi codnis sxvadasxva sferoebs Soris urTierTkavSirs.

sakuTari namuSevris prezentacia ar unda xdebodes mxolod TxrobiTi formiT, moswavleebma unda gamoiyenon TvalsaCinoebebi da monacemTa warmodgenis sxvadasxva xerxebi (suraTebi, naxatebi, plakatebi, grafikebi, cxrilebi, diagramebi, TavianTive damzadebuli modeli, prezentaciis ele-qtronuli versia da a.S). es saSulebas miscems maT, rom ufro konkretuli da realuri gaxadon TemaSi gadmocemuli Sinaarsi, amasTan damuSavebuli Temis wardgena erTferovani da mosawyeni aRar iqneba msmenelisaTvis.

saprezentacio Temaze muSaobis procesis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis, SesTavazeT moswavleebs, warmoidginon, rom isini fizikis XI klasis saxelmZRvanelos avtorebi arian da romelime Temaze paragrafi unda daweron (mag., eleqtromagnituri induqciis kanoni).

SeaxseneT maT, rom paragrafi ise unda daweron, rom is martivad gasagebi iyos maTive Ta-natolebisTvis, gamarTuli iyos Sinaarsobrivad, Seicavdes `damaintrigebel~ informacias, misi vizualuri mxare iyos saxaliso, saintereso da, amave dros, Temis Sinaarsis Sesabamisi. urCieT, Temaze muSaobisas gaixsenon, ra moewonaT saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenil imave TemaSi, ra ar moewonaT, ras Secvlidnen, ras Caamatebdnen, ras amoiRebdnen wignidan saerTod da a.S.

saprezentacio Temebidan moswavleebi amoarCeven saukeTesos da Semajamebel gakveTilze warmoadgenen. namuSevrebi SeiZleba gamofinoT saklaso oTaxSi, kaTedraze, ganaTavsoT skolis gazeTSi an veb-gverdze da bolos, gaugzavneT avtors, romelic mas aucileblad sasargeblo re-komendaciad CaTvlis da siamovnebiT gaiziarebs kidec. damerwmuneT, Tu moswavleebs am kuTxiT SesTavazebT saprezentacio Temaze muSaobas, isini, garda imisa, rom Tavs ukeT gaarTmeven dakis-rebul saqmes, ufro meti pasuxismgeblobiTac moekidebian da zogi maTgani gagakvirvebT kidec damuSavebuli Temis xarisxiT.

proeqti. saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia saintereso proeqtebi, romlebic moswavlem (an moswavleTa jgufma) damoukideblad unda moamzados.

proeqts (moklevadiani da grZelvadiani) Tavisi gansakuTrebuli specifika aqvs, amitom masze muSaobisas sasurvelia moswavleebs SesTavazoT gegma, romelic proeqtis momzadebisas maT garkveul mimarTulebas miscems. am gegmaSi damoukidebeli kvlevis is safexurebia asaxuli, romlebic proeqtis momzadebas gulisxmobs:

1. problemis gaazreba da sworad gansazRvra.2. informaciis moZieba, Segroveba.3. informaciis daxarisxeba da gamoyeneba.4. eqsperimentis dagegmva da sworad warmarTva.5. Sedegebis analizi da daskvnebis gakeTeba.

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6. monacemTa organizeba. 7. wardgena da dacva farTo auditoriis winaSe. internetis misamarTebi. proeqtis masalebisa da saprezentacio TemisTvis informaciis

mosaZieblad moswavleebs xSirad mouwevT internetiT sargebloba. saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli in-ternet -saitebis misamarTebi did daxmarebas gauwevs maswavlebelsa da dainteresebul moswavleebs ( am saitebs mxolod sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs da saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli masala internetis gamoyenebis gareSec sakmarisia saswavlo gegmiT gansazRvruli Sedegebis misaRwevad).

aRsaniSnavia, rom miTiTebul misamarTebze Sesvla xSirad problemuria. mizezi, ris gamoc saitebze Sesvla Wirs, SeiZleba iyos ramdenime: mag., SesaZlebelia, saitis administraciis mier Secvlilia miTiTebuli misamarTi an misamarTis akrefisas Tqvens mier daSvebulia Tundac Zalian mcire uzustoba (mag., intervali simboloebs Soris imaze metia, vidre unda iyos, aklia romelime simbolo da a.S).

es problema avtorisTvis kargadaa cnobili da samwuxarod, amis gamosworeba masze araa da-mokidebuli. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, avtori mainc yovelTvis cdilobs, rom misamarTi, romel-zec, misi azriT, saintereso informaciaa ganTavsebuli, saxelmZRvaneloSi moxvdes. problemebi umetesad rusuli saitebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (isini Zalian bevr simbolos Seicavs, an xSirad ararusi momxmareblisTvis xelmisawvdomi aRaraa), Tumca arc sxva ucxouri saitebia gamonaklisi. mainc ra unda movimoqmedoT aseT SemTxvevaSi?

1. misamarTi akrefili unda iyos zedmiwevniT zustad: SesaZlebelia, akrifoT ara mTeli misamarTi, aramed mxolod misi nawili, romelic mTavari gverdis links miuTiTebs, Semdeg ki mTavar gverdze moZebnoT miTiTebuli Tema an statia (Tumca, zogjer esec SeuZlebelia. avtori xSirad pirdapir miTiTebul misamarTzea Sesuli da sqema, romliTac mTavari gverdididan iq moxvedraa SesaZlebeli, samwuxarod ucnobia);

2. im SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu wignSi miTiTebuli misamarTi ar gamogadgaT, gamoiyeneT saZiebeli sityva, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi saxelmZRvaneloSivea miTiTebuli: CawereT

http://en.wikipedia.org-is, google. ru -s, google.com -is saZiebo grafaSi TqvenTvis saintereso Temis an movlenis rusulad an inglisurad Targmnili saxelwodeba.

da bolos, Tu miuxedavad yvelafrisa, Tqven mainc ver SeZeliT internetis meSveobiT sasur-veli informaciis moZieba, iqneb TanamSromlobis aseTi forma gawyobdeT: daukavSirdiT avtors internetis saSualebiT (misi piradi rekvizitebi miTiTebulia maswavleblis wignSi) da is misamar-Tebs internetiT gamogigzavniT.

cdebi. fizika eqsperimentuli mecnierebaa. `mecnierebaSi erTi ubralo cdiT dasabu-Teba bevrad metad fasobs, vidre aTasi avtoriteti erTad~ _ galileo galileis am sityvebis dadasturebaa mTeli saxelmZRvanelo. movlenebis Seswavlisas gamoTqmuli yvela hipoTezisa Tu Teoriuli mtkicebis WeSmariteba cdiT unda iyos dasabuTebuli. moswavleebi cdis saSualebiT Rrmad unda Caswvdnen movlenis meqanizms, TviTon unda mividnen garkveul daskvnamde da Tavadve unda daadginon am movlenis kanonzomierebani. Tqven miznad unda daisaxoT, rom Tqveni moswavleebi Camoyalibdnen aqtiur Semmecneblebad da ara codnis pasiur mimRebebad.swored amaSi dagexmarebaT saintereso da sworad SerCeuli cdebi.

imis gamo, rom avtori iTvaliswinebda skolebis fizikis laboratoriebSi arasaxarbielo, mwir da zogjer saerTod ararsebul teqnikur aRWurvilobas, maqsimalurad cdilobda, TqvenTvis SemoeTavazebina rac SeiZleba advilad Casatarebeli eqsperimentebi, romelTa umravlesoba imdenad martivi da usafrTxoa, rom maTi Catareba moswavleebs Tavisuflad SeuZliaT saxlis pirobebSic. Tumca zogjer avtorma gverdi mainc ver auara teqnikurad rTulad Sesasrulebel cdebs.

Tumca aq aris gamosavali, romelic ratomRac farTod ar dainerga skolebSi: resurscen-trebs aqvT eqsperimentebisTvis saWiro mowyobilobebi. Tqvens skolas SeuZlia daukavSirdes resurscentrs da isini eqsperimentisaTvis saWiro aRWurvilobas gamogigzavnian. (gTavazobT internet-misamarTs, sadac am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli informaciaa ganTavsebuli:

http://www.ganatleba.org/download.php?file=publications/sabunebismetkvelo_agchurviloba.pdfSeniSvna: sasurvelia, cdebi winaswar momzaddes, radgan es aucilebeli pirobaa, rom nebismier

15

cdaSi saTanado Sedegi miiRoT da arc droSi gaiwelos. yoveli cdis, maT Soris yvelaze martivis, warmatebulad Catarebas Tavisi saidumlo aqvs, romelic gamocdilma pedagogma SesaniSnavad icis. Tumca isinic ar arian dazRveuli imisgan, rom cda SeiZleba ar gamovides da amas Zalze martivi mizezi hqondes. cdis warumateb lobis mizezis dadgena gakveTilis mimdinareobis dros SeiZleba gacilebiT cudi SedegiT damTavrdes: SesaZlebelia, mTeli gakveTili Cavardes.

praqtikuli samuSao. praqtikuli muSaobis meTodi sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis swavlebis erT-erTi meTodia. am meTodis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom moswavleebi uSualod atareben cdebs fizikuri sidideebis gazomvebisa da kanonebis Semowmebis mizniT. laboratoriuli samuSaoebi swored imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom gansakuTrebiT uwyobs xels cnebebisa da kanonebis adekvatur warmodgenas. moswavleTaTvis kanonis an cnebis arsi maSin xdeba gansakuTrebiT naTeli, roca igi Tundac sakmaod uxeSad, magram mainc Tavadve miva im daskvnamde, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs ama Tu im fizikuri sididis codnas, roca Tavadve awarmoebs romelime movlenis maxasiaTebeli sidideebis gazomvas da Tavadve adgens maT urTierTkavSirs. laboratoriuli samuSaoebi xels uwyobs dak-virvebis, aRweris, sidideTa gazomva-gamoyenebis, codnis damoukideblad gaRrmaveba-gafarToebis unaris ganviTarebas.

modelebi. fizikaSi udidesi SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs modelirebas _ rogorc movlenis modelirebas (mag., Tavisufali eleqtronebis moZraobis TvalsaCinod warmosadgenad iyeneben am movlenis modelirebas, anu am movlenas adareben qinqlebis gundis moZraobas qaris dabervisas), ise raime meqanizmis xelnakeT models. yvela models axasiaTebs TvalsaCinoeba. is aucileblad sakvlevi obieqtis msgavsia. amave dros maT Soris aris ganmasxvavebeli mxareebi, rac gamoric-xavs maT igiveobas. modelebis roli gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia im movlenaTa Seswavlis saqmeSi, romelTa meqanizmi Znelad aRsaqmelia. modelebis Seqmna erTgvari SemoqmedebiTi samuSaocaa moswavleebisTvis, rac maT udides siamovnebas aniWebs. modelebis Seq mnisas isini aucileblad TanamSromloben mSoblebTan, megobrebTan, rac saxalisos xdis gakveTilisTvis mzadebas. maT eamayebaT sakuTari qmnilebebi, rac zogjer namdvilad ar aris safuZvels moklebuli: maT mier damzadebuli xelsawyoebi xSirad imdenad srulyofilia, rom warmatebiT SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT saskolo laboratoriebSi.

maswavleblis wignSi gTavazobT ramdenime gakveTilis sanimuSo scenars. cxadia, es mxolod rekomendaciebia da sulac ar aris savaldebulo, maswavlebelma am scenaris mixedviT Caataros gakveTili. mag., Semajamebel gakveTilze Tqven SeiZleba moiTxovoT moswavleebisgan zepiri pre-zentaciebi maTi survilisamebr arCeuli, maTi azriT, yvelaze saukeTeso saprezentacio Temisa an proeqtisa. Semajamebeli gakveTili SeiZleba aseve Catardes saxaliso Sejibris, konkursis an saRamos saxiT, sadac erTmaneTs Seejibrebian 5-6 moswavlisgan Sedgenili jgufebi. sakonkursod SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT saxaliso cdebi, saintereso amocanebi an proeqtebi. SegiZliaT dasvaT raime problema da sTxovoT jgufebs, imsjelon da TavianTi gadawyvetileba gaacnon Jiuris, romlebic mowveuli mSoblebisgan Sedgeba.

dabolos, TiToeuli Tqvenganis profesionalizmis, gamocdilebis, SemoqmedebiTobis Sesaba-misad, sxva TvaliT danaxuli esa Tu is gakveTili gacilebiT ufro faseulia, vidre nebismieri rekomendacia, Tundac meTodurad Zalian gamarTuli. avtori gulwrfelad gTxovT, miawodoT mas Tqveni Sexedulebebi, SeniSvnebi, rCevebi da winaswar gixdiT madlobas TanamSromlobisTvis.

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V. ramdenime sanimuSo scenari sxvadasxva tipis gakveTilisTvis

maswavleblis wignSi mocemuli gakveTilis scenarebi sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa.

17

gakveTili # 1(muSaoba wyvilebSi)

Tema: meqanikuri rxeva

#1 gakveTilis dagegmvis cxrili

saswavlo miznebi Tema aqtivobebi moswavlee-

bis organi-

zeba

drois

ganawileba

organizeba

resursebi Semowmebis

xerxebi

* cdis Catarebis, dakvirvebis, aRweris, varaudis gamoTqmis, kvlevis, analizis, damoukidebeli azrovnebis,azris Camoyalibebisa da gadacemis,komunikaciis, TanamSromlobis, miRebuli codnis konkretul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebis, drois limitis dacvis unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba.* meqanikur rxevaze dakvirveba qanqarebis saSualebiT

meqanikurirxeva (1sT)

1. Sesavali

2. eqsperi-menti/Sedegebis Sejereba

3.kiTxva-pasuxi

4. eqsperi-menti/Sedegebis Sejereba

5.kiTxva-pasuxi

6. saSinao davaleba

mTeli klasi

wyvilebi

mTeli klasi

wyvilebi

mTeli klasi

individua-luri

7 wT

13 wT

7wT

13 wT

3 wT

2 wT

saxelmZRva-nelo

TiTo wyvil-ze: Stativi (1cali)

Zafi (1cali xvia)

100 da 200 g-ian sawonebi (1-1cali), wammzomi (1cali)

dakvirveba

Canawerebis gacnoba

1. Sesavali 7 wT

maswavlebeli moswavleebs axsenebs: gaixseneT, rogor moZraobs niutonis `akvani~, maqs-velis `qanqara~, kedlis saaTis qanqara da dafiqrdiT, ra saerTos xedavT maT moZraobas Soris?

pas.: isini xan erT da xan meore mxares gadaixrebian. amasTan maTi moZraoba periodulad meordeba.

masw.: gaixseneT, TqvenTvis cnobili sxva sxeulebi, romelTa moZraoba am moZraobis msgavsia.

pas.: maTi moZraobis msgavsia qaris dabervisas foTlebis moZraoba, saqanelas moZraoba. masw.: gaixseneT, rogor moZraobas uwodeben moZraobas, romelic garkveuli drois Se-

mdeg meordeba?pas.: moZraobas, romelic garkveuli drois Semdeg meordeba, perioduli moZraoba ewo-

deba.

masw.: gaixseneT, perioduli moZraobaa mag., wrewirze Tanabari moZraoba, romelsac wina

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wlis fizikis kursSi gavecaniT. dRevandeli gakveTilis Tema kvlav perioduli moZraobaa, romelsac amjerad meqanikuri rxevis magaliTze ganvixilavT:

periodul moZraobas, roca sxeuli wonasworobis mdgomareobis xan erT da xan meore mxa-res gadaixreba, meqanikur rxevas uwodeben.

maS ase, rxevac, iseve, rogorc wrewirze Tanabari moZraoba, perioduli moZraobaa. ro-gor fiqrobT, ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris?

pas.: rxeviTi moZraobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom rxevisas sxeuli wonasworobis mdgomareobis xan erT da xan meore mxares gadaixreba. aseTi ram ar axasiaTebs wrewirze moZrav sxeulebs, isini wrewirze erTi mimarTulebiT moZraoben.

masw.: rxeviT moZraobas qanqarebis saSualebiT akvirdebian. qanqara orgvaria: zambariani da Zafiani.

maswavlebeli moswavleebis winaSe orive tipis qanqaras warmoadgens:

masw.: es zambariani qanqaraa, anu zambara, romelzec sxeulia daki-debuli. Tu zambaraze dakidebuli sxeuli uZravia, amboben, rom qan-qara wonasworobis mdgomareobaSia.

Tu zambaraze dakidebul sxeuls qveviT davwevT an zeviT avwevT, amboben, rom qanqara wonasworobis mdgomareobidan gadaixara.

maswavlebels qanqara wonasworobis mdgomareobidan gamohyavs, xels uSvebs da moswavleebs mimarTavs:

daakvirdiT zambariani qanqaris moZraobas da dafiqrdiT: romeli Zalis gavleniT mo-Zraobs zambaraze dakidebuli sxeuli?

pasuxi: deformirebul zambaraSi aRiZvreba drekadobis Zala, romelic mimarTulia de-formaciis sawinaaRmdegod da swored drekadobis Zalis gavleniT moZraobs sxeuli.

maswavlebeli: es ki Zafiani qanqaraa, anu grZel Zafze dakidebuli sxeuli (SeniSvna: ma-Tematikuri qanqaras cnebis Semotana avtors meqanikuri rxevebis Seswavlis dawyebiT etapze mizanSewonilad ar

miaCnia. iseTma idealizirebulma warmodgenebma qanqaraze, rogoricaa uwo-

no, uWimar Zafze dakiduli nivTieri wertili anu maTematikuri qanqara ufro

gaaZnelebs movlenis aRqmas).

Tu Zafi, romelzec sxeulia dakidebuli, vertikalur mdgomareobaSia, amboben, rom qanqara wonasworobis mdgoma-reobaSia.

Tu Zafze dakidebul sxeuls vertikaluri mdgomareobi-dan an erT, an meore mxares gadaxriT, am dros amboben, rom qanqara wonasworobis mdgomareobidanaa gadaxrili.

maswavlebels qanqara wonasworobis mdgomareobidan gamohyavs, xels uSvebs da moswavlee-bs mimarTavs:

daakvirdiT Zafiani qanqaras moZraobas da dafiqrdiT: romeli Zalis gavleniT moZra-obs Zafze dakidebuli sxeuli?

pasuxi: Zafze dakidebuli sxeuli simZimis Zalis moqmedebiT moZraobs (ufro swored, Zafis drekadobisa da sxeulis simZimis Zalis tolqmedis moqmedebiT).

masw.: maS ase, Tu qanqaras wonasworobis mdgomareobidan gadavxriT, is kvlav ubrundeba am mdgomareobas, magram ra `aiZulebs~ qanqaras, wonasworobis mdgomareobis gavlis Semdeg mis meore mxares ganagrZos moZraoba?

modi, CavataroT cda da davakvirdeT cdis saSualebiT, rogor urTierTgardaiqmneba qanqaras rxevisas energiebi.

19

2. eqsperimenti /Sedegebis Sejereba 13 wT

cdebi tardeba wyvilebSi. maswavlebeli wyvilebs urigebs Stativebs, Zafian (an zambarian) qanqarebs da TiToeuli wyvili atarebs I cdas.

cda I. samuSaos msvleloba:

moswavleebi1. amagreben Stativis TaTSi Zafs (an zambaris bolos), romel-

zec uZravad dakidebulia burTula (an sawoni). es Zafiani qanqaras wonasworobis mdgomareobaa.

2. amagreben burTulis zeviT Stativis TaTSi horizontalu-rad 1 m sigrZis saxazavs.

3. gadaxrian burTulas saxazavis simaRlemde marjvniv (I). ak-virdebian burTulis moZraobas xelis gaSvebis Semdeg da burTu-lis energiis urTierTgardaqmnas misi moZraobisas.

drois limitis gasvlis Semdeg wyvilebi dakvirvebis Sedegebs diagramis saxiT warmoadgenen da sakuTari mosazrebebis safuZvels ganmartaven:

Epot

Ekin

II

Ekin

III

Epot

I

Epot

+ Ekin

= const

wonasworobis mdgomareoba

a) burTula saxazavis simaRlemde marjvnivaa gadaxrili (I). (burTulis gadaxris simaRleebi aTvalilia wonasworobis mdgomareobidan). am mdgomareobaSi(sanam xels gavuSvebT) burTulas potenciuri energia aqvs. potenciu-

ri energiis am sididiT ganisazRvreba burTulas sruli meqanikuri energia. b) xelis gaSvebis Semdeg (II) wonasworobis mdgomareobidan burTulis awevis simaRlis

klebasTan erTad mcirdeba burTulis potenciuri energia. burTulis kinetikuri energia ki ise izrdeba, rom sruli meqanikuri energia ucvleli rCeba (Tu burTulis moZraobas mci-re drois ganmavlobaSi davakvirdebiT, masze moqmedi haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala SeiZleba mxedvelobaSi ar miviRoT).

g) roca burTula wonasworobis mdgomareobas (III) gaivlis, misi potenciuri energia nuli tolia, xolo kinetikuri energia am dros maqsimaluria da burTula moZraobas wo-nasworobis mdgomareobidan meore mxares ganagrZobs. burTulis sruli meqanikuri energia am dros kinetikuri energiiT ganisazRvreba.

Ekin

IV Epot

Epot

V

20

d) burTulis zeviT moZraobisas (IV) misi potenciuri energia izrdeba wonasworobis

mdgomareobidan burTulis awevis simaRlis zrdasTan erTad, xolo kinetikuri energia ise mcirdeba, rom sruli meqanikuri energia ucvleli rCeba.

e) burTulis marcxena ukidures mdgomareobaSi (V) (burTulam naxevari rxeva Seasrula) maqsimaluri potenciuri energia aqvs, kinetikuri energia ki nulis tolia.

v) gTavazobT burTulis mdebareobebis Sesabamis sqematur naxazebs im dros, roca is (V) mdgomareobidan sawyis (I) mdgomareobas daubrundeba (burTulam erTi sruli rxeva Seasrula). Tu rogor xdeba burTulis energiis urTierTgardaqmna, gamosaxulia am mdgoma-reobebSi Sesabamisi energiebis diagramebiT.

Ekin

VI Epot

Epot

V

diskusiis Sedegad klasSi sxvadasxva mosazrebebis Sejereba moxdeba.

3. kiTxva-pasuxi 7 wT

maswavlebeli moswavleebs axal, rxeviTi moZraobis damaxasiaTebel fizikur sidideebs acnobs da maT Sesabamis aRniSvnebs dafaze wers:

masw.: maS ase, vambobT, rom merxevma sxeulma erTi sruli rxeva Seasrula, Tu sxeuli im mdgomareobas daubrunda, saidanac moZraoba daiwyo.

merxevi sxeulis maqsimalur gadaxras wonasworobis mdgomareobidan amplituda ewodeba. amplituda aRiniSneba A-Ti da izomeba manZilis erTeulebiT: metrebiT, santimetrebiT

da a. S.rxevis periodi ewodeba dros, ra droSic sxeuli erT srul rxevas asrulebs.periodi aRiniSneba T asoTi. periodis erTeuli SI sistemaSi 1wm-ia. rxevis sixSire ewodeba 1 wm-Si Sesrulebul rxevaTa ricxvs.rxevis sixSire aRiniSneba ν-Ti (`niu~). sixSiris erTeulad SI sistemaSi miRebulia wm-1, anu

1herci (hc). 1 hc iseTi rxevis sixSirea, romlis drosac 1wm-Si 1 rxeva sruldeba. periodisa da sixSiris formulebs iseTive saxe aqvT, rogoric wrewirze Tanabari mo-

Zraobisas: T= 1/ν; ν = 1/ T.

Ekin

VII

Epot

Ekin

VIII

Epot

I

Epot

+ Ekin

= const

wonasworobis mdgomareoba

21

masw.: gaixseneT, rogor gamoiTvleba wrewirze Tanabari moZraobisas brunvis periodi, Tu mocemuli gaqvT t droSi Sesrulebul brunvaTa ricxvi N.

pas.: T= t /N ;

masw.: rxevis periodic analogiurad gamoiTvleba, Tu mocemuli gaqvs t droSi Sesru-lebul rxevaTa ricxvi N.

masw.: axla ki CavataroT cdebi da davakvirdeT, razea damokidebuli qanqaras rxevis periodi da SevZlebT avxsnaT is saintereso movlena, romelsac jer kidev 19 wlis asakSi akvirdeboda galileo galilei:

roca RvTismsaxurebis dawyebis win sanTlebi aanTes, kandels ubiZges da kandelma rxe-va daiwyo. galilei gaocda, roca aRmoaCina, rom erTnairi sigrZis jaWvebze dakidebuli sxvadasxva zomis kandelebi erTnair taqtSi irxeodnen: manZils, romelsac traeqtoriis yvelaze maRali wertilidan isev am wertilSi dabrunebamde gadiodnen, kandelebi erTsa da imave dros andomebdnen, anu kandelebis rxevis periodi erTnairi iyo miuxedavad maT zomebs Soris didi gansxvavebisa!

RvTismsaxurebis dros kandelebis rxeva ufro da ufro naklebad SesamCnevi xdeboda (haeris winaaRmd egobis gamo), magram, Tavisda gasaocrad, galileim SeamCnia, rom maTi rxe-vis periodi ar Seicvala.

Tu ratom moxda ase, amis axsnas cdebis Sedegebis gaanalizebis Semdeg SeZlebT.


cdebs kvlav wyvilebi atareben, magram maTgan nawili II cdas, nawili ki III cdas atarebs. maswavlebeli maT cdebisTvis saWiro xelsawyoebs urigebs: Zafs, 100 da 200 g-ian sawonebs, wammzoms.

cda II. wyvilebi, romlebic II cdas atareben, akvirdebian, aris Tu ara damokidebuli qanqaras

rxevis periodi rxevis amplitudasa da sawonis masaze.moswavleebi* Stativis TaTze 1m sigrZis Zafs amagreben da masze sawons kideben. • Stativis TaTs iseT simaRleze sweven, rom sxeulma Tavisuflad SeZlos rxeva ise,

rom rxevisas magidis zedapirs ar exebodes.• sxeuls wonasworobis mdgomareobidan gadaxarian da xels uSveben.(miTiTeba: sxeulis gadaxra wonasworobis mdgomareobidan Zafis sigrZesTan SedarebiT

gacilebiT patara unda iyos, ar unda aRematebodes Zafis sigrZis 1/10-s).• wammzomze aiTvalian dros, romelic sxeuls 10 rxevis Sesasruleblad sWirdeba.• cdas kidev orjer imeoreben gansxvavebuli amplitudebisTvis da TiToeul SemTxve-

vaSi rxevis periods gamoiTvlian.moswavleebi cdas imeoreben meore sawonisTvis samjer da Sedegebi SeaqvT cxrilSi. maTi

savaraudo Sedegebi mocemulia qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi.

22

cda III. wyvilebi, romlebic atareben III cdas, akvirdebian, aris Tu ara damokidebuli qanqaras rxe-

vis periodi Zafis sigrZeze.

moswavleebi• Stativis TaTze amagreben 1m sigrZis Zafs da masze sawons kideben.• wammzomis saSualebiT zomaven 6 rxevis Sesasruleblad saWiro dros da gamoiTvlian

qanqaras rxevis periods iseve, rogorc II cdaSi.• cvlian Zafis sigrZes da TiToeul SemTxvevaSi qanqaras rxevis periods gamoiTvlian.

maTi savaraudo Sedegebi mocemulia qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi.

drois limitis gasvlis Semdeg sxvadasxva wyvilebi cdis Sedegebs mTeli klasis winaSe zepiri prezentaciis saxiT warmoadgenen. moswavleebi Sedegebs Seajereben da daskvnis saxiT Camoayalibeben:

qanqaras rxevis periodi ar aris damokidebuli rxevis amplitudasa da sawonis masaze. is damokidebulia mxolod Zafis sigrZeze: Zafis sigrZis gazrda (Semcireba) periodis ga-zrdas (Semcirebas) iwvevs.

moswavleebi galileis mier SemCneul movlenis mizezsac xsnian: kandelebi erTnairi sigrZis sakidebze iyo dakidebuli, amitom irxeodnen isini erTnair taqtSi (anu maTi rxevis periodi erTnairi iyo).

I5. kiTxva-pasuxi 3 wT

masw.: gTavazobT Zafiani da zambariani qanqaras rxevis periodis gamosaTvlel formu-lebs gamoyvanis gareSe, radgan maTi gamoyvana rTul gamoTvlebas ukavSirdeba:

Zafiani qanqaras rxevis periodi gamoiTvleba formuliT: T = 2π lg (1), sadac l Zafis sigrZea, xolo g Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba.

Zafis sigrZe rxevebis raodenoba

N

dro, romelic N rxevas dasWirda

t

rxevis periodi T = t /N

gaakeTeT daskvna: aris Tu ara qanqaras rxevis periodi damokidebuli

sigrZeze?

1 m 6 8 1.3 aris: qanqaras sigrZis Semcireba periodis Semcirebas iwvevs50 sm 6 7 1.2

25 sm 6 5 0.8

cdebSi Zafis sigrZe ucvlelia

amplitudaA

rxevebis raodenoba

N


t


gaakeTeT daskvna: aris Tu ara qanqaras rxevis periodi

damokidebuli

amplitudaze? sawonis masaze?

I sawoni100 g

A1 10 16 1.6

ara ara

A2 10 16 1.6

A3 10 16 1.6

II sawoni200 g

A1 10 16 1.6

A2 10 16 1.6

A3 10 16 1.6

23

zambariani qanqaras rxevis periodi gamoiTvleba formuliT: T = 2π mk (2), sadac m zambaraze dakidebuli tvirTis masaa, xolo k zambaris sixis-

te.

masw:. imisaTvis, rom savaraudo adgilebSi sasargeblo wiaRiseulis arseboba daadgi-non, geologebi im adgilebSi Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebas, g-s, zomaven (e.w. geologiuri dazverva), radgan cnobilia, rom Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebis, g-s sidide damokidebulia geografiul ganedze (polusze misi mniSvneloba ≈ 9, 83216 m/wm2-ia, xolo ekvatorze ≈ 9, 78030 m/wm2), magram aRmoCnda, rom erT paralelzec ki g-s sidide dedamiwis zedapiris sxva-dasxva wertilSi SesaZloa sxvadasxva iyos. am a n o m a l i e b i s arseboba dakavSirebulia dedamiwis qerqis araTanabar simkvrivesTan, romelic Tavis mxriv gamowveulia am adgilebSi sxvadasxva simkvrivis wiaRiseulis arsebobiT.

daakvirdiT (1)-l formulas da urCieT geologebs, rogor SeiZleba umartivesi xerxiT gansazRvron g, Tu maT saamisod saTanado xelsawyo ar gaaCniaT?

pas.: qanqaras rxevis periodis gamosaTvleli (1)-li formulis daxmarebiT sakmaod didi sizustiT SeiZleba Tavisufali aCqarebis, g-s, gansazRvra: amisaTvis saWiroa, daakvirdnen im qanqaras rxevas, romlis sigrZec winaswaraa cnobili. Tu qanqaras periods wammzomis sa-SualebiT gamoviTvliT (SesaZlebelia II cdaSi aRwerili meTodi gamoviyenoT), Cven sakmaod didi sizustiT SevZlebT (1)-li formulis daxmarebiT g-s sididis gansazRvras:

g = 4π2 l / T2

SeniSvna : Tu gakveTilze am sakiTxze saubari drois uqonlobis gamo ar eswreba, gadai-taneT is saSinao davalebaSi.

6. saSinao davaleba 2 wT

a) roca erT-erTi amerikuli kolejis moswavlem televizorSi mTvaris zedapirze ame-rikeli astronavtis gadasvlis amsaxveli dokumenturi kadrebi naxa, mTvaris zedapirze daSvebul aparatze gamobmuli Toki SeamCnia, romelzec raRac mZime sxeuli iyo dakidebu-li. Toki iqve mdgomi astronavtis gverdiT irxeoda. moswavlem majis saaTs daxeda da sul ramdenime wamSi mTvareze Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebis sidide sakmaod didi sizustiT gansazRvra. moifiqreT, rogor SeZlo man es?

(pas.: saaTis daxmarebiT man Tokis rxevis periodi gaigo. Tokis sigrZe ki iqve mdgomi astronavtis simaRles Seadara da miaxloebiT gansazRvra. (1)-li formuliT ki g-s sidide gamoTvala, romelic, rogorc SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, didi sizustiT daemTxva mTvareze Tavi-sufali vardnis aCqarebis mniSvnelobas).

b) paragrafis bolos waikiTxeT da gaecaniT fukos istoriul eqsperiments, romlis saSualebiTac pirvelad laboratoriulad damtkicda, rom dedamiwa brunavs.

Sefasdeba:sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba

Zafis sigrZe rxevebis raodenoba

N


t


gaakeTeT daskvna: aris Tu ara qanqaras rxevis periodi damokidebuli

sigrZeze?

1 m 6 8 1.3 aris: qanqaras sigrZis Semcireba periodis Semcirebas iwvevs50 sm 6 7 1.2

25 sm 6 5 0.8

cdebSi Zafis sigrZe ucvlelia

amplitudaA

rxevebis raodenoba

N


t


gaakeTeT daskvna: aris Tu ara qanqaras rxevis periodi

damokidebuli

amplitudaze? sawonis masaze?

I sawoni100 g

A1 10 16 1.6

ara ara

A2 10 16 1.6

A3 10 16 1.6

II sawoni200 g

A1 10 16 1.6

A2 10 16 1.6

A3 10 16 1.6

24

gakveTili # 2(muSaoba jgufebSi)

Tema: rezonansi

# 2 gakveTilis dagegmvis cxrili

saswavlo miznebi Tema aqtivobebi moswavlee-

bis organi-

zeba

drois

ganawi-

leba

resursebi Semow-

mebis

xerxebi

* cdis Catarebis, dakvirvebis, aRwe-ris, varaudis ga-moTqmis, kvlevis, analizis, damoukidebeli azrovnebis, azris Camoyalibebisa da gadacemis,komunikaciis, TanamSromlobis, miRebuli codnis konkretul sa-kiTxebTan daka-vSirebis, drois limitis dacvis unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba.

* dakvirveba re-zonansis movle-naze.

rezonansi (1sT)

1. Sesavali

2. eqsperimen-ti

3. Sedegebis Sejereba/diskusia

4. kiTxva-pasuxi

5. eqsperimen-ti/ Sedegebis Sejereba

6. kiTxva-pasuxi

7. saSinao davaleba

mTeli klasi

jgufebi

mTeli klasi

mTeli klasi

jgufebi

mTeli klasi

individua-luri

5 wT

7 wT

7 wT

7 wT

15 wT

3 wT

1 wT

saxelmZRvane-lo

TiTo wyvilze: Stativi (2 cali)50 sm sigrZis zonari.

Z a f i ( 1 c a l i xvia)

100 da 500 g-ian sawonebi (1-1cali)

dakvir-veba

1. Sesavali 5 wT

maswavlebeli moswavleebs axsenebs: gaixseneT: rxevis procesSi qanqaras potenciuri da kinetikuri energiebi urTierTgardaiqmneba. cal-calke TiToeuli maTgani icvleba: iklebs an izrdeba, magram sruli meqanikuri energia ucvleli rCeba, Tu qanqaraze garemos winaaR-mdegobis Zalebi ar moqmedebs.

magram ra moxdeba realur situaciaSi, roca garemos winaaRmdegobis ugulebelyofa ar SeiZleba? modi, CavataroT cda da davakvirdeT qanqaras moZraobas aseT SemTxvevaSi.

2. eqsperimenti 7 wT

cdebi tardeba 4-5 moswavlisgan Semdgar jgufebSi. maswavlebeli urigebs jgufebs Zafian an zambarian qanqarebs, aZlevs mokle instruqcias cdis Catarebis Sesaxeb da TiToeuli jgufi atarebs I cdas.

cda I. samuSaos msvleloba:

moswavleebiZafian an zambarian qanqaras gamoiyvanen wonasworobis mdgomareobidan da akvirdebian

qanqaras moZraobas:

25

a) 2-3 rxevis ganmavlobaSi;b) 2-3 wT-is ganmavlobaSi.

3. Sedegebis Sejereba /diskusia 7 wT

drois limitis gasvlis Semdeg im jgufis warmomadgeneli, romelic ufro swrafad da-amTavrebs samuSaos an sulac maswavleblis SexedulebiTaa arCeuli, dakvirvebis Sedegebs klasis winaSe warmoadgens..

daakvirdiT qanqaras moZraobas 3-4 rxevis ganmavlobaSi 3-4 wT-is ganmavlobaSi

romeli Zalis moqmedebiT moZraobs qanqara?

simZimis Zalisa da daWimulobis (an zambaris drekadobis Zalis) tolqmedis moqmedebiT

Seicvala Tu ara qanqaras rxevis amplituda?

ara ki

Sesrulda Tu ara meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni am xnis ganmavlobaSi? ra aris amis mizezi?

Sesrulda, radgan am xnis ganmavlobaSi garemos winaaRmdegobis Zalebi SesamCnev gavlenas ver axdenen rxevaze.

masw.: qanqaras rxevebi Tqven mier Catarebul cdaSi Tavisufali rxevebia: wonasworobis mdgomareobidan gamoyvanis Semdeg qanqara ganagrZobs moZraobas TavisTavad, garedan Care-vis gareSe, mxolod Siga Zalebis (drekadobis an simZimis Zalebis) moqmedebiT.

dafiqrdiT: aRiZvreba Tu ara qanqaras Tavisufali rxevebi, Tu: qanqaras wonasworobidan gamoyvanis Semdeg ar aRiZvreba Zala (drekadobis an simZimis),

romelic mas wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi daabrunebs?pas.: ara.

masw.: aRiZvreba Tu ara qanqaras Tavisufali rxevebi, Tu: qanqara moTavsebulia garemoSi, romlis winaaRmdegobis Zala Zalian didia (mag., blant

siTxeSi)?pas.: ara.

masw.: maS ase, CamoayalibeT pirobebi, ra pirobebSic qanqaras Tavisufali rxevebi aRi-Zvreba.

pas.: qanqaras Tavisufali rxevebi aRiZvreba, Tu: a) qanqaras wonasworobidan gamoyvanis Semdeg aRiZvreba Zala, romelic mas wonasworo-

bis mdgomareobaSi daabrunebs.b) qanqara moTavsebuli unda iyos iseT garemoSi, romlis winaaRmdegobis Zala Zalian

mcirea.

masw.: gaixseneT, rogor ganisazRvreba qanqaras rxevis periodi da dafiqrdiT, razea damokidebuli qanqaras Tavisufali rxevis sixSire, anu sakuTari rxevebis sixSire?

pas.: qanqaras sakuTari rxevebis sixSire damokidebulia qanqaras sigrZeze.

masw.: rogor unda moviqceT imisaTvis, rom qanqaras Tavisufali rxevebis sixSire Se-vcvaloT?

pas.: unda SevcvaloT qanqaras (igulisxmeba Zafiani qanqara) sigrZe.

diskusiis Sedegad klasSi sxvadasxva mosazrebebis Sejereba moxdeba.

26


masw.: Tavisufali rxevebisas qanqaras sruli meqanikuri energia, romelic garemos wina-aRmdegobis daZ levaze ixarjeba, TandaTan Semcirdeba. amis gamo garkveuli drois Semdeg qanqaras Tavisufali rxevebi miileva. Tavisufali rxevebi yovelTvis milevadia. aseT rxevebs ki praqtikaSi TiTqmis ar gamoiyeneben. ufro mniSvnelovania aramilevadi rxevebi, romlebic SeiZleba nebismierad didxans gagrZeldes.

moifiqreT, ra unda moimoqmedoT imisaTvis, rom qanqaras rxevebi ar miilios da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gagrZeldes. gaixseneT, ras akeTebT imisaTvis, rom saqanelam didi xnis ganmavlobaSi imoZraos?

pas.: periodulad saqanelas xels vkravT.

masw.: diax, gare Zalis perioduli zemoqmedeba uzrunvelyofs qanqaras meqanikuri ener-giis Sevsebas da, miuxedavad xaxunis Zalebis arsebobisa, qanqaras rxevebi ar miileva. aseT rxevebs iZulebiTi rxevebi hqvia.

maS ase, imisaTvis, rom saqanelas (qanqaras) rxevebi ar miilios, wonasworobis mdgoma-reobidan gamoyvanis Semdeg masze periodulad unda vimoqmedoT ZaliT, anu periodulad unda vubiZgoT.

dafiqrdiT: SesaZlebeli iqneba Tu ara saqanelas gaqaneba, Tu mas uwesrigod, sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT vubiZgebT. gaixsene, rogor iqcevi im dros, roca saqanelas Zlierad gaqaneba gsurs?

pas.: saqanelas vubiZgeb maSin, roca is moZraobisas traeqtoriis umaRles wertilSi im-yofeba da moZ raobas sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, wonasworobis mdgomareobisaken, iwyebs. vubiZgeb ise, rom biZgis mimarTuleba saqanelas moZraobis mimarTulebas daemTxves.

araa aucilebeli, saqanela traeqtoriis umaRles wertilSi imyofebodes. mTavaria, biZ-gisas Zalis mimarTuleba saqanelas moZraobis mimarTulebas emTxveodes.

masw.: diax, Tu saqanelas Zlierad gaqaneba gvsurs, saWiroa saqanelas `taqtSi~ vubiZgoT, anu vubiZgoT Tundac mcire ZaliT, magram mxolod ise, rom saqanelaze moqmedi Zalis (biZgis) mimarTuleba daemTxves saqanelas moZraobis mimarTulebas. gaixseneT, ra xdeba am dros: rogor Seicvleba saqanelas rxevis amplituda pirveli, Tundac mcire biZgis Semdeg?

pas.: izrdeba.

masw.: meore drouli biZgis Semdeg?pas.: kidev ufro gaizrdeba. masw.: ase rom, Tu saqanelaze aseT periodul zemoqmedebas gavagrZelebT, yoveli mom-

devno biZgi wina biZgis moqmedebas gaaZlierebs da rxevis amplituda TandaTan gaizrdeba. magram ra moxdeba, Tu biZgebis sixSires kidev ufro gavzrdiT? rogor imoqmedebs es

saqanelas amplitudaze?pas.: SegvimCnevia, rom Tu biZgebis sixSires ufro da ufro gavzrdiT imis magivrad, rom

Zlierad gaqandes, saqanelas moZraoba ferxdeba, amplituda iklebs da SesaZloa, saqanela sulac gaCerdes.

masw.: modi, CavataroT cda da davakvirdeT, rogoraa damokidebuli qanqaras rxevis am-plituda gare Zalis moqmedebis sixSireze.

27


II cdas jgufebSi atareben. maswavlebeli Ti-Toeul jgufs cdebisTvis saWiro xelsawyoebs urigebs:

or Stativs, zonars, Zafs, 100 da 500 g-ian sawo-nebs.

maswavlebeli aZlevs mokle instruqcias cdis Catarebis Sesaxeb TiToeul jgufs: Stative-bi sxvadasxva merxebze dadgiT, rom maT Soris gabmul zonarze dakidebulma qanqarebma merxebs Soris sivrceSi Tavisuflad rxeva SeZlon.

cda II. samuSaos msvleloba: moswavleebi• erTmaneTisgan daaxloebiT 30 sm-is moSo-

rebiT mdgom or Stativs Soris daWimul mdgoma-reobaSi horizontalurad gaabamen zonars.

• zonarze kideben or qanqaras: I _ 1 m sigrZis Zafze dakidebuli 100 g masis sxeuli; II _ 1,5 m sigrZis Zafze dakidebuli 500 g masis sxeuli.I qanqaras sigrZe ucvlelia, Sesabamisad ucvlelia misi sakuTari rxevebis sixSire (radgan

qanqaras rxevis periodi da Sesabamisad, sakuTari rxevebis sixSire mxolod qanqaras sigr-Zezea damokidebuli).

II qanqaras sigrZis (da Sesabamisad misi rxevis sixSiris) cvlileba ki SesaZlebelia: Zafi sakidzea gadakidebuli da, Tu mis Tavisufal bolos qveviT daswev, SesaZlebelia Zafis sigrZis cvlileba.

• gamoiyvanen wonasworobis mdgomareobidan II qanqaras. rxevisas is periodulad moqme-debs zonarze, romelzec orive qanqaraa dakidebuli.

cdis Sedegi: II qanqara rxevisas periodulad moqmedebs zonarze, romelzec orive qan-qaraa dakidebuli. zonari rxevas daiwyebs.

merxevi zonari ki Tavis mxriv periodulad garkveuli ZaliT imoqmedebs I qanqaraze da I qanqara daiwyebs iZulebiT rxevas, romlis sixSirec (anu I qanqaras sakuTari rxevebis sixSi-re) ucvlelia, radgan ucvlelia I qanqaras sigrZe.

• moswavleebi dasweven II qanqaras Zafis Tavisufal bolos da TandaTan daamokleben mis sigrZes.

cdis Sedegi: a) am dros II qanqaras rxevis sixSire izrdeba.b) II qanqaras rxevis sixSiris (anu gare maiZulebeli Zalis sixSiris) zrdasTan erTad

izrdeba I qanqaras iZulebiTi rxevis amplituda.g) I qanqaras amplituda maqsimaluri xdeba maSin, roca II qanqara imave sigrZisaa, ra

sigrZisac I qanqara. am dros I da II qanqaras rxevis sixSireebi tolia, radgan qanqarebis si-grZeebia erTnairi.

moswavleebiganagrZoben II qanqaris sigrZas Semcireba. cdis Sedegi:

a) II qanqaras sigrZis Semcireba misi rxevis sixSiris kvlav gazrdas iwvevs.

ν0ν

28

b) I qanqaras amplituda iklebs.g) II qanqaras rxevis sixSiris (anu gare mai-

Zulebeli Zalis sixSiris) Semdgomi zrdisas I qanqaras amplituda kvlav mcirdeba da roca gare Zalis sixSire Zalian didia, I qanqaras am-plituda nulisken miiswraf vis: qanqaraze daki-debuli sxeuli inertulobis gamo ver aswrebs SesamCnev gadaadgilebas drois mcire monakveT-Si da `adgilze ZigZigebs~.

drois limitis gasvlis Semdeg jgufebis warmomadgenlebi akeTeben prezentacias da cdis Sedegebs warmoadgenen mTeli klasis winaSe. maswavlebeli maT Sedegebs Seajamebs da daskvnis saxiT Camoayalibebs:

maS ase, roca gare Zalis moqmedebis sixSire qanqaras sakuTar sixSires emTxveva, qanqaras rxevis amplituda mkveTrad izrdeba. am movlenas rezonansi ewodeba.

riT aixsneba rezonansis movlena? Tu gare Zala qanqaras rxevebTan `taqtSi~ moqme-debs, anu Tu gare Zalis mimarTuleba qanqaras moZraobis mimarTulebas emTxveva, maSin is dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs, ris gamoc yoveli axali biZgisas izrdeba qanqaras energia da Sesabamisad izrdeba qanqaras rxevis amplituda.

roca gare Zalis moqmedebis sixSire qanqaras rxevis sakuTar sixSires emTxveva (ν= ν0), maSin xdeba energiis maqsimaluri gadacema qanqaraze da amplitudac mkveTrad izrdeba. es rezonansis movlenaa.


masw.: rezonansi sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlenaa yofa-cxovrebaSi. gaixseneT, albaT, xSirad SegimCneviaT, didi satvirTo manqanis gavlisas fanjris minebi zrials iwyebs. es swo-red rezonansis gamo xdeba: manqanis rxevis sixSire emTxveva fanjris minis rxevis sakuTar sixSires da minis rxevis amplituda izrdeba. zrialic amis Sedegia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom xaxunis Zalebis arseboba qanqaras amplitudis Zalian gazrdas xels uSlis, rezonansis dros rxevis amplitudam SesaZloa sakmaod mniSvnelovan sidides miaRwios, rasac zogjer SeiZleba arasasurveli Sedegebi mohyves, zogjer ki sakmaod saxi-faTocaa.

mag., nebismieri nagebobis fundamenti merxevi sxeulia, romelsac sakuTari rxevebis sixSire axasiaTebs. Tu fundamentze raime danadgars davdgamT, romlis nawilebi periodu-lad moZraobaSi modis, maSin es moZraoba gadaecema fundaments da mis iZulebiT rxevas ga-moiwvevs. Tu danadgaris an misi nawilebis moZraobis sixSire fundamentis sakuTar sixSires daemTxveva, SesaZloa, ise gaizardos fundamentis rxevis amplituda, rom es ukanaskneli Caingres.

xidze gadasvlisas samxedro nawilebs ekrZalebaT mwyobri nabijiT siaruli. rogor fiqrobT, ratom?

pas.: Tu xidze samxedro nawilebi mwyobri nabijiT gadaivlian, SesaZloa maTi fexis dar-tymebis sixSire daemTxves xidis sakuTari rxevebis sixSires da gamoiwvios rezonansi: xidis rxevis amplituda gaizardos, rac SesaZloa sabediswero aRmoCndes, radgan am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba xidi Caingres.

masw.: rezonansi SesaZloa sasargebloc iyo, radgan is saSualebas iZleva, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi rxevis amplituda mkveTrad gavzardoT.

νν0

29

mag., rezonansis movlenas iye-neben iseT mowyobilobaSi, romlis saSualebiTac merxevi sxeulis sixSires zomaven, anu sixSiremzom-Si.

am xelsawyoSi saerTo sadgamze damagrebulia sxvadasxva sigrZis drekadi firfitebi, romelTac gan-sxvavebuli sakuTari rxevis sixSi-reebi aqvT da TiToeuli maTganis sidide winaswaraa cnobili.

rogor fiqrobT, romeli fir-fita daiwyebs ufro didi ampli-tudiT rxevas, Tu sixSiremzomi im sxeuls (an sxeulTa sistemas) Seexe-ba, romlis sixSiris gansazRvracaa saWiro?

pas.: Tu sixSiremzomi im sxeuls (an sxeulTa sistemas) Seexe-ba, romlis sixSiris gansazRvracaa saWiro, yvelaze didi amplitu-diT is firfita daiwyebs rxevas, romlis sakuTari rxevis sixSire daemTxveva sxeulis (an sxeulTa sistemas) sixSires. mag., Tu didi amplitudiT is firfita daiwyebs rxevas, romlis sakuTari rxevis sixSire 50 hc-ia, maSin im sxeulis (an sxeulTa sistemis) sixSirec, romlis gansazRvrac xdeba sixSiremzomiT, 50 hc-ia.

masw.: `dedo zaris~ enis gaqaneba sakmaod Znelia, magram am saqmes patara bavSvic ki advi-lad gaarTmevs Tavs, Tu Tokze zaris enis Tavisufal rxevebTan taqtSi imoqmedebs. ratom?

pas.: Tu gare Zala (Tundac sididiT mcire), Tokze zaris enis Tavisufal rxevebTan taqtSi moqmedebs, rezonansis gamo zaris enis rxevis amplituda TandaTan gaizrdeba da Sesabamisad misi gaqaneba ufro da ufro gaadvildeba.

7. saSinao davaleba 1 wT

upasuxeT kiTxvebs da amoxseniT amocana§2.2 -is damatebiTi kiTxvebi.

Sefasdeba:sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba

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gakveTili # 3(jgufuri gakveTili sademonstracio cdiT)

Tema: duRili)

#3 gakveTilis dagegmvis cxrili

saswavlo miznebi Tema aqtivobebi moswavleebis

organizeba

drois

ganawileba

resursebi Semowmebis

xerxebi

• analizis, damoukidebeli azrovnebis, azris Camoyalibebisa da gadacemis, prezentaciis, komunikaciis, cdis Catarebis, dakvir-vebis, miRebuli codnis Sejamebis, miRebuli codnis konkretul saki-TxebTan dakavSire-bis, drois limitis dacvis unar-Cveve-bis ganviTareba.

• duRilisas mimdinare Sinagani procesebis kvleva.

duRi-li (1sT)

1. Sesavali 2. eqsperi-menti

3. diskusia

4. prezen-taciebi

5. amocana-ze muSaoba

6. saSinao davaleba

mTeli klasi

mTeli klasi

jgufuri

jgufebis warmo-madgenlebi.

individualuri

individualuri

5 wT

10 wT

7 wT

17 wT

5 wT

1 wT

saxelmZRvanelo

kolba an nebismie-ri sxva cecxlga-mZle minis WurWe-li.

eleqtroqura an spirtqura.

laboratoriuli Termometri.

dakvirveba

Canawerebis gacnoba

1. Sesavali 5 wT

maswavlebeli ganmartavs axali gakveTilis mizans: Tqven ukve iciT, ra aris orTqladq-ceva. wina gakveTilze gavecaniT mis erT-erT saxes, aorTqlebas, anu roca orTqladqcevis procesi siTxis zedapiridan mimdinareobs.

gavecaniT, ra Sinagani procesebi mimdinareobs aorTqlebis dros, Tu rogor icvleba am dros siTxis Sinagani energia.

dRevandel gakveTilze Cven gavecnobiT, rogor mimdinareobs orTqladqceva siTxis Signidan, misi mTeli moculobidan. am process Tqven sakmaod kargad icnobT, radgan mas yoveldRe xvdebiT. es aris duRili.

modi, davakvirdeT mas cdis saSualebiT da gavarkvioT, ratom duRs siTxe, am SemTxve-vaSi wyali. rogor icvleba siTxis Sinagani energia maSin, roca misi temperatura izrdeba, maSin roca duRs. davakvirdeT, temperaturis cvlilebas duRilis procesSi.

gakveTilis organizeba: maswavlebeli moswavleebs hyofs 4-5 -kacian jgufebad. moswavleebi iwyeben jgufebSi muSaobas. akvirdebian eqsperimentis msvlelobas da iwe-

ren mis TiToeul etapze dakvirvebis Sedegs.

2. eqsperimenti 10 wT

es cda odnav mometebul safrTxes Seicavs, amitom, umjobesia, igi Tavad maswavlebelma Caataros. maswavlebeli cdas atarebs sademonstracio magidaze:

• oTaxis temperaturis (200C) wyals minis WurWelSi (mag., kolbaSi) asxams.• dgams WurWels spirtquris alze an eleqtroquraze.

31

moswavleebi iniSnaven saSinao davalebebis rveulSi eqsperimentis dawyebis dros.

• maswavlebeli periodulad zomavs wylis temperaturas.• moswavleebi akvirdebian da iniSnaven:

a) rogor icvleba wylis temperatura;b) ra temperaturaze gaCnda kolbis fskersa da kedlebze buStukebi; g) rogor moZraoben gafarToebuli buStukebi;d) ra temperaturaze daiwyo wyalma duRili (moswavleebi am momentis Sesabamis dros

iniSnaven); e) icvleba Tu ara duRilis procesSi wylis temperatura.

maswavlebeli aqrobs spirtquras da moswavleebi akvirdebian:gaagrZelebs Tu ara wyali duRils, Tu mas siTbos aRar miewodeba.

3. diskusia jgufebSi 7 wT

maswavlebeli jgufebs urigebs furclebs, sadac maTi davalebaa aRwerili:

• maswavlebeli yvela jgufs saerTo davalebas aZlevs: aageT sqematuri grafiki, Tu rogor icvleboda cdis ganmavlobaSi wylis temperatura drois mixedviT.

• maswavlebeli TiToeul jgufs individualur davalebas aZlevs:

I jgufi: gaarkvieT, ratom izrdeba gaTbobisas wylis temperatura, ra Sinagani proce-sebi mimdinareobs am dros.jgufs saxelmZRvanelodan eZleva teqsti dasamuSaveblad: gra-fikis CD ubani.

II jgufi: gaarkvieT, ra Sinagani procesebi mimdinareobs im dros, roca wylis tempera-tura 1000C -s aRwevs.

jgufs saxelmZRvanelodan eZleva teqsti dasamuSaveblad: grafikis D wertili.

III jgufi: gaarkvieT, ratom ar icvleba duRilisas wylis temperatura, ra Sinagani pro-cesebi mimdinareobs am dros.

jgufs saxelmZRvanelodan eZleva teqsti dasamuSaveblad: grafikis DE ubani.

IV jgufi: gaarkvieT, ra Sinagani procesebi mimdinareobs im dros, roca wyali mTlianad aorTqldeba.

jgufs saxelmZRvanelodan eZleva teqsti dasamuSaveblad: grafikis E wertili da EF ubani.

V jgufi: gaarkvieT, ra aris duRilis temperatura, rogoraa is damokidebuli atmos-ferul wnevaze da aris Tu ara damokidebuli nivTierebis gvarobaze.

4. prezentaciebi 15 wT

TiToeuli jgufis warmomadgeneli akeTebs prezentacias: mTel klass warudgens Tavisi jgufis mier agebul grafiks da mokled gascems pasuxs im kiTxvebs, romlebsac maTi dava-leba Seicavda.

danarCeni moswavleebi CainiSnaven saSinao davalebis rveulebSi im momentebs, romlebic

32

maTTvisa sainteresoa. es CaniSnuli sakiTxebi maT am Temis momzadebisas gamoadgebaT.

SeniSvna: cxadia, moswavleebi prezentaciis gakeTebas im saxiT, ro-

gorc es scenarSia mocemuli, ver SeZleben. magram maTi msjelobis kore-

qtirebas maswavlebeli akeTebs da saboloo jamSi movlenis Sida procese-

bis suraTi srulad iqneba warmodgenili.

I jgufis warmomadgeneli: davaleba: gaarkvieT, ratom izrdeba gaTbobisas wylis

temperatura, ra Sinagani procesebi mimdinareobs am dros.jgufs saxelmZRvanelodan eZleva teqsti dasamuSaveblad: grafikis CD ubani.

grafikis CD ubani: gamaTboblidan miRebuli siTbos xarjze wylis molekulebis kine-tikuri energia izrdeba da Sesabamisad, wylis temperatura matulobs.

maswavleblis CarTva: rogor icvleba am dros wylis molekulebis urTierTqmedebis poten-ciuri energia?

pas.: izrdeba.

masw.: rogor icvleba am dros wylis Sinagani energia?pas.: izrdeba. moswavle ganagrZobs: temperaturis momatebisas WurWlis fskeri da kedlebi patar-

patar buStukebiT daifara. es buStukebi haerisaa, romelic yovelTvis aris gaxsnili wyalSi da rac ufro civia

wyali, miT metia misi raodenoba. buStukebi Seicavs ara marto haers, aramed wylis orTql-sac (wyali xom buStukebis SigniTac orTqldeba).

temperaturis gazrdisas buStukebSi wylis aorTqlebis intensivoba izrdeba, ris gamoc maTSi wylis orTqlis raodenoba da Sesabamisad, orTqlis wnevac izrdeba. roca wylis qveda fenebSi temperatura 1000C -s miaRwevs, wneva buStukebis SigniT da gareT erTmaneTs gautol-deba, ris Semdegac buStukebi gafarToebas daiwyebs (es momenti duRilis dasawyisia).

buStukebze moqmedebs arqimedes Zala da simZimis Zala. gafarToebis Semdeg buStuke-bze moqmedi arqimedes Zala gaizrdeba, radgan buStukebis moculoba imatebs. sxeulze moqmedi arqimedes Zala ki proporciulia sxeulis moculobisa.

Tu arqimedes Zala buStukebze moqmed simZimis Zalas gadaaWarbebs, buStukebi zeviT daiwyeben moZ raobas.

Cven viciT, rom konveqciis movlenis gamo wyali TandaTanobiT Tbeba, amitom im dros, roca qveda fenebis temperatura 1000C-s aRwevs, zeda fenebi jer ar aris 1000C-mde gamTba-ri, amitom zeviT, SedarebiT civ fenebSi amosvlisas buStukebSi wylis orTqli civdeba, kondensirdeba da wyals uerTdeba. buStukebi ki pataravdeba.

civ fenebSi dapataravebul buStukebze moqmedi arqimedes Zala Semcirdeba da simZimis Zalis moqmedebiT buStulebi kvlav qveviT daeSveba. fskerze daSvebisas SedarebiT maRali temperaturis gamo buStukebi kvlav farTovdeba, zeviT civ fenebSi amosvlisas ki patara-vdeba da isev qveviT eSveba da a.S. wylis SigniT buStukebis periodulad gazrdas da isev dapataravebas Tan sdevs damaxasiaTebeli bgeriTi talRebis warmoqmna: duRilis dawyebis win wyali `SiSins~ iwyebs.

II jgufis warmomadgeneli: davaleba: gaarkvieT, ra Sinagani procesebi mimdinareobs im dros, roca

wylis temperatura 1000C -s aRwevs.jgufs saxelmZRvanelodan eZleva teqsti dasamuSaveblad: grafikis D wer-

tili.

33

grafikis D wertili: wylis temperatura 1000C –ia. wylis Sinagani energia D wertilSi ufro metia, vidre CD ubnis romelime sxva wer-

tilSi: gadacemuli siTbos xarjze izrdeboda rogorc kinetikuri, ise potenciuri energia. es is momentia, roca wyali WurWlis mTel moculobaSi Tanabrad gaTba da misma tem-

peraturam 1000C-s miaRwia. zeviT amosuli buStukebi aRar pataravdeba. orTqlis wneva buStukebs SigniT TandaTan matulobs, radgan TandaTan matulobs buStulebSi aorTqle-buli molekulebis ricxvi. buStukebi ufro da ufro farTovdeba, radgan wneva buStukebis SigniT gadaaWarbebs buStukebs gareT wnevas. arqimedes Zalis moqmedebiT buStukebi wylis zedapirze amodian.

wylis zedapirze amosuli buStukebi skdeba, radgan wneva buStukebs SigniT gacilebiT metia atmosferulze. wylis orTqli gareT atmosferoSi gamoifrqveva.

ismis wylis duRilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `buybuyi~. maS ase, duRili orTqladqcevis procesia, romlis drosac siTxis SigniT, mTel mocu-

lobaSi, warmoiqmneba swrafad mzardi orTqlis buStukebi, isini amodian siTxis zedapirze, skdebian da orTqls atmosferoSi gamoafrqveven.

aorTqlebac orTqladqcevis procesia. gansxvavebaa aorTqlebasa da duRils Soris isaa, rom aorTqlebisas orTqladqceva siTxis zedapiridan mimdinareobas, du-Rilis procesSi ki siTxis Signidan, mTeli moculobidan gamoiyofa orTqli. duRi-li orTqladqcevis ufro intensiuri procesia.

III jgufis warmomadgeneli: davaleba: gaarkvieT, ra Sinagani procesebi mimdinareobs im dros, roca

wylis temperatura 1000C -s aRwevs.jgufs saxelmZRvanelodan eZleva teqsti dasamuSaveblad: grafikis DE

ubani. grafikis DE ubani. wylis temperatura duRilisas ar icvleba. wylis temperatura, sanam is duRils daiwyebda, izrdeboda, radgan gadace-

muli siTbos xarjze wylis molekulebis kinetikuri energia izrdeba. 1000C -ze wyali duRils iwyebs da imisaTvis rom, duRilis procesi gagrZeldes, saWiroa

misTvis damatebiTi siTbos gadacema.

maswavleblis CarTva: rogor icvleboda am dros wylis molekulebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia?

pas: izrdeboda.

masw.: Tqven ukve iciT, ra Sinagani procesi mimdinareobs dnobisas da ratom ar icvleba temperatura dnobis procesSi. me vfiqrob, rom paralelis gavleba ar gagiWirdebodaT da analogiuri msjelobiT aqac saTanado daskvnebs gaakeTebdiT. maS ase, ras xmardeba ga-maTboblisgan miRebuli energia duRilis procesSi? ratom ar icvleba wylis temperatura duRilisas?

pas.: gamaTboblisgan miRebuli energia duRilis procesSi mTlianad xmardeba siTxidan molekulebis amosvlisas, mezobel molekulebs Soris mizidulobis Zalebis daZlevas da nawilakebs Soris kavSiris gawyvetas. es energia molekulebis siCqaris gazrdaze ar ixarje-ba da amitom wylis temperatura duRilisas ar icvleba.

temperatura ucvleli iqneba manam, sanam mTeli wyali ar aorTqldeba.

IV jgufis warmomadgeneli: davaleba: gaarkvieT, ra Sinagani procesebi mimdinareobs im dros, roca wyali mTlianad

aorTqldeba.jgufs saxelmZRvanelodan eZleva teqsti dasamuSaveblad: grafikis E wertili da EF ubani.

34

miRebuli orTqli 1000C temperaturisaa. duRilis procesSi gadacemuli siTbo mTlia-nad ixarjeba molekulebs Soris kavSirebis gawyvetaze, ris Sedegadac maTi urTierTqmede-bis potenciuri energia izrdeba, rac sabolood wylis Sinagani energiis zrdas iwvevs

amitom 1000C temperaturis wylis Sinagani energia ufro metia, vidre imave temperatu-risa da igive masis orTqlis.

SeniSvna: gadacemuli siTbos umetesi nawili nawilakebs Soris kavSirebis gawyvetaze ixarjeba, am dros nawi-

lakebs Soris urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia izrdeba.

es winadadeba xSirad gaugebrobas iwvevs moswavleebSi, radgan, maTi warmodgeniT, Tu nawilakebs Soris kavSi-

rebi wydeba, maTi urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia unda Semcirdes.

gaaxseneT maT, rom airis nawilakebis urTierTqmedebis energia ufro didia, vidre siTxeebisa da kristale-

bis Semadgenel nawilakebs Soris urTierTqmedebis energia (yvelaze metad xom airis nawilakebi urTierTqmedeben

erTmaneTTan, maT Soris dajaxebebi metia), amave dros kavSirebi airis nawilakebs Soris ufro sustia, vidre si-

Txisa da kristalis nawilakebs Soris.

ase rom, Tu sxeuli myari mdgomareobidan TxevadSi gadadis (dneba), potenciuri energia imatebs, xolo

kavSirebi nawilakebs Soris sustdeba. Tu Txevadi gadadis airadSi, aqac xdeba igive: potenciuri energia imatebs,

xolo kavSirebi nawilakebs Soris sustdeba.

mag., 00C –ze wylis molekulebis urTierTqmedebis energia ufro metia, vidre imave temperaturis yinulis molekulebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia, xolo 00C –ze wylis molekulebs Soris kavSirebi ufro sus-tia, vidre imave temperaturis yinulis molekulebs Soris.

aseve, 1000C –ze orTqlis molekulebis urTierTqmedebis energia ufro metia, vidre imave temperaturis wylis molekulebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia, xolo kavSirebi orTqlis molekulebs Soris ufro

sustia, vidre wylis molekulebs Soris.

SeniSvna: gadacemuli siTbos umetesi nawili nawilakebs Soris kavSirebis gawyvetaze ixarjeba. am dros nawi-

lakebs Soris urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia izrdeba, xolo nawili ixarjeba muSaobaze, romelic orTqlis

gafarToebaze sruldeba.

EF ubani: miRebuli orTqlis temperatura izrdeba: nawilakebs Soris kavSirebi gawyve-tilia, amitom gadacemuli siTbos nawili kinetikuri energiis gazrdas moxmardeba. Sesaba-misad gaizrdeba orTqlis temperatura.

V jgufis warmomadgeneli: davaleba: gaarkvieT, ra aris duRilis temperatura, rogoraa is

damokidebuli atmosferul wnevaze da aris Tu ara damokidebuli nivTierebis gvarobaze.

duRili iwyeba mas Semdeg, rac orTqlis wneva buStukebSi gautol-deba garemomcveli siTxis wnevas. garemomcveli siTxis wneva ki Tavis mxriv atmosferul wnevazea damokidebuli.

Tu siTxis zedapirze atmosferuli wneva gaizrdeba, wneva siTxeSic gaizrdeba. imisaTvis, rom gazrdili atmosferuli wne-vis pirobebSi siTxem duRili daiwyos, orTqlis wneva buStukeb-Si unda gautoldes gazrdil siTxis wnevas. buStukebSi orTqlis saWiro wnevis Sesaqmnelad ki unda gaizardos siTxis temperatu-ra, im temperaturasTan SedarebiT, romelzec normaluri atmos-feruli wnevis dros duRs. mag., Tu normaluri atmosferuli wnevis dros wyali 1000C-ze duRs, gazrdili atmosferuli wnevis pirobebSi wyali SeiZleba 1100C-zec aduRdes.

zarxufidan haeri gamotumbes. haeris gamotumbvis Sedegad zarxufSi wneva Semcirda, ramac siTxis SigniT wnevis Semcireba gamoiwvia. Sesabamisad, duRili buStukebSi ufro dabali wnevis dros daiwyeba. imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad Semcirda wneva zarxufSi, du-Rili SeiZleba1000C -ze dabal nebismier temperaturaze mag., 200C -zec daiwyos.

masw.: SesaZlebelia duRili oTaxis temperaturazec. mTaSi wyali 600C-ze duRs,

35

amitom mTaSi xorcis moxarSva SeuZlebelia. qvabs mWidrod axuraven Tavze, rom SigniT najeri orTqlis wneva gaizardos da duRilis temperaturam aiwios, radgan xorci 1000C -ze nakleb temperaturaze ar ixarSeba.

masw.: temperaturas, romelzedac siTxe duRs, duRilis temperatura ewodeba.duRilis temperatura gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva nivTierebisTvis da damokidebulia

atmosferul wnevaze. duRilisas siTxe energias STanTqavs, romelic mTlianad xmardeba siTxis orTqladq-

cevas (molekulebs Soris mizidulobis Zalebis daZlevasa da maT Soris kavSiris gawyve-tas). es energia ar ixarjeba molekulebis siCqaris gazrdaze da amitom siTxis tempera-tura duRilisas ar icvleba: siTxis mTlianad aorTqlebis Sedegad imave temperaturis orTqli miiReba.

VI. Sefaseba sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi

ras iTvaliswinebs Sefasebis TiToeuli komponenti sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi:

1) saSinao davalebadavalebis tipebi: saSinao eqsperimenti, dakvirveba obieqtebsa da proce-sebze, informaciis moZieba, konceptualuri rukis Sedgena, modelireba, referatis momzadeba da sxva.

fasdeba Semdegi unarebi:

1. saazrovno unar-Cvevebi;2. kvlevis unar-Cvevebi;3. problemis gadaWris unar-Cvevebi;4. TviTmarTvis unar-Cvevebi.

rubrikis nimuSi:

TariRi: informaciis moZiebis Sefaseba

moswavle Sefasebis kriteriumebi

informaciis wyaroebis

arCeva

moZiebuli informaciis kvlevis mizanTan

Sesabamisoba

moZiebuli informaciis organizeba

qulaTa maqsimaluri raodenoba

0-3 0-4 0-3 10

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

2) saklaso davaleba

davalebis tipebi: sakiTxis ganxilva/diskusia, eqsperimenti, monacemebis aR-ricxva/damuSaveba, modelireba, savele/gasvliTi samuSaoebi da sxva.


1. saazrovno unar-Cvevebi;2. kvlevis unar-Cvevebi;

36

3. problemis gadaWris unar-Cvevebi;4. socialuri unar-Cvevebi;5. komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi;6. TviTmarTvis unar-Cvevebi.

rubrikis nimuSi:

TariRi: eqsperimentis Sefaseba

moswav-le

Sefasebis kriteriumebi

kvlevis miznis gansazRvra

saWiro inventaris gansazRvra

kvlevis Sedegis varaudi

kvlevis mimdina-reobis aRwera

monace-mebis aR-ricxva

mona-cemTa analizi

daskvnis gamotana

qulaTa maqsim-aluri raodenoba

0-2 0-1 0-1 0-2 0-1 0-2 0-1 10

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

3) Semajamebeli davaleba

Semajamebeli davalebis komponenti ukavSirdeba swavla-swavlebis Sedegs. am komponentSi unda Sefasdes erTi saswavlo monakveTis (Tema, Tavi, paragrafi, sakiTxi) Seswavla-damuSavebis Sedegad miRweuli Sedegebi. konkretuli sas-wavlo erTeulis dasrulebisas moswavlem unda SeZlos sabunebismetyvelo sa-gnebis standartiT gansazRvruli codnisa da unarebis warmoCena. Sesabamisad, Semajamebeli davalebebi unda afasebdes sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis standar-tiT gansazRvruli Sedegebis miRwevis dones.

standartis moTxovnaTa Sesafaseblad rekomendebulia Semajamebel dava-lebaTa mravalferovani formebis gamoyeneba. sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis Sema-jamebel davalebaTa tipebi SeiZleba iyos: testi, sxvadasxva tipis savarjiSo, savele/gasvliTi samuSao, modelireba, proeqti, prezentacia da sxva.


• saazrovno unar-Cvevebi;• kvlevis unar-Cvevebi;• problemis gadaWris unar-Cvevebi;• komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi;• socialuri unar-Cvevebi;• TviTmarTvis unar-Cvevebi.

37

moTxovnebi, romlebsac unda akmayofilebdes Semajamebeli davalebebi

• davalebis TiToeul tips unda axldes Sefasebis zogadi rubrika;• zogadi rubrika unda dazustdes konkretuli davalebis pirobisa da gav-

lili masalis gaTvaliswinebiT;• 10 qula unda ganawildes rubrikaSi Semaval kriteriumebze;• miTiTebuli unda iyos standartis is Sedegebi, romelTa Sefasebasac

emsaxureba Semajamebeli davaleba.

rubrikis nimuSi:

TariRi: kvleviTi proeqti

moswav-le

Sefasebis kriteriumebi

proeqtis mizani

kvlevis gegmis SemuSave-ba

sakiTxTan dakavSire-buli in-formaciis moZieba

kvlevis Catareba

monace-mebis aR-ricxva

analizi da daskvnis gakeTeba

prezen-tacia

qulaTa maqsimalu-ri raode-noba

0-1 0-1 0-1 0-2 0-1 0-2 0-2 10

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

38

39

Tema I meqanikuri rxeva. talRebi 1.1 Tavisufali rxevebi ..................................................................................... _ 1.3 rezonansi ................................................................................................... _ 1.4 meqanikuri talRebi ..... ........................................................................... 41 1.5 bgera .............................. ........................................................................... 42 1.6 talRuri movlenebi ..... ........................................................................... 43

Tema II molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi .......................... _ 2. 1. ra aris molekulur-kinetikuri Teoria ................................................ _ 2. 2. molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis I debuleba ......................................... _ 2. 3. molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis II debuleba ........................................ _ 2. 4. molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis III debuleba ...................................... _ 2. 5. idealuri airi ........................................................................................... _ 2. 6. temperatura ............................................................................................ 47

Tema III idealuri airis kanonebi 3.1. idealuri airis mdgomareobis gantoleba .............................................. _ 3.2 boil-mariotis kanoni ....... ..................................................................... 49 3.3 gei-lusakis kanoni ......... ........................................................................ 52 3.4 Sarlis kanoni ........ ................................................................................. 53

Tema IV Termodinamikis safuZvlebi 4.1. Termodinamikis ZiriTadi cnebebi .......................................................... 54 4.2 muSaoba TermodinamikaSi ......................................................................... 55 4.3 Sinagani energiis Secvlis xerxebi ......................................................... 56 4.4 Termodinamikis I kanoni ........................................................................... 58 adiabaturi procesi bunebaSi ................................................................. 60 4.5. siTburi Zravebi ........................................................................................ 63 4.6 Termodinamikis II kanoni .......................................................................... 65 4.7. najeri orTqli ........................................................................................ 66 4.8. duRili ...................................................................................................... _ 4.9. haeris tenianoba ........................................................................................ _

Tema V eleqtromagnituri rxevebi 5.1. Tavisufali eleqtruli rxevebi ........................................................... 67 5.2 cvladi denis generatori ....................................................................... 67 5.3 cvladi denis wredi ................................................................................. 67 5.4 transformatori ...................................................................................... 69 5.5 eleqtromagnituri talRebi ................................................................... 69 5.6 sinaTlis ormagi buneba ............................................................................. _ 5.7 eleqtromagnituri talRebis skala

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