PROCEF.DTNGS OFTHE lNTERNATIOI\AL SYMPOSIU\1 0;-..J EARTH RElNFORCEME)J'T

FUKuOKA/ KY USHU/JAPAN/12-14 OYEMBER 1996

Earth Reinforcement Edited by

HIDETOSHI OCHIAI NORIYUKI YASUFUKU KIYOSHI O MINE Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

VOLUME l

Under the auspices of the Japanese Geotechnical Society

A.A.BALKEMA/ROTTERDAM/BROOKFIELD/ 1996

Earth Remlorcement. Ochiai, Yasufuku & Omine (eds) · 1996 Batkema. Rouerdam ISBN 90 5410833 9

Tablc of contents

Preface

Organization

I Testing and materials

xv

xvn

AnaJysis of geotextile-soil interaction in pull-out tests 3 S.Adanur, S. Mailick & H.Zhai

ExperimentaJ investigation of shearing behavior a t cohesive soil-geotextile interfaces 9 G.AAthanasopoulos

Thc connection strength of masonry block faced retainù1g walls 13 R.AAustin & CMartin

The creep behavior of geotextiles under confined and unconfined conditions 19 D.T.T.Chang, CAChen & Y.CFu

Dynan1ic reinforcing effect of reinforced sands 25 T. C Che n, R. H. Che n, Y. S. Le e & J C P an.

Performance and creep characteristics of synthetic geogrids foUowing hot dry climate 29 M El-Shabrawy & H.Al-Mudhaf

Displacement controUed pullout test of geotextile in granular so il 35 CGhosh &ABhasin

Dilatancy effects of granular soil on the pullout resistance of strip reinforcement 39 S. Hayashi, MCAlfaro & K. Watanabe

Long term testing of polyester yarn and product at 50°C and 23°C in different environments 45 J.M.Jailloux & P.LAnderson

Use of decomposed granite soils as backfi Il for reinforced earth souctures 51 S. K. Kim & E. S. Lee

Elastic considerations of fìeld pull-out tests of polymer strip reinforcement 57 T. Konami, S.lmaizumi & S.Takahashi

lmprovement of mechanicaJ properties of continuous fiber reinforced sand 63 J.Kuwano, Y.lmamura & T.lmanari

v

A ùu·ee-parameter model for thc ultimate pull-out force of gcogrids 69 Y. S. Le e. R. H. Chen & T. C Che n

The study of reinforced so il and modeling test 73 SY.Lei. H.Q.Hui & Q.Xue

Experimental analysis of friction between S<md ami reìnforcìng clements using ring si m pie 77 shcar tests P. Lerat, P. Unterreiner & F. Schlosser

Pullout tests on geogrids buried in lateritic soils 83 S.S.Lin, MCChen, MY.Cheng & S.H.Kuo

Pull-out tests for the assessment of soil-geogrids interaction - InAuence of some mechanical 89 and physical parameters M L Lopes & M Ladeira

Mechanical characteristics of geosynthetic-enveloped soils 95 K.Makiuchi, Y.Kawaguchi &K.Minegishi

Bearing mechanism of steel grìd reinforcement in pullout test l O l T.Matsui, KCSan, Y.Nabeshima & U.NAmin

Erosion resistance properties of fiber-reinforced soil l 07 H.Miki, S.Mochimaru, K.Mori, T.Kumada & KTajima

Reinforced soil failure: Analysis at the biaxial compressìon test I l l J C Morel &JP.Gourc

Short and long tenn behaviour of geogrids under stati c and cyclic load l l 7 N.Moraci & F.Montanelli

Some factors affecting the results of soiJ-geogrid direct shear test 123 T.Nakamura, T.Mitachi & llkeura

'r

In-soil tensile behaviour of geotextiles confined by fine soils 129 E.M.Palmeira, N.Tupa & R.CGomes

Effect of norma! pressure and width of geosynthetic horizontal drain in pullout behaviour 133 using saturated day T.B.S.Pradhan,D.R.Shiwakoti & G./mai

Comparative study and measurement of the pull-out capacity of extensible and inextensible 139 reinforcements P. Segrestin & M Bastick

A new experimental device for determining reinforcement mechanisms in soil nails J 45 T. C Sheahan & LAlvarado

Durability of galvanized steel reinforcements as a function of their shape 151 ASmith, JMJailloux & P.Segrestin

Finite element analysis of a reinforced soil 157 K.MSoni,AVaradarajan & KG.Sharma

VI

An invcstigation of the durability of the soil nailing method STayama, Y Kawai & H.Maeno

Strain-controlled pull-out tests on bamboo c.:ulm embedded in quarry dust M. T. A. Wahah & F. H. Ali

Application of screw anchor to side shoring of t wo foundation pits ZWang &ZD.Liu

2 Embankments

161

167

173

Chilean experiences with geosynthetics in embankments 179 P.M.Acevedo & CA. Mart[nez

Effects of reinforcement rigidity on the behavior of reinforced so il wall-embankment system 185 on soft ground M.CALfaro, S.Hayashi & N.Miura

Limi t design of earth reinforcement methods considering displacement fie id 191 K.Arai & K. Kasahara

Dynamic response analysis of geogrid reinforced steep embankment subjected 197 to an earthquake T.Fujii, N.Fukuda & N.Tajiri

Creep behavior of laboratory embankment reinforced with geogrid 203 H.Furuya, MToriihara & K.Hirama

Geogrid reinforced railway embankment on piles- Monitoring 209 E. Gartung & J Verspohl

In si tu failure test of high water content soft clay embankments reinforced by GHDs 215 MKamon, T.Akai, MFukuda & Y.Nanbu

Direction and magnitude of reinforcement force in embankments on soft soils 221 S. R. Kaniraj

Geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall using clay on a very soft ground for Hokuriku 227 bullet train yard in Nagano K.Kojima,N.Sakamoto,MTateyama & O.Maruyama

Some factors affecting the structural performance of reinforced fills spanning voids 233 CR.Lawson, CJF.P.Jones & G.T.Kempton

Importance of strong motion in the design of earth reinforcement 239 S.P.G.Madabhushi

Effect of geogrid stiffness on the resistance behavior of reinforced embankment 245 under loading Y.Miyata, H.Ochiai & K.Kogure

Experimental evaluation of reinforcement in geogrid-soil structure 249 H.Ochiai, N.Yasufuku, T.Yamaji, G.LXu & THirai

VII

N umcri<.:al si mulation of beam-shapl!d so il stmcture reinfor<.:cd by geosynthetic5 255 H.Ohra. S.Goren. A/izuka, T.Yamakami, K. Yamagishi & N. Moroto

A case history of the constiUction of a reinforced high em bankment on an extra soft ground 261 H.OikCIIVCI, S. Sasaki & N.Fujii

Centrifugai and finite element modelling of reinforced embankments on soft clay 267 J. SSharma & MD.Bolton

Behavior of reinforced earth em bankments on liquefiable sandy ground 273 R. Uzuoka, M.Mihara, FOka & AYashima

A parti al factor approach for reinforced fi li slope design in Hong Kong 279 H.NWong

Application of the velocity field method to stability analysis of earth reinforcement 285 J.J.Yang, N. Moroto, H.Ochiai & A.Suzuki

Review of design temperature for reinforced fili slopes in Hong Kong 289 K. C Yeo & P. L R. Pang

3 W ali structures

The need for standard safety factors in the determination of allowable tensile loads 297 P.Anderson, MBoyd, P.Segrestin & K. Worrall

Mechanism of reinforcement from two fìeld trials 303 R.Arab, P.Villard & J P.Gourc

Use of double wedge equilibrium for reinforced earth structures design 309 M. Bastick & P. Segrestin

Construction and performance of an experimentallarge scale w ali reinforced 315 with geosynthetics C Benigni, GBosco, D. Cazzuffi & R.De Col

Reinforced earth seawalls at Sydney Airport 321 MBoyd

Prediction of reinforced so il retaining w ali deformations: A review of two procedures 327 S. R.Boyle & R.D.Holtz

Effects of the transition zone in a nailed wall mode l test 333 K.T.Chang & GWE.Milligan

The effect of compaction o n mode! fabric reinforced brick faced earth retaining walls 339 T. W Cousens & M l. M Pinto

Reinforced earth walls withstand Northridge Earthquake 345 P. C Frankenberger, R.ABloomfield & P. LAnderson

The influence of the construction method on the behaviour of geosynthetic reinforced walls 351 A numerica! study A. S Cardoso & M L. Lopes

V Ili

Design of geocells reìnforced soil structures through a homogenization method and a finite 357 difference method: Comparison and chans R.Gourvès, P.Reiffsteck & J. F.Vignon

Assessment of geogrids for soil reinforcement in Hong Kong 363 J. H. Greenwood & K. C Yeo

Case history study o n the application of reinforced earth technology in the loess area of China 369 ZY.Guo & D.ZLuo

JnfiJtration tests on reinforced clay w ali and test emban.kment 373 CCHuang & B.NHuang

Stability and defonnation of geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining wall 379 M.Hyodo, D.Jamallud.in, H.Matsuoka, Y.Nakata, H. Murata, T.Konami &J.Nishimura

Design construction and monitoring of reinforced so il waJI 385 P.Jagannatha Rao, A Chattopad.hyaya, Bindumadhava & N Venisri

Internai stability analysis and defonnation prediction for fabric reinforced earth structure 389 H.T.Kim, E.S.Lee, LK.Kang & Y.K.Bang

The performance of reinforced earth structures in the vicinity ofKobe during the Great 395 Hanshin Earthquake K.Kobayashi, H.Tabata & MBoyd

Classification of reinforced soil structures based on their possible failure mode 401 D. Le.fniewska ·

The study of the technique against the sliding of reinforced so il walls on soft subgrade 407 X.Lin ·

The design of a very high reinforced earth retaining wall 411 D.ZLuo & ZY.Guo

Towards a limi t state design specification for reinforced soil wa11s 415 J.C-H.Mak & S-CR.Lo

Innovative facing fora 24 meter high Terre Armée wall near Pont de Normandie 421 J.R.Marchal, MBastick & F.Belblidia

Field performance of a geotextile reinforced soil wall with concrete facing blocks 427 T.Nakajima, NToriumi, H.Shintani, H.Miyatake & K.Dobashi

FEM comparative analysis offacing rigidity of geotextile-reinforced soiJ walls 433 ANakane, MTaki, Y.Yokota & H.Miyatake

Earthquake resistance of geogrid-reinforced so il walls based on a study conducted following 439 the southem Hyogo earthquake J.Nishimura, T.Hirai, K.lwasaki, Y.Saitoh, MMorishima, H.Shintani, S.Yoshikawa & H. Yamamoto

Centrifugai mode! test fora stability of the reinforced retaining wall considering three 445 dimensionai shape effect K. Okabayashi, M Kawamura & Y. Okada

IX

Damage performance of steel-reinforced emth structures in the 1995 Hyogoken-Narnbu 451 Eru.thquake Y.Otani, M.Mega & 7:Matsui

Creep behaviour of mode! fabric reinforced brick faced earlh retaining walls 457 lvl.LMPinto & TWCousens

Cohesìve soìl retaìnìng walls reinforced with geotextile 463 A Porbaha & D.Goodings

Use ofreinforced fili stmctures in Hong Kong 469 WK.Pun & K.F.Man

Analysis of anchored retaìning walls 475 K.Rajagopal & V.SriHari

Design, constmction and performance of a 40 m high reinforced fili wall in Hong Kong 479 M.lRaybould, D.Hadley & M.Boyd

Some insights into reinforced wall behaviour based on finite element analysis 485 R.K.Rowe &S.K.P.Ho

Performance of a steel strip reìnforced wall 491 S.Sakajo, JCChaì, K.Nishikawa & TTakai

Shear-lag analysis of a geosynthetic reinforced soil wall 497 L. C R. da Silva & M.Abramento

Anchored earth breast wall fora site in the sub-Himalayan region 501 R.B.Singh, K. K.Jain, R.K.Agrawal, S.N.Mane & C.P.Gupta

Design and constmction of the Terra tre l Ro-Ro ram p for Second Sevem Crossìng 505 R.Smith

Behaviour of geogrid reinforced earth retaining walls 51 1 H. R. Sreekantiah & V.Tito Kishan

Design and performance of three reinforced earth tiered walls 515 J D. Stewart, K. Truong & P. Segrestin

Constmction of reìnforced earth retaining stmctures on Ratnapura-Wewelwatte road 521 ìnSri Lanka L H. D. Sumanaratne & D. P. Mallawaratchie

Ful1-scale failure experiments of geotextile-reinforced soil walls wìth different facings 525 N.Tajiri, H.Sasaki, JNishimura, Y.Ochiai & K.Dobashi

Active earth pressures on wal1s retaining geogrid-reinforced so il 531 Y.!sukamoto, K.lshihara, T.Higuchi & H.Aoki

Performance of preloaded and prestressed geosynthetic-reinforced so il 537 T.Uchimura, F.Tatsuoka, T.Sato, M.Tateyama & Y.Tamura

Performance of a geosynthetic segmental block wal1 stmcture to support bridge abutments 543 G.WWon, T.Hull &L.DeAmbrosis

x

The rc~carch about designing mcthod of vcnical reinforced slopes XQ.Yang & ZD.Liu

549

Development of horiwntal earth pressures and behaviour of single and multi segmented walls 553 l. Yogarajah & M. A Saad

A design approach to geosynthetic reinforced slopes for the ag1iculture saving heat room 559 Y.M.Zhang, ZR.Wu & Y.XLiu

4 Foundations

Reinforced earth in pipeline construction 565 L.A Babin, Y.l.Spector, NFShchepin & V.P.Kula~:in

The use of geotextiles to improve the structural stability of fili materials for Bandar Abbas 569 runway construction H.Behbahani

Full scale laboratory testing on geosynthetics reinforced paved roads 573 A Cancelli, FMontanelli, P.Rimoldi & AG.Zhao

Beruing capacity of strip foundation on geogrid-reinforced clay slope 579 B.MDas, MT.Omar, G.Singh & E.CShin

The influence of dimensiona! analysis on the interpretation of mode! loading tests 585 of reinforced ground AFakher, CJFP.Jones &NAB.Zakaria

Effect of bending stiffness of geotextiles on bearing capacity improvement of soft clay 591 K.Hirao, KYasuhara & Y.Tanabashi

Behavior of sand replacement with geo-ne ton reclaimed marine clay 597 H.lmanishi, H.Ochiai, NHaratake & MAsakuma

Bearing capacity of sand foundation reinforced by geonet 603 J. WJu, S.JSon, JY.Kim & LG.Jung

Use of geosynthetics for strengthening road surface and subbase in areas with the mining 609 activity KKiosek

Laboratory testing of reinforced unpaved roads 615 J Knapton & R.AAustin

Bearing capacity of inclined loaded footing on geotextile reinforced two-layer soil system 619 V.R.Manjunath & D.M.Dewaikar

Shaking table tests on floatation of buried pipes in backfilled sand layer reinforced 623 with geotextiles H.Nagase, T.Yanagihata & H.Matsumoto

Numerica! study on uplift bearing capacity of caisson type pile with reinforcing bars 629 T.Nakai & MUeno

Xl

Settlemt.:nt and bearing capacity of lootings on reinforced sand 635 M.S. Nataraj, P.G.Hoadley & K. L McManis

A study on the reinforcing effects of geogrids overlaid on pile group for the embankmem 641 foundations T.Ohkuho, S.Asada & D. Karube

Bearing capacity analysis of reinforced ground 647 S.Ohtsuka, E.Yamada & M. Marsuo

Expe1imental study on localized defonnation behavior of reinforced foundation ground 653 JOtani & K.Yamamoto

An application ofbase sheet in a hìghway embankment: A case study in Thailand 659 V.Pooparh

Semì-rigid piled-raft system for soft subsiding ground 665 R.Shivashankar, M.R.Madhav, N.Miura, K.Umezaki & Y.Gondoh

Settlement of embankment on reinforced granular fi li - Soft soil system 671 S. K Shukla & S. Chandra

A finite element approach to the strength of granular soils reinforced with geosynthetics 675 P.Simonini

Tensile force distribution along the reinforcement for reinforced soil foundations 681 T. G. Sitharam, B. R. Srinivasa Murthy & H. B. Raghavendra

In-site investigation and numerica! estimation for bearing capacity improvement of very soft 685 ground reinforced with geotextiles Y.Tanabashi, K.Hirao, K.Yasuhara & H.ltoh

Foundation method combining clay-cement mixture with geogrid 69 1 K. Tanaka, Y. Kato, K. Kasahara, Y. Kadokawa, K.Arai, H. Machihara, K. Funaya & A Ohtani

Localized deforrnation analysis of reinforced foundation ground 697 K Yamamoto & J Otani

Evaluation of the bearing capacity improvement of geogrid mattress foundations 703 N.Yasufuku, HOchiai, K.Omine, S.Ohno, K.Kawamata & Y.Tsukamoto

Design of reinforced foundations by the slip-line method 709 A.G.Zhao, P.Rimoldi & FMontanelli

5 Slopes and excavations

Stability analysis of reinforced so il structures introducing some linear constraint conditions 7 17 upon the 3-D velocity field A.Asaoka, G. Pokharel & T.Ochiai

An innovative solution ro the stabilisation of the Caimrouir Landslide incorporating 723 reinforced earth D.Asbey-Palmer, M.Gillon & M. Boyd

Deep seated stability of soil nailing walls 729 S. Bang, B.FWilkìns & C K.Shen

Xli

A design method for the ' reticulated pile structure' for the stabilization of slopes ami excavations R.B erardi

Instrumentation and monitoring of a nailed mine-waste slope E.CDrumm, CR.Tant, /V!.Mauldon &R.M.Berry

Parametrìc numerica! analyses of soi l nailing systems M.Ehrlich, MS.S.Almeida & A.M. Lima

Earth reinforcement application for hazardous w aste containment SGhalib, JP.Seymour & JCVolk

735

741

747

753

Comparison of different design concepts in sJope stability analysis of geosynthetic reinforced 759 slopes E.Giiler, Mlsmeik & Y.Gorken

Ballistic soil nailing T S.lngold & B. Myles

The effect of bending stiffness of soil nails on wall deformation MJ Kenny & Y. Kawai

A large-scale experimental study of soil-nailed structures JS.Kim, S.D.Lee, S.R.Lee & CL.Park

In-situ test of reinforced volcanic ash with steel bars and pane! facings R.Kitamura, T.lryo, K.Joumoto, MYoshida & T.Ochiai

Stability analysis of reinforced slopes based on apparent cohesion method M Kulczykowski

Predicting seismic performance of geogrid-reinforced slopes D. Y. Lin, S. S. Lin & S. H. Kuo

A new concept of seismic design of geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures: Permanent-displacement limi t H. l Ling, D. Leshchinsky & E. B. Perry

Failure mechanism and effective reinforcement of granular so il slope H.Matsuoka & Y.Sugiyama

Instability patterns of reinforced-soil structures R. L. Michalowski

Reaction of reinforcing force and restrainment effect on soil nailing K.Nishida & T.Nishigata

Seismic analysis of nailed soil slopes - A pseudo-dynamic approach N.Sabhahit, M.R.Madhav & P.K.Basudhar

Repauing the landslide 'Heroldsberg', Germany FViel &A.Jenne

Dynamic failure of soil-nailed excavations in centrifuge MVucetic, V.E.lskandar, M.Doroudian & L.Luccioni

X li i

765

771

775

781

785

791

797

803

809

815

821

825

829

Stability analysis of slope reinforced by roots network R.Yatahe, N.Yagi, K Yokma . M Enoki, S. Kohori & M Mukaitani

Insitu test of steel-nailing reinforcement for eu t slope with altemating sandstone and mudstone 1M. Zhou, H. Yokora, M. Sezaki, H. Yakabe & H. Minami

Instrumentation for centrifuge modeling of geotextile reinforced slopes T. F Zimmie & M. B. M ahmud

Author index

XIV

S35

84 1

847

853