fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpuk; (cau;juk;) …J GJikg;ghl;LlDk; gy;tifikAlDk; ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; tFg;giwapy; mtw;iw ntw;wpfukhf Kd;itg;gjw;Fk; ngupJk; Jizahf mikAk;

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpuk; (cau;juk;)

njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Mrpupau; topfhl;b

juk; - 13

(2014 Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F)

(jpUj;jg;gl;l fzpjf; $W cs;slq;fshf)

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpg; gpupT tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gg; gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; kùfk =yq;fh

www.nie.lk

ii

njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

juk; 13

Mrpupau; topfhl;b

Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2014

© Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ISBN :

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpg; gpupT

tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gg; gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

kùfk

,yq;if

,izaj; jsk; ( www.nie.lk

kpd;dQ;ry; ( [email protected]

gjpg;G :

iii

gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpgzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpgzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpgzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpgzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

,yq;ifapy; vjpu;fhy mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ

mtw;wpy; njhopy;El;gtpay; tpidQu;fspd; Njitg;ghl;il <Lnra;a Ntz;Lk;

vd;w vjpu;ghu;g;Gld; 2013 a+iy khjk; njhlf;fk; ,g;ghlj;Jiw ghlrhiyfspy;

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;Jiwapy; njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

vDk; ghlj;jpid gapYk; khzt> khztpfs; capupay;> ,urhadtpay;>

ngsjpftpay;> fzpjk;> jfty; njhopDl;gk; Mfpa Jiwfs; njhlu;ghd mbg;gil

vz;zf;fUf;fisf; Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpapYk; nrad;Kiw uPjpapYk; fw;gjw;fhd

tha;g;Gfs; fpilj;Js;sd. njhopy; cyFf;Fj; Njitahd njhopy;El;g mwpitr;

nrad;KiwuPjpapy; fw;fr; re;ju;g;gkspg;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

,f;fUkj;jpidg; ghlrhiyapy; ntw;wpfukhf Mw;Wtjw;fhf Mrpupau;fSf;F

topfhl;Ltjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ khzt

khztpfspd; cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;fisAk; gpuNjrj;jpd; NjitfisAk; ed;F

Kfhiknra;J GJikg;ghl;LlDk; gy;tifikAlDk; ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf;

nfhs;tjw;Fk; tFg;giwapy; mtw;iw ntw;wpfukhf Kd;itg;gjw;Fk; ngupJk;

Jizahf mikAk; vd ek;GfpNwd;.

jkpo;nkhopapy; ,g;ghlj;Jf;fhf vOjg;gl;Ls;s Ey;fs; tiuaiwg;gl;l

mstpNyNa fhzg;gLk; epiyapy;> fw;gpj;jy; fUkj;Jf;F ,t;topfhl;b

ngUe;Jizahf mikAk;.

,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;biaj; jahupg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;j midtUf;Fk;

vdJ ed;wpiaj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;.

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

iv

Kd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;Diu

2013 a+iy khje; njhlf;fk; 250 ghlrhiyfspy; eilKiwapYs;s

njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;j xU ghlkhfpa njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd

tpQ;Qhdk; vDk; ,e;jg; ghlkhdJ> khzt khztpauplj;Nj njhopDl;gtpay;

njhlu;ghd mwpT> jpwd;fis tsu;g;gjw;Fk; njhopDl;g cyfpy; fhzg;gLk;

NjitfisAk; vy;iyaw;w tha;g ;G trjpfisAk; ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk;

ngUe;Jizahf mikAk;.

Nkw;gb Njitfisg; ghlrhiyapy; ntw;wpfukhf epiwTnra;J nfhs;tjw;F

Mrpupaupd; gq;fspg;G ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. MrpupauJ tfpghfj;ij ntw;wpfukhf

Mw;Wtjw;fhd xU topfhl;bahfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f tifapy; ,e;j Mrpupau;

topfhl;b jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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mwpTWj;jy;fisNa gpd;gw;w KbAnkdpDk; Mrpupaupd; Mf;fj;jpwd;> khztuJ

cs;shu;e ;j Mw;wy;fs;> gpuNjrj;jpd; Njitfs; Mfpatw;Wf;fikag;

GJikg;ghl;LlDk; gy;tifikAlDk; jkJ ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf;nfhs;Sk;

Rje;jpuk; MrpupaUf;F cz;L.

,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;biaj; jahupg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j midtUf;Fk;

vdJ ed;wpawpjiyj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;.

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gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gg; gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

v

gzpg;Ggzpg;Ggzpg;Ggzpg;Ggzpg;G ( ( ( ( ( fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; FO

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

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gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;g gPlk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ghl ,izg;G ghl ,izg;G ghl ,izg;G ghl ,izg;G ghl ,izg;G (((((

fyhepjp. vy;. lg;spA+. Mu;. jp my;tp];

rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>

njhopDl;gj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

cs;sf tsthsu;fs;cs;sf tsthsu;fs;cs;sf tsthsu;fs;cs;sf tsthsu;fs;cs;sf tsthsu;fs; ( ( ( ( (

fyhepjp. vy;. lg;spA+. Mu;. jp my;tp]; rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>


nry;tp. v];. vk;. vy;. gP. Rgrpq; cjtp tpupTiuahsu;>


jpU. gP. kytpgj;jpud rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>

tpQ;Qhdj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpU. V. B. V. jp rpy;th rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>


jpU. lg;spA+. I. N[. uj;dhaf rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>

fzpjj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpUkjp. vk;. uhfthrhup tpupTiuahsu;>


Gwepiy tsthsu;fs;Gwepiy tsthsu;fs;Gwepiy tsthsu;fs;Gwepiy tsthsu;fs;Gwepiy tsthsu;fs;

fyhepjp. v];. B. vk;. rpe;;jf rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;

tpQ;Qhdg; gPlk;> = [atu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk

fyhepjp. vk;. V. gP. gpurhe;;j rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;

tpQ;Qhdg; gPlk;> = [atu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp. g`d; nfhlFk;Gw rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;

tpQ;Qhdg; gPlk;> = [atu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp. epy;tsh Nfhl;lnfhl rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;

tpQ;Qhdg; gPlk;> = [atu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;;

jpU. vk;. v];. nghd;dk;gyk; rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;(Xa;Tepiy)

rpaNd fy;tpapaw; fy;Yup> ntahq;nfhil

jpU. tP. gP. Nf. Rkjpghy Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tpf; fhupahyak;>

ty];Ky;y

jpU. lg;spA+. V. B. uj;d#upa gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup (Xa;Tepiy)

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpU. uP. kjptjdd; Mrpupa MNyhrfu;

tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> gpypae;jy

jkpo;nkhopr; nrt;tpjhf;fk;jkpo;nkhopr; nrt;tpjhf;fk;jkpo;nkhopr; nrt;tpjhf;fk;jkpo;nkhopr; nrt;tpjhf;fk;jkpo;nkhopr; nrt;tpjhf;fk;

vk;. vr;. vk;. ahf;$j; gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup (Xa;Tepiy)

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fzpdpr; nrhd;dpiug;gLj;jy;fzpdpr; nrhd;dpiug;gLj;jy;fzpdpr; nrhd;dpiug;gLj;jy;fzpdpr; nrhd;dpiug;gLj;jy;fzpdpr; nrhd;dpiug;gLj;jy;

V.Nf.vk;. K];dp Mrpupau;> k`pe;j uh[gf;~ fy;Yup - khj;jiw

vi

Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;

'njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;' vDk; ghlj;Jf;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j

Mrpupau; topfhl;b> juk; - 13 ,y; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;fshy;

mDrupf;fj;jf;f fw;wy;-fw;gpj ;jy; mZFKiwfs; gw;wpa rpy topfhl;ly;fs;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

vt;thnwdpDk;> ,q;F fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwapd; fPo;j; jug;gl;Ls;s

nraw;ghLfs; njhlufj;ijAk; khztuJ Mw;wy; kl;lq;fisAk; ghlrhiy trKs;s

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Rje;jpuk; MrpupaUf;F cz;L.

NkYk;> ,g;ghlj;jpd; %yk; ,uz;L gpujhd njhopDl;gg; ghlq;fSf;Fk; (nghwpapay;

njhopDl;gtpay;> capu;Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay;) cupa mbg;gilahd tpQ;Qhd> fzpj

kw;wk; jfty; njhopDl;gtpay; mwpit toq;FtNj Nehf;fhff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sikahy;

mg;ghlq;fisf; fw;gjw;Fj; Njitahd gpd;dzp cUthFk; tifapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

nrad;Kiwia xOq;Fnra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

vii

nghUslf;fk;nghUslf;fk;nghUslf;fk;nghUslf;fk;nghUslf;fk;

gf;f vz;

gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iii

Kd;Diu i v

fiyj;jpl;lf; FO v

Mrpupa topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; v i

mwpKfk; viii

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; 01-113

nrad;Kiwg; gl;bay;fs; 114

viii

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;

2013Mk; mfit njhlf;fk; fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpu cau;ju

tFg;GfSf;nfd mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s njhopDl;gg; ghlj;Jiwapy; mlq;Fk;

njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; vDk; ghlj;jpw;fikthfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fpirthf ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jg;

ghlj;jpw;nfd ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpfs;> Nju;r;rp

kl;lq;fs;> cj;Njrg; ghlNtisfs;> fw;ww; NgWfs;> ghl cs;slf;fk; Mfpatw;wpw;F

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KbAk;.

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mKy;nra;tJ Mrpupau;fspd; gzpahFk;.

1

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Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 16.116.116.116.116.1 : Ntiy> rf;jp> tY Mfpad njhlu;ghd mwpit eilKiwj;

NjitfSf;fhf msT uPjpapy; gad;gLj;Jthu;

ghlNtisfs;ghlNtisfs;ghlNtisfs;ghlNtisfs;ghlNtisfs; : 10

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Ntiy> rf;jp> tY Mfpatw;iwf; fzpg;ghu;.

• Ntiy> rf;jp> tY Mfpatw;iw msg;gjw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd

myFfisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

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nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf tY njhlu;ghd mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

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fzpg;ghu;.

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• ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; ntt;NtW Ntiyfs; nra;ag;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

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fisg;G czug;gl;lJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

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%yk; cWjpg;gLj;jp

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ntspf;nfhzu;e;J ‘rf;jp’ vd;gJ Ntiy nra;Ak; Mw;wyhFk; vd mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.

2

• nghwpKiwr; rf;jpapidg; gpujhdkhf ,uz;L tiffshf>

• ,af;fr; rf;jp

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vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.

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• ngau;T ,af;fr; rf;jp

• Row;rp ,af;fr; rf;jp Mfpatw;iw mwpKfQ; nra;f.

• Neu;Nfhl;L ,af;fj;ijf; nfhz;l xU nghUspy; mlq;fpAs;s rf;jp> ngau;T ,af;fr;

rf;jpahFk; vd tpsf;Fq;fs;. ngau;T ,af;fr;rf;jp kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfisf; fye;Jiuahly; %yk; ntspf;nfhzUq;fs;.

cjhuzk; : • NghL Fz;nlhd;iw (Putt shot) Fiwe;j Ntfj;jpy; vwpAk; NtisapYk;

mjpy; mjpf ,af;fr; rf;jp mlq;fpAs;sik.

• rpwpa jpzpTila rd;dnkhd;W mjpf Ntfj;jpy; ,aq;fp kzy;

%ilnahd;wpDs; GFk;NghJ mjpf Juk; GFfpd;wik.

• ngau;T ,af;fr; rf;jpahdJ> mirAk; nghUspd; jpzpT (m)> kPJk; Ntfj;jpd; (v)

kPJk; jq;fpAs;sJ vd;gij ntspf;nfhzUq;fs;.

• ngau;T ,af;fr; rf;jp> MdJ mirAk; nghUspd; jpzpT (m) mjd; Ntfk; (v)

Mfpatw;wpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• ngau;T ,af;fr; rf;jp> MdJ Nfhitapdhy; jug;gLfpd;wikia

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• Row;rp ,af;fr;rf;jpapd;kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisf; fye;Jiuahly; %yk;

ntspf;nfhzUq;fs;.

cjhuzk; : • rpwpa gk;gunkhd;W mjpf Ntfkhfr; Royr;nra;ag;gLk;NghJ mjpf

Neuk; RoYfpd;wik

• tpisahl;L Nkhl;lu;f; fhnuhd;wpd; gwg;Gr;rpy;Y epiw $bajhapd;

my;yJ mjd; Miu ngupajhapd; mjpf Neuk; RoYfpd;wik

• Row;rp ,af;fr; rf;jpkPJ> RoYk; nghUspd; rlj;Jtj;jpUg;gk; (I) (Roy;tjpy; fhl;Lk;

tpUg;gpd;ik njhlu;ghd mstPL)> kw;Wk; mjd; Nfhz Ntfk; ( ) Mfpad nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jfpd;wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

• Row;rp ,af;fr; rf;jp vDk; Nfhitapdhy; jug;gLk; vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• mOj;jr; rf;jpapd; tiffshf>

• <u;g;G mOj;jr; rf;jp

• kPspay;G mOj;jr; rf;jp Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Ff.

3

• <u;g;Gg;Gyj;jpDs; ahNjDk; nghUs; mike;Js;s kl;lj;Jf;F mika> mjpy;

Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rf;jpNa <u;g;G mOj;jr; rf;jp vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• <u;g;G mOj;jr; rf;jpapd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis fye;Jiuahly;

%yKk; nra;Jfhl;ly; %yKk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

cjhuzk; : • jiukl;lj;jpy; cs;s m jpzpnthd;iw Fwpj;j h cauj;Jf;F cau;j;jp

itj;jiyr; nra;Jfhl ;Ljy; . nra;ag ;gl ;l Ntiy gw;w pf ;

fye;JiuahLjy;

: • mjidr; nkJthf NkNy cau;j;Jtjw;;fhfg; gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;ba

tpir ahJ?

tpirapdhy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy ahJ?

mt;Ntiyf;F ahJ epfOfpd;wJ?

• <u;g;G mOj;jr; rf;jp vDk; Nfhitapdhy; jug;gLk; vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• <u;f;fg;gl;l kPspay;Gila ehnzhd;wpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rf;jpia kPspay; mOj;jr;

rf;jp vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• kPspay;G mOj;jr; rf;jpapd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisf; fye;Jiuahly;

kw;Wk; vspikahd nra;Jfhl;ly; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

cjhuzk;: tpiwg;gw;w ,wg;gu; thnuhd;wpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l ftnzhd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp>

rpwpa fy;nyhd;wpd; vwpifiar; nra;Jfhl;Lq;fs;. mJ gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

,wg;gu; thupy; $Ljyhd tpir gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; NghJ rpwpa

fy;nyhd;Wf;F fpilf;Fk; Ntfk; $Ljyhdjh? Fiwthdjh? ,wg;gu;thu;

<u;f;fg;gLk; msT (ePl;rp) mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ mf;fy;Yf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;

Ntfk; $Ljyhdjh? Fiwthdjh?

(xU ,af;fj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhf> ntt;NtWgl;l jbg;Gila ,wg;gu;

thu;fspy; gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;ba tpirfspd; msT NtWgl;lJ.)

• kPspay;G mOj;jr;rf;jp > gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; tpir (F)> kPspay;G ehzpd; ePl;rp

(e)> Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;G:

(Ep)

ela= vDk; Nfhitapdhy; jug;gLk; vd tpsf;Fq;fs;. vdpDk;> (`_f;fpd;

tpjpg;gb - K xU khwpyp MFk;) Mjyhy;> (Ep)

da vdTk; juyhk; vdTk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.)

• tpuakhd rf;jp = nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyapd; msT = Nrkpf;fg;gl;l my;yJ mlq;fpAs;s

rf;jp vdTk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• rf;jpapd; SI myF J vdf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;

• Ntiynra;Ak; tPjj;ij tY vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• tYtpdJ SI myF thw;W (W) MFk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

• tYtpd; cau; msTfis msg;gjw;fhf fpNyhthw;W (kW)> nkfhthw;W(MW) Nghd;w

myFfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik

1kW= 103W

1MW = 106W

4

• kpd ;rf ;j p Efu ;it msg ;gjw ;fhf kWh (f pNyhthw ;Wkzp) vDk; myF

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

• 1 kWtYit xU kzp Neuk; EfUk; NghJ tpuakhFk; rf;jp> 1 kWh vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• Ntiy> rf;jp> tY Mfpatw;iwf; fzpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhf vspikahd vz; gpurpdq;fisj;

jPu;f;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• nghwpKiwr; rf;jpahdJ NtW rf;jp tbtq;fshf khWtjpy;iynadpd; ,af;fr;rf;jpapdJk;

mOj;jr;rf;jpapdJk; $l;Lj;njhif xU khwpyp (xUik) MFk; vd;gijf; fye;Jiuahly;

%yk; cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• Nkw;gb $w;W nghwpKiwr; rf;jpf;fhg;Gf; Nfhl;ghlhFk; vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

• nghwpnahd;wpid ,af;Ftjw;fhf mjw;F toq;f Ntz;ba tYit nga;g;GtY vdTk;>

mg;nghwpapypUe;J ntspNa ngwj;jf;f tYit gag;GtY vdTk; mwpKfQ; nra;f.

• nghwpnahd;wpid ,af;Fk; NghJ cuha;T Nghd;w gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy;> ngUk;ghYk;

ntg;gkhf rf;jp ,of;fg;gLk;. rpwpa Nkhl;lnuhd;iw rpwpJ Neuk; nraw;gLj;jp> mjd;

,af;fj;ij epWj;jp> mk;Nkhl;liuj; njhl;Lg; ghu;f;fr; nra;tjd; %yk; ,jid

cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• vdNt> gag;G tYthdJ ngUk;ghYk; nga;g;G tYit tplf; FiwthdJ vd

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• nghwpnahd;wpd; gad;jUjd;ik tpidj;jpwdpd; %yNk msf;fg;gLk;. gag;G tYtpdJk;>

nga;g;G tYtpdJk; tpfpjj;jpdJ rjtPjNk tpidj;jpwd; vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.

%

• tpidj;jpwidf; fzpf;Fk; vspa vz; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;FkhW khztiu

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• tPl;by; gad;gLj;Jk; kpd; cgfuzq;fs;> mtw;wpd; tpidj;jpwd; Mfpad njhlu;ghd

mwpf;ifnahd;wpidf; nfhz;LtUkhW khztUf;Ff; $Wq;fs;.

• mt;Tgfuzq;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; fhyg;gFjpf;fika> xU ehspy; nrythFk; kpd;

myFfSf;fhd fpNyh thw;Wf;fisf; fzpf;FkhW khztUf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.

• Njitf;F mika nghUj;jkhd tYitf; nfhz;l kpd; cgfuzq;fisj; njupTnra;tjd;

mtrpaj;ij typAWj;Jf.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (Key words) ) ) ) ) / vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; :

• Ntiy - Work

• rf;jp - Energy

• tY - Power

• tpidj;jpwd; - Efficiency

• ,af;fr; rf;jp - Kinetic energy

• mOj;jr; rf;jp - Potential energy

nga;g;G tY gag;G tYnghwp

,og;G

5

• jpzpT - Mass

• Ntfk; - Velocity

• rlj;Jtj;jpUg;gk; - Moment of inertia

• Nfhz Ntfk; - Angular velocity

• ePl;rp - Extension

• nga;g;G tY - Power input

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :

• ghukhd kuf;Fw;wpnahd;W (^4cm x 6cm x 10cm &)

• tpiwg;ghd Nfhy; (tpl;lk; 1cm, ePsk; 20cm)

• tpisahl;L Nkhl;lhu; fhnuhd;wpd; gwg;Gr; rpy;Y

• ePz;l ,wg;gu; jlk; (5cm mfykhdJ)

• Y tbtKila rpwpa jb

• nky;ypa fk;gp (0.5 m)

• NghLFz;L (fdpl;l)

• vwp tpisahl;Lj; Jtf;F

• tpy;iy KWf;fpr; Royr; nra;aj;jf;f gk;guk;

• rpwpa Nkhl;lu; (12V)

fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

gpd;tUk; epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L khztiuf; fzpg;gpLf.

• tpirapdhy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd; msT vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;

• Ntiy nra;Ak; jpwid> rf;jp vdf; Fwpg;gpLjy;

• nghwpKiwr; rf;jpapd; Ngjq;fis tptupj;jy;

• ngau;T ,af;fr;rf;jp> Row;rp ,af;fr; rf;jp> <u;g;Gepiy ,af;fr; rf;jp> kPspay; ,af;fr;

rf;jp Mfpatw;Wf;Fupa Nfhitfisg; gad;gLj;jpg; gpurpdk; jPu;j;jy;

• rf;jp epiykhw;wk; njhlu;ghd vspikahd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy;

6

Nju;r;rp 17Nju;r;rp 17Nju;r;rp 17Nju;r;rp 17Nju;r;rp 17 : Xa;tpYs;s kw;Wk; mirAk; ghapfs; gw;wpa mwpit md;whlXa;tpYs;s kw;Wk; mirAk; ghapfs; gw;wpa mwpit md;whlXa;tpYs;s kw;Wk; mirAk; ghapfs; gw;wpa mwpit md;whlXa;tpYs;s kw;Wk; mirAk; ghapfs; gw;wpa mwpit md;whlXa;tpYs;s kw;Wk; mirAk; ghapfs; gw;wpa mwpit md;whl

Njitfs ; kw ;Wk ; njho pDl ; g eltbf ;iffSf ;f hfg ;Njitfs ; kw ;Wk ; njho pDl ; g eltbf ;iffSf ;f hfg ;Njitfs ; kw ;Wk ; njho pDl ; g eltbf ;iffSf ;f hfg ;Njitfs ; kw ;Wk ; njho pDl ; g eltbf ;iffSf ;f hfg ;Njitfs ; kw ;Wk ; njho pDl ; g eltbf ;iffSf ;f hfg ;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.gad;gLj;Jthu;.gad;gLj;Jthu;.gad;gLj;Jthu;.gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1: Xa;tpYs;s jputk; gw;wpa Ma;e;jwpjypy; Nfhl;ghLfs;> tpjpfs;

Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • mlu;j;jp> rhulu;j;jp vDk; gjq;fis tpsf;fpg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• ePu;epiyapay; mKf;fj;Jf;fhd Nfhitiag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• ghapnahd;wpDs; cs;s nghUnshd;wpd; NkYijg;G> kpjj;jy;

Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

• mKf;f CLlfj;jiy tpsf;Fjy;> gad;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;iw

Nkw;nfhs;thu;.


• mlu;j;jpAk; rhulu;j;jpAk; (jd;dPu;g;G)

• xNu msitAk; xNu tbtj;ijAk; nfhz;l> ntt;NtW jputpaq;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l

rpy nghUs;fis vLj;J mtw;wpd; jpzpTfSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghl;il vLj;Jf;

fhl;b> ghlj;ij Muk;gpAq;fs;.

ahNjDk; nghUspd; myFf; fdtstpd; jpzpT mlu;j;jpahFk; vd mwpKfQ;

nra;J njhlu;ig Kd;itAq;fs;. mlu;j;jpapd; myF MFk; vd

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

• ahNjDk; jputj;jpd; mlu;j;jp ePupd; mlu;j;jpapYk; vj;jid klq;F vd;gNj mj;jputj;jpd;

rhulu;j;jpahFk; vd;gij mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;. ahNjDk; jputj;jpd; mlu;j;jp d

ck; ePupd; mlu;j;jp dw ck; Mapd; mj;jputj;jpd;

=

• mJ xU tpfpjkhifahy; mjw;F myF fpilahJ vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

• rhulu;j;jp jug;gl;Ls;sNghJ mjid ePupd; mlu;j;jpapdhy; ngUf;Ftjd; %yk;

mlu;j;jpiag; ngwyhk; vdTk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

mKf;fk; :mKf;fk; :mKf;fk; :mKf;fk; :mKf;fk; :

• myFf; FWf;Fntl;nlhd;Wf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhfj; njhopw;gLk; tpirNa mKf;fk; MFk;

vd mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.

%yk; mKf;fj;jpd; myF Nm-2 vd;gijg; ngWq;fs;.

mJ Pa vdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd vLj;Jf;fhl;b> 1Hg cm, atm, millibar Nghd;w

eilKiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; myFfisAk; mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.

7

• jputnkhd;wpDs; cs;s xU Gs;spapd; mKf;fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfisf; fz;lwptjw;fhf vspikahd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.

cjhuzk; : Moj;Jf;Nfw;g mKf;fj;ijr; Nrhjpg;gjw;fhf> nghypj;jPd; Fonyhd;wpDs;

ePiu epug;gp> ntt;NtW cauq;fspy; JisapLjy;.

mKf;fj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; %d;W fhuzpfshf> h, ρ, g Mfpatw;iw

mwpKfQ; nra;J> P=hρg vDk; rkd;ghl;il Kd;itAq;fs;.

• tspkz;ly mKf;fj;ij msg;gjw;fhf ,urg;ghukhdp gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;gij

vLj;Jf;fhl;b> xU tspkz;ly mKf;fkhdJ ,urg;ghukhdpapy; 76cm ,dhy;

fhl;lg;gLfpd;wikahy; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jp> tspkz;ly mKf;fj;ij g];fypy; msf;f

topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW jpwe;j ghj;jpunkhd;wpy; cs;s ρ mlu;j;jp nfhz;l jputnkhd;wpd;

Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J h Moj;jpy; mKf;fk; P = Po + hpg vdf; fhl;Lq;fs;. (P

o - tspkz;ly

mKf;fk;)

• rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp> vspikahd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

g];fypd; Nfhl;ghLg];fypd; Nfhl;ghLg];fypd; Nfhl;ghLg];fypd; Nfhl;ghLg];fypd; Nfhl;ghL

• neUf;fU gha;kk; vd;gij mwpKfQ; nra;J g];fypd; mKf;f CLflj;jy; Nfhl;ghl;il

Kd;itAq;fs;.

“%ba ghj;jpunkhd;wpy; cs;s> neUf;fU gha;knkhd;wpd; ahNjDk; Gs;spapy; Vw;gLj;Jk;

mKf;fkhdJ> gha;kk; KOtjpYk; gha;kk; mlq;fpAs;s ghj;jpuj;jpd; Rtu; kPJ rPuhfg;

guTk;” vd;gJ g];fypd; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.

• ePu; epug;gg;gl;l> ntt;NtW FWf;Fntl;L msTila ,uz;L GFj;jpfis (Syringe)

Fohnahd;wpdhy; ,izg;gjd; %yk; my;yJ g];fypd; Nfhl ;ghl ;ilr ;

nra;Jfhl;Ltjw;Fupa cgfuzj;jpd; %yk; mKf;f CLflj;jiyr; nra;Jfhl;Lq;fs;.

nghypj;jPd;

Foha;

ePu;j;jhiu

ePu;

8

• mKf;f CLflj;jy; fhuzkhf Xu; ,lj;jpy; gpuNahfpf;Fk; rpwpa tpirapd; %yk;

kw;WNkhu; ,lj;jpy; ghupa tpiriag; ngwyhk; vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

• ntt;NtW FWf;Fntl;Lf;fisf; nfhz;l ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;

tpirfSf;F ,ilNaahd njhlu;ig %yk; Kd;itAq;fs;.

• g];fypd; mKf;f CLflj;jy; Nfhl;ghL gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fisg; gpd;tUk;

cjhuzq;fs; %yk; tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• ‘ngf;Nfh’ nghwp Nghd;w ghu thfdq;fs;.

• ePupay; jLg;Gj; njhFjp

• ePupay; ahf;F (Jack)

• gw;rpfpr;ir epiyaq;fspy; Nehahsp mkUk; fjpiuiar; nrg;gQ; nra;jy;

NkYijg;GNkYijg;GNkYijg;GNkYijg;GNkYijg;G

• rpwpa fy;nyhd;iw my;yJ fz;zhb %bnahd;iw> Eypy; fl;b epA+w;wd; tpw;wuhrpy;

njhq;ftpl;L> KjyhtJ thrpg;igg; ngw;W> gbg;gbahf ePupDs; ,wf;Fq;fs;. thrpg;G

gbg;gbahff; Fiwtjw;Ff; fhuzk; NkYijg;ghFk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;s ,uz;L

re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; thrpg;G w1 ck;

w2 ck; MFk; NghJ> NkYijg;G

U = w1 - w

2 vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

• ,lg;ngau;r;rpf; Ftisia my;yJ thspAk; cUisAk; cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp>

NkYijg;ghdJ ,lk;ngau;f;fg;gl;l gha;kf; fdtstpd; jpzpTf;Fr; rkkhdJ vd;gij

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

,lk;ngau;e;j gha;kf; fdtsT V

,lk;ngau;e;j gha;kf; fdtstpd; jpzpT= Vρg

u= Vρg

/ w1 -w

2= Vρg

w1

w2

w1 w

2

v

9

Mf;fpkPbrpd; Nfhl;ghLMf;fpkPbrpd; Nfhl;ghLMf;fpkPbrpd; Nfhl;ghLMf;fpkPbrpd; Nfhl;ghLMf;fpkPbrpd; Nfhl;ghL

“neUf;fU Vftpd> xa;tpYs;s gha;knkhd;wpDs; ahNjDnkhU nghUs; gFjpahfNth>

KOikahfNth mkpo;e;jpUf;Fk; NghJ> mg;gha;kj;jpdhy; mg;nghUspd; kPJ Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;

NkYijg;ghdJ ,lk;ngau;f;fg;gl;l gha;kf; fdtstpd; epiwf;Fr; rkkhdJ” vd;gNj

Mf;fpkPbrpd; Nfhl;ghL vd;gijAk; Nkw;gb gupNrhjid %yk; mJ tha;g;Gg;

ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

kpjj;jw; Nfhl;ghLkpjj;jw; Nfhl;ghLkpjj;jw; Nfhl;ghLkpjj;jw; Nfhl;ghLkpjj;jw; Nfhl;ghL

• ahNjDk; nghUnshd;W gha;knkhd;wpy; kpjg;gjw;F tpirr; rikdpiy fhzg;gLjy;

mtrpak; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

^1& ^2&

rkdpiyapd;NghJ mg = u

Nkw;gb cU (1) ,w; fhl;bAs;sthW nghUs; Kw;whf mkpo;e;Js;sNghJ>

m g = vρg

v d = vρ

d = ρ

Nkw;gb cU (2) ,w; fhl;bAs;sthW xUgFjp mkpo;e;Js;s NghJ>

m g = v1 ρg

v d = v1 ρ

v > v1

d < ρ

d vd;gJ nghUspd; ,il mlu;j;jp vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. nghs;shf mikj;J

fdtsit mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;tjhy;> ,il mlu;j;jpiaf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

mjd; rpy gpuNahfq;fshf ‘RopNahL ciw> fg;gy; cl;gl Vida fyd;fs;

Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;fkspf;Ff.

• jputq;fspd; mlu;j;jpfis xg;gpLtjw;fhf> gpd;tUk; cgfuzq;fspd; gad;ghl;il

tptupf;Ff. (epiyf;Fj;jhf kpjg;gjw;fhfg; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;s cj;jpfs; mlq;fyhf)

• e Pukhdp (Hydrometer)

• ghykhdp (Lactometer)

• nkw;Nuhyf;F (Metrolac) cgfuzk;

gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (Key words)))))/ vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; :

• mlu;j;jp - Density

• rhulu;j;jp / njhlu;glu;j;jp - Relative Density

• mKf;fk; - Pressure

• mKf;f CLflj;jy; - Transmission of pressure

• NkYijg;G - Upthrust

• kpjj;jy; - Floatation

ρ ρ

10


• tpw;wuhRfs; > Kfitfs;> fz;zhbahyhd Nghj;jy; %bfs; my;yJ rpwpa fw;fs;

• rk msTila ntt;NtW jpz;kq;fs; (ePupy; mkpo;e;jj;jf;fit)

• xNu jputpaj;jhyhd ntt;NtW msTila jpz;kq;fs;

• ntt;NtW msTila GFj;jpfs; (Syringe)> Nriyd; Foha;fs;.

• g];fy; Nfhl;ghl;ilr; nra;J fhl;Ltjw;Fupa cgfuzk;

• cUisAk; thspAk; cgfuzk; / ,lg;ngau;r;rpf; fpz;zk;



• jpzpTk; fdtsTk; jug;gl;Ls;s NghJ mlu;j;jpiaj; Jzpjy;.

• rhu;glu;j;jp jug;gl;Ls;sNghJ mlu;j;jpiaf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• gha;knkhd;wpd; Mok; mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ mjw;F Vw;g mKf;fk; mjpfupf;Fk; vdf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• ePu;epiyfs; rhu;e;j eilKiwg; gpuNahfq;fSf;fhf mKf;fj;ijf; fzpj;jy;.

• mKf;f CLflj;jyhdJ NtiyAyfpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; njhlu;ghd

jfty;fisj; jpul;Ljy;.

• mKf;f CLflj;jy; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fs; jPu;j;jy;.

• kpjj;jYf;Fj; Njitahd epge;jidfis Kd;itj;jy;

• kpjj;jy; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fs; jPu;j;jy;

• cNyhff; fyitnahd;wpd; fl;likg;ig ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf Nkw;gb mwpitg;

gad;gLj;Jjy;.

• RopNahL ciwapd; (Diving Capsule) nraw;ghl;il tptupj;jy;

11

Nju;r;rp 17Nju;r;rp 17Nju;r;rp 17Nju;r;rp 17Nju;r;rp 17 : Xa;tpYs;s kw;Wk; mirAk; ghapfs; gw;wpa mwpit md;whlXa;tpYs;s kw;Wk; mirAk; ghapfs; gw;wpa mwpit md;whlXa;tpYs;s kw;Wk; mirAk; ghapfs; gw;wpa mwpit md;whlXa;tpYs;s kw;Wk; mirAk; ghapfs; gw;wpa mwpit md;whlXa;tpYs;s kw;Wk; mirAk; ghapfs; gw;wpa mwpit md;whl

Njitfs ; kw ;Wk ; njho pDl ; g eltbf ;iffSf ;f hfg ;Njitfs ; kw ;Wk ; njho pDl ; g eltbf ;iffSf ;f hfg ;Njitfs ; kw ;Wk ; njho pDl ; g eltbf ;iffSf ;f hfg ;Njitfs ; kw ;Wk ; njho pDl ; g eltbf ;iffSf ;f hfg ;Njitfs ; kw ;Wk ; njho pDl ; g eltbf ;iffSf ;f hfg ;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.gad;gLj;Jthu;.gad;gLj;Jthu;.gad;gLj;Jthu;.gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 17.217.217.217.217.2 : ghapfspd; gha;r;riy Ma;e;jwpa Nfhl;ghLfs;> tpjpfs; Mfpatw;iwg;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • gha;kg; gha;r;rypd; Ntfk;> FWf;Fntl;Lg;gug;gsT Mfpatw;iwg;

gad;gLj;jp gha;r;ry; tPjj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.

• nrad;Kiw re;ju;g;gq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;nfd NgZap Nfhl;ghl;ilg;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.


• khztUf;Fg; gupr;rakhd rpy cjhuzq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;b> nfe;jsg; gha;r;riyAk;

mUtpf;Nfhl;Lg; gha;r;riyAk; tptupf;Ff.

• nkJthf epfOk; gha;r;ry; mUtpf;Nfhl;Lg; gha;r;ryhf mikAk; tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;b>

mUtpf; Nfhl;Lg;gha;r;rypd; mUtpf; Nfhl;ilAk;> gha;r;rw; FohiaAk; mwpKfQ;

nra;f.

• mUtpf; Nfhl;Lg; gha;r;rydhJ njhlu;r;rpahdjhf mikAk; NghJ gha;r;rw; Fohapd;

ve;jnthU FWf;F ntl;Lf;F ClhfTk; mjw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf myF Neuj;jpy; ghAk;

gha;kj;jpd; fdtsT rkkhdjhFk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

fPNo cUtpy; jug;gl;Ls;s gha;r;rw; Fohiaf; fUjp> A1V

1=A

2V

2 Ig; ngWf.

A1V

1=A

2V

2 rkd;ghl;ilg; ( njhlu;r;rpj;jd;ikr; rkd;ghL) gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa

gpurpdq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

• gha;r;rw; NfhLfs; mUfikj;J gha;r;rw; Foha; xLq;Fk; NghJ gha;r;ry; Ntfk;

mjpfupf;fpd;wikia eilKiwg; gpuNahfr; re;ju;g;gq;fs; %yk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

cjhuzk; :

• ePu; tpepNahff; Fohapd; me;jj;ij xUq;fr; nra;J ePu; ghAk; Ntfj;ij mjpfupj;jy;.

NgZaP Nfhl;ghLNgZaP Nfhl;ghLNgZaP Nfhl;ghLNgZaP Nfhl;ghLNgZaP Nfhl;ghL

• ‘gpRf;Fik tpir Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f> neUf;fU gha;knkhd;wpy; epj;jpa epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;

mUtpf; Nfhl;Lg; gha;r;rnyhd;wpd; xNu mUtpf;Nfhl;bd; kPJ ahNjDk; Gs;spapy;

mKf;fj;jpdJk; myFf; fdtstpd; mOj;jr; rf;jpapdJk; myFf; fdtstpd; ,af;fr;

rf;jpapdJk; $l;Lj;njhif xU khwpyp (xUik) MFk;.’ vd;gNj NgZaPf; Nfhl;ghlhFk;

vd Kd;itf;Ff.

12

• myFf; fdtstpd; jpzpT ρ vd vLj;Jf;fhl;b>

myFf; fdtstpd; mOj;jr; rf;jp = ρgh vd;gijAk;

myFf; fdtstpd; ,af;fr; rf;jp = vd;gijAk; Kd;itf;Ff.

mjd; %yk; = khwpyp (xUik) vDk; rkd;ghl;il Kd;itf;Ff.

• xNu mUtpf; Nfhl;bd; mOj;jk; rkkhd ahNjDk; ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;fhf>

vd vLj;Jf;fhl;b> mr;rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jpj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf

gpurpdq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

• NgZaP Nfhl;ghl;bd; eilKiwg; gpuNahfq;fis tptupf;Ff.

cjhuzk; :

• rptpwpg; gk;gpj; (Sprayer pump) njhopw;ghL

• tpkhdj;ij thdpw;F Vw;WjYk; thdpy; gwf;fr; nra;jYk;

• NgZaP cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> rpwFfspd; tbtj;jpd;gb> Nky;Nehf;fpa

tpir Vw;gLk; tpjj;ijr; nra;J fhl;Lf.

• NgZaP Nfhl;ghl;bd; gb tptupf;fj;jf;f gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.

1. ,uz;L fljhrpf; fPyq;fis thapd; vjpNu rkhe;jukhf rw;W ,ilntsp ,Uf;FkhW

epiyf;Fj;jhf itj;J> xt;nthU fPyj;jpdJk; tha;f;F mUfpy; cs;s me;jj;ijj;

jdpj;jdpahfg; gpbj;Jitj;J> mf;fPyq;fSf;F Clhf thapdhy; tspia CJk;

NghJ fljhrpf; fPyq;fspd; RahjPd me;jq;fs; xd;iwnahd;W neUq;Ftijf;

fhzyhk;.

2. NkirkPJ rha;j;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fz;zhbg; Nghj;jnyhd;wpd; thapDs;

epWj;jg;gl;Ls;s khgps; cUz;ilnahd;wpid thapdhy; Cjpg; Nghj;jypDs;

nrYj;Jtjw;fhf vLf;Fk; Kaw;rp Njhy;tpailfpd;wikiaf; fhzyhk;.

fljhrpf; fPyq;fs;

tspg;gha;r;ry;

Nghj;jy;

khgps;

cUz;il

tspg;gha;r;ry;

13

3. ePu;f;Foha; thapnyhd;Wld; ,izf;fg;gl;l nky;ypa fz;zhbf; Fohnahd;wpdhy;

Nky;Nehf;fpr; nrYj;jg;gLk; nky;ypa ePu;j;jhiuapd; topNa ‘gpq;nghq;’ (Ping-pong)

ge;njhd;iwg; gpbj;J mJ rkepiyahf ,Uf;Fk; tpjj;ij mtjhdpAq;fs;.

• gpd;tUk; cjhuzq;fs; mlq;fyhf NgZaP Nfhl;ghl;il tpsf;Ftjw;Nfw;w ,aw;if

epfo;Tfis Kd;itj;J tptupAq;fs;.

• ghjp jpwe;j epiyapy; cs;s fjT> fhw;W tPRk; NghJ mjpf Ntfj;Jld;

%bf;nfhs;sy;.

• #whtsp tPRk; NghJ %lg;gl;l epiyapy; cs;s tPl;bd; $iu fod;W Nghjy;

• ePu;r;Rop Njhd;Wjy;

• Ntfkhfr; nry;Yk; Gifapujk; fhuzkhf> Gifapuj epiya Nkilapy; epw;Fk;

xUtu; kPJ Gifapujj;jpd; jpirapy; rkdpiyaw;w tpirnahd;W Njhd;Wjy;

• Mfha tpkhdk;> rptpwpg;gk;gp rhu;e;j vspikahd gpur;rpidfis toq;fpj; jPu;f;fr;

nra;f.


• gha;r;ry; tPjk; - Rate of flow

• mUtpf;Nfhl;Lg; gha;r;ry;. - Streamline flow

• njhlu;g; gha;r;ry; - Continuous flow

• gha;r;ry; Foha; - Flow tube

• neUf;fU gha;kk; - Incompressible fluid

• myFf; fdtstpd; mOj;jr; rf;jp - Potential energy per unit Volume

• myFf; fdtstpd; ,af;fr; rf;jp - Kinetic energy per unit Volume

• njhlu;r;rpj; jd;ikr; rkd;ghL - Equation of continuity


• NgZaP cgfuzk;

• tsp neUf;fp (Air Compressor)

• fz;zhbg; Nghj;jy;

ePu;f;Foha;

thapy;

gpq;nghq;

ge;J

ePu;j;jhiu

nky;ypa

fz;zhbf; Foha;

,wg;gu;

Foha;

14

• khgps; cUz;ilfs;

• fljhrpf; fPyq;fs;

• ePu;f;Foha;g; gpb

• gpq;nghq; ge;J


gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

• njhlu;r;rpj; jd;ikr; rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp gpurpdq;fs; jPu;j;jy;

• gha;r;ry; Ntfj;ij mjpfupj;jy; njhlu;ghd eilKiwg; gpuNahfq;fis Kd;itj;jy;

• NgZaP Nfhl;ghl;il eilKiwapy; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f re;ju;g;gq;fs; gw;wpj; Njbawpjy;

• NgZaP Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp vspa gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy;

• NgZaP Nfhl;ghl;Lf;fika eilngWk; Rw;whly; epfo;Tfs; gw;wpa tplaq;fis Muha;e;J

tptupj;jy;.

15

Nju;r;rp 18Nju;r;rp 18Nju;r;rp 18Nju;r;rp 18Nju;r;rp 18 : ,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfs;> mtw;wpd; gpupj;njLg;G Kiwfs;,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfs;> mtw;wpd; gpupj;njLg;G Kiwfs;,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfs;> mtw;wpd; gpupj;njLg;G Kiwfs;,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfs;> mtw;wpd; gpupj;njLg;G Kiwfs;,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfs;> mtw;wpd; gpupj;njLg;G Kiwfs;

Mfpatw;iw Ma;e;jwpthu;.Mfpatw;iw Ma;e;jwpthu;.Mfpatw;iw Ma;e;jwpthu;.Mfpatw;iw Ma;e;jwpthu;.Mfpatw;iw Ma;e;jwpthu;.

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 18.118.118.118.118.1 : gy;NtW tifg;gl;l ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfs;> mtw;wpd; %yq;fs;>

gad;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iwj; Njbawpthu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfs; vd;why; vd;dntd tptupg;ghu;.

• ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfis Kjyhd mDNrgg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;>

Jizahd mDNrgg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; vd tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

• Kjyhd> Jizahd mDNrgg; gjhu;j;jq;fSf;F cjhuzq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• Kjyhd> Jizahd mDNrgg; gjhu;j;jq;fspd; gad;fis

tptupg;ghu;.

• ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfspd; %yq;fs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• ,aw;ifapd; cd;dj gilg;Gf;fshf ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfis

nkr;Rthu;.


• ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fsplk; tpdTf.

• jhtuq;fs;> gq;fRf;fs;> gw;wPupahf;fs;> ,iyf;fd;fs;> G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd;

fyq;fspDs; gy;NtW tifahd Nrjdr; Nru;itfs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wik

gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

• %yg;nghUl;fshd ePu;> fhgdPnuhl;irl;L> iejurd;> nghRguR> #upaxsp Nghd;wtw;iwg;

gad;gLj;jp jhtuq;fs; gy;NtW tifahd Nru;itfis cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wik gw;wpAk;

mit ahTk; ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfs; vdg;gLk; vdTk; tpsf;Ff.

• NkYk;> mq;fpfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; ,urhadr; Nru;itfisAk; ahNjDk;

$WfisAk; ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfshff; fUjyhk; vd tpsf;Ff.

• ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfis Kjd;ik mDNrg tpisnghUl;fs;> Jiz mDNrg

tpisnghUl;fs; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk; vd tpsf;Ff.

• Kjd;ik mDNrg tpisnghUl;fSf;F cjhuzkhf Rf;FNuhR Nghd;w

fhNghitjNuw;Wfs;> Gujq;fs;> ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs;> mrw;wpf; mkpyk;> ,yf;upf; mkpyk;>

vjNdhy; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• fyq;fspDs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Nrjdg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; Kjd;ik mDNrg

tpisnghUl;fshtNjhL mit mq;fpnahd;wpd; epyTif> tsu;r;rp> tpaj;jk;>

,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;gtw;wpy; Neubahfj; njhlu;GWfpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Ff. ,it

mq;fpnahd;wpDs; epyTk; njhopw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Lnry;y cjTk; Nrkpg;Gg; gjhu;j;jk;

vdTk; tpsf;Ff.

• Kjd;ikaDNrg tpisnghUl;fspd; gad;fisg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisj; Jizahff;

nfhz;L tpsf;Ff.

cjhuzk;

1. Rf;FNuhR - rPdp> ,J cyfk; KOtJk; kpfg; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nrjdg;

nghUl;fspy; xd;whFk;.

2. vjNdhy; - capu; vupnghUshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

16

fdpa vz;nzapd; jw;Nghija tpiyapd; jw;fhyg; Nghf;Fld;

njhlu;GgLj;jp capu; vupnghUspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij njspTgLj;Jf.

• vjNdhy; cw;gj;jpapd; capupurhad kw;Wk; ,urhadj; njhFg;G gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

• capupurhad uPjpahd vjNdhy; njhFg;gpy; FSf;NfhR> Rf;FNuhR Nghd;w nty;y

tiffs; kPJ kJtj;ij (cjhuzk; : Saccharomycis cerevisiae ) Fiwe;j xl;rprd;

toq;fypd; fPo; ngUf;fkilatplg;gLtJ gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

C6H

12O

6→ 2CH

3CH

2OH + 2CO

2

FSf;NfhR vjNdhy;

C12

H22

O11

+ H2O → 4CH

3CH

2OH + 4CO

2

Rf;FNuhR vjNdhy;

cau; tpisjpwd;> Fiwe;j cw;gj;jpr; nryT vd;gd njhlu;gpy; vjNdhy; cw;gj;jpf;Fupa

capupurhadj; njhFg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp njspTgLj;Jf.

• vjNdhypd; ,urhadj; njhFg;G Kiwfshfg; gpd;tUk; cjhuzq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

(1)C2H

4(g) + H

2O

(g) → C H

3CH

2OH

(l)

vjPd; nfhjpePuhtp vjNdhy;

Nkw;gb jhf;fk; 3000C ntg;gepiyapYk; mjpf mKf;fj;jpd; fPOk; kpifasT ePuhtpAld;

nghRguR Cf;fp Kd;dpiyapy; elj;jg;gLk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

^2& C2H

4(g) + H

2SO

4(l)→ CH

3CH

2SO

4H

(l)

CH3CH

2SO

4H

(l) + H

2O

(l) → CH

3CH

2OH

(l) + H

2SO

4(l)

vjNdhy;

• Kjd;ik mDNrg tpisTfspd; jpupghf cUthf;fg;gLk; Nrjdr; Nru;itfNs

JizaDNrg tpisnghUl;fs; vdTk; ,it tsu;r;rp> tpaj;jk;> ,dg;ngUf;fk;

vd;gtw;NwhL Neubj; njhlu;Gila njhopw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;shjit vdTk; mit

tpUj;jpapd; Kjpu;r;rp mtj;ijapid mz;kpj;jjhf my;yJ Kjpu;r;rp mtj;ijapd;

,Wjpapy; cUthf;fg;gLgit vdTk; tpsf;Ff.

• Jiz mDNrg tpisnghUl;fshtd> jdpj;Jtkhd (Unique) Nrjdr; Nru;itfshf

miktNjhL mit tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mq;fpfspy; khj;jpuk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLgit

vd njspTgLj;Jf. ,Jtiu ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;s JizaDNrg tpisTfSs;

ngUk;ghyhdit Fwpj;j mq;fpf;NfAupa gpuj;jpNafkhd nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F

cjTtd vdTk; tpsf;Ff.

• JizaDNrg tpisnghUs;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis

cs;slf;fpf; fye;JiuahLf.

• rpy JizaDNrg tpisnghUl;fs;> Ez;zq;fpfs;> G+r;rpfs;> jhtug; Nghrzpfs;

vd;gtw;wpdhy; jhtuq;fSf;F Nrjk; Vw;glhj tifapy; ghJfhg;igg; ngWtjw;fhd

ghJfhg;Gg; nghwpKiwf;F (defence mechanism) cjTfpd;wik. gPNdhy;> nghypgPNdhy;>

FapNdhd;> gpstNdhapl;Lfs; (Flavanoids) Nghd;w Nru;itfs; ,jw;F cjhuzq;fshFk;.

• lu;gpNdhapl;L> eWkz vz;nza;fs; (ml;ltiziag; ghu;f;f.) vd;gd Fwpj;j

jhtuj;jpw;Fupa jdpj;Jtkhd thridiaj; (aroma) jUtJld; Fapidd;> nkdd;

vd;gd jhtuq;fSf;Fupa epwj;ijj; jUjy;. ngUk;ghyhd Nru;itfs; jhtuq;fSf;Fupa

17

jdpj;Jtkhd Ritiaj; jUtJld; kdpju;fshy; mit czTf;F eWkz%l;lTk;>

epwj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wik

• jhtuq;fs; Mtpg;gwg;Gila kw;Wk; Mtpg;gwg;gw;w JizaDNrg tpisnghUl;fis

cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;b mjw;fhd cjhuzq;fshf gpd;tUk;

ml;ltizia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fye;JiuahLf.

Nru;it -Essential oil tpisTfs; - Effects

1 . C i t r o n e l l a G+r;rp ntWj;njhJf;fp (Insect repellent)

2 . E u g i n o l gw;wPupah nfhy;yp (Anti - bacterial)

3 . C a r d a m o m ghYzu;T Jz;b (Sexual stimulant)

4 . G e r a n i u m Row;rpnajpup> csr;Nrhu ;ntjpup (Anti inflammation, anti deprenant

5 . O r e g a n o mOfntjpup> fpUkp nfhy;yp(Antiseptic)

,aw;ifapd; mw;Gjg; gilg;Gf;fshd JizaDNrg tpisnghUl;fspd; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l

,ay;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp> mit xsljq;fs;> RitA+l;bfs> thridj; jputpaq;fs;>

rhaq;fSk; epwg;nghUl;fSk;> gPilehrpdpfs;> G+r;rpehrpdpfs;> fisehrpdpfs; kw;Wk;

czTfSf;fhd Nru;khdq;fshfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wikia tptupf;Ff.

• JizaDNrg tpisnghUl;fspd; Kjy;fs; kw;Wk; gad;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf. ,jw;fhfg;

gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;Jf.

;

gad;fs;gad;fs;gad;fs;gad;fs;gad;fs;

xl;rpNaw;wntjpup

FUjpr; Rw;Nwhl;lj;ijr; rPuhf;Fjy;

,jaj;jpd; MNuhf;fpaj;ijg; Ngzy;

xl;rpNaw;wntjpup> Cf;fkUe;J

typ epthuzp> rhe;jkhf;fp> gw;wPupah

ehrpdpAk;> Gw;WNehahf;fp vjpu;g;gpay;G

eWkz vz;nza;ahfTk; RitA+l;bahfTk;

gad;gLk;. itj;jpaj;Jiwapy; typ-

epthuzpahfTk; czu;T ePf;fpahfTkk;

(gy;typapd;NghJ) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

RitA+l;b> Ez;Zapu;f;nfhy;yp G+Q;rz

ehrpdp kw;Wk; Gw;W Nehahf;fp vjpu;g;gpay;G

typ epthuzp (czu;T ePf;fp)

typepthuzp

Nru;itfs;Nru;itfs;Nru;itfs;Nru;itfs;Nru;itfs;

gpnstndhapl;Lfs;

( F l a v a n o i d s )

vg;gpfw;nwr;rpd;

( E p i c a t e c h i n )

fNgapd;

( Caffe ine)

[pd;[Nuhy;

( G i n g e r o l )

,A+[pNdhy;

( Eugeno l)

rpdky;bifl;L

( C i n n a m a l d e h y d e )

Nkhu;gpd;/Nfhbd;

( M o r p h i n e

/ C o d e i n e )

trprpd; kw;Wk;

trprpNdhd;

(Vasicine and

V a s i c i n o n e )

Kjy;fs;Kjy;fs;Kjy;fs;Kjy;fs;Kjy;fs;

Njapiy

Njapiy

nfhf;Nfh

tpj;Jf;fs;

Njapiy

,Q;rp

fuhk;G

vz;nza;

fWthg; gl;il

nghg;gpj;jhtug;ghy;

( P a p a v e r

s o m n i f e r u m )

MlhNjhil

jhtu

Kjy;fs;

18

• gy;NtW ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfspd; jd;ik> njhopw;ghL vd;gd xd;wpypUe;njhd;W NtWgl;ld

vdTk; kpfr; rpwpa mq;fpfspYk; Nguq;fpfspYk; ,it cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wikiaAk;

,tw;why; kdpjDf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ngUk;gad;fs; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;L ,aw;ifapd;

tpaj;jF gilg;ghf ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfis kjpj;J fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLf.

• gpzpaha; epiyaq;fspy; (Clinics) gad;gLk; kUe;JfSs; 50% ,w;Fk; mjpfkhdit

,aw;if cw;gj;jpfshfNth mtw;wpd; ngWjpfshfNth mjw;Fr; rkkhd Nru;itfshfNth

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

• cyf Rfhjhu epWtdj;jpd; fzpg;gpd;gb mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfisr; Nru;e;j

kf;fspd; 80% khNdhu; jkJ Kjd;ikr; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;gpd; nghUl;L kuGuPjpahd

kUj;Jt KiwiaNa ehLfpd;wdu;. kuGuPjpahd kUe;Jfspy; 85% Mdit

jhtuq;fspypUe;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. cyf kf;fSs; 3.5-4.0 gpy;ypadhNdhu;

%ypif Kjyhf jhtuj;ijNa ek;gpAs;sik ,jpypUe;J Gydhfpd;wJ.

• kuGuPjpahd kUj;Jt Kiwapd;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; njhlu;ghd

cjhuzq;fis Kd;itj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.

cjhuzk; :

gps;isf;fw;whis(Aloe vera) - ,jd; ,iyfs; vu pfhaq;fSf;Fk ; Njhy ;

tpahjpfSf;Fk; rpfpr;iraspf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

g hfy ; (Momordica charantia) - FUjpapd; nty;y kl;lj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;fhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

nts;isg;G+z;L - ngUk ;ghYk ; Ez;Zapu ;f ; nfhy ;y pahfg ;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

KUq;if - ,J czTg;nghUs; kl;Lkd;wp kUe;JkhFk;. ,q;F

92 Nghrizf;$WfSk; 46 xl;rpNaw;wntjpupfSk;>

36 mow;rpnajpupfSk;> Nehnajpu;g;Gr; rf;jpia

Cf;Ftpf;Fk; 18 mkpNdhtkpyq;fSk; NkYk;

mj;j pahtrpakhd 9 mkpNdhtkpyq;fSk;

fhzg;gLk;.

Ntk ; G ( Azadirachta indica) - ,e ;jpau ;fs; Flw;GO Neha;fs;> kNyupah>

thjf;fha;r;ry;> Njhy;Neha;fspd;NghJ kUe;jhfg;

gad;gLj;Jtu;.

gg ; g hr p (Carica papaya) : - fhaq;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kUe;jhFk;.

Ez;Zapu;f; nfhy;yp

,urhadr; rhaq;ffs; Nghd;W ,t;tifr;

rhaq;fs; #oiy khRgLj;jkhl;lh.

kdf;Fog;gepiyia ePf;Fk; ,ay;GilaJ.

ngdprpypak;

( Penic i l l ium)

gq;fR

mRg;gu ;f py ;yR

gq;fR

flw;gQ;R

( D e s c o d e r m i a

discoluta)

ngdprpypd;

me;jpNuhFtpNdhd;

gr;irr; rhak;;

( A n t h r a q u i n o n e s )

b];Nfhlu;

nkhiyapl;L

Descodermolide

Ez;zq;fp

Kjy;fs;

rKj ;j p u

Kjy;fs;

19

kQ ; rs ; ( Curcuma longa) - czTfis kQ ; rs ; e p w%l ;Ltjw ;Fg ;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ritr;ruf;fhFk;. MAs;Ntjj;jpYk;

kuGu Pj pahd kUj ;JtKiwapYk ; czTr ;

rkpghl;ilAk; <uypd; njhopw;ghl;ilAk; Nkk;gLj;Jk;>

typiaf; Fiwf;fTk;. khjtplhiar; rPu;gLj;jTk;

ePz;lfhykhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.


• ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfs; - Natural products

• Kjd;ik mDNrgpfs; - Primary metabolites

• Jiz mDNrgpfs; - Secondary metabolites


• ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; gad;fs; mlq;fpAs;s ml;ltizfs;> Ey;fs;>

rQ;rpiffs;



• ,aw;if cw;gjpfs; vd;gij mwpKfQ; nra;jy;

• Kjd;ikahd kw;Wk; Jizahd mDNrg tpisnghUs;fshf ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfis

tifg;gLj;jYk; mtw;Wf;Fupa cjhuzq;fis Kd;itj;jYk;

• Kjd;ikahd> Jizahd mDNrg tpisnghUl;fspd; gad;fis tptupj;jy;

• ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfspd; %yKjy;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;

20

Nju;r;rp 18Nju;r;rp 18Nju;r;rp 18Nju;r;rp 18Nju;r;rp 18 : ,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfs;> mtw;wpd; gpupj;njLg;G Kiwfs;,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfs;> mtw;wpd; gpupj;njLg;G Kiwfs;,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfs;> mtw;wpd; gpupj;njLg;G Kiwfs;,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfs;> mtw;wpd; gpupj;njLg;G Kiwfs;,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfs;> mtw;wpd; gpupj;njLg;G Kiwfs;

Mfpatw;iw Ma;e;jwpthu;.Mfpatw;iw Ma;e;jwpthu;.Mfpatw;iw Ma;e;jwpthu;.Mfpatw;iw Ma;e;jwpthu;.Mfpatw;iw Ma;e;jwpthu;.

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 18.218.218.218.218.2 : ,aw;ifahd %yq;fspypUe;J xslj tiffisg; gpupj;njLf;Fk;

gbKiwfis Ma;e;jwpthu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ,aw;if %yq;fspypUe;J xsljj;ijg; gpupj;njLf;Fk; gbKiwfisg;

ngaupLthu;.

• ,aw;if %yq;fspypUe;J xsljj;ijg; gpupj;njLf;Fk; tpjj;ij

tptupg;ghu;.

• Ntwhf;fg;gl;l nkhj;jg; gpupj;njLg;gpypUe;J Ja;ikahd tpisit

Ntwhf;Fk; El;gKiwfis tptupg;ghu;.

• nraw;ifahf xsljq;fisj; njhFg;gjd; ,d;wpaikahikia

tpsf;Fthu;.

• vspa gpupj;njLg;G El;g Kiwfisf; ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.


• %ypifj; jhtuq;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahb Neha;r; rpfpr;irfSf;fhf jhtug;

gFjpfisg; gad;gLj;JtjpYs;s rpukq;fis ntspf;nfhzUk; tifapy; xsljq;fis

Ntwhf;fpg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

• ,aw;if Kjy;fspypUe;J xsljq;fis Ntwhf;Fk; Kiwfshf fiug;ghd; %yk;

gpupj;njLj;jy;> cijg;G> nfhjpePuhtpf; fha;r;rp tbj;jy; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• fiug;ghd; %yk; xsljg; gpupj;njLg;G njhlu;gpy;; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspDlhffye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.

• ,aw;if Kjy;fis (jhtu ,iyfs;> gl;ilfs;> G+f;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw) rpWJz;Lfshf

eWf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

• ,aw;if Kjy;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s capupurhadr; Nru;itfs; gy;NtW fiug;ghd;fspy;

fiutdntd;gjhy; nghUj;jkhd fiug;ghd;fisj; njupTnra;jy;.

• fiug;ghd;fis KidTf; fiug;ghd;fs; kj;jpk KidTf; fiug;ghd;fs; Kidtw;w

fiug;ghd;fs; vd tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.

• KidTr; Nru;itfs; KidTf; fiug;ghd;fspYk; Kidtw;w Nru;itfs; Kidtw;w

fiug;ghd;fspYk; fiuAk;. (Like dessolve like)

cjhuzk;: ,A+[pNdhy; MdJ ,UFNshNuh vNjdpw; fiuaf;$baJ. ,A+[pNdhy;>

,UFNshNuh vNjd; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; kj;jpk Kidthf;fj;ijf; nfhz;lit.

(fiug;ghdpw; fiuj;Jf;nfhs;s rpyNtis kPs;gha;r;rYf;F (reflux) cl;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;. jtpu rpyNtisfspy; nrhl;rpNyw;W (Soxhlet) cgfuzj;ijg;

gad;gLj;jp Ntwhf;f Ntz;Lk;)

• ,k;Kiwiaf; ifahs;tjhy; fiug;ghidf; Fiwe;jstpy; gpuNahfpg;gjd; %yk;

nrwpe;j gpupj;njLg;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

• gpupj;njLg;gpy; Njitaw;witAk; Nru;e;J fhzg;glyhk;. vdNt> capupurhadr;

Nru;itia khj;jpuk; NtWgpupj;Jg; ngWtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Nrjdf; fiug;ghidg;

gad;gLj;jp FYf;fp> gpupGdiyNah (Sepaeratory funnel) mstpiaNah (Burette)

gad;gLj;jp Nrjdf;fiug;ghid Ntwhf;fy;.

• ,q;F fiug;ghidg; gFjpgFjpahfg; gpupj;njLg;Gld; Nru;j;J FYf;fp Ntwhf;Ff.

cjhuzk;: 45 ml fiug;ghd; gad;gLj;Jkplj;J mjid 15 ml tPjk; %d;W jlitfs;

gpuNahfpj;J Ntwhf;fpf;nfhs;f.

21

• fiug;ghidj; njupTnra;Ak; NghJ Fiwe;j nfhjpepiyiaAila xU fiug;ghidj;

njupTnra;a Ntz;baJ Kf;fpakhFk;. my;yhtpby; fiug;ghid Mtpahf;fp

ntspNaw;Wjy; fbdkhdjhf mikAk;.

• gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;l vy;yhf; fiug;ghd;fisAk; Nrfupj;J> fiug;ghid Mtpahf;fp

ntspNaw;Wf. (,q;F nte;ePu;j; njhl;biag; gad;gLj;j KbAk;). ,jd; NghJ

gz;gLj;jh tpisT (Crude product) ngwg;gLk;.

• cijg;G %yk; xsljq;fisg; gpupj;njLj;jy; gpd;tUk; gbKiwfspd; fPo; epfo;j;jg;gLk;

vd tpsf;Ff.

• ,q;F gugpd;nkOF G+rg;gl;l fz;zhb tOf;fpfs; ,uz;bw;fpilapy; jhtug; gFjpia

itj;J mOj;jp> gugpd; nkOfpd; kPJ capupurhadg; gjhu;j;jk; gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk;.

gpd;du; gugpd; nkOFld; Nru;e;Js;s capupurahdr; Nru;it fiuaf;$ba nghUj;jkhd

fiug;ghdpy; fiuf;fg;gLk;. ,jd;NghJ capupurhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; fiug;ghdpDl;

guTk;. gpd;du; gugpd; nkOfpypUe;J fiug;ghd; tbfl;b Ntwhf;fg;gLk;. gpd;du;

fiug;ghd; Mtpahf;fg;gl;L gz;gLj;jh tpisT Ntwhf;fg;gLk;.

• nfhjpePuhtpf; fha;r;rptbj;jy; %yk; gpupj;njLj;jy; njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;

ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.

• nfhjpePuhtpf; fha;r;rptbj;jy; ,uz;L tpjq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

1. ePUld; jhtug; gFjpfisf; fye;J ntg;gNkw;wy;.

2. jhtug; gFjpfSld; nfhjpePuhtpia NkhJiff;F cl;gLj;jy;

• fha;r;rptbj;jy;%yk; gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;l tpisTfis Nrjdf; fiug;ghd;fisg;

gad;gLj;jpg; gpupj;njLj;J fiug;ghid Mtpahf;fp gz;gLj;jh tpisT Ntwhf;fg;gly;.

• jhtug; gFjpfspypUe;J Ntwhf;fg;gl;l gz;gLj;jh tpisTfspypUe;J Ja tpisTfis

Ntwhf;fpj; Ja;ikahf;fy; njhlu;gpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; tifapy;

fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.

• gy;tifahd Ja;ikahf;fy; Kiwfs; cs;sd.

1. kPs;gspq;fhf;fy; (Recrystallization) Kiw

2. epwg;gjptpay; (Chromatagraphy) El;gk;

,J ngUk;ghYk; Nru;itfis Ntwhf;fTk;> Ja;ikahf;fTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• fljhrp epwg;gjptpay; El;gk;

• nkd;gil epwg;gjptpay; El;gk;

• fk;g epwg;gjptpay; El;gk;

• kPs;gspq;fhf;fy; njhlu;gpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.kPs;gspq;fhf;fy; njhlu;gpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.kPs;gspq;fhf;fy; njhlu;gpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.kPs;gspq;fhf;fy; njhlu;gpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.kPs;gspq;fhf;fy; njhlu;gpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

• ,q;F gz;gLj;jh tpisTfs; nghUj;jkhd fiug;ghd;fspy; fiuf;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk;

gspq;fhf;fg;gLk;. (Ja;ikaw;w Nru;it ntg;gNkw;Wk; NghJ fiue;J> Fspu;j;Jk;

NghJ kPz;Lk; mr;Nru;it xLf;fkilaf;$ba fiug;ghd; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;)

• fiug;ghdpd; ,opTf; fdtstpy; Nru;itiaf; fiuj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;baJ

kpf Kf;fpakhFk;.

• ntg;gkhd epiyapy; fyit fiuf;fg;gl;L miyAUthd tbjhspy; <u;g;gpd;fPo;

tbj;njLf;fg;gLk;. tbjputj;ij gdpf;fl;bAld; $ba ghj;jpuj;jpDs; mkpo;j;jp

gspq;Ffs; ngwg;gLk;. (ntt;NtW Nru;itfs; gspq;fhtjw;F vLf;Fk; fhyk; 5 -

60 epkplq;fs; tiu NtWglyhk;)

22

• ngwg;gLk; gspq;Ffs; Gf;Fdu; Gdy; (Buchner funnel) %yk; tbj;njLf;fg;gl;L

Fspu;j;jpa xU Fwpj;j fdtsT (10 ml) fiug;ghdpy; fOtp> mjpNyNa Rkhu; 5

epkplq;fs; itj;J cyu;j;jg;gLk;.

••••• epwg;gjptpay; El;gk;epwg;gjptpay; El;gk;epwg;gjptpay; El;gk;epwg;gjptpay; El;gk;epwg;gjptpay; El;gk;

• ngUk;ghYk; gz;gLj;jh tpisTfis $Wfshf NtWgLj;Jtjw;F ,k;Kiw

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• gy;NtW tifahd epwg;gjptpay; El;gq;fs; fhzg;gLtJld; mt;ntht;nthd;wpYk;

mirAk; (,aq;Fk;) tyaKk; (mobile phase)> ,aq;fhj (epiyahd) tyaKk;

(stationary phase) fhzg;gLk;. ,aq;Fk; tyaj;jpy; fiue;Js;s gy;NtW Nru;itfs;

ntt;NtW Ntfq;fSld; epiyahd tyak;kPJ mirAk;. mjdbg;gilapy; Nru;itfs;

xd;wpypUe;njhd;W NthwhFk;.

• fljhrp epwg;gjptpay; El;gk; njhlu;ghfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk;

tifapy; fye;Jiuahliyf; fl;bnaOg;Gf.

• ,jw;fhf epwg;gjptpapy; El;gj; jhnshd;W mtrpakhFk;. (cjhuzk;: nthr;khd;

No. 1)

• fiug;ghd; miwahf Kfit xd;iw my;yJ [hk; Nghj;jnyhd;iwg;

gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,jpy; 1.0 cm msT cauj;jpw;Ff; fiug;ghidr; Nru;j;J

ngw;wpf;fpz;z %bapdhy;; %b itf;f. ,jd;NghJ ghj;jpuk; fiug;ghd; Mtpapdhy;

epuk;gyilAk;.

• epwg;gjptpay; El;gf; fljhrpapid 8 cm x 4 cm mstpy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f. mjd;

fPo; me;jj;jpypUe;J 1 .5 cm msT cauj;jpy; mbj;jsf;NfhL (Baseline)

xd;iw tiue;J nfhs;f. ,jd; gUkl;lhd glj;ij NtnwhU A4 jhspy;

tiue;J nfhs;f. (cU. 1)

• epwg;gjptpay; El;gf; fljhrpapd; mbj;jsf; Nfhl;bd; kPJ khjpupapy; rpwpjsit

kapu;j;Jisf; Fohapd; cjtpAld; xd;wpd; kPJ xd;whf itf;f. fl;Lg;ghl;L

khjpupiaAk; (Control sample) ,t;thNw itf;f.

cU 1 cU 2

² ² ²² ² ²

mbj;jsf; NfhL

^base line&

khjpup 1 khjpup 2 fl;Lg;ghl;L khjpup

epwg;gjptpay; El;gf;

fljhrp/fiug;ghd;

mlq;fpa ghj;jpuk;

([hk; Nghj;jy;)

fiug;ghd; fyit

fiug;ghd; tbg;G

gazpf;Fk; vy;iy

10cm3

23

• gpd;du;> jug;gl;Ls;s epwg;gjptpay; El;gf; fljhrpia cU 2 ,w; fhl;bathW

fiug;ghDld; njhLifAWk; tz;zk; itf;fTk;. (,jd; NghJ fiug;ghd;

mbj;jsf;Nfhl;ilj; njhlhjpUf;f Ntz;Lk;)

fiug;ghd; Kd;dzp (solvent front) (fljhrpapd; Nky; me;jj;jpypUe;J 1 cm

msT tiu) cau;e;jJk; fljhrpia mfw;wp ngd;rpypdhy; fiug;ghd; Kd;dzp

milahskpl;Lf; nfhs;f. fljhrpia cyu;j;jp rptpwy; Nrhjidg; nghUisg;

(spray reagent) gad;gLj;jp gpupj;njLg;gpy; mlq;fpAs;s ,urhadr; Nru;itfs;

,dq;fhzg;gLk;.

• nkd;gil epwg;gjptpay; El;gk;

• ,q;F epiyahd tyakhf rpypf;fhTk; ,aq;F tyakhf vl;Nrd; (Hexane)

(Kidtw;w fiug;ghd;)> ,U FNshNuhntNjd; (kj;jpk KidTf; fiug;ghd;)

my;yJ ePu; (KidTf; fiug;ghd;) gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vdf; fhl;Lf.

• 5 g rpypf;fh n[y;ypid rpwpJ ePu; Nru;j;J gir Nghd;W jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f.

,jid 8cm x 3.5 cm fz;zhb tOf;fp kPJ nky;ypa gilahFk; tz;zk;

rPuhfg; gug;gp Rthiyapy; cyu;j;jpf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; nky;ypa gilnahd;iw

Mf;fpf;nfhs;syhk; vd tpsf;Ff.

• ngd;rpypdhy; mbj;jsf; Nfhl;il tiue;J Kd;du; Nghd;w epwg;gjptpay;

El;gf; fljhrpiaAk; khjpupiaAk; ,yf;f n[y; gilapy; itj;J fiug;ghd;

mlq;fpa ghj;jpuj;jpDs;(miwapDs;) mkpo;j;jp itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpsf;Ff.

• fiug;ghd; Kd;dzp tOf;fpapd; Nky; me;jj;jpypUe;J Rkhu; 1 cm fPNo

mikAk; epiyf;F tUk;NghJ tOf;fpia mfw;wp ,urhadr; Nru;itfis

,dq;fhz KbAk; vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• fk;g epwg;gjptpay; El;gk;

kzw;gil

rpypf;fh n[y; my;yJ mYkpdhg; gil

(epiyahd tyak;) + fiug;ghd;

(,aq;F tyak;)

kzw;gil

gUj;jpg; gQ;R

$Wfshf Ntwhfpa khjpup

24

• Ntwhf;ftpUf;Fk; ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jk; jpz;kkhapd; nghUj;jkhd fiug;ghdpw;

Fiwe;j fdtsT vLf;fg;gl;L fiuf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du;> ,J Nky;

me;jj;jpy; Jspj;Jspahf NkNyAs;s kzw;gil kPJ gha;e;Njhlr;nra;J mjd;kPJ

fiug;ghidr; rPuhf;f Ntz;Lk;. khjpup epiyj;j tyaj;jpDs; gazpf;Fk;NghJ

$Wfshf> NtwhFk; $Wfshf Ntwhd khjpupfis mstpapd; fPo; me;jj;jpy;

mstpapd; jpUFgpbiaj; jpwe;J ntspNaWk; fiug;ghid 5 cm3 fdtsT

tiu gbtFf;if nra;ag;gl;l Foha;fspw; Nrfupj;Jf; nfhs;f. ,q;F

Ntwhf;fg;gLk; fyitapYs;s Nru;itfspd; KidTj;jd;ikf;F Vw;gTk;> ,aq;F

tyaj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fiug;ghDf;Nfw;gTk;> gz;gLj;jg;gl;l> gz;gLj;jh

tpistpYs;s cs;slf;fq;fs; Ntwhf;fg;gLk;.

nraw;ifKiw xsljj; njhFg;gpd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.nraw;ifKiw xsljj; njhFg;gpd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.nraw;ifKiw xsljj; njhFg;gpd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.nraw;ifKiw xsljj; njhFg;gpd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.nraw;ifKiw xsljj; njhFg;gpd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.

• Kd;du; ngw;w mwptpd; mbg;gilapy; jhtuq;fspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; JizaDNrg

tpisTfs; kUj;Jtf;Fzk; kpf;fit vd Qhgf%l;Lf.

• vdpDk;> rpy jhtuq;fspypUe;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;l capupurhadr; Nru;itfspy;

(biologically active molecules) kUj;Jtf; Fztpay;gpw;F Nkyjpfkhf gf;f tpisTfis

Vw;gLj;Jk; ,ay;G fhzg;gLtjhy; mtw;wpd; kUj;Jtg; ngWkjp FiwthdJ vd;gJ>

Ma;Tfs; %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sikia cjhuzq;fs; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L xsljj; njhFg;gpd; mtrpaj;ij

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• kUe;Jg; nghUspd; kUj;Jtf; Fzk; FiwthAs;s NghJ mjpfsT kUe;ijg;

gad;gLj;j NeupLtjhy;> ,jdhy; Vw;gLk; gf;f tpisTfSk; mjpfkhFk;. vdNt>

kUe;jpd; fl;likg;gpd; ,urhadtpaw; jd;ikapy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jp>

Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l kUj;Jtf; Fzj;ijf; nfhz;lJk;> gf;ftpisTfs;

FiwthfTs;skhd kUe;Jfs; jahupg;gjw;fhd gupNrhjidfs; ghupa mstpy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ltz;zKs;sd.

• rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jhtug; gpupj;njLg;GfspypUe;J Ja xsljj;ij Ntwhf;FtJ

kpff; fbdkhf miktJld;> mjw;fhfr; nrythFk; Neuk;> gztpuak; vd;gd

mjpfkhFk;. ,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nraw;ifahf kUe;Jfisj; njhFg;gJ

kpf ,yFthFk;.

• NkYk;> ,aw;if Kjy;fs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;litahjyhYk;> jw;fhyj;

NjitfSf;Nfw;g nUkstpyhd xsljq;fs; Njitg;gLtjhYk; mtw;iwr;

nraw;ifahfj; njhFf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.

• nraw;ifahf kUe;Jfisj; njhFf;Fk;NghJ capupay; uPjpapy; capu;g;ghd

,urhadr; Nru;itapd; (Biologically active agent)> mbg;gilr; nraw;ghL> ,aw;if

cw;gj;jpiag; (Natural product) Nghd;Nw ek;gfkhff; fhzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;

vdTk ; > mjd; kUj ;Jtf ; Fzk; (Efficacy) > Mw ;wy ; ( potent) vd ;gd

cau;thapUf;fNtz;Lk; vdTk; gf;f tpisTfs; Fiwthf my;yJ ,y;yhJ

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpLf. NkYk;> xsljj; njhFg;G ,yFthdjhfTk;

mD$ykhdjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpLf.

cupj;Jr; rhd;wpjo; ngwy; (cupj;Jr; rhd;wpjo; ngwy; (cupj;Jr; rhd;wpjo; ngwy; (cupj;Jr; rhd;wpjo; ngwy; (cupj;Jr; rhd;wpjo; ngwy; (Patent)))))

• cupj;Jr; rhd;wpjo; vd;gJ ahJ vd tpdtp ghlj;ij mZFq;fs;

• cupj;Jr; rhd;wpjo; vd;gJ Gj;jhf;edu; (Inventor) xUtUf;F jkJ Gj;jhf;fj;Jf;fhd

jdpcupikia toq;Fk; tifapy;> murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; xU rhd;wpjo; MFk;

vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

25

• Gj;jhf;fk; vd;gJ njhopDl;gj;Jiwapy; xU Fwpj;j gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;g;gjw;F

cjtj;jf;fjhf> Gj;jhf;Feupdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l eilKiwr;rhj;jpakhd xU rpe;jid

ntspg;ghlhFk;.

• cupj;Jr; rhd;wpjo; ngWtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jtjw;fhf gpd;tUk;

tplaq;fisf; fye;JiuahLf.

• Gj;jhf;Feupd; gilg;ghf;fj;jpwid mq;fPfupj;jy;

• mg;Gj;jhf;fj;jpd; %yk; gpujpgyd; ngWk; cupikia cWjpg;gLj;jy;

• Nkd;NkYk; Gj;jhf;fk; Gupa Mu;t%l;Lk;

• Gjpa njhopDl;gj; jfty;fis Muha;r;rpahsUf;Fk;> KjyPl;lhsUf;Fk;> tzpfr;

r%fj;Jf;Fk; ntspg;gLj;Jjy;

• gpd;tUk; Njitfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; khj;jpuNk Gj;jhf;fj;Jf;fhd

cupj;Jupikr; rhd;wpjiog; ngwyhk;.

1. Gjpajhf ,Uj;jy; (mwpT Gjpajhf ,Uj;jy;)

2. ifj;njhopy;uPjpapy; gad;gLj;jj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;

3. Gjpa gilg;ghfg; gbKiw ,Uj;jy;


• gpupj;njLg;G - E x t r a c t i o n

• kPsg;gspq;fhf;fy; - R e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n

• epwg;gjptpay; - C h r o m a t o g r a p h y


• epwg;gjptpay; fljhrp

• rpypf;fh nry; (Silica gel)

• Nrjdf; fiug;ghd;fs;

• kUj;Jg; gpupj;njLg;G Kiwfs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fis cs;slf;fpa glq;fs;> tPbNah

fhl;rpfs;


• kUe;J tiffs; gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk; ntt;NtW Kiwfisf; fye;JiuahLjy;

• fiug;ghd;fspd; KidTj;jd;ikahdJ> gpupj;njLg;G> epwg;gjptpay; Mfpatw;wpy;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

• kPsg;gspq;fhf;fy; gbKiwfisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;

• ntt;NtW epwg;gjptpay; Kiwfisf; fye;JiuahLjy;

• kUe;Jfisr; nraw;ifahfj; njhFg;gjd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

26

Nju;r;rp 19Nju;r;rp 19Nju;r;rp 19Nju;r;rp 19Nju;r;rp 19 : njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$w;Wj;jsj;jpd; cjtpAld; Neu;NfhL gw;wp Muha;thu;.

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 19.119.119.119.119.1 : njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$w;Wj; jsj;jpd; cjtpAld; ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;F

,ilapyhd Juj;ijj; Jzpthu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • jug;gl;l Gs;spfs; ,uz;ilj; njhLf;Fk; Neu;Nfhl;Lj;Jz;lj;jpd;

ePsj;ijj; Jzpthu;.


• njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$w;Wj; jsk;> x mr;R> y mr;R> x Ms;$W> y Ms;$W> tupirg;gl;l

Nrhb> p(x,y) MFk;. Gs;spiaf; Fwpj;jy; Mfpa tplaq;fis Qhgfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;F ,ilapyhd FWfpa Juj;ijg; ngWk; tpjj;ij Qhgfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• igjfurpd; Njw;wj;ij Qhgfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• Vw;fdNt jahupj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l nrt;tftbt> njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$w;Wj;jsnkd;wpd;

kPJ vNjr;irahd ,uz;L Gs;spfisj; njupTnra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;. mg;Gs;spfis

A,B vdg; ngaupLq;fs;. gpd;du; tUk; RUf;fq;fis vspjhfr; nra;aj;jf;fthwhf

Gs;spfisj; njupTnra;J nfhs;tJ Fwpj;J ftdQ; nrYj;Jq;fs;.

• igjfurpd; Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> A > B Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilapyhd Juj;ij mjhtJ

A B Juj;ijf; fhZk; tpjk; Fwpj;J khztUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

• ,t;thwhf A,B Gs;spfs; njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$w;Wj; jsj;jpd; kPJ mikaj;jf;f ntt;NtW

re;ju;g;gq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;b> AB apd; ePsj;ijg; ngWk;NghJ gpd;gw;wj;jf;f Kiwia

typAWj;jp AB ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.

• ck; ck; Mapd;>

vdf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

,q;F vdTk; nfhs;syhk; vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

• njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$w;Wj;jsj;jpy; Gs;spfisf; Fwpf;fhJ> jug;gl;l ,uz;L Gs;spfspd;

Ms;$Wfs; %yk; mg;Gs;spfspuz;Lf;Fk; ,ilNaahd FWfpa Juj;ijf; fhz;gjw;F

khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspAq;fs;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; gpujhd nrhw;fs; gpujhd nrhw;fs; gpujhd nrhw;fs; gpujhd nrhw;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; :

• njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$w;Wj;jsk; - Cartesian coordinate plane

• x - mr;R / y - mr;R - x-axis, y-axis

• x Ms;$W - x Coordinate

• y Ms;$W - y Coordinate

• xU Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfs; - Coordinates of a point

• ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;fpilapyhd Juk; - Distance between two points

• Nfhl;Lj;Jz;lj;jpd; ePsk; - Length of a line segment


• Ms;$w;W mr;Rf;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l> cUg;ngUf;fpa tiuGj;jhs;

27


gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jq;fs;

• jug;gl;l vz; Ms;$Wfisf; nfhz;l ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;F ,ilapyhd Juj;ijf;

fzpj;jy;

• Ms;$w;Wj;jsnkhd;wpy; cs;s ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;F ,ilapyhd FWfpa Juj;Jf;fhd

#j;jpuj;ijg; ngWjy;

• Ms;$w;Wj; jsnkhd;wpy; cs;s ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;F ,ilapyhd FWfpa Juj;Jf;Fupa

#j;jpuj;jpd; gaid kjpj;jy;

• Ms;$w;Wj;jsnkhd;wpy; jug;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;F ,ilapyhd FWfpa

Juj;ijj; JzpAk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

• ,uz;L Gs;spfis ,izf;Fk; Neu;Nfhl;Lj;Jz;lnkhd;wpd; ePsk; njhlu;ghd

gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy;

28


Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 19.219.219.219.219.2 : ,uz;L Gs;spfis ,izg;gjhy; fpilf;Fk; Neu;Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lj;jpd;

eLg; Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfisj; Jzpthu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • kw;Wk; Gs;spfis ,izj;Jg; ngwg;gLk;

Neu;Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lj;jpd; eLg;Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfisj; Jzptjw;fhf

#j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.


• eLg;Gs;spj;Njw;wj;ijAk;> mjd; khWepiyiaAk; xU Nrhb rkhe;juf; NfhLfs; FWf;Ff;

Nfhnlhd;wpdhy; ,ilntl;lg;gLk;NghJ Njhd;Wk; Nfhzq;fs; njhlu;ghd Njw;wj;ijAk;

Qhgfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• “cU -1 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;lthW OA=3 cm ck; OB=9 cm ck;

A B ,dJ eLg;Gs;sp G ck; Mapd;> OG apdJ ePsj;ijf;

fhz;f.” Nghd;wnjhU gpurpdj;ij toq;fp> mjd; tpiliag;

ngWkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• ,q;F tyJ Gwj;Nj jug;gl;Ls;s cU -2 I tFg;gpy;

Kd;itj;J mjpy; fhl;bAs;sthW AF=FB ck;

ck; Mapd; eLg;Gs;spj;

Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> AH=HC vdf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf

fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jq;fs;.

,q;F EG=GD MFk; vdTk; fhl;Lq;fs;.

NkYk; TE=15cm ck; TD=10 cm ck; Mapd; TG apd;

ePsj;ijf; fhZkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• fPNo cU -3 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sJ Nghd;w Xu; cUit tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• AB apd; eLg; Gs;sp M ,dJ Ms;$Wfisg; ngWk; tpjj;ijf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

• M ,dJ Ms;$Wfisg; ngwj;jf;f vspikahd Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf khztuJ

ftdj;ijj; jpUg;Gq;fs;.

• gpd;tUk; cUit Kd;itAq;fs;. ,q;F AC = a ck; AB = b Ak; MFk;. D vd;gJ

CBapd; eLg;Gs;sp MFk;.

vdf; fhl;Ltjw;fhfg;> gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis xOq;FKiwg;gb khztu;f;F

toq;FtJ nghUj;jkhdJ.

O

A

G

B

9 cm3 cm

cU -1

A E

FH

B C

G

D

T

+6 A(3, 6)

M

B(5, 2)+2

+3 +5

y

x

29

CB ,dJ ePsk; ahJ?

CD ,dJ ePsk; ahJ?

AD ,dJ ePsk; ahJ?

• ghltpUj;jpapd;NghJ cU -3 rhu;ghf Kd;itj;j gpurpdj;ij kPz;Lk; Kd;itAq;fs;.

mq;F Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s M ,dJ Ms;$Wfisf; fhz;gjw;fhf NkNy ngw;w nghopg;igg;

gad;gLj;JkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• P1(x

1,y

1) ck; P

2(x

2,y

2) ck; Mapd;> P

1P

2,dJ M eLg;Gs;sp Mapd;> M ,dJ Ms;$Wfs;>

vdf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• fPNo cjhuzq;fshfj; jug;gl;Ls;sit Nghd;w gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F khztUf;Fr;

re;ju;g;gkspAq;fs;.

cjhuzk; 1- A (1>-2)> B (-1>-4) Mapd; AB ,dJ eLg;Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfisf; fhz;f.

cjhuzk; 2- A B ,dJ eLg;Gs;sp C MFk;. A apdJ Ms;$Wfs; (3>2) ck; B apd;

Ms;$Wfs; (4>1) ck; Mapd;> B ,dJ Ms;$Wfisf; fhz;f.

cjhuzk; 3- A (3>5) ck; B (5,11) ck; Mapd; AC:CD=1:3 MFkhW A B kPJ cs;s

Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfisf; fhz;f.

cjhuzk; 4- A (5>1) ck; B (7,3) ck; MFk;. O %yg;Gs;spahFk;. A B ,dJ eLg;Gs;sp

D Mapd;> O D ,dJ eLg;Gs;spapdJ Ms;$Wfisf; fhz;f.


• eLg;Gs;sp - Middle point

• nghopg;G - Summary


gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jq;fs;

• jug;gl;l ,uz;L Gs;spfis ,izf;Fk; Nfhl;Lj;Jz;lj;jpd; eLg;Gs;spapdJ

Ms;$Wfisf; fzpj;jy;

• jug;gl;l ,uz;L Gs;spfis ,izf;Fk; Nfhl;Lj;Jz;lj;jpd; eLg;Gs;spapdJ

Ms;$Wfisg; ngWk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

• nghopg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp> Nfhnlhd;wpd; eLg;Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfisf; fhzy;

• jug;gl;l ,uz;L Gs;spfis ,izf;Fk; Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lj;jpd; eLg;Gs;spapdJ Ms;$Wfs;;

njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy;

A

C

D

B

ba cU -4

30


Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 19.319.319.319.319.3 : Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; rkd;ghl;il tptupg;ghu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • gbj;jpwDk; (m)> ,ilntl;Lk; (c) jug;gl;Ls;sNghJ Neu;Nfhl;bd;

rkd;ghl;il vDk; tbtpy; jUthu;.

• Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; rkd;ghL vDk; tbtpy; jug;gl;Ls;sNghJ m

Ig; gbj;jpwd; vdTk; c I ,ilntl;L vdTk; tptupg;ghu;.

• Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; gbj;jpwidAk; me;Neu;NfhL x mr;rpy;>

Neu;j;jpirAld; mikf;Fk; Nfhzj;jpd; elj;ijiaAk; tptupg;ghu;.

• ,ilntl;L khwhjpUf;Fk;NghJ gbj;jpwdpd; NtWghl;bd;gb>

mf;Nfhl;bd; elj;ijia tptupg;ghu;.

• rkhe;juf;NfhLfspd; gbj;jpwd;fs; rkkhdit vd tptupg;ghu;.

• m1.m

2=-1vDk; njhlu;igg; gad;gLj;jp jug;gl;l Neu;Nfhl;bd; nrq;Fj;Jf;

NfhLfspd; gbj;jpwidj; Jzpthu;.


• ‘gbj;jpwd;’ vDk; fUj;ijj; jUk; NtW nrhw;fis rha;T> rupT> kiy> gs;sk;

Nghd;w nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp fye;JiuahLq;fs;. (FWf;fhf Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;Yk;

NghJ Vw;wk; my;yJ ,wf;fk; vDk; fUj;ijg; gbj;jpwDf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;)

• njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$w;Wj; jsnkhd;wpy; tiuag;gl;Ls;s Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; cUit

Kd;itj;J> mjd; gbj;jpwd;> ntl;Lj;Jz;L Mfpad Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

• ,q;F gbj;jpwd; x ,y;; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpw;fika y ,y; Vw;gLk; NtWghl;Lf;F

,ilapyhd xU tpfpjkhfTk; jug;gl;l Neu;Nfhl;bd; gbj;jpwd; khwhg; ngWkhdj;ijg;

ngWk; vdTk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• ntl;Lj;Jz;Lf;fhf Neubahf jpl;ltl;lkhd ngWkhdk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wikiaAk;>

mJ x=0 ,y; y ngWk; ngWkhdkhFk; vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

• nghUj;jkhdthW cUnthd;wpy; tiuag;gl;l Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpid Kd;itj;J mjd;

gbj;jpwd; m ck; ntl;Lj;Jz;L c ck; Mapd; mf;Nfhl;bd; kPJ mike;Js;s ahNjDk;

P(x,y) Gs;spapd; x,y ,w;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;ghdJ y=mx+c ,dhy; jug;gLk; vdf;

fhl;Lq;fs;. mj;njhlu;ig tpsf;Ftjw;fhf cjhuzq;fis Kd;itAq;fs;.

• xNu njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$w;Wj;jsj;jpy; tiuag;gl;Ls;s Neu;Nfhl;Lj; njhilnahd;wpid

fhl;Lk; cUf;fis Kd;itj;J> mtw;wpd; gbj;jpwidAk;> ntl;Lj;Jz;LfisAk; xg;gpl;Lf;

fye;JiuahLq;fs;. (cjhuzj;Jf;fhf mt;thwhdNjhu; cU fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.)

• ,f;fye;Jiuahlypd;NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd;ghy; khztuJ ftdj;ijj; jpUg;Gq;fs;.

(i) m>0, m=0, m<0 re;ju;g;gq;fs;

cU: 1

(ii) m ,dJ ngWkhdk; mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ Neu;NfhL ngWk; jd;ik

(iii) c>0, c=0, c<0 re;ju;g;gq;fs;

y=m2 x+c

(m2<0)

y=m1 x+c

(m1>0)

y=c

(m=0)c

y

x

31

cU: 2

(iv) cw;gj;jpg; Gs;spf;F Clhfr; nry;Yk; Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghL

(ii) gpujhd mrRfSf;Fr; rkhe;jukhfr; nry;Yk; Neu;NfhLfspd; rkd;ghL

• Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; gbj;jpwd;fisAk; me;Neu;NfhL x mr;rpd; Neu;j; jpirAld; vjpuikf;Fk;

Nfhzj;ijAk; gpd;tUk; glj;jpd; JizAld; tpsf;Ff. (Neu;NfhlhdJ x mr;rpd;

Neu;j;jpirAld; mikf;Fk; Nfhzk; $u;q;NfhzkhFk; re;ju;g;gq;fis khj;jpuk; fUJtJ

NghJkhdJ)

• gpd;tUk; njhlu;ig cjhuzq;fhl;b cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• rkhe;ju Neu;NfhLfspd; gbj;jpwd;> ntl;Lj;Jz;L vd;gd gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

,q;F rkhe;ju Neu;NfhLfspd; ntl;Lj;Jz;L NtWgl;l NghjpYk; gbj;jpwd; rkkhFk;

vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

,jw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; cUtpy; jug;gl;Ls;s khjpupiag;

gad;gLj;jyhk;.

∝1 = ∝

2(xj;j Nfhzq;fs;)

mjhtJ m1=m

2

• xd;iwnahd;W nrq;Fj;jhf ,ilntl;Lk; Neu;NfhLfspuz;bd; gbj;jpwd;fs; m1 ck;

m2 ck; Mapd;> m

1m

2=-1

MFk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

Nghd;w cjhuzq;fs; %yk; cWjpg;gLj;Jf.


• Neu;NfhL - Straight line

• Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; rkd;ghL - Equation of a straight line

• gbj;jpwd; - Gradient

• ntl;Lj;Jz;L - Intercept

• ,ilntl;L - Intersection

y=m x+

c 1

y

x

(c1>0) c

1

y=m x

(c2=0) c

2y=

m x+c 3

(c3<0) c

3

y=m2 x+c

c

y

x

y=m1 x+c

θ1

θ2

θ2 > θ

1

m2>m

1

y

x

32

• nrq;Fj;J - Perpendicular

• rkhe;juk; - Parallel


gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jq;fs;.

• Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; gbj;jpwd;> ntl;Lj;Jz;lk; Mfpatw;iw tptupj;jy;

• Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; rkd;ghl;il> gbj;jpwd;> ntl;Lj;Jz;L Mfpad %yk; $Wjy;

• x mr;rpd; Neu;j;jpirf;Fk; Nfhl;Lf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nfhzk; gbj;jpwDf;Fk; Vw;g NtWgLk;

vd;gij tptupj;jy;.

• rkhe;juf; NfhLfsJk;> xd;iwnahd;W nrq;Fj;jhf ,ilntl;Lk; NfhLfsJk;;

gbj;jpwd;fSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;igf; $Wjy;

• Neu;NfhLfs; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;isj; jPu;j;jy;

33

Nju;r;rp 20Nju;r;rp 20Nju;r;rp 20Nju;r;rp 20Nju;r;rp 20 : rlg;nghUspd; nghwpKiw ,ay;Gfs; gw;wpa mwpit khDlj;;rlg;nghUspd; nghwpKiw ,ay;Gfs; gw;wpa mwpit khDlj;;rlg;nghUspd; nghwpKiw ,ay;Gfs; gw;wpa mwpit khDlj;;rlg;nghUspd; nghwpKiw ,ay;Gfs; gw;wpa mwpit khDlj;;rlg;nghUspd; nghwpKiw ,ay;Gfs; gw;wpa mwpit khDlj;;

NjitfSf;nfdg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.NjitfSf;nfdg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.NjitfSf;nfdg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.NjitfSf;nfdg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.NjitfSf;nfdg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 20.120.120.120.120.1 : kPspay;G gw;wpa mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp Njitf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

jputpaq;fisj; njupTnra;thu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • jputpankhd;wpd; kPspay;ig tptupg;ghu;.

• ,ionahd;wpd; ,OtpirAld; mjd; ePl;rp khWk; tpjj;ijg;

gupNrhjpg;ghu;.

• ,Oitj ; jifg ; G > ,Ot pir t pfh uk ; Mf patw ;iw

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

• ,Otpir - tpfhu tiuigg; gad;gLj;jp ePl;lj;jf;f kw;Wk;

nehUq;fj;jf;f jputpaq;fspd; elj;ijia tptupg;ghu;.

• tpfpjrk vy;iy> `_f;fpd; tpjp Mfpatw;iw Kd;itg;ghu;.

• <u;f;fg;gl;l ,ionahd;wpy; my;yJ tpy;nyhd;wpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s

rf;jpapd; msitf; fzpg;ghu;.

• ,Otpir epge;jidfspd;NghJ nghUnshd;wpd; ePsj;jpYk;>

tbtj;jpYk;> fdtstpYk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtijg; guprPypg;ghu;.


• kPspay;G:

• ,wg;gu;thnuhd;wpid vLj;J mjpy; Xu; me;jj;jpy; juhRj; jl;nlhd;wpidf; fl;b>

,wg;gu;thupd; kW me;jj;ijj; jhq;fpapy; fl;bj; njhq;ftpLq;fs;.

• juhRj;jl;bd; kPJ Rikapid Vw;wp> wg;gu; thupd; ePsk; mjpfupg;gijf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• Rikia ePf;fp> wg;gu;thupd; ePsk; Fiwtile;J kPz;Lk; gioa epiyia

milfpd;wikiaf; fhl;Lq;fs;. ,jid kPspay;G vd mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.

• Nkw;gb mikg;gpy; ,lg;gLk; Rikapd; msit mjpfupj;J> wg;gu;thupd; ePsk;

mjpfupg;gijg; guprPypf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspAq;fs;. ,t;thwhf mjpfupf;Fk; ePsj;ij>

ePl;rp vd mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.

tiugpw;fika

tpir α ePl;rp

F α e

F = Ke vdf; fhl;Lf.

,q;F K vd;gJ> ,io> Nfhy;> fk;gp Nghd;wtw;wpy;; tpir khwpyp vdTk; tpy;yhapd;

mjd; tpy; khwpyp vdTk; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;. ,d; gb> mjd; myF vDk;

epakk; fhzg;gLfpd;wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;b> eilKiwapy; e ahdJ kpy;ypkPw;wu;

(mm) ngWkhdj ;j py ; f pilf ;f pd ;wikahy ; Nmm -1 vd eilKiwa py ;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wikiaf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• RUsp tpy;nyhd;wpd; tpy; khwpypf;F mika> ePl;rpapd; %yk; epiwia thrpg;gjw;Nfw;w

Xu; mikg;ghf> tpw;wuhir mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.

34

• ,Oitj; jifg;Gk; ,Oit tpfhuKk;

• ntt;NtW FWf;Fntl;Lf;fisf; nfhz;l wg;gu; thu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> xNu tpir

fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ePl;rp NtWgLfpd;wikiaf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• xNu wg;gu; thupd; ntt;NtW ePsKila Jz;Lfspypw;Fj; jdpj;jdpahf xNuasT

tpiriag; gpuNahfpg;gjhy;> ,lg;ngau;r;rp NtWgLfpd;wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

mjw;fika jifg;igAk; tpfhuj;ijAk; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• myFf; FWf;F ntl;Lf;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhfj; njhopw;gLk; ,Oit tpirNa ,Oitj;

jifg;ghFk; vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jf. ,t;thwhfNt neUf;fy; jifg;igAk;

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jf.

myF Nm-2 vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• ePl;rpahdJ Muk;g ePsj;Jld; fhl;Lk; tpfpjNk tpfhuk; MFk;

vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jf.

,jw;F myF ,y;iy

• jifg;G - tpfhu ml;ltiznahd;wpid Kd;itj;J

• kPspay; vy;iy

• tpfpjrkj;Jt vy;iy

• ,Wjifg;G Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Ff.

,jw;fika ePs;jF kw;Wk; nehUq;FjF jputpaq;fspd; elj;ijia tptupf;Ff.

• `_f;fpd; tpjp

• ‘tpfpjrkj;Jt vy;iyapDs; kPspay;Gs;s ,ionahd;wpy; Vw;gLk; ePl;rpahdJ mjid

Vw;gLj;Jk; ,Otpirf;F Neu;tpfpj rkkhdJ’ vd;gNj `_f;fpd; tpjpahFk; vd

Kd;itf;Ff.

• tpfpjrkj;Jt vy;iyapy; jifg;ghdJ tpfhuj;Jf;F fhl;Lk; tpfpjk; aq;qpd;

FzfkhFk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

tpir

FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;gsTjifg;G =

l

35

,w;fika Y If; fhzyhk; vd;gijf; fhl;Lf.

jputpaq;fspd; aq;qpd; FzfKk;> ,W jifg;Gk; eilKiwf; fUkq;fspd; NghJ

kpf Kf;fpakhdit vd;gijf; fhl;Lf.

cjhuzk;: • fl;ll epUkhzj;Jiwapy; ,Uk;Gj; Jz;fs;> nfhq;fpuPw;Wj;

Jz;fspd; msitj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.

• ghyq;fs;> fl;llf;;$iu Nghd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLj;Jk; cNyhfj;

jPuhe;jpfspd; FWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;gsitj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.

• aq;qpd; Fzfk;> ,W jifg;G Mfpad njhlu;ghd vspikahd gpurpdq;fis

toq;fp mtw;iwj; jPu;f;f topg;gLj;Jf.

• <u;f;fg;gl;l ,ionahd;wpy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; rf;jpahdJ> ,ioia ,Of;Fk;NghJ nra;ag;gLk;

Ntiyf;Fr; rkkhdJ vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;b> mjw;Fg;> gpd;tUkhwhd xU Nfhitiag;

ngWf. mr;rf;jp ‘kPspay; mOj;j rf;jp’ MFk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

e ePl;rpf;fhd F tpirahdJ O ,ypUe;J gbg;gbahf mjpfupf;Fk; xU tpirahFk;

vd vLj;Jf;fhl;b

,iltpir vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jp

Ntiy = tpir « ,lg;ngau;r;rp

kPspay; mOj;jr; rf;jp vdf; fhl;Lq;fs;

• kPspay; mOj;jr; rf;jp> eilKiwapy; gad;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

cjhuzk;: • ftnzhd;wpd;> wg;gu;thupd; kPspay; mOj;jr; rf;jp fy;Yf;F ,af;fr;

rf;jpahf toq;fg;gLjy;.

• tpy;nyhd;W neUf;fg;gl;Ls;sNghJ mjpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rf;jp>

tpisahl;Lj; Jtf;F Nghd;w rhjdq;fspy; gad;gLk; tpjk;

• kPspay; mOj;jr;rf;jp njhlu;ghd vspikahd gpurpdq;fis Kd;itj;J> mtw;iwj;

jPu;f;f topg;gLj;Jf.

• jifg;G epge;jidfspd; fPo; Vw;gLk; gpd;tUk; epfo;Tfis tptupf;Ff.

• Nfhnyhd;wpd;kPJ my;yJ ,ionahd;wpd; kPJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; ,Oittpir fhuzkhf

ePsk; mjpfupj;jy;

• Nfhnyhd;wpd;kPJ my;yJ ,ionahd;wpd;kPJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; neUf;fy;tpir

fhuzkhf ePsk; Fiwtiljy;.

l

36

• jpz;kg; nghUnshd;wpd; Nkw;gug;gpd; kPJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; tpir fhuzkhf tbtk;

NtWgly; (nfha;T - shear) (wg;gu;f; Fw;wp> flw;gQ;Rj; Jz;L Nghd;wtw;iwg;gad;gLj;jpf;

fhl;lyhk;)

• mKf;fj;jpd; fPo; thAnthd;wpd; fdtsT Fiwtiljy; kw;Wk; eilKiwapy;

mjd; gad;ghL Mfpatw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (Key words) ) ) ) ) / vz;zf;fUf;fs; vz;zf;fUf;fs; vz;zf;fUf;fs; vz;zf;fUf;fs; vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

• tpir - Force

• ePl;rp - Extension

• jifg;G - Stress

• tpfhuk; - Strain

• aq;qpd; Fzfk; - Young’s modulus

• ,W jifg;G - Breaking Stress

• tpfpj rkj;Jt vy;iy - Proportional limit

• kPspay; vy;iy - Elastic limit

• nfha;T - Shearing


• wg;gu; thu;fs;

• kPw;wu; Nfhy;

• gbj;njhFjp

• juhRj; jl;L

• Ntzpau; ,Lf;Fkhdp

• Ez;khdpj; jpUFf; fzpr;rp

• RUsp tpy;



• ,Otpirf;Fk; ePl;rpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Kd;itj;jy;

• tpw;wuhnrhd;W gbtFf;if nra;ag;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij tptupj;jy;

• jifg;G> tpfhuk; Mfpatw;iw tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jjy;

• `f;fpd; tpjpia Kd;itj;jy;

• aq;qpd; Fzfk; njhlu;ghd vspikahd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy;

• jug;gl;l ,ionahd;wpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rf;jpiaf; fzpj;jy;

• fl;ll epUkhzpg;G Nghd;w eilKiwf; fUkq;fspd; NghJ aq;qpd; Fzfk; rhu;e;j

fzpj;jy;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;.

• ntt;NtW fUkq;fspd;NghJ Njitf;Nfw;g fk;gp> Nfhy;> tpy; Nghd;wtw;iwj;

njupTnra;jy;.

37

Nju;r;rp 21Nju;r;rp 21Nju;r;rp 21Nju;r;rp 21Nju;r;rp 21 : kkkkkpd;Dgfuzq;fspdpd;Dgfuzq;fspdpd;Dgfuzq;fspdpd;Dgfuzq;fspdpd;Dgfuzq;fspd; guhkupg;G kpd;Rw;Wfis; guhkupg;G kpd;Rw;Wfis; guhkupg;G kpd;Rw;Wfis; guhkupg;G kpd;Rw;Wfis; guhkupg;G kpd;Rw;Wfisj;j;j;j;j; jpl;lkply; Mfpatw;Wf;F jpl;lkply; Mfpatw;Wf;F jpl;lkply; Mfpatw;Wf;F jpl;lkply; Mfpatw;Wf;F jpl;lkply; Mfpatw;Wf;F

kpd;dpay; njhlu;ghd mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.kpd;dpay; njhlu;ghd mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.kpd;dpay; njhlu;ghd mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.kpd;dpay; njhlu;ghd mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.kpd;dpay; njhlu;ghd mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 21.121.121.121.121.1 : Xl;l kpd;dpaypd; mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; Nfhl;ghLfisAk;

Ma;e;jwpthu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • kpd;Ndhl;lk;> kpd;Ndw;wk; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd njhlu;igj;

njuptpg;ghu;.

• kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il tptupg;ghu;.

• flj;jpapd; jil> jputpaj;jpd; jilg; ngWkhdk; Mfpatw;iw

tpsf;Fthu;.

• ntg;gepiyAld; jilj;jpwd; khWgLtijr; Nrhjpg;ghu;.

• kPflj;Jjpwd; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

• Kjnyhd;wpd; kpd;dpaf;f tpir> mfj;jil> Xl;lk; Mfpatw;iw

tpsf;Fthu;.

• k pd ;Kjy pd ; k pd ;d paf ;f t pir > mfj ;jil > Xl ;lk ;

Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd njhlu;igf; fhl;Lthu;.

• njhluhf> rkhe;jukhf ,izf;fg;gl;l kpd;Rw;Wf;fSf;fhf Xkpd;

tpjpiag; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

• jilj; njhFjpiaf; nfhz;l kpd;Rw;Wf;fs; njhlu;ghd

fzpj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

• kpd;Rw;Wf;fSf;fhd fzpj;jy;fSf;F fpu;f;Nfhgpd; tpjpiag;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• jilapapy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; ntg;gj;jpd; msitf; fzpg;gjw;F

kpd;Ndhl;lk;> jil Mfpatw;iw ,izg;ghu;.


• Vw;wj;Jf;Fk; Xl;lj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;igf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf vspikahd

nra;Jfhl;ly;fisg; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;.

cjhuzk;: vgidw;Wf; Nfhnyhd;wpid kpd;Ndw;wp epNahd; Fkpnohd;wpid xspur;

nra;jy;.

• vgidw;Wf;Nfhiyf; fk;gspj; Jzpj;Jz;bdhy; cNuhQ;rp xU ifahy;

gpbj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

• epNahd; Fkpopd; xU Kidia kw;iwa ifapdhy; gpbj;J> mjd; kWKidapy;

vgidw;Wf;Nfhiyj; njhLq;fs;.

• epNahd; Fkpo; xspu;tij mtjhdpf;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• Vw;wq;fspd; (,yj;jpud;fspd;) gha;r;ry; fhuzkhfNt kpd;Ndhl;lk; Njhd;Wk; vd;gijf;

fye;Jiuahly; %yk; tpsf;Fq;fs;.

38

• kpd;Ndhl;lk; vd;gJ Vw;wq;fs; ghAk; tPjk; MFk; vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• kpd;Ndw;wj;jpd; msT Q vDk; FwpaPl;bdhYk; Neuk; t vDk; FwpaPl;bdhYk;>

Fwpf;fg;gLtNjhL> Xl;lk; I vDk; FwpaPl;bdhy;; Fwpf;fg;gLk;. mtw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd

njhlu;G vDk; Nfhitapdhy; jug;gLk; vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

Q ,dJ myF $Nyhk; (C) ck; t ,dJ myF nrf;fd; (s) ck; MFk;. vdNt>

I ,dJ myF ‘mk;gpau;’ (A) MFk;.

• mOj;j tpj;jpahrj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhf xg;Gspfisg; (analog) gad;gLj;Jq;fs;.

cjhuzk; : cau; mOj;jq;nfhz;l ePu;j; njhl;bnahd;wpypUe;J Fiwthd mOj;jq;

nfhz;l ePu;j;njhl;bnahd;wpDs; ePu; gha;jy;.

mt;thNw $ba kpd; mOj;jk; cs;s ,lj;jpypUe;J Fiwthd kpd; mOj;jk; cs;s

,lj;Jf;F flj;jpnahd;wpd; Clhf kpd; ghAk; vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;.

• kpd; Kjnyhd;wpd; KidfSf;F ,ilapy; cs;s mOj;jj;jpd; tpj;jpahrj;ij mOj;j

NtWghL vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• mOj;j NtWghl;il msf;Fk; myF Nthy;w; (V) MFk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

• kpd;Kjnyhd;wpd; Clhf kpd; ghahjNghJ Kidfspuz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapyhd mOj;j

NtWghl;il kpd;dpaf;f tpir vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• jputpaj;jpYs;s RahjPd ,yj;jpud;fspd; msTf;Nfw;g> jputpaq;fis kpd; flj;jpfs;>

Fiw flj;jpfs;> fhtypfs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

cjhuzk; : Cu - 1023 cm -3

Si - 1010 cm -3

Quart - 1 cm3

• kpd; flj;jYf;fhf tpLtpf;fg;gl;l ,yj;jpud;fspd; gq;fspg;ig tpsf;Ff.

• flj;jpnahd;wpd; Clhf kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;tjw;fhd jlq;fiy kpd;jil vdf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

mjidr; nra;J fhl;ly; %yk; tpsf;Fq;fs;.

cjhuzk; : cyu;fynkhd;wpidg; gad;gLj;jp> ntt;NtW jilf;fk;gpfspd; Clhf

kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij mDg;g kpd;Fkpopd; gpufhrj;ij fhl;Lq;fs;.

flj;jpnahd;wpd; Clhfg; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;l mOj;j tpj;jpahrk; V ck; mjDlhfg;

ghAk; Xl;lk; I ck; Mapd;> V=IR vDk; njhlu;igf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;. ,q;F R vd;gJ

flj;jpapd; jilahFk; vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jf.

• R ,dJ myF ‘Xk;’ ( ) MFk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

• flj;jpnahd;wpdJ jilkPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisj; Jzptjw;fhf>

vspikahd nra;Jfhl;ly;fisg; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;.

cjhuzk; : • xNu fk;gpapd; ntt;NtW msT ePskhd Jz;Lfspd; jilia Xk;

khdpiag; gad;gLj;jp msg;gijr; nra;Jfhl;Lq;fs;.

39

mtjhdpg;Gf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L flj;jpapd; jil R ,w;Fk;

ePsk; l ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G R l-------(1)

vd;gij ntspf;nfhzUq;fs;.

• xNu fk;gpapd; rkePsj; Jz;Lfisg; gad;gLj;jp> ,uz;L fk;gpfs;>

%d;W fk;gpfs; vd;wthwhf> xd;wd; kPJ xd;whff; fk;gpfis itj;J

jilia msg;gijr; nra;Jfhl;Lq;fs;. mtjhdpg ;Gf ;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L flj;jpapd; jil R ,w;Fk; FWf;Fntl;Lg;

gug;gsT A ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig

vd;gij ntspf; nfhzUq;fs;.

• (1) ,dJk; (2) ,dJk; njhlu;G %yk;

vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;.

Nfhitiaf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

flj;jpnahd;wpd; jputpaj;jpd; jilj;jpwdhFk; vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• flj;jpnahd;wpd; jilahdJ ntg;gepiyAld; khWk; tPjj;ijr; Nrhjpf;Fk; tpjj;ijr;

nra;J fhl;Lq;fs;.

cjhuzk;

• glj;jpw; fhl;bAs;sthW rpwpa fk;gpr; RUnshd;iw (epf;FNuhk; fk;gpapdhy; Mf;fpa)

ePu;j;njhl;bnahd;wpDs; ,l;L> cgfuz mikg;igj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

• ePiu ntt;NtW ntg;gepiyfSf;F ntg;gNkw;wp> fyf;fp> ePupd; ntg;gepiyiaAk;

fk;gpr;RUspd; Kidfis Xk;khdpAld; njhLj;J mjd; jiliaAk; mse;J

nfhs;Sq;fs;.

• ngWNgWfspd;gb> ntg;gepiyAld; jilapd; khwiy tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• 0 oC apy; flj;jpnahd;wpd; jil R0ck;> θ oC apy; flj;jpapd; jil R

θ ck; Mapd;>

Rθ = R

0 (1+ αθ) vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk; vdf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• ,q;F α jilapapd; ntg;gepiyf; Fzfk; vdg;gLk; vd tpsf;Ff.

40

• ntg;gepiyf;F vjpNu jil tiugpd; %yk; ‘kP flj;Jjpwid’ tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• ntg;gepiy FiwtilAk; NghJ jilj;jpwd; FiwAk;.

• xU Fwpj;j ntg;gepiyapy; ,dJ ngWkhdk; jpBnudf; Fiwtile;J G+r;rpaj;ij

milAk;.

• mt;ntg;gepiy ,lkhw;Wif ntg;gepiy vdg;gLk;.

• jputpaj;jpd; jil g+r;rpakhjyhy;> jputpaj;jpd; Clhf Xl;lj;ijr; nrYj;jpaJk;>

jlq;fyw;w Xl;lk; njhlu;r;rpahfg; ghAk;. ,jid kPf;flj;jhW vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• njhluhd jilfs;

• glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW jilfs; tupirahf mikAkhW ,izj;jNy njhluhd

,izg;ghFk; vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• mt;thwhd Xu; ,izg;gpd; rktYj;jil R Mapd;

R = R1 + R

2 + R

3 ........ + R

nvdf; Fwpg;gplyhk; vdf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• rkhe;jukhd jilfs;

• glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW jilfspd; xU gf;fj;J Kidfs; xd;whf ,izAkhWk;

kWKidfs; xd;whf ,izAkhWk; ,izj;jy; rkhe;jukhd ,izg;ghFk; vd

tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• mt;thwhd Xu; ,izg;gpd; rktYj;jil R Mapd;

vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk; vdf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• Xk; tpjpiag; gpd;tUkhW fhl;Lq;fs;.

ntg;gepiy Nghd;w ngsjpf epge;jidfs; khwhJ ,Uf;Fkhapd;> flj;jpnahd;wpd;

,U KidfspYk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;l mOj;j NtWghL mjDlhfg; ghAk; Xl;lj;Jf;F

Neu; tpfpjrkkhdJ.

(K) ntg;gepiy

V

I

41

mOj;j tpj;jpahrk; V ck; Xl;lk; I ck; Mapd; Xk; tpjpg;gb>

vdf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

V = I R Nfhitapdhy; Xk; tpjpiaf; fhl;lyhk; vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.

,q;F R vd;gJ flj;jpapd; kpd; jilahFk;.

• kpd;dpaf;f tpir> mOj;j tpj;jpahrk;> Xl;lk;> mfj;jil Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd

njhlu;igg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;Lq;fs;.

fynkhd;wpd; Clhf Xl;lk; ghahj NghJ (Msp jpwe;Js;s NghJ) KidfSf;F

,ilNa mOj;j NtWghL> mf;fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;f tpir (E) f;Fr; rkkhdJ vd;gijAk;

Mspia %baJk; mjhtJ Rw;wpd; Clhf I Xl;lk; ghAk; NghJ Kidfs; ,uz;Lf;Fk;

,ilapyhd mOj;j NtWghL V MdJ E ,Yk; FiwtilAk; vd;gijAk;> mJ

fyj;jpd; Clhf Xl;lk; ghAk; NghJ mjd; cs;Ns cs;s jil r fhuzkhf

epfOfpd;wJ vd;gijAk; tpsf;Fq;fs;.

fyj;jpd; kpd;dpaf;f tpirahdJ Gwj;jil R ,w;F Clhf mOj;j tPo;r;rp IR kw;Wk;

mfj;jil r ,w;F Clhf mOj;j tPo;r;rp Ir ,w;F rkkhdJ vdf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

E = IR + Ir vdpDk; V=IR Mjyhy;

E= V + Ir vdf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

• kpd;Rw;Wf;fisAk; fpu;f;Nfhgpd; tpjpfisAk; vspikahf tpsf;Ff.

fpu;f;Nfhgpd; Kjyhk; tpjpfpu;f;Nfhgpd; Kjyhk; tpjpfpu;f;Nfhgpd; Kjyhk; tpjpfpu;f;Nfhgpd; Kjyhk; tpjpfpu;f;Nfhgpd; Kjyhk; tpjp

• kpd;Rw;nwhd;wpd; re;jpnahd;wpy; Xl;lq;fspd; ml;rufzpjf; $l;Lj;njhif G+r;rpakhFk;.

fpu;f;Nfhgpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpfpu;f;Nfhgpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpfpu;f;Nfhgpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpfpu;f;Nfhgpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpfpu;f;Nfhgpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjp

• %ba kpd;Rw;nwhd;wpy; IR ngUf;fq;fspd; ml;rufzpjf; $l;Lj;njhifahdJ Rw;Wld;

,izj;Js;s kpd;dpaf;f tpirfspd; ml;rufzpjf; $l;Lj;njhiff;Fr; rkkhdJ.

• KjyhtJ tpjpapd; gb> I = I1 + I

2

• ,uz;lhtJ tpjpapd; gb> E = IR + Ir + I1R

1(ABCDEFGA Rw ;Wf ;F )

V

E

I

I1

I2

I

E

42

• fyq;fisAk; jilf;$l;Lf;fisAk; nfhz;l Rw;Wf;fhd rktYj; jiliaf; fzpj;jy;>

fpu;f;Nfhgpd; tpjpiag; gpuNahfpj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;fhf vspikahd vz; gpurpdq;fisj;


• kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfspd; fPo;> kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; ntg;g tpisitAk;> mjd;kPJ

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisAk; vspikahd nra;Jfhl;ly; %yk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

cjhuzk; :

• ief;fpNuhk; fk;gpapdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l rpwpa RUnshd;wpidg; glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW

ePu;Kfitnahd;wpDs; mkpo;j;jp> Rw;Wld; ,izAq;fs;.

• S Mspia %b> ,upaepWj;jpiar; nrg;gQ; nra;J> khwh I Xl;lj;ij msf;fg;gl;l t

Neuj;Js; Rw;wpd; Clhfr; nrYj;jp ePupd; ntg;gepiy cau;tijr; nra;J fhl;Lq;fs;.

• Xl;lk; I ,id mjpfupj;J> nra;Jfhl;liy kPz;Lk; elj;jpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• Xl;lj;ij khwhJ itj;J> Neuj;ij(t) mjpfupj;J> nra;Jfhl;liy kPz;Lk; elj;jpf;

fhl;Lq;fs;.

• Xl;lj;ijAk; Neuj;ijAk; khwhJ itj;J jil $ba RUnshd;iwAk; gad;gLj;jp>

nra;J fhl;liy kPz;Lk; elj;jpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• mtjhdpg;Gf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; ntg;gtpisthdJ> Xl;lk;

mjpfupf;Fk; NghJk;> jil mjpfupf;Fk; NghJk;> Neuk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJk; mjpfupf;Fk;

vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; ntg;gtpisT (H ) ,id

H = I2Rt vDk; Nfhitapdhy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

Mjyhy; vDk; NfhitapdhYk; fhl;lyhk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

• Nkw;gb Nfhitfisg; gad;gLj;jp> kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; ntg;gtpisitf; fzpg;gjw;fhf>

vspikahd vz; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

• kpd; rhjdnkhd;Wf;Ff; FWf;fhf V mOj;j tpj;jpahrj;ij toq;Fk;NghJ I Xl;lk;

ghAkhapd;> mjd;%yk; rf;jp tpuahkhFk; (dissipation) tPjk; ,d;%yk; fpilf;Fk;

vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• Nkhl;lu;> xypngUf;fp (Speaker)> kpd;Fkpo; Nghd;wtw;iw kpd; rhjdq;fshff; nfhz;L

mtw;wpy; tpuakhFk; rf;jp njhlu;ghf tpsf;Ff.

• epf;FNuhk; fk;gpfSf;Ff; FWf;fhf V mOj;j tpj;jpahrj;ij toq;Fk;NghJ I Xl;lk;

ghAkhapd; ntg;gk; tpuakhFk; tPjj;ij P=VI ,dhy; ngwyhk; vd;gijAk; t Neuj;Js;

tpuakhFk; ntg;gj;jpd; msT W=VIt apdhy; jug;gLk; vd;gijAk; tpsf;Ff.

43


• kpd;Ndw;wk; - Electric Charge

• kpd;Ndhl;lk; - Electric Current

• mOj;j tpj;jpahrk; - Potential difference

• kpd;dpaf;f tpir - Electromotive Force

• jil - Resistance

• jilj;jpwd; - Resistivity

• jilapd; ntg;gepiyf; Fzfk; - Temperature co-efficient of resistance

• kP flj;jhW - Super conductivity

• rktYj;jil - Equivalent Resistance

• mfj;jil - Internal resistance


• vgidw;Wf; Nfhy; ( PVC Fohaj;Jz;L)

• nghypj;jPd; Jz;L / fk;gspj; Jzpj;Jz;L

• epNahd; Fkpo;

• nkfh Nghj;jy;fs; ,uz;L

• Foha;thapy; nghUj;jg;gl;l gpshj;jpf;Ff; Foha;j;Jz;L

• ief;fpNuhk; fk;gpj;Jz;L (28 SWG, 50m&

• ntg;gkhdp ^0 o-100 oC&

• ePu; nfhz;l Kfit ^500 ml&

• fyf;fp

• Kf;fhyp

• gd;rd; RluLg;G

• gd;khdp

• 2V Nrkpg;Gf;fyk; my;yJ cyu;fyq;fs; 4

• ,upa epWj;jp ^0-100Ω&

• Msp

• mk;gpau; khdp ^0-5A&

• ,izg;Gf; fk;gp


gpd;tUk; epakq;fisf; nfhz;L khztiuf; fzpg;gpLf.

• kpd;Ndw;wq;fs; ghAk; tPjk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; vdf; fhl;ly;

• kpd; jil vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;.

• jil> jilj;jpwd; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilNaahd njhlu;igg; gad;gLj;jp vspa gpurpdq;fisj;

jPu;j;jy;

• jilapapd; ntg;gepiyf; Fzfj;ij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;

• ntg;gepiyf;Fzfk; rhu;e;j vspa gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy;.

• jilapfspd; rkhe;ju njhluhd njhFg;GfSf;Fupa rktYj; jiliaf; fhzy;.

• kpd;dpaf;f tpir> mOj;j NtWghL vd;gtw;iw tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;.

• kpd;dpaf;ftpir> mOj;jNtWghL rhu;e;j vspa gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy;.

• fpu;f;Nfhgpd; tpjpia Kd;itj;jy;

• kpd;dpd; ntg;gtpisT rhu;e;j gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy;.

44

Nju;r;rp 21Nju;r;rp 21Nju;r;rp 21Nju;r;rp 21Nju;r;rp 21 : kkkkkpd;Dgfuzq;fspdpd;Dgfuzq;fspdpd;Dgfuzq;fspdpd;Dgfuzq;fspdpd;Dgfuzq;fspd; guhkupg;G kpd;Rw;Wfis; guhkupg;G kpd;Rw;Wfis; guhkupg;G kpd;Rw;Wfis; guhkupg;G kpd;Rw;Wfis; guhkupg;G kpd;Rw;Wfisj;j;j;j;j; jpl;lkply; Mfpatw;Wf;F jpl;lkply; Mfpatw;Wf;F jpl;lkply; Mfpatw;Wf;F jpl;lkply; Mfpatw;Wf;F jpl;lkply; Mfpatw;Wf;F

kpd;dpay; njhlu;ghd mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.kpd;dpay; njhlu;ghd mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.kpd;dpay; njhlu;ghd mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.kpd;dpay; njhlu;ghd mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.kpd;dpay; njhlu;ghd mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 21.221.221.221.221.2 : kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;jtpay;G Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd ,ilj;jhf;fk; gw;wp

Ma;e;jwpthu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fhtyplg;gl;l fk;gpr; RUspy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; fhuzkhf

cUthFk; kpd;fhe;jtpay;igr; nra;Jfhl;Lthu;.

• fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fhTk;

flj;jpnahd;wpd; kPjhd tpiria nra;Jfhl;l Xl;lj; juhrpidg;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• fhe;jg;Gyj;Jf;F nrq;Fj;jhf itf;fg;gl;l fk;gpr; RUspy;

tpirapiz Njhd;Wk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

• vspa njhopw;ghLfs; %yk; kpd; fhe;jj; Jz;liy tpsf;Fthu;.

• kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;lypd; gpuNahfq;fshf ijdNkh> kpd;khw;wp

Mfpatw;iw mwpKfQ; nra;thu;.


• kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; fhe;jtpisit vspa mikg;nghd;wpd; %yk; nra;J fhl;Lq;fs;.

cjhuzk;

• Vwj;jho ,uz;L nrd;wpkPw;wu; tpl;lKs;s fhl;Nghl; Fohnahd;wpy; fhtypf;fk;gpiaf;

nfhz;L Vwj;jho 20 KWf;Ffs; nfhz;l RUnshd;iwr; Rw;wpf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

• RUspd; Kidfisf; fyj;Jld; ,izj;J> mjDlhf kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijr; nrYj;Jq;fs;.

• rpwpa jpirfhl;bnahd;iwr; RUspd; vjpupYk;> gpd;NdAk;> gf;fq;fspYk; itj;J> mjd;

elj;ijiar; nra;if%yk; fhl;Lq;fs;. ,jid XU kpd;fhe;jk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

• flj;jpnahd;wpDlhf kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;tjhy; mjidr; #o fhe;jg;Gyk;

Njhd;Wfpd;wikiaf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• Xl;lj;juhirg; gad;gLj;jp> fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Xl;lk; ghAk;

flj;jpnahd;wpd; kPJ tpirnahd;W njhopw;gLk; vd;gijr; nra;J fhl;Lq;fs;.

• Nkw;gb nra;Jfhl;liyg; gpd;tUkhW kpf vspikahf Kd;itf;fyhk;.

cjhuzk;

U tbtf; fhe;jnkhd;wpd; KidfSf;F ,ilNa gpj;jis / nrg;Gf; Nfhy;fs; ,uz;il

itj;J mtw;wpd;kPJ FWf;fhf ePsk; Fiwthd gpj;jis my;yJ nrg;Gf; Nfhnyhd;iw

itAq;fs;.

45

• Nfhy;fspuz;bd; Kidfis kpd;fytLf;nfhd;Wld; ,izj;J> ePsk; Fiwthd Nfhy;

,lkpUe;J tykhf mirAk; tpjj;ijr; nra;J fhl;Lq;fs;.

• mtjhdpg;Gf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fye;Jiuahb> Nfhy; mirtjw;fhd fhuzk;>

mjd;kPJ tpirnahd;W nraw;gLfpd;wikahFk; vd;gijAk;> fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpy;

itf;fg;gl;Ls;s flj;jpnahd;wpDlhf Xl;lj;ijr; nrYj;Jk;NghJ mjd;kPJ tpirnahd;W

nraw;gLk; vd;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• tpirapd; jpiria gpnskpq;qpd; ,lf;if tpjpapd; %yk; fhl;lyhk; vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;.

gpnskpq;qpd; ,lf;if tpjpgpnskpq;qpd; ,lf;if tpjpgpnskpq;qpd; ,lf;if tpjpgpnskpq;qpd; ,lf;if tpjpgpnskpq;qpd; ,lf;if tpjp :::::

,lJ ifapd; Rl;LtpuiyAk; eLtpuiyAk; ngUtpuiyAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Nfhzj;jpy;

mikAkhW itj;J> Rl;Ltpuiy fhe;jg; Gyj;jpd; jpirapYk;> eLtpuiy Xl;lj;jpd;

jpirapYk; itg;gjhy; ngUtpuypd; jpirapdhy; mirtpd;(tpirapd;) jpir fpilf;Fk;.

• fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s nrt;tf tbtf; fk;gpr;RUnshd;wpd;kPJ

tpirapiznahd;W cUthFk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fq;fs;.

cjhuzk; :

B typikAs;s rPuhd fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s PQRS RUisf; fUJq;fs;.

RUspy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s jpirapy; I Xl;lk; gha;fpd;wJ. gpnskpq;qpd; ,lf;if tpjpapd;

gb> PB kw;Wk; QR kPJ njhopw;gLk;. F1 tpirfs; xU jhf;ff;Nfhl;by; rkkhfTk;

vjpuhfTk; njhopw;gLfpd;wikahy; tpisAs; tpir G+r;rpakhFk;.

vdpDk;> PQ kw;Wk; RS kPJ njhopw;gLk; F2 tpirfs; rkkhditAk; vjpuhditAkhFk;.

vdpDk;> xU jhf;ff; Nfhl;by; mikahikahy; tpirapiz Njhd;Wfpd;wikiaf;

fhl;Lq;fs;.

• Nkw;gb tpirapizapd; xU gpuNahfkhf> NeNuhl;l Nkhl;liu vspikahd tpjj;jpy;

tpsf;Fq;fs;.

cjhuzk; : tpsf;fg;glq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr; RUf;fkhf mwpKfQ; nra;tJ NghJkhdJ.

Rl;Ltpuy;

(fhe;jg;Gyk;)eLtpuy;

(Xl;lk;)

ngUtpuy;

,af;fk; (tpir)

F2

F2

F2F

2

F1

F1

46

cUf;fs; (1)>(2) Mfpad> kw;Wk; gpnskpq;qpd; ,lf;if tpjp Mfpatw;Wf;fika

ABCD RUspd; vy;yh miur; Rw;Wiffspd; NghJk; RUspDs; Xl;lk; MLtNjhL>

mjd;kPJ xNu jpirapy; tpirapiz njhopw;gLk;. RUs; ,ilawhJ RoYk;. ,J

NeNuhl;l Nkhl;lupd; njhopw;ghlhFk;. NeNuhl;l Nkhl;lnuhd;iwr; nraw;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• vspikahd nraw;ghLfs; %yk; kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;liyr; nra;J fhl;Lq;fs;.

cjhuzk;:

^1& ^2& ^3&

• cUistbtr; RUnshd;wpd; (tupr;RUnshd;wpd;) KidfSld; czu;jpwDs;s

ikag;G+r;rpaf; fy;tNdhkhdpnahd;wpid ,izAq;fs;.

• RUspd; xU Kidf;F mUNf typikahd fhe;jnkhd;wpd; tl Kidit Ntfkhff;

nfhz;Lnrd;W> fy;tNdhkhdpapd; Jyq;fiyr; nra;J fhl;Lq;fs;.

• RUSf;F mUNf fhe;jj;ij Xa;tpy; itj;J fy;tNdhkhdpapd; Jyq;fiyr;

nra;Jfhl;Lq;fs;.

• fhe;jj;jpd; tlKiditr; RUspypUe;J mg;ghy; Ntfkhff; nfhz;L nrd;W

fy;tNdhkhdpapd; Jyq;fiyr; nra;Jfhl;Lq;fs;.

• mtjhdpg;Gf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> fye;Jiuahb> gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis

ntspf;nfhzUq;fs;.

• fhe;jk; mirAk; NghJ RUspDs; Xl;lk; gha;fpd;wik

• fhe;jk; Xa;tpy; cs;s NghJ RUspDs; Xl;lk; gha;tjpy;iy.

• fhe;jj;ij mirf;Fk; NghJ RUSf;F Clhf fhe;jg; ghak; (Gyk;) khw;wkilfpd;wik.

• RUnshd;wpd; my;yJ flj;jpnahd;wpd; Clhff; fhe;jg; Gyk; tpiuthf NtWgLk;

NghJ mjd; KidfSf;F Clhf kpd;dpaf;f tpir Njhd;Wfpd;wik.

• ,j;Njhw;wg;ghl;il kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;ly; vdf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

• nra;Jfhl;lypd;gb> fhe;jj;jpd; tl Kiditr; RUspd; mUNf Ntfkhff; nfhz;L

nry;Yk; NghJ Xl;lk; xU jpirapYk;> tlKiditr; RUspypUe;J mg;ghy; Ntfkhff;

nfhz;L nry;Yk; NghJ Xl;lk; vjpu;j;jpirapYk; Jz;lg;gLfpd;wikia tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• Jz;lg;gl;l Xl;lj;jpd; jpiria gpnskpq;qpd; tyf;if tpjp %yk; fhl;lyhk; vd

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

47

gpnskpq;qpd; tyf;if tpjp

• tyJ ifapd; Rl;LtpuiyAk; eLtpuiyAk; ngUtpuiyAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Nfhzj;jpy;

mikAkhW itj;J> Rl;Ltpuiy fhe;jg; Gyj;jpd; jpirapYk;> ngUtpuiy mirtpd;

jpirapYk; itg;gjhy;> eLtpuypd; jpirapdhy; Jz;lg;gl;l Xl;lj;jpd; jpir fhl;lg;gLk;.

• kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;lypd; gpuNahf;fq;fshf> ijdNkh> epiykhw;wp Mfpatw;iw mwpKfQ;

nra;Aq;fs;.

• fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpy; Royj;jf;f xU RUshf my;yJ RUnshd;wpDs; Row;wj;jf;f

xU fhe;jkhf ijdNkhit mikj;Jf;nfhs;syhk; vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• Ma;T$lj;jpy; cs;s khjpup ijdNkhitf; (model dynamo) nraw;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

,y;iyNay; 12V Nkhl;lnuhd;wpd; (fnrw; Nkhl;lu;) KidfSld; LED xd;iwj;

njhLj;J> Nkhl;liuf; ifahy; Row;wp> LED xspUtijf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• irf;fps; ijdNkhnthd;wpidr; Row;wp> kpd;Fkpo; xd;wpid xspur; nra;Jfhl;Lq;fs;.

• epiykhw;wpadJ> mluplg;gl;l nkd;dpUk;G mfzpapd; kPJ Rw;wg;gl;l Kjw;Rw;W

Jizr; Rw;WfshyhdJ vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• Jizr;Rw;wpd; KWf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ> Kjw;Rw;wpdJ KWf;Ffspd;

vz;zpf;ifia tplf; $Ljyhf mikAkhW jahupf;fg;gl;l epiykhw;wpfs; gb$l;L

epiykhw;wpfs; vdg;gLk; vdTk;> Fiwe;j Mly; Nthy;w;wsitf; $Ljyhd

ngWkhdj;Jf;F khw;Wtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;. ,it kpd;id

CLflj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

Jizr; Rw;wpd; KWf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ> Kjw;Rw;wpd; KWf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;ifia

tplf; Fiwthf mikAkhW jahupf;fg;gl;l epiykhw;wpfs; gbFiw epiykhw;wpfs;

vdg;gLk;. ,it $Ljyhd ngWkhd Mly; Nthy;w;wsitf; Fiwe;j ngWkhdj;Jf;F

khw;Wtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;. ,it fha;r;rpapizg;G

NtiyfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

• Ma;T$lj;jpy; cs;s khjpup epiykhw;wpia (Model transformer) nraw;gLj;jpf;

fhl;Lq;fs;. ,y;iyNay;> rpwpa gbFiw epiykhw;wpnahd;wpidg; gad;gLj;jp> mjw;F

MlNyhl;lj;ij toq;fp> rpwpa kpd;Fkpnohd;iw xspur; nra;J fhl;Lq;fs;.

• kpd;dpd; fhe;j tpisTfs;> kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;ly; Mfpad njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj;



• kpd;fhe;jk; - Electromagnet

• Xl;lj;juhR - Current balance

• tpirapiz - Couple of force

• kpd; Nkhl;lu; - Electric Motor

• ijdNkh - Dynamo

• epiykhw;wp - Transformer

Rl;Ltpuy;

(fhe;jg;Gyk;)eLtpuy;

(Jz;lg;gl;l

Xl;lk;)

ngUtpuy;

mirT

48


• fhl;Nghl; Foha; (2.5cm tpl;lk;> 15cm ePsk;)

• fhtypl;l nrg;Gf; fk;gp 200g (28 SWG)

• rpwpa jpirfhl;b

• Xl;lj; juhR

• gpj;jisg; gw;whRf; $u;

• ikag; G+r;rpa fy;tNdhkhdp

• khjpup ijdNkh

• irf;fps; ijdNkh

• MlNyhl;l toq;fp

• gw;whRf; Nfhy;

• cyu;fyq;fs; 4

• U fhe;jk;

• tupr;RUs;

• typikahd rl;lf; fhe;jk;

• khjpup epiykhw;wp

• Nkhl;lu; (12V)

• ,izg;Gf; fk;gp



• kpd;Ndhl;lk; %yk; fhe;jtpiriag; ngwKbAk; vd;gijr; nra;J fhl;ly;

• fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpYs;s Xl;lj;ijf; fhTk; flj;jpnahd;wpd; kPJ tpir njhopw;gLk;

vd;gijf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf vspikahd nraw;ghLfis elhj;jp tpirapd; jpiriaf;

fz;lwpAk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

• kpd;fhe;jj; Jz;ly; Njhw;wg;ghl;il vspikahf tpsf;Fjy;

• Neupa flj;jpnahd;wpidf; fhe;jg;Gynkhd;wpy; mirf;Fk;NghJ mjDlhf Xl;lk;

ghaj;jf;f jpiriaf; fz;lwpjy;

• Nkw;gb Njhw;wg;ghLfSf;fhf ehshe;j tho;f;ifapypUe;J cjhuzq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;

49

Nju;r;rp 22Nju;r;rp 22Nju;r;rp 22Nju;r;rp 22Nju;r;rp 22 : gy;NtW ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy;fs; rhu ;e ;j ifj;njhopy;gy;NtW ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy;fs; rhu ;e ;j ifj;njhopy;gy;NtW ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy;fs; rhu ;e ;j ifj;njhopy;gy;NtW ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy;fs; rhu ;e ;j ifj;njhopy;gy;NtW ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy;fs; rhu ;e ;j ifj;njhopy;

nrad;Kiwfis Ma;e;jwpthu;.nrad;Kiwfis Ma;e;jwpthu;.nrad;Kiwfis Ma;e;jwpthu;.nrad;Kiwfis Ma;e;jwpthu;.nrad;Kiwfis Ma;e;jwpthu;.

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 22.122.122.122.122.1 : gy;NtW ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy; rhu;e;j ifj;njhopy; nrad;Kiwia

Ma;e;jwpthu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • 5 M vz;zf;fUit ntspapLthu;.

• 5M vz;zf;fUtpw;fika ,urhadf; ifj;njhopnyhd;iw epWTjy;

gw;wp Ma;e;jwpthu;.

• rtu;f;fhu cw;gj;jpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpujhd %yg;nghUl;fisg;

ngaupLthu;.

• rtu;f;fhu cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; gpujhd gbKiwfis

tptupg;ghu;.

• rtu;f;fhuk; kw;Wk; mOf;ffw;wp Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd

NtWghLfis tpsf;Fthu;.

• Ma;T$lj;jpy; rtu;f;fhu khjpupnahd;wpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

• capupay; Bry; jahupg;Gr; nrad;Kiwia tptupg;ghu;.

• nghRg;Ngw;Wg; grisj; jahupg;Gr; nrad;Kiwia tptupg;ghu;.

• cs;ehl;by; nghRg;Ngw;Wg; gris jahupg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

tptupg;ghu;.

• epwg;G+r;R tiffspy; mlq;fpAs;s gpujhd $Wfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• epwg;G+r;R jahupg;gpd; mbg;gilg; gbKiwfis tptupg;ghu;.

• fly;e Pu pypUe;J vupNrhlhj; jahupf ;Fk; nrad;Kiwapd;

mbg;gilahd gbKiwfis tptupg;ghu;.


• cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fshf> gzk; (Money)> kdpj tY (Man

power) > nghwpfs; (Machines) > Kiwapay; (Method) > %yg;nghUs;fs; (Materials)

Mfpatw;iw mwpKfQ; nra;f.

• cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd fhuzpfSs; kpfKf;fpakhd fhuzp kdpj

tskhFk;. kdpjtY / kdpjciog;G> xl;Lnkhj;j cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapy; Kf;fpa

gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ. vdNt kdpj tsj;ij Kfhik nra;tJ Kf;fpakhd Xu; mk;rkhFk;.

Vnddpy; Vida vy;yh tsq;fisAk; rPuhff; ifahz;L ifj;njhopiy ntw;wpg;

ghijapy; ,l;Lr; nry;tjw;F kdpj tsNk ,d;wpaikajhf mikfpd;wJ vd;gij

typAWj;jpf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• Ntiyj;jsj;ij (work site) rPuhf xOq;Fnra;J nfhs;tjw;F 5S cj;jp JizahFk;

vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• njhopw;rhiyapd; nrad;Kiwiar; rpy gpupTfshf tFj;J> Copau;fis mtu;fsJ

jpwd;fspw;fika tifg;gLj;jp> me;je;jg; gFjpfSld; ,izj;jy; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• tzpf cyfpy; nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghJthd Clfk;

gzk; (Money) Mjyhy;> ifj;njhopnyhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;Fk; elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;Fk;

Njitahd mbg;gilf; fhuzp> gzk; MFk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

50

• cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwfisj; JupjkhfTk;> tpidj;jpwdhfTk; epfo;j;Jtjw;F nghwpfs;

(Machines) Njit vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. nghwpg;gad;ghl;bd; mD$yq;fs; -

gpujp$yq;fisf; fye;JiuahLf. njhopDl;g tpUj;jp fhuzkhf GJg;GJg; nghwpfs;

cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gLfpd;wik Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.

• cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;nfd gy;NtW Kiwapay;fs; (Method) fhzg;gLfpd;wikahy;>

nghUj;jkhd xU Kiwapaiyj; njupTnra;J nfhs;tJ njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLq;fs;>

Kiwapaiy eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ 5 S cj;jpiag; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f tpjj;ijf;

fye;JiuahLf.

• cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;fhf jukhd %yg;nghUs;fisg; (Material) gad;gLj;Jtjd;

mD$yq;fisf; fye;JiuahLf. %yg;nghUs;fis ,yFthfg; ngwj;jf;fjhf

,Uj;jyhdJ ifj;njhopiyj; njhlu;e;J elj;jpr;nry;tjw;F topNfhYk; vd;gij

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• %yg;nghUl;fshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,aw;if tsq;fis fUj;jpw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ

mtw;iw ghupa mstpy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba jd;ik> mjpf Ja;ikahff;

nfhz;bUj;jy;> ,yFthfg; ngwj;jf;f ,lj;jpypUj;jy; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; Kf;fpakhdnjd

typAWj;Jf.

• mNkhdpah cw;gj;jp> vupNrhlh cw;gj;jp> ry;G+upf;fkpy cw;gj;jp> IjNuhf;FNshupf;fkpy

cw;gj;jp> iej;jpupf;fkpy cw;gj;jp Mfpatw;iw ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy;fSf;fhd

cjhuzq;fshf vLj;Jf;fhl;b> ‘,urhadf; ifj;njhopy;fs;’ vd;gij mwpKfg;gLj;jpg;

ghlj;ij mZFf.

• ,urhad cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ %yg;nghUl; Nru;itfisAk; tYr;rf;jpiaAk;

gad;gLj;jp Gjpa Nru;itfis cw;gj;jp nra;jyhdJ xU NgusTr; nrad;KiwahFk;

vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

• ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy; rhu;ghf> ,urhad khw;wnkhd;W epfOtNj mjd; gpujhdkhd

,ay;ghFk; vdf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf> mNkhdpah cw;gj;jp> vupNrhlh cw;gj;jp> ry;G+upf;fkpy

cw;gj;jp> IjNuhf;FNshupf;fkpy cw;gj;jp> ijj;jpuf;fkpy cw;gj;jp Mfpad rhu;ghf

epfOk; ,urhad khw;wq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

• mNkhdpah cw;gj;jpahdJ tptrhaj;Jf;Fk;> vupNrhlh cw;gj;jpahdJ rtu;f;fhu

cw;gj;jpf;Fk;> ry;G+upf;fkpy cw;gj;jpahdJ thfd kpd;fytLf;F (battery) cw;gj;jpf;Fk;>

iej;jpupf;fkpy cw;gj;jpahdJ tptrhak; kw;Wk; ntbnghUs; cw;gj;jpf;Fk; ngw;Nwhypaf;;

ifj;njhopyhdJ> vupnghUs; kw;Wk; mbg;gilahd Nrjdr;Nru;itfs; (ngd;rPd;>

njhYaPd;> GNuhg;gPd;) cw;gj;jpf;Fk;> nghw;Nwhypaf; ifj;njhopypd; gf;ftpisTfspd;

mbg;gilahd Nrjdr; Nru;itfs;> kUe;Jtiffs; kw;Wk; gy;gFjpaq;fspd; cw;gj;jpf;Fk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wikia cjhuzq;fshf vLj;Jf;fhl;b> ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy;fs;

kdpj ehfupfj;jpid GjpanjhU ghijapy; ,l;Lr;nry;yf; fhuzkhf mike;jikiaf;

fye;JiuahLf.

• ,urhadg;nghUs; cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nru;itfSk;; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;

Nru;itfSk; ngUk;ghYk; kdpj clYf;Fj; jPq;F gaf;fj;jf;fitahifahy;>

mr;Nru;itfisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;ffhfTk; xOq;fhd

Kiwfisf; ifahs;tJ mtrpakhFk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. ,r;Nru;itfs; njhlu;ghd

rfy njhopDl;gj; jfty;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa jputpag; ghJfhg;G jfty; jhisg;

(Material Safety Data Sheet - MSDS) gad;gLj;jg; gofpf; nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

typAWj;Jf. cjhuzj;Jf;fhf vupNrhlhTf;fhd MSDS jfty;jhis mwpKfQ; nra;f.

51

• ,urhad cw;gj;jpfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; %yg;nghUl; Nru;itfspd; fl;likg;G>

Ja;ik> ngsjpf ,ay;Gfis (epwk;> mlu;j;jp Nghd;w) epjKk;; guprPypg;gjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupf;Ff.

• %yg;nghUs;fisr; Nru;f;Fk;NghJ> mt;thW Nru;f;Fk; tpfpjk;> Nru;f;Fk; xOq;FKiw

Mfpad kpf Kf;fpakhdit vd;gij typAWj;Jf.

cjhuzkhf> IjNuhf;FNshupf; mkpy (HCl) cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ IjuridAk; (H2)>

FNshuPidAk; (Cl) cupa tpfpjj;jpy; Nru;f;fhj NghJ Vw;glj;jf;f gpur;rpidfisf;

fye;JiuahLf.

• NkYk;> ahNjDk; jhf;fk;> mjpf ntg;gj;ij ntsptpl;lthW Ntfkhf epfOk; xU

jhf;fkhapd;> mj;jhf;fpfspd; gupa msTfis Vffhyj;jpy; Nru;g;gjhy; FWfpa fhyj;Js;

mjpfsT ntg;gk; tpLtpf;fg;gLtjhy; ntbg;G Vw;glyhk; my;yJ jPg;gw;w ,lKz;L

vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

• vdNt> Nru;itfis jhf;fk; epfOk; Clfj;jpDs; rpwpJrpwpjhfr; Nru;g;gjd; %yk;

,t;thwhd tpgj;Jf;fs; epfOtijj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy;fspy; ,urhad khw;wq;fis epfo;j;Jk; gFjp ,urhadj;jhf;f

miw (Chemical Reactor) vdg;gLk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff. mt;thwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

,urhad jhf;f miwapd; gUkd;> tbtk;> mjd; Jizf; $Wfs; Mfpad Fwpj;j

jhf;fj;jpd; ntg;gtpurhadtpay; jfty;fs;> ,af;ftpurhadtpaw; jfty;fs;> jhf;fpfspd;

ngsjpfepiy> tpisTfspd; ngsjpfepiy Mfpatw;wpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; vdf; fhl;Lf.

• jhf;Fmiw rhu;ghf> %yg;nghUl; Nru;itfisf; nfhz;Lnry;Yk; Foha;j;njhFjpfs;>

gpujhd tpisnghUisAk; gf;ftpisTfisAk; ntspNaw;Wk; Foha;j;njhFjpfs;>

ntg;gg; gupkhw;wj;Jf;fhfTk;> jhf;fpf; fyitiaf; fyf;fpathW rPuhd fl;likg;Gld;

jhf;f Clfj;jpDs; Ngzp itg;gjw;fhd cj;jpfs; Mfpad cs;sd vd;gij tptupf;Ff.

thy;T

thy;T

ntspNawy;

mKf;ff; fzpr;rp

ntg;gkhdp

fyf;Fk; cgfuzk;

ntg;gg; gpwg;ghf;fp

tpisT

thy;T

Nkhl;lu;

52

• rpy jhf;fq;fSf;F Gwj;NjapUe;J ntg;gk; toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhd xU

jhf;fk; jhf;ftiwapDs; epfOk;NghJ tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf> Clfk; KOtjpYk;

rPuhf ntg;gepiyiag; NgZtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jf.

• ntg;gepiyg; guk;gy; rPuhff; fhzg;glhjtplj;J> ntg;gepiy$ba gpuNjrj;jpy; jhf;fk;

tpiuthf epfOtNjhL ntg;gepiy Fiwthd gpuNjrj;jpy; jhf;f tPjk; rhu;gstpy;

Fiwtiltjhy;. cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; rPuhd jd;ikiag; Ngz Kbahkw; Nghtjhy;

,Wjp tpistpd; juj;ij cupa epiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;y Kbahkw; Nghjy; Nghd;w

gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gl ,lKz;L vd;gijf; fye;JiuahLf.

• jhf;f miwapDs; epfOk; jhf;fk; Gwntg;gj;jhf;fkhapd;> tpidj;jpwdhf ntg;gj;ij

ntspNaw;Wtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf. ntg;gj;ij tpidj;jpwdhf

ntspNaw;whtpby;> jhf;f miwf;Fr; Nrjk; tpisjy; (tpuptiljy;)> ntbj;jy; Nghd;w

ghjfkhd tpisTfs; Vw;gl ,lKz;L vd;gijf; fye;JiuahLf. NkYk;> jhf;ftPjk;

NtWgLjy;> ,ilepiyj; jhf;fq;fs; epfOjy;> Nghd;wit fhuzkhf cw;gj;jpr;

nrad;Kiw njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gl ,lKz;L vd;gijAk; fye;JiuahLf.

• ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy;fs; rhu;ghf> ntbg;Gf;fs; mtw;Wf;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wpa

jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J Kd;itf;FkhW khztu;f;F Mu;t%l;Lf.

• jhf;fmiwapDs; ,urhad khw;wk; epfOk;NghJ ntg;gepiy> mKf;fk;> kw;Wk; ,urhad

khw;wk; epfo;e;Js;s msT Mfpad njhlu;ghd jfty;fs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdkhf ,Ug;gjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.

• cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; ,Wjpapy;> cw;gj;jpahfpa ,urhadr; Nru;itapd; Ja;ik>

juk; njhlu;ghd mwpf;if Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff. mt;tpay;Gfis msTuPjpapy;

fhl;Ltjw;F gy;NtW cj;jpfs; cs;sd vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwfspd; NghJ> gpujhd ,urhad %yg; nghUs;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf>

rpyNtisfspy;> jhf;fj;jpd; Ntfj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;fhf> Cf;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

vd;gijAk; ,jd;NghJ Cf;fpfspd; njhopw;ghl;il NkYk; mjpfupg;gjw;fhf Cf;fpj;

Jz;bfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;gijAk; cjhuzq; fhl;b tpsf;Ff.

cjhuzkhf> mNkhdpah cw;gj;jpapd; NghJ Cf;fp Jz;bahf K2O kw;Wk; Al

2O

3

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,t;thwhd Cf;fpj; Jz;bfs; Cf;fpfs; my;y vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

• cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw vg;NghJk;> rpwg;ghd epge;jidfspd;fPo; elj;jg;gLk; vd;gij

typAWj;Jf. cw;gj;jpg; nghUspy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba ,ay;Gfs;> cw;gj;jpr; nryT

,opthjy;> Mfpatw;wf;F mikaNt cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; rpwg;G epge;jidfs;

Ngzg;gLk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. mjw;fhf cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; tpidj;jpwid

mjpfupg;gJk; xl;Lnkhj;jr; nrad;Kiwapd; tpidjpwid mjpfupg;gJk; Kf;fpakhdJ

vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwfspd;NghJ tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;j;jy; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij

typAWj;jp mr;nrad;Kiwiaj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ mJFwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;Jtjd;

mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Ff. vdNt> cw;gj;jpj; njhopw;rhiy rhu;e;j xt;nthU nraw;ghl;ilAk;

rPuhf xOq;FgLj;JtJk; mtjhdpg;gJk; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij typAWj;Jf.

• cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw fhuzkhfr; #oYf;F Vw;glj;jf;f jPq;Ffis ,opthf;fj;

jf;fthW mt;Tw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwiaj; jpl;lkpLtJ kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gijAk;

typAWj;Jf.

53

rtu;f;fhuj; jahupg;G njhlu;ghfg; gpd;tUk; jfty;fisf; fye;JiuahLf.

• Rj;jkhf tho;tjw;F rtu;f;fhuk; Kf;fpakhf mikfpwJ. cilfisf; fOTjy;>

tsu;e;Njhupd; cliyf; fOTjy;> gps;isfspd; cliyf; fOTjy; Mfpa xt;nthd;Wf;Fk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rtu;f;fhu tiffs; ntt;NtWgLk; vd tpsf;fp rtu;f;fhuj; jahupg;gpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jf.

• nghJthf> ePz;l rq;fpyp fhnghl;rpypf;fkpyq;fspd; Nrhbak; cg;Gf;fNs rtu;f;fhuk;

vd miof;fg;gLk; vd ,urhad fl;likg;gpd; cjtpAld; tptupf;Ff.

• ,t;thwhd Nrhbak; cg;Gf;F ePu;ehl;lq;nfhz;l jiyAk; ePu; ntWg;Gj; jd;ik nfhz;l

IjNuhfhgd; thYk; cs;snjd tptupf;Ff.

ePu;ntWg;Gila thy; ePu;ehl;lq;nfhz;l jiy

• vupNrhlh kw;Wk; jhtu vz;nza; MfpadNt rtu;f;fhu cw;gj;jpf;fhd %yg;nghUl;fshfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. jhtu vz;nza;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s gpujhd$W %f;fpspriul;L

vd Qhgfg;gLj;Jf.

• rtu;f ;fhuj; jahupg ;gpd;NghJ ,e;j Kf;fpspriul;L %yf;$W NaOH cld;

,ilj;jhf;fkile;J vRj;ju; gpizg;Gf;fs; ciljNy rtu;f;fhukhf;fy; vdg;gLk;.

,jw;fhf 50% vupNrhlhf; fiury; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• rtu;f;fhuj; jahupg;gpd;NghJ eilngWk; ,urhadr; nrad;Kiw rtu;f;fhukhf;fyhFk;.

mjd; gf;ftpisT fpsprNuhyhFk; vd tpsf;Ff.

• jhtu vz;nza;fs; / tpyq;F vz;nza;> vupNrhlh Mfpad xd;Wlhndhd;W

fyf;fhjdthifahy; ,uz;L tyaq;fshff; fhzg;gLnkdTk; rtu;f;fhukhf;fypd;

NghJ cUthFk; fpsprNuhy; ePu;ka tyaj;jpy; fiuAk;. vdpDk;> rtu;f;fhuj;jpd;

fiujpwd; Fiwthifahy; ePu;ka Clfj;jpy; Ntwhfp kpjf;Fnkd tpsf;Ff.

• ,t;thW cUthFk; rtu;f;fhuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;lsT fpsprupd;> jhf;fkilahj vz;nza;>

vupNrhlh Mfpad fhzg;gLnkd tpsf;Ff.

• vupNrhlh fz;> Njhy; Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; vupNrhlhit

eLepiyahf;FtJ Kf;fpakhdnjd tpsf;Ff.

54

• xd;Wlndhd;W fyf;fhj fiury; tyaq;fSf;fpilapy; ,e;j ,ilj;jhf;fk; rtu;f;fhuj;

jahupg;gpy; epfo;tjhy; Muk;gj;jpy; ,e;j ,uz;L tyaq;fSk; xd;Wlndhd;W ed;F

fyf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd tpsf;Ff.

• fpsprNuhy; nfhz;l ePu;ka Clfj;jpypUe;J rtu;f;fhuj;ij Ntwhf;Fjy; Kf;fpa gbKiw

vd typAWj;Jf.

• ePu;ka Clfj;ijr; Rj;jpfupg;Gr;nra;J fpsprNuhiyg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; vdf; $Wf.

• ePu;ka Clf ,ilj;jhf;f tyaj;Jf;F fwpAg;G (NaCl) Nru;g;gjd; %yk; ePu;ka Clfj;jpy;

fiue;Js;s rtu;f;fhuj;jpd; msitf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;sKbAk;. NkYk;> Nacl fhuzkhf

ePu;ka Clfj;jpd; mlu;j;jp mjpfupg;gjdhy; kpf ,yFthf ePu;ka Clfj;jpd; kPJ

rtu;f;fhuj;ij Ntwhf;fp vLf;f KbAk; vd tpsf;Ff.

• ,t;thW Ntwhf;fpnaLf;fg;gLk; rtu;f;fhuj;jpy; 30% tiuahd ePu; fhzg;gLnkdTk;

700C ntg;gepiyapy; #lhf;Fk;NghJ <ukhd rtu;f;fhuk; gk;gf;$ba epiyf;F khw;wKbAk;.

,e;e #lhdJk; <uypg;ghdJkhd rtu;f;fhuj;ijg; gk;Gjy; %yk; jhf;fpfis mfw;wyhnkd

tpsf;Ff.

• ,t;thW Ntwhf;fg;gl;l <uepiyr; rtu;f;fhuj;jpy; cs;s fpsprNuhiy mfw;Wtjw;F

kPz;Lk; cg;Gf; fiurYld; fye;J ePu;ka tayj;jpy; fpsprNuhiy epuk;gyilar;

nra;tjd; %yk; <uepiy rtu;f;fhuj;jpypUe;J fpsprNuhiy mfw;wyhk; vd tptupf;f.

• fpsprNuhy; mfw;wg;gl;l rtu;f;fhuj;jpy; cg;GfSk; ePUk; fhzg;gLtjhy; ikaePf;f

Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp ,t;thwhd ePu;ka cg;Gf;fisAk; rtu;f;fhuj;ijAk; Ntwhf;fpf;

nfhs;syhk; vdf; fye;JiuahLf.

• ePu; mfw;wg;gl;l rtu;f;fhuj;jpYk; jhf;fj;jpyPLglhj vupNrhlh rpwpjsT fhzg;glyhk;.

,jid eLepiyahf;f rpj;jpupf;fkpyk; my;yJ rpwpjsT kuf;fwp vz;nza; Nru;f;fg;gLk;

vd tptupf;Ff.

• Fiwe;j mKf;fj;jpd; fPo; #lhf;fp ePiu mfw;wp <uepiyr; rtu;f;fhuj;ij ntw;wplj;jpy;

cyu;j;jy;. (Vacuum drying) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLnkd tptupf;f.

• cyu;j;jg;gl;l rtu;f;fhuj;Jld; epug;gpfs;> epw%l;bfs;> kz%l;bfisf; fye;J

nghUj;jkhf tbtikj;J nghjpnra;ag;gLk; vd tptupf;f.

• cw;gj;jpahsu;fspdhy; rtu;f;fhuj;Jf;Fg; gy;NtW ,ay;Gfis toq;Ftjw;nfdTk;

Nghl;br; re;ijia rkhspf;fntdTk; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l jhtu vz;nza; tiffs;>

jhtu vz;nza;f; fyitfs;> jhtu vz;nza; mlq;fpa tpyq;F vz;nza; fyf;fg;gl;L

rtu;;f;fhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; vdf; fye;JiuahLf.

• ,yq;ifapy; nghJthd Jg;Guthf;fpr; rtu;f;fhuj; jahupg;Gf;nfd Njq;fhnaz;nza;

gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; ,t;thwhd rtu;f;fhuj; njhopw;rhiyfNs cs;sdntd tptupf;f.

• rtu;f;fhu %yf;$Wfspy; ePu;ehl;lKila IjNuhf;fhgd; jiy cs;sNghJk;

ePu;ehl;lKila jiyapy; ry;Ngw;Wj; njhFjp cs;snjd Nrhbak; Nyhiuy; ry;gh

cg;G %yk; tpsf;Ff.

55

• ,e;j Nrhbak; Nyhiuy; ry;Ngw;W Ez;zq;fpr; nraw;ghl;bdhy; gpupe;jopTf;F

cl;glhjhifahy; #oy; khriljy; eilngWtJ gpujp$ykhdjhFk;.

• Nrhbak; nyhiuy; ngd;r Pd ; ry;NghNdw;W Ez;zq;fpr ; nraw;ghl ;bdhy;

gpupe;jopTf;Fl;gLtjhy; #ow; gpur;rpidfis Vw;gLj;jyhk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

rtu;f;fhu khjpupiaj; jahupj;jy;

• 150 ml Kfitapy; 5 g vz;nzia mse;njLf;f. ,jw;F 15ml vjNdhy; 15ml,

20% (w/w) NaOH fiury; Mfpatw;iw ,Lf. ,e;j fiury; fyitia ed;F

ePu;kaT+lf tyak;

cg;Gf; fiury;

epug;gpfs;

cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gl;l

rtu;f;fhuk;

Nru;khdg; nghUs;fs; (epw%l;bfs;> kz%l;bfs;)

<ur; rtu;f;fhuk;

eLepiyahf;fg;gl;l nkd;dkpy rtu;f;fhuk;

iaePf;fYf;Fl;gLj;jy;ePu;ka cg;G

tyak;

cyu; rtu;f;fhuk;

fpsprupd; mfw;wg;gl;l

fOtpa <ur; rtu;f;fhuk;

Gjpa cg;Gf; fiury;

cg;Gf; fiury;

vz;nza;f; fyit vupNrhlhf; fiury;

Rj;jpfupf;fg;glhj

<ur; rtu;f;fhuk;

fpsprNuhy; +

cg;Gf; fiury;

fpspruPd;rtu;f;fhukhf;fw;

jhf;fk;

Fiwe;j mKf;fj;jpd;

fPo; cyu;j;Jjy;

rpj;upf;fkpyk;<

56

nghJthf 30 epkpl Neuk; #lhf;f Ntz;b Vw;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; fiury; ed;F

CLfhl;lj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ntg;gkhf;Fk;NghJ Mtpahtjd; fhuzkhf

fdtsT kpfTk; FiwAkhapd; ePu;> vjNdhy; Mfpatw;iwr; rkfdtstpy; Nru;j;J

kPz;Lk; Muk;g fdtsTf;Ff; nfhz;L tUf.

• 50 ml epuk;gpa NaCl fiuriy 400 ml Kfitapy; mse;J vLf;f. rtu;f;fhukhf;fy;

Kw;Wg;ngw;wJk; ,e;jjhf;fpf; fyitia epuk;gy; NaCl fiurypDs; Cw;wpf; fyf;Ff.

gpd;du; gdpf;fl;bfs; ,lg;gl;l Fspu;e;jePu; nfhz;l ghj;jpuj;jpy; mkpo;j;jpf; fyitiaf;

Fspu tpLf.

• tbjhs;> Gf;Fdu; Gdy; (Buchner funnel) Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ntw;wplkhf;fp fiuriy

tbj;J rtu;f;fhuj;ij Ntwhf;fpf; nfhs;f. ,t;thW Ntwhf;fpa rtu;f;fhuj;ij cyu;j;jpf;

nfhs;f.

capu; Bry; cw;gj;jp gw;wpa gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; JizAld; fye;JiuahLf.

• ngw;Nwhypa vupnghUs; kPsg;gpwg;gpf;f Kbahj tsk; vd mwpKfQ; nra;f.

• ngw;Nwhypa tsk; cyfk; KOtJk; rPuhfg; guk;gp fhzg;glhikahy; etPd kdpj

fyhrhuj;jpd; gpujhd rf;jptY %ykhfg; ngw;Nwhypa vupnghUs; tpsq;FtjhYk;

murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f gpur;rpidfs; gytw;Wf;F ,e;j ngw;Nwhypa tsk; %y

fhuzkhf mike;Js;sJ.

• kPsg;GJg;gpf;f Kbahj tsq;fis kpifahfg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ mit Nja;tilfpd;wd.

,jw;fhd Nù;Ngu;l;bd; Nfhl;ghl;il (Herbert theory) RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

• kPsg;gpwg;gpf;f Kbahj tskhd ngw;Nwhypa vupnghUis kdpjd; gad;gLj;Jk;

Nfhyj;Jf;fika vupnghUs; cw;gj;jp cr;r msit mile;J tUfpwJ vdTk; gpd;du;

cw;gj;jp gbg;gbahf FiwtilAk; vd;gNj Nù;Ngu;l;bd; mbg;gilf; fUj;jhFk;.

,f;fUj;ij vk;. Nf. Nù;gu;l; vd;gtu; If;fpa mnkupf;f ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; ngw;Nwhypa

cw;gj;jp 1965 - 1970 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; cr;r ngWkhdj;ij vl;Lnkd vjpu;T

$wg;gl;lJ. ,e;j vjpu;T$wy; gpd;du; epUgzkhfpaJ.

• 1995 ,d; gpd;du; ,e;j fUj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l vjpu;T$wypd; nrk;ik Fiwtile;Js;sJ.

etPd njhopDl;gl;gk;> cyf murpay;> Gjpa tsq;fspd; fz;Lgpbg;G MfpadNt

,jw;Ff; fhuznkd fUjg;gLfpwJ.

• ngw;Nwhypa vupnghUs; kPsg;GJg;gpf;f Kbahjjhifahy; mJ KbTWk; Afnkhd;W

tUnkd tpsf;Ff.

fhyk;

• ngw;Nwhypa vupnghUspd; jfdk; fhuzkhf tspkz;ly CO2 mjpfupg;gjdhy; Vw;gLk;

#ow; gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

• ,jd;fhuzkhf kPsg;GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f tsq;fs; (Renewable raw materials) gw;wpa ftdk;

mjpfupj;Js;sika vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

tUlhe;j

cw;gj;jp

57

• capu; Bry; kPsg; GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f tskhf miktjhy; mJ jfdkiltjhy; Gjpjhf

tspkz;lyj;jpy; CO2 Nru;tjpy;iynad tpsf;Ff.

•,jw;Fj; Njitahd nkjNdhy; ngw;Nwhypaf; ifj;njhopy; %ykhff; fpilf;Fk;

Nru;itfspypUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtjhy; ,t;thW cUthf;fg;gLk; capu;Bry;

100% kPsg;GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f tsq;fspypUe;J cUthf;fg;gLk; capu; Bry; my;yntdf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

• fhNghitjNuw;Wr; Nru;itfis Ez;zq;fp nehjpj;jYf;F cl;gLj;jpg; ngwg;gLk; capu;

nkjNdhiyg; gad;gLj;jp 100% kPsg;GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f tsq;fs; %ykhf capu;Briy

cw;gj;jpnra;a ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• capu; Bry; vdg;gLtJ ePs; rq;fpyp fhnghl;rpypf;fkpy nkijy; vRj;ju; vd mwpKfQ;

nra;f.

IjNuhfhgd ; thy ; ( Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME))

• jhtu vz;nza;fspYs;s %fpspriul;> nkjNdhy; Mfpadtw;iwj; jhf;fKwr; nra;J

capu; Briy cw;gj;jp nra;ayhk; vdf; $Wf. ,J jpuhd;]; vRj;juhf;fj; jhf;fq;fnsd

mwpKfQ; nra;f.

• ,jd;NghJ fpilf;Fk; gpujhd gf;ftpisT fpsprNuhy; MFk;.

• fpsprNuhYk; nkijy; vRj;ju; Nru;itAk; xd;Wlndhd;W fyf;fhikahy; gilahfg;

gpupe;J fhzg;gLk;. MfNt> ,e;j ,uz;L tyaq;fisAk; ,yFthf Ntwhf;fpf;

nfhs;syhk; vdf; $Wf.

IjNuhfhgd; thy;

%fpspriul;L

nkjNdhy;

fpsprNuhy;FA M E

Cf;fp

58

• Cf;fpahf NaOH iag; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ rpf;fy; Vw;wglyhk;. jhtu vz;nza;fspy;

RahjPd fhnghl;rpypf; mkpyk; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gl;lhy; mJ NaOH cld; ,ilj;

jhf;fkile;J rtu;f;fhuk; cUthFtjd; fhuzkhf Cf;fpr; nraw;ghl;Lf;Fj; jil

Vw;gly; kw;Wk; fyf;Fk;NghJ Eiunaoy; Mfpad fhuzkhf cw;gj;jpr; nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg;

ghjpg;G epfOk; vd; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• jhtu vz;nza;fspd; RahjPd fhnghl;rpypf; mkpyk; kpff; Fiwthff; fhzg;gl

Ntz;Lnkd tpsf;Ff.

• jhtu vz;nza;fspd; mkpyg; ngWkhdj;ij mstpLtjd; (acid value) RahjPd

fhnghl;rpypf;fkpyk; gw;wpa mstPl;ilg; ngwyhnkdf; fhl;Lf.

• mkpyg; ngWkhdk; %ykhf 1g jhtu vz;nzapYs;s RahjPd Nrjd mkpyq;fspd;

msit eLepiyahf;fj; Njitahd KOH ,d; msT fhl;lg;gLtJld; mjd; myF

Mg g-1 vdf; fhl;Lf.

• RahjPd nfhOg;gkpyk; (FFA) 2.5% (W/W) ,Yk; Fiwthapd; Cf;fw; nraw;ghl;Lf;F

jilNaw;glhJ vd tpsf;Ff.

• RahjPd nfhOg;gkpyq;fs; 2.5% ,Yk; mjpfkhapd; mjDld; vjNdhiyr; Nru;j;J

RahjPd nfhOg;gkpyq;fis MEFA Mf khw;wPLnra;j gpd;du; capu; Bry; cw;gj;jpf;nfdg;

gad;gLj;jyhk; vd tpsf;Ff.

• Cf;fpahf NaOH ,idg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ mJ nkjNdhypy; fiuf;fg;gLk;.

• jhf;fj;jpd; tpisit mjpfupg;gjw;F mjpfsT nkjNdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vdf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

• jhf;fk; eilngw;w gpd;du; mjpf mlu;j;jp nfhz;l fpsprNuhy; gil mbapYk; mjw;F

NkNy capu; BrYk; fhzg;gLnkd tpsf;Ff.

• ikaePf;f Kiw %yk; ,e;jg; gilfis Ntwhf;fpf; nfhs;s KbAnkd tpsf;Ff.

• jhf;fj;jpd;NghJ cUthFk; rtu;f;fhuk; ,e;j gilfs; ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilNa fopTg;

nghUshff; fhzg;gLnkdf; Fwpg;gpLf. ,Jjtpu jhf;fj;jpyPLglhj vQ;rpa nkjNdhy;

jhf;fj;jpyPLglhj vz;nza;fs;> Cf;fpfs; vd;gd ,t;tpU gilfspYk; fopTg;

nghUl;fshff; fhzg;gLnkdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• capu; Brypy; cs;s nkjNdhiy mfw;Wtw;F mJ #lhf;fp Mtpahf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j

Mtpia xLf;fp ngwg;gLk; nkjNdhy; jputj;ij kPz;Lk; capu; Bry; jahupg;Gf;nfdg;

gad;gLj;jyhnkd tpsf;Ff.

• nkjNdhy; mfw;wg;gl;l gpd;dUk; $l capu;BrypDs; NkYk; fopthf fpsprNuhYk;

Cf;fpfSk; fhzg;gLkhapd; mtw;iw mfw;Wtjw;F capu; BrypDlhf ePupidf;

Fkpopfshf mDg;Gtjd; %ykhf Rj;jpfupg;gJ xU KiwahFnkd mwpKfQ; nra;f.

• ,Wjpapy; capu;Briy cyu;j;jp mjpYs;s ePu; mfw;wg;gLtJld; jpz;kf; fopTfs;

,Ug;gpd; mit tbj;J mfw;wg;gLnkd Fwpg;gpLf.

• fpspruPd; Rj;jpfupf;fg;gLk;NghJ Njhd;Wk; nkjNdhy; kPz;Lk; capu; Bry; cw;gj;jpf;nfdg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLnkdf; $Wf.

• gy;ypd Cf;fpfshf MgO, ZnO, SnO2 Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj; ;j KbAnkdTk;

,jd;%ykhf rtu;f;fhuk; cUthtijj; jtpu;j;J cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia tpidj;jpwdhf

Nkw;nfhz;L tpisit mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd tpsf;Ff.

59

• capu; Bry; jw;fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW NjitfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vdf; $Wf.

B100 vdg;gLtJ ngw;Nwhypa Bry; fyf;fg;glhj Rj;jkhd Bry; vdTk; B

20, B

5, B

2

Mfpad ngw;Nwhypa Bry; fyf;fg;gl;l tu;j;jf capu; BryhFk;.

• 20% capu; BrYk; 80% ngw;Nwhypa BrYk; fyf;fg;gl;lJ B20 vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;

vdf; $Wf.

G+r;Rtiffspd; cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.

• G+r;R tiffs; jahupg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapy; ,urhadj; jhf;fq;fs; eilngwhj NghjpYk;

,J gy;NtW ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ifj;njhopyhFnkd

tpsf;Ff.

• ,yFtpy; fyf;fg;glhj $Wfis ed;F fyf;fg;glj;jf;f tifapy; fye;J nfhs;tNj

G+r;R tiffspd; cw;gj;jpapd; Kjy; nrad;KiwahFnkd tpsf;Ff.

• G+r;R tiffspd; ghAk; ,ay;Gf;F mjw;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fiug;ghNd fhuzkhfpwJ

vd tpsf;Ff.

• G+r;Rg; glyk; ed;F cyu;e;j gpd;du; typikahd cyu; nkd;glyk; cUthf

gad;gLj;jg;Lk; gy;gFjpaq;fNs fhuznkd typAWj;Jf.

• G+r;RfSf;F gy;NtW epwq;fis mspf;fntd epwg;nghUl;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLnkdf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

• G+r;Rfspd; gy;NtW ,ay;Gfisr; rpwg;ghd kl;lj;jpy; NgZtjw;F Nru;khdq;fs;

(Additives) gad;gLj;jg;gLnkd tpsf;Ff.

• G+r;R tiffspd; cw;gj;jpapy; fiug;ghd;> gy;gFjpar; Nru;itfs; (gpizg;Gf; fhuzpfs;-

Binders) epw%l;bfs;> Nru;khdg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; Mfpad mbg;gilg; gjhu;j;jq;fshf

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. fiug;ghd; 30 - 80% ck;> gpizg;G fhuzpfs; 20 - 60% ck;

epw%l;bfs; 2- 40% ck; Nru;khdg; gjhuj;jq;fs; 0 - 5 % ck; (W/W) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• fiug;ghd;> gy;gFjpag; gjhu;j;jq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; G+r;Rf; fiurypw;Fj; Njitahd

ghFepiy fpilf;fpwJ vd tpsf;Ff.

• G+r;rpidg; G+rpa gpd;du; cyu;thd gilnahd;W cUthtjw;Fg; gy;gFjpa %yf;$Wfs;

xd;Wlndhd;W neUf;fkhf mLf;fg;gLtJk;> mk;%yf;$WfSf;F ,ilapy; FWf;Fg;

gpizg;G Vw;gLtJk; fiug;ghd; %yf;$Wfs; Mtpahfp ,of;fg;gLjYNk fhuzthFnkd

tpsf;Ff.

• ,e;j gy;gFjpa %yf;$Wfs; Nkw;gug;gpy; typikahf xl;bf;nfhs;tJld; gy;gFjpa

%yf;$Wfspdhy; epwg;nghUl;fs; gw;wp itj;jpUf;fg;gLnkdTk; tpsf;Ff.

• epwg;nghUl;fs; Nrjd my;yJ mNrjdr; Nru;itfshf miktJld; ,it kpf

Ez;zpa Jzpf;iffshfTk; fhzg;gLnkd tpsf;Ff.

• epw%l;bfs; mjpfkhapd; mOj;jkhdJk; Fiwe;j kpDf;fj;ijAilaJkhd G+r;Rg;

glyk; fpilg;gJld; epw%l;bfs; Fiwthf cs;sNghJ xg;gkhdJk; kpDf;fk; $baJkhd

G+r;Rg;glyk; fpilf;Fnkd tpsf;Ff.

• Ja nts;is epwj;ijg; ngWtjw;F ijj;Njdpah (TiO2) / c&j;ijy; (Rutile)

epwg;nghUs; gad;gLj;jg;gLnkdf; $Wf.

60

• ePiuf; fiug;ghdhff; nfhz;Ls;s G+r;Rf;fs; ‘,ky;rd;’ G+r;Rf;fs; vdTk; Nrjdf;

fiug;ghd;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s G+r;Rfs; ‘vdhky;’ G+r;Rf;fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLnkd

tpsf;Ff.

• vdhky; G+r;Rfs; cyUk;NghJ tspkz;lyj;Jf;F Nrjd fiug;ghd; Mtpahtjhy;

tsp khrilaf; fhuzkhf mikAnkdTk; ‘,ky;rd;’ G+r;Rf; fhuzkhf tsp khrilahJ

vdTk; tpsf;Ff.

• epw%l;bfisj; jtpu epug;gpfs; (Extender / Filler) Nru;f;fg;gLnkdTk; nghJthf fiuaf;$ba

fy;rpak; fhgNdw;W (CaCO3) Jzpf;iffshFnkd tpsf;Ff.

• G+r;Rtiffspd; nfl;bia / jbg;ig mjpfupf;f jbg;ghf;fpfs; (thickner) Nru;f;fg;gLk;.

• epw%l;bfs; kw;Wk; epug;gpj; Jzpf;iffspd; Nkw;gug;Gld; gy;gFjpaq;fs; (gpizg;G

fhuzpfs;) ed;F ,ilj;jhf;fkila Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j ,ilj;jhf;fj;ij mjpfupf;f

<ukhf;fpfs; (wetting agent) Nru;f;fg;gLnkd tpsf;Ff.

• ,e;j $Wfs; midj;Jk; ed;F fyf;fg;gl Ntz;baJld; rPuhfg; guk;gpf; fhzg;glTk;

Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; ,e;jf; $Wfs; midj;Jk; xNu Neuj;jpy; Nru;j;J fyf;fg;gLtjpy;iy

vd tpsf;Ff. ,tw;iwf; fyg;gjw;F gy;NtW gbKiwfs; cs;sd vdf; fhl;Lf.

fyf;Fk; gbKiwfs; khWgLkplj;J vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; tpisTfs; fpilf;fg;ngwhJ vd

tpsf;Ff.

• Neubr; #upaxsp gLk; Nkw;gug;Gf;fSf;Fg; G+Rtjw;Fg; gad;gLk; G+r;Rfspy; Cjh

fle;j fjpu;fSf;F jhf;Fg;gpbf;ff; $ba gy;gFjpaq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd tpsf;Ff.

• rPnke;J Nghd;w fhuj;jd;ikahd Nkw;gug;Gfspw;Fg; G+rg;gLk; G+r;Rfspid cw;gj;jp

nra;Ak;NghJ nghypnaRj;ju;j; njhFjp gy;gFjpaq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLnkdf; $Wf.

me;j Nkw;gug;Gfs; fhuj;jd;ik nfhz;ldthifahy; nghypvRj;jupd; vRj;ju;g; gpizg;ig

cilg;gjw;fhFnkd Fwpg;gpLf.

vupNrhlh cw;gj;jp gw;wpa gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; typAWj;jg;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy

Nkw;nfhs;f.

• vupNrhlh cw;gj;jpapd; mbg;gil NaCl ePu;f;fiurypd; kpd;gFg;ghFnkd;gij vLj;Jiuf;f.

• NaCl ePu;f;fiurypy; Na+

(aq), Cl

-

(aq)mad;fs; gutyhff; fhzg;gLtJld; ePupd; ke;jkhd

$l;lg;gpupif fhuzkhf rpwpjstpy; H + O H mad;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wikia tpsf;Ff.

• kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; fPo; fNjhl;il Nehf;fp Na+

(aq) kw;Wk; H +

(aq) mad;fSk; mNdhl;il

Nehf;fp Cl-(aq) kw;Wk; O H-

(aq) mad;fSk; ,lk;ngau;fpd;wikia tpsf;Ff.

• fNjhl;by; Na+

(aq) mad;fistpl ,yFthf H +

(aq) mad;fs; jho;j;jg;gl;L H

2 thA

Njhd;WtJld mNdhl;by; O H- mad;fis tpl ,yFthf Cl- mad;fs; xl;rpNaw;wg;gl;L

Cl-2 thA tpLtpf;fg;gLfpd;wika vLj;Jiuf;f

• Cl- mad; ntspNaWk;NghJ kpd;eLepiyiag; NgZtjw;fhf ntspNaWk; tPjj;jpw;F

Nenuhj;jjhf O H- mad; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gij tpsf;Ff. fNjhl;Lf;fz;ikapy;

H + mad;fs; H2 thf tpLtpf;fg;gLjdhy; ePu; %yf;$Wfs; Nkd;NkYk; $l;lg;gpupifaile;J

mjd;tpisthf Cl- ntspNaWk; tPjj;jpw;Fr; rkdhf Clfj;jpw;F O H-

(aq)mad;fs;

fpilf;fpd;wikia tpsf;Ff.

• ,jdhy; Clfj;jpDs; NaCl ,d; nrwpT gbg;gbahff; Fiwtile;J NaOH ,d;

nrwpT gbg;gbahf mjpfupf;fpd;wikia tpsf;Ff.

61

• FNshuPd; thA NaOH(aq) cld; jhf;fKw;W NaOCl, NaCl vd;gtw;iwj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjdhy;

mNdhl;Lg; gpuNjrj;jpy; cz;lhFk; Cl2 thA> cld; jhf;fkiltijj; jLg;gjw;fhd

cghaq;fis Kd;nkhoptjw;F khztu;fis Mu;t%l;Lf.

• khztu;fspd; MNyhridfspd; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

• mad;fs; CLGff;$ba fd;dhupdhyhd nkd;wfL gad;gLj;jg;gLtij cghakhf

vLj;Jiuf;f.

• fd;dhu; nkd;wfL mad; jLg;G nkd;wfld;wd;W vd;gjhy; mjDlhf fNjhl;L miwf;Fk;>

mNdhl;L miwf;Fkpilapy; rfy mad;fSk; gupkhw;wg;gLk; tha;g;G cz;nld;gij

khztu;fsplkpUe;J ntspf;nfhzur; nra;f.

• nkd;wfl;Lf;Ff; FWf;fhf ePu;epiyapay; mKf;fnkhd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikahy;

fNjhl;liwapypUe;J mNdhl;liwf;F O H-

(aq) mad;fspd; CLUty; ,ad;wsT

,opthf;fg;gl;Ls;sikia khztu;fsplkpUe;J ntspf;nfhzur; nra;f.

• xt;nthU miwapYk; mad;fspd; nrwpT Neuj;jpw;Nfw;g NtWgLjy; njhlu;ghf

khztu;fsplk; fUj;Jf;fis tpdtp fNjhl;liwapDs; NaOH ,d; nrwpT mjpfupf;Fk;

tpjj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jf.

• nkd;wl;Lf; fyj;jpd; FWf;Fntl;il tpsf;Ff. mj;Jld; mNdhl;lhff; fhgd;

gad;gLj;jg;gLtjd; mbg;gilia tpsf;Ff.

• kpd;gFg;ghdJ kpd;Ndhl;lk;> kpd;dOj;jNtWghL> Nkw;gug;gsT Xl;lr; nrwpT vd;gtw;wpy;

jq;fpapUg;gJld; cw;gj;jpr; nraw;ghLfspd; tpisjpwdpd;ghy; ,it nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jfpd;wikiaAk; tpsf;Ff.

• mad;fisj; Nju;TGftplf;$ba nkd;rt;itg; gad;gLj;jp Ja;ik$ba NaOH Ig;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf nkd;rt;Tf; fyKiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sika tpsf;Ff.

• nkd;rt;Tf; fyKiw njhlu;r;rpahd nraw;ghL (continous process) vd;gjhy; tpidj;jpwd;

kpf;fJ vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

ePu; cl;nry;Yjy;nrwpe;j cg;Gf; fiury;

cl;nrYj;jy;

FNshuPd; Ijurd;

tu;zg; glyk;

gad;gLj;jg;gl cg;Gf;-

fiury; ntspNawy;Nrhbak; Ijnuhl;irl;Lf;

fiury; ntspNawy;ijj;Njdpak; mNdhl;L epf;fy; fNjhl;L

Ijurd; thA

cg;G ePUk;

Nrhbak;

Ijnuhl;irl;Lk;

ijj;Njdpak;

mNdhl;L epf;fy; fNjhl;L

m];g];Nlh]; nkd;wfL

Na+

OH-

H2O H

2O

cg;G ePu;f;fiury;

62

• kpd;gFg;gpd;NghJ Njhd;Wk; gf;f tpisTfshd thAf;fs; kw;Wk; ntspw;We;Js;

Nghd;wtw;iw gpw ifj;njhopy;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhnkd;gij vLj;Jiuf;f

nghRNgw;Wg; gris cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis khztu;fSld;nghRNgw;Wg; gris cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis khztu;fSld;nghRNgw;Wg; gris cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis khztu;fSld;nghRNgw;Wg; gris cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis khztu;fSld;nghRNgw;Wg; gris cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis khztu;fSld;

fye;JiuahLf.fye;JiuahLf.fye;JiuahLf.fye;JiuahLf.fye;JiuahLf.

• jhtu tsu;r;rpf;Fj; Njitahd nghRgurpid toq;Fk; Kjyhf nghRNgw;W cuj;ij

mwpKfg;gLj;Jf.

• nghRNgw;W cuk; jahupg;gjw;fhf mg;gw;iww;Wf; fdpaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jyhnkd;gij

tpsf;Ff.

• GNshNuh mg;gw;iww;W> FNshNuh mg;gw;iww;W> Ijnuhl;rp mg;gw;iww;W mg;gw;iwwpd;

rpy ,urhadj; jpUg;g tbtq;fshFk;.

Ca5(PO4)3

F - GNsNuh mg;gw;iww;W

Ca5(PO4)3

Cl - FNshNuh mg;gw;iww;W

Ca5(PO4)3

OH - Ijnuhl;rp mg;gw;iww;W

• mg;gw;iww;W ePupw; fiuahj jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; FWq;fhyg; gapu;fSf;fhd

nghRNgw;Wj; Njitia ,jdhy; toq;fKbahnjd;gij tpsf;Ff.

• FWq;fhyg; gapu;fSf;fhd ePupw; fiuaf;$ba nghRNgw;Wg; grisf;fhd Kjyhf

mg;gw;iww;iwg; gad;gLj;jKbAnkd tpsf;Ff.

• vg ;ghnty mg ;gw ;iww ;w py ; mlq ;f pAs ;s Nru ;itfspy ; 34-40% nghRguR

mlq;fpAs;sikiaAk; 5% - 6% nghRguR ePupw; fiuaf;$baJ vdTk; tpsf;Ff.

• mg;gw;iww;wpypUe;J ePupw; fiuAkpay;G $ba nghRguRg; gris cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ

KjyhtJ gbKiwahf mg;gw;iww;Wf; fdpaj;ijj; Njitahd mstpw;F Ez; shf;f

Ntz;bajd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.

• NjitahdsT Ez; shf;fg;gl;l mg;gw;iww;iw ,urhad khw;wPl;bd; nghUl;L gy;NtW

Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

1. ry;G+upf;fkpyk;> IjNuhFNshupf;fkpyk; my;yJ iej;jpupf;fkpyj;Jld; jhf;fkilatply;

2. Nrhbaq;fhgNdw;Wld; jhf;fkilatply;

3. ru;g;gd;iud; fzpaj;Jld; jhf;fkilatply;

4. gPw;W kz;zpy; fhzg;gLk; Nrjd mkpyq;fSld; jhf;fkilatply;

• cs;ehl;by; nghRNgw;wj; jahupg;gpd;NghJ vg;ghnty mg;gw;iww;Wg; gbTk;> cf;Ftisg;

g p u Njrj ;j py pUe ;J ngwg ; gLk ; ru ; g ; gd ;iud ; (M g2SiO

4) fd paq ;fSk ;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wwikia tpsf;Ff. vdpDk;> ry;G+upf;fkpyk;> IjNuhf; FNshupf;fkpyk;>

iej;jpupf;fkpyk;> Nrhbaq;fhgNdw;W vd;gd cs;ehl;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;glhikahy;

%yg;nghUl;fs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;aNtz;b Vw;gl;Ls;sikia tpsf;Ff. ry;G+upf;fkpyk;>

IjNuhf;FNshupf;fkpyk; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ePupw; fiuahj fy;rpak; nghRNgw;iw

ePupw; fiuaf;$ba fy;rpak; <iujurd; nghRNgw;whf khw;Wjy; G+uz my;ghkpykhf;fy;

vdg;gLk;. ,t;thwhfg; ngwg;gLk; nghRNgw;W cuk; Rg;gu; nghRNgw;W vd miof;fg;gLk;.

• ry;NghNdw;wpYs;s fy;rpak; mad; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ePu;ehl;lj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf

mNkhdpak; cg;Gf;fs; Nru;f;fg;gLnkd;gij tpsf;Ff.

• iej;jpupf;fkpyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp iej;jpNuh nghRNgw;W cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtij

tpsf;Ff.

63

• G+uz my;ghkpykhf;fiy tplf; Fiwe;jsT mkpyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp nghRNgw;iwj;

cuk; jahupj;jy; gFjp my;ghkpykhf;fy; vd mwpKfg;gLj;Jf.

• Nrhbak; fhgNdw;Wld; rpypf;fh kzy; Nru;j ;J 900 C 0 ntg;gepiyapy;

jhf;fkilatplg;gl;L ePupw; fiuaf;$ba CaNaPO4 mlq;fpa nghRNgw;w jahupf;f

KbAnkd;gij tpsf;Ff.

• ru;gd;iud; fye;J 1200 C0 ntg;gepiyapy; jhf;fkila tplg;gLk; NghJ nghRNgw;Wld;

Nkyjpfkhf kfdPrpak; mlq;fpa grisiaj; jahupf;f KbAnkd tpsf;Ff.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (Key words) ) ) ) ) / vz;zf;fUf;fs; vz;zf;fUf;fs; vz;zf;fUf;fs; vz;zf;fUf;fs; vz;zf;fUf;fs;

• ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy; - Chemical Industry

• capu;Bry; - Bio diesel

• mOf;ffw;wpfs; - Detergent

• ePu;ehl;lj;Jf;Fupa - Hydrophillic

• ePu;ntWg;Gf;Fupa - Hydrophorbic

• mkpyj;Jkpj;jy; - Acidulation

• nkd;wfl;Lf; fyk; - Diaphargm cell

• rt;Tf;fyk; - Membrance cell

• rtu;f;fhukhf;fy; - Saponification

• mg;gw;iww;W - Apatite

• gpiznghUs; - Binder


• MSDS jftw;gj;jpuq;fs;

• ntt;NtW gj;jpuq;fspd; xspg;glg; gpujpfs;

• kPsg;gpwg;gpf;f Kbahj tsq;fs; njhlu;ghd mwpf;iffs;

• capu; Bry;> vupNrhlh> epwg;G+r;rp> rtu;f;fhuk;> nghRNgw;W cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghf

jfty;fslq;fpa tPbNah fhl;rpfs;



• ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy; rhu;e;j gpd;tUk; ifj;njhopw; nrad;Kiwfspd;NghJ

ftdpf;fNtz;ba tplaq;fis tptupj;jy;

- 5M vz;zf;fUit tptupj;jy;

- rtu;f;fhu cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia tptupj;jy;

- capu;Bry; cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia tptupj;jy;

- nghRguRg; gris cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia tptupj;jy;

• G+r;Rtiffspd; cw;gj;jpapd; mbg;gilg; gbKiw tptupj;jy;

• vupNrhlh cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; mbg;gilg; gbKiwfis tptupj;jy;

64

Nju;r;rp 23Nju;r;rp 23Nju;r;rp 23Nju;r;rp 23Nju;r;rp 23 : tl;ltpaf;fk;> Row;rp ,af;fk; gw;wpa mwpit nrad;KiwuPjpahdtl;ltpaf;fk;> Row;rp ,af;fk; gw;wpa mwpit nrad;KiwuPjpahdtl;ltpaf;fk;> Row;rp ,af;fk; gw;wpa mwpit nrad;KiwuPjpahdtl;ltpaf;fk;> Row;rp ,af;fk; gw;wpa mwpit nrad;KiwuPjpahdtl;ltpaf;fk;> Row;rp ,af;fk; gw;wpa mwpit nrad;KiwuPjpahd

NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 23.123.123.123.123.1 : Row;rp ,af;fj;Jld; njhlu;ghd mwpit nrad;Kiwj; NjitfSf;fhfg;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Row;rp ,af;fj;jpy; cs;s nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; njhFjpfis

,dq;fhz;ghu;.

• Row;rp ,af;fj;Jld; njhlu;ghd ngsjpff; fzpaq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

• nghUnshd;wpd; Row;rpr; rlj;Jtj;jpd; mstPlhf rlj;Jtj;

jpUg;gj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• Xa;tpypUf;Fk; nghUnshd;wpy; Row;rpia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;

RoYk; nghUnshd;wpd; Row;rptPjj;ij khw;Wtjw;fhfTk;

KWf;fnkhd;wpidg; gpuNahfpj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

• Row;rp ,af;fj;Jld; njhlu;ghd vspa fzpj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.


• Row;rp ,af;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; njhFjpfs; njhlu;ghd cjhuzq;fis

Kd;itf;f.

• Row;rp ,af;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gila ngsjpff; fzpaq;fshfg; gpd;tUk; fzpaq;fis

tpsf;fp Njitahd tiutpyf;fzq;fis toq;Ff. ,f;fzpaq;fspd; myFfisAk;

Kd;itf;Ff.

• Nfhz ,lg;ngau;r;rp θ

• Nfhz Ntfk;

• Nfhz Mu;KLfy;

• Row;rp kPbwd; f

• Mtu;j;jd fhyk; T

• rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk; I

• KWf;fk;

• nghUnshd;wpd; Row;rpr; rlj;Jtj;jpd; mstPlhfr; rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gj;ij

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jf.

• Row;rpailAk; nghUnshd;wpd; rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk;> Row;rp mr;R kPJk; Row;rp mr;rpypUe;J

mjd; jpzptpd; guk;gypd; kPJk; jq;fpAs;sik gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• Row;rp mr;rpypUe;J r Juj;jpy; mike;Js;s Gs;spAUthdJk; m jpzpTilaJkhd

nghUnshd;wpd; rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk; I=mr2 vdf; fhl;Lf. ,jdbg;gilapy; rlj;Jtj;

jpUg;gj;jpd; myF kgm2 vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• gy;NtW Row;rp mr;Rfs; gw;wp gy;NtW nghUl;fspd; rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk; njhlu;ghd

tpsf;fq;fis Kd;itf;f.

• rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk; mjpfupf;Fkplj;J mJ Row;rpiar; rPuhfg; NgZtjw;F cjTfpd;wikia

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ,jid vLj;Jf;fhl;b eilKiwapy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; cjhuzq;fSld; Fwpg;gpLf.

65

• ahNjDk; Gs;sp gw;wp tpirapd; jpUg;gk; my;yJ KWf;fj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jf.

tpirapd; jpUg;gk; (KWf;fk;) = tpirapd; gUkd; Row;rp mr;rpypUe;J tpirapd;

jhf;ff; Nfhl;Lf; fpilNaahd

nrq;Fj;Juk;

• KWf;fj;jpd; myF Nm vdf; fhl;Lf.

• Xa;tpYs;s nghUnshd;iwr; Row;rpailar; nra;tjw;Fk;> Row;rpailAk; nghUnshd;wpd;

Nfhz Ntfj;ij khw;Wtjw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd mr;R gw;wp KWf;fk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;gijr; nraw;ghLfs; %ykhf vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• Row;rp kPbwd; nghJthf epkplj;jpw;F Row;rpfs; (rpm) vdf; fhl;lg;gLk;; vd;gijf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

• Row;rp kPbwid nrf;fDf;F Row;rpfs; vdf; fhl;Lkplj;J Row;rp kPbwd; Nfhz Ntfk;

vd;gtw;Wf;fpilNaahd njhlu;G ,dhy; jug;gLk; vdf; fhl;Lf.

• Row;rp kPbwd;> Mtu;j;jd fhyk; vd;gtw;wpilNaahd njhlu;G ,dhw; jug;gLk;

vdf; fhl;Lf.

• Row;rpapd; Nghjhd Nfhz Mu;KLfy; ( ) mjd; kPJ njhopw;gLk; Gw KWf;fj;jpw;F

( ) Neu;khWtpfpjrkk; vd;gij nraw;ghL %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. ∝

• Nkw;gb nraw;ghl;bypUe;J vDk; njhlu;G ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• vDk; rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp vspa gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F khztu;fis

topg;gLj;Jf.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (Key words ))))) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

• Nfhz ,lg;ngau;r;rp - Angular displacement


• Nfhz Mu;KLfy; - Angular acceleration

• Row;rp kPbwd; - Frequency of rotation

• Mtu;j;jd fhyk; - Periodic time

• rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk; - Moment of inertia

• KWf;fk; - Torque


gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elhj;Jf.

• Row;rp ,af;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gila fzpaq;fis rupahf tpsf;Fjy;

• fzpaq;fSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;ig rupahf vLj;Jf; $Wjy;

• nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ nghUj;jkhd cgfuzq;fisf; ifahSjy;

• mtjhdpg;GfSlhf rupahd KbTfSf;F tUjy;

• Row;rp ,af;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gila vspa fzpj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;

66

Nju;r;rp 23Nju;r;rp 23Nju;r;rp 23Nju;r;rp 23Nju;r;rp 23 : tl;ltpaf;fk;> Row;rp ,af;fk; gw;wpa mwpit nrad;KiwuPjpahdtl;ltpaf;fk;> Row;rp ,af;fk; gw;wpa mwpit nrad;KiwuPjpahdtl;ltpaf;fk;> Row;rp ,af;fk; gw;wpa mwpit nrad;KiwuPjpahdtl;ltpaf;fk;> Row;rp ,af;fk; gw;wpa mwpit nrad;KiwuPjpahdtl;ltpaf;fk;> Row;rp ,af;fk; gw;wpa mwpit nrad;KiwuPjpahd

NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 23.223.223.223.223.2 : tl;ltpaf;fk; gw;wpa mwpit nrad;Kiw uPjpahd NjitfSf;Fg;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • rPuhd tl;ltpaf;fj;jpy; <LgLk; nghUl;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

• tl;ltpaf;fj;jpd; MiuAld; njhLiff;fjp khWgLk; tpjj;ijf;

fhl;Lthu;.

• tl;ltpaf;fj;jpy; cs;s nghUspd; Mu;KLfy; ikaj;ij Nehf;fpj;

njhopw;gLk; vdf; fhl;Lthu;.

• ikaehl;l Mu;KLfiy Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F ikaehl;l tpirapd;

Njitia typAWj;Jthu;.

• gy;NtW tl;l ,af;fq;fspy; gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; ikaehl;l tpir

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.


• md;whl tho;f;ifAld; njhlu;Ggl;l> tl;l ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itf;f.

• tl;l ,af;fj;jpy; <LgLk; nghUnshd;wpy; njhLif Ntfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wikia

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• tl;l ,af;fj;jpy; <LgLk; nghUnshd;wpy; Nfhz Ntfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wikia

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• njhLif Ntfk; (v)> Nfhz Ntfk; ( ) vd;gtw;wpilNaahd njhlu;G v = rω ,dhw;

jug;gLk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• tl;ltpaf;fj;jpy; <LgLk; nghUnshd;wpd; njhLif Ntfk; Miu mjpfupf;f

mjpfupf;Fnkdf; fhl;Lf.

• rPuhd tl;ltpaf;fj;jpy; Nfhz Ntfk; ( ) khwpypahf mikAnkdTk; mjd;

njhLif Ntfk; (V) khwpypahf ,Uf;Fnkdf; fhl;Lf.

• tl;l ,af;fj;jpy; <LgLk; nghUnshd;wpd; kPJ ikaj;ij Nehf;fpj; njhopw;gLk; Mu;KLfy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wikiaAk; ,J ikaehl;l Mu;KLfy; vdg;gLnkdTk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• Nkw;gb ikaehl;l Mu;KLfiy Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf njhopw;gLk; tpir ikaehl;l tpir

vdg;gLnkdTk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• gy;NtW tl;l ,af;fq;fspd;NghJ gy;NtW tpirfs; ikaehl;l tpirahfj;

njhopw;gLfpd;wikia cjhuzq;fs; %yk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

cjhuzk; : • ,ionahd;wpw; fl;bj; njhq;ftplg;gl;l jpzpnthd;W tl;l ,af;fj;jpy;

<LgLk; NghJ nghUspd; ,Oit

• Gtp gw;wp re;jpudpd; ,af;fj;jpw;fhd GtpaPu;g;G tpir

• Nkhl;lu; thfdnkhd;W ghijapd; tistpy; nry;Yk; NghJ ghijapd;

cuha;T tpir Nghd;wtw;iw cjhuzq;fshff; Fwpg;gpLf.

67

gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (Key words ))))) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

• njhLiff; fjp - Tangential speed


• ikaehl;l Mu;KLfy; - Centripetal acceleration

• ikaehl;l tpir - Centripetal force



• tl;l ,af;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gila ngsjpff; fzpaq;fis mwpKfQ;nra;jy;

• tl;l ,af;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gila ngsjpff; fzpaq;fSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;Gfis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vspa gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy;

• gy;NtW tpjkhd tl;l ,af;fq;fspy; ikaehl;l tpiria ,dq;fhzy;

• tl;l ,af;fj;Jf;fhd cjhuzq;fis md;whl tho;f;if epfo;Tfs; Clhf Kd;itj;jy;

• tl;l ,af;fj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;l vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgly;

68

Nju;r;rp 24Nju;r;rp 24Nju;r;rp 24Nju;r;rp 24Nju;r;rp 24 : eNdh jputpaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfSk; gad;ghLfSk;eNdh jputpaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfSk; gad;ghLfSk;eNdh jputpaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfSk; gad;ghLfSk;eNdh jputpaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfSk; gad;ghLfSk;eNdh jputpaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfSk; gad;ghLfSk;

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 24.124.124.124.124.1 : eNdh msT> eNdhj; jputpaq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; gad;ghL

gw;wp Muha;thu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • eNdh njhopDl;gk; gw;wp vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;;.

• eNdh jputpaq;fspd; gad;ghl;il tptupg;ghu;.

• gy;NtW Jiwfspy; eNdh njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd

tha;g;Gfis tptupg;ghu;.


eNdh njhopDl;gk; njhlu;ghf khztu;fsJ Kd;dwpit kPl;L ghlj;ij Muk;gpf;f.

mJ njhlu;ghf mtu;fs; ngw;Ws;s mwptpd; mbg;gilapy; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.

eNdh njhopDl;gj;jpd; gpuNahfq;fisf; fhl;Lk; nghUj;jkhd xspg;glq;fis tFg;gpy;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jp khztuJ fUj;Jf;fis tpdTf.

eNdh kPw;wu; vd;gij mwpKfQ;nra;jy;

gy;NtW gUkd;fs; gw;wp mwpKfQ;nra;Ak;nghUl;L khztu;fSf;F jk;ikr; Rw;wpAs;s

gy;NtW nghUl;fspd; gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupj;J mtw;iwg; gUkdpd; mbg;gilapy;

tifg;gLj;jr; nra;f.

69

,q;F NgusTj; jputpaq;fs;> Ez;zsTj; jputpaq;fs; eNdh jputpaq;fs; (eNdhtsTj;

jputpaq;fs;)> mZtsTg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; vd jk;ikr; #o;e;Js;s cyif

tifg;gLj;Jf. cjhuzq;fs; fhl;b rfy ,aw;if kw;Wk; nraw;ifg; nghUl;fs;

njhlu;ghf ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.

,g;NghJ kPw;wupd; gy;NtW msTj;jpl;l khw;wq;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ij toq;Ff.

1 mm = 10-3 m

1 µm = 10-6 m

1 nm = 10-9 m

1 m = 10-12 m

1 fm = 10-15 m

,jdbg;gilapy; xU eNdh kPw;wu; vd;gJ xU kPw;wupd; gpy;ypadpnyhU gq;F vd;gijj;

njspTgLj;Jf.

eNdh kPw;wu; vd;gJ vj;Jiz rpwpaJ vd;gij khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;jg;

gpd;tUk; cjhuzq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

kdpjj; jiykapupd; tpl;lk; 80>000 nm

2m caukhd kdpjd; 2 gpy;ypad; eNdh kPw;wu; cauKilatdhthd;

gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; khztu;fSf;F xU eNdh kPw;wupd; msT

njhlu;ghd njspthd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fTk;.

cq;fsJ cauj;ij eNdh kPw;wu;fspy; Fwpg;gpLf.

cq;fsJ jiykapupd; tpl;lj;ij eNdh kPw;wu;fspw; Fwpg;gpLf.

Njq;fhnahd;wpd; tpl;lj;ij eNdhkPw;wu;fspw; Fwpg;gpLf.

eNdhtpaYk; njhopDl;gKk; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk;eNdhtpaYk; njhopDl;gKk; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk;eNdhtpaYk; njhopDl;gKk; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk;eNdhtpaYk; njhopDl;gKk; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk;eNdhtpaYk; njhopDl;gKk; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk;

tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;ftifapy; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;ftifapy; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;ftifapy; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;ftifapy; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f

1 - 100 nm gUkDila gjhu;j;jq;fs; eNdhg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; vdf; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

,g;gjhu;j;jjq;fspd; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; njhlu;ghd fw;if eNdhtpay;

vdg;gLk;.

,t;tifg; gjhu;j;jq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfis cUthf;Fk;

njhopDl;gk; eNdhj; njhopDl;gk; vdg;gLk;.

eNdhj; njhopDl;gk; Ie;jhtJ ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpahf ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ngUk;ghyhd nghUl;fs; Nritfs; njhlu;gpy; eNdhj; njhopDl;gk;

gad;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ.

mNjNghd;W eNdhj; njhopDl;gk; vd;gJ nghwpapay;> ,urhadtpay; ngsjpftpay;>

capupay; Mfpa Jiwfspd; fyg;ghFk;.

eNdh mstPl;bd; rpwg;Gf;F gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; VJthaikfpd;wikiaeNdh mstPl;bd; rpwg;Gf;F gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; VJthaikfpd;wikiaeNdh mstPl;bd; rpwg;Gf;F gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; VJthaikfpd;wikiaeNdh mstPl;bd; rpwg;Gf;F gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; VJthaikfpd;wikiaeNdh mstPl;bd; rpwg;Gf;F gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; VJthaikfpd;wikia

khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;Jf.khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;Jf.khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;Jf.khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;Jf.khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;Jf.

(1)ahNjDk; nghUnshd;wpd; gUkd; rpwpjhFk;NghJ mjd; Nkw;gug;gsT mjpfupf;Fk;.

jputpaq;fspd; gUkd; rpwpajhFk;NghJ mtw;wpd; Nkw;gug;gsT mjpfupg;gNj eNdhj;

jputpaq;fspd; tpNrl ,ay;GfSf;Ff; fhuzkhaike;Js;sJ.

70

100 nm ,y; Nkw;gug;gstpy; Vw;gLk; ,j;jifa njspthd mjpfupg;Ng eNdhj;

njhopDl;gj;jpy; 1-100 nm gUkDs;s Jzpf;iffisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Ff;

fhuzkhFk;.

100nm Jzpf;iffspy; fhzg;gLk; nrhl;Lr; (Quantum) nry;thf;F eNdhj;

njhopDl;gj;jpd; gad;ghl;Lf;Fj; njspthd fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. ( Nkyjpf

tpsf;fq;fs; mtrpakd;W)

eNdhj; Jzpf;iffspy; fhzg;gLk; gpd;tUk; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fSld;

fye;JiuahLf.

gjhu;j;jq;fspd; ,urhadtpay;Gfs; eNdh msTfspd;NghJ NtWglyhk;

nghd; (Au) ngUe;Jzpf;if epiyapy;> njhopw;ghlw;w %yfkhff; fhzg;gl;lhYk;

100 nm ,Yk; Fiwe;j gUkDila Jzpf;if epiyapy; jhf;Fjpwd;> kpff;

$ba %yfkhfj; njhopw;gLk;.

cq;fsJ ngd;rpw ;$u ; KidapYs;s fhgd; kpf nkd;ikahdJk;

tisaf;$baJkhd nghUshff; fhzg;gl;lhYk; eNdh mstPl;by; fhgd;

,Uk;igtpl 10 klq;F cWjpahdJ. mjdpYk; 6 klq;F ,NyrhdJ.

ePq;fs; mUe;Jk; nkd;ghdk; (Soft drink) ,lg;gl;Ls;s nfhs;fyd; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s

mYkpdpaj;jpd; (Al) gUkid eNdh msTf;F khw;wpdhy; mJ Rakhfj; jPg;gw;Wk;

nghUshf khWk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,jid nuhf;fw; vupnghUshfTk; gad;gLj;Jk;

rhj;jpaf;$W cs;sJ.

kpd;dpay;G

fhgd; eNdhj; Jzpf;iffshy; Mf;fg;gl;l flj;jpapDlhf vt;tpj jilAkpd;wp

kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;.

fhe;jtpay;G

ePq;fs; mwpe;j ,Uk;G xl;irl;L (Iron Oxide) kpfr; rpwe;j fhe;jkhFnkdpDk;

eNdh msT ,Uk;nghl;irl;L (Iron Oxide) (-10nm) fhe;jtpay;igf; fhl;lhJ.

71

xspapay; ,ay;Gfs;

ngUk;ghyhd %yfq;fs; eNdh msT epiyapy; jkJ xspapay; ,ay;Gfis

khw;wpf; nfhs;Sk;.

nghd; (Au), nts;sp (Ag) g; ngUe;Jzpf;iffspd; epwq;fs; KiwNa kQ;rs;>

eiu epwkhff; fhzg;gbDk; eNdh mstpy; ,j;Jzpf;iffis gy;NtW epwq;fspy;

cUthf;fyhk;.

nghd;(Au) nts;sp(Ag) eNdhj; Jzpf;iffs;

eNdhj; njhopDl;gk; xU etPd vz;zf;fUtd;W vd;gijAk; ,aw;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd

epfo;Tfs; eNdhj; njhopDl;g vz;zf;fUTld; njhlu;Gilait vd;gijAk; gpd;tUk;

cjhuzq;f@lhff; fye;JiuahLf

jhkiu ,iy RakhfNt Rj;jkilAk; (self cleaning) ePu;ntWg;G Nkw;gug;igf; (Super

Hydrophobic) nfhz;lJ. jhkiu ,iyapd; kPJ fhzg;gLk; eNdh mstPl;bw;Fupa

kapu;fNs ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;. ngUk;gupkhz cyfpy; jhkiu ,iyahdJ nky;ypa

Nkw;gug;igf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; ,yj;jpudpay; EZf;Ff; fhl;bapDL ghu;f;Fkplj;J

,jd;kPJ fulhd Kbr;Rf;fisf; fhzyhk;. ,k;Kbr;Rf;fs; kPJ fhzg;gLk; eNdh

msT kapu;fs; fhuzkhf ePu;j;Jspfs; ,iyapd; kPJ njhLifAWtJ jLf;fg;gLtNjhL

ePu;j;Jsp ,iyNkw;gug;gpy; njhLifAWk;NghJ 1350 ,Yk; $ba tpupNfhzj;ij mikf;Fk;.

gy;ypapdhy; ve;jnthU cyu;e;j Nkw;gug;GkPJk; GtpaPu;g;Gtpirf;F vjpuhfg;

gazpf;fKbAk;.,jw;Ff; fhuzk; gy;ypapd; ghjq;fs; kPJ fhzg;gLk; eNdh msT

kapu;fs; cyu;e;j Nkw;gug;GkPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; kpfr;rpwpa te;ju;thypR tpirfshFk;.

,t;tpirfspd; tpisAs; GtpaPu;g;G tpirapYk; mjpfnkd;gjhy; gy;ypapdhy; cyu;

Nkw;gug;GkPJ GtpaPu;g;G tpirf;F vjpuhfg; gazpf;fKbfpwJ.

72

tz;zj;Jg; G+r;rpapd; ,wfpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW epwq;fs;> kapw;Njhifapd; epwq;fs;

vd;gtw;Wf;Fk; eNdh vz;zf;fUNt fhuzkhFk;.

jw;NghJ cyfpYs;s typikahdJk; ,Oglj;jf;fJkhd ,aw;ifg; nghUs;

rpye;jptiyahFk;. mtw;wpw; fhzg;gLk; eNdh %yfq;fspd; nry;thf;Nf ,j;jifa

mrhjhuz ,ay;gpw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.

njhopDl;gj;Jiwapy; Kf;fpaj;JtKila eNdh gjhu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;gpy; gpd;tUk;

tplaq;fs; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; fye;JiuahLf.

,q;F gy;NtW Jiwfspy; Kf;fpaj;JtKiladTk;> ,yq;ifapy; tpUj;jp

nra;af;$badTkhd ,uz;L eNdhj; jputpaq;fs; njhlu;;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.

fhgDld; njhlu;Gila eNdhj; jputpaq;fs;

fhgd; eNdhf; Foha; GsuPd;> eNdhf; fpuigw;W (fhuPak;)> fpugPd; fhgd; Nghd;wit

,aw;if md;idapd; mw;Gjkhd gilg;Gf;fshFk;. xU gpizg;ig khw;Wtjd;

%yk; mjd; ,ay;Gfis KOikahfNt khw;w KbAk;.

cjhuzk;: fhgd; fpuigw;Wk; (fhuPaKk;) fhgd; ituKk;.

eNdh njhopDl;gj;jpy; fhgd; fpuigw;W/ fhgd; fhuPak; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wd.

Kjypy; mjd; fl;likg;G gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

jl;LUthd fl;likg;igAila fhgd; xd;wpd;; kPJ xd;whf Gj;jfnkhd;wpYs;s VLfs;

Nghy; gilahf mLf;fg;gl;l fl;likg;Ng fhgd; fpuigw;W MFk;. ,q;F xU jl;L

my;yJ gy jl;Lf;fs; %yk; (jbg;G < 100nm) tpNrl rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; nfhz;l

vz;zw;w nghUs;fis ngWjpfshf cUthf;fKbAk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l fhgd; gilfspypUe;J Ntwhf;fg;gl;l xU fhgd;gil fpugPd; (Graphene)

vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,g;giliaf; Fohahf khw;Wtjd; %yk; tpNrl rpwg;gpay;Gfisf;

nfhz;l fhgd; eNdhFohia (Carbon nanotube) cUthf;fKbAk;.

73

ghupa mstpy; fpugPd; cUthf;Fjy; vd;gJ jw;fhyj;jpYs;s ngUk; rthyhFk;.

fpugPd; cUthf;fpaik njhlu;gpy; 2010 ,y; ngsjpftpaYf;fhd Nehgy; gupirg;

ngw;w re;ju;g;gk; gw;wp ,q;F fye;JiuahLf.

Bucky balls or C60

cijge;J tbtpy; 1 nm tpl;lKila Gsupd; (Fullerene) 1985,y; Richard

Smalley, Robert Curt, Harry Kroto Mfpa tpQ;Qhdpfshy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;;gl;lJ. ,q;F

60 fhgd; mZf;fs; Iq;Nfhz tbtpYk; mWNfhz tbtpYk; xOq;fike;J cijge;J

tbitg; ngWfpwJ.

cijge;JUthd Gsupd; (Fullerene) fz;Lgpbg;Gld; gy;NtW tpjkhd eNdh fhgd;

fl;likg;Gfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. [g;ghdpa tpQ;Qhdpahd Ijima (1991)

tpdhy; fhgd; eNdh Foha; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik ,q;F Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ.

fhgd; eNdh Jzpf;iffspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;Gfshfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis

Kd;itf;f

kpfTk; typikahdJk; ,Oglf;$baJkhd jd;ik

cau; ntg;gf; flj;Jjpwidf; nfhz;Ls;sik.

Njitf;Nfw;wtpjj;jpy; kpd;dpay;Gfis khw;wf;$bajhapUj;jy;.

fhgd; eNdh Jzpf;iffspd; gad;ghL njhlu;gpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

vjpu;fhy fzpdpj; njhopDl;gj;jpy; juTfisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jk; cgfuz cw;gj;jpapy;

gad;gLj;jy;. ,q;F fhgd; eNdh Jzpf;iffspd; ghupa Nkw;gug;gsT fhuzkhf

ngUksT juTfisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jf; $bajhftpUf;Fk;.

kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; nkJthfTk; NjitahdNtisapYk; khj;jpuk; tpLtpf;Fk;

(Slow and control release drugs) tif kUe;Jfs; jahupg;gpd;NghJ clypDs;

kUe;Jfisf; nfhz;Lnry;Yk; Clfkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

jl;ilahd njhiyf;fhl;rpj; jpiufs; (Flat Panel Display Screens)

eNdh Nru;j;jpg; nghUs;fs; ( nfhk;Nghrpl;]; -Nano Composits)

jw;NghJ ngUk;ghyhd ifj;njhopy;fspy; gy;gFjpaq;fis gpw mNrjdg;

gjhu;j;jq;fSld; fyj;jy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,q;F fyf;fg;gLk; mNrjdg; gjhu;j;jj;ij

eNdh mstpy; Nru;g;gjd; %yk; gy;gFjpaq;fSf;F tpNrl ,ay;Gfis toq;f

KbAk;. ,t;tpNrl ,ay;Gfisg; toq;Ftjw;F 5% ,Yk; Fiwthd mNrjdg;

gjhu;j;jNk Njitg;gLk;.

74

Ijurd; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jk; Clfkhf

fhgDld; njhlu;Ggl;l eNdhg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLk;NghJ ,yq;ifapy;

fhzg;gLk; fhuPaj;jpy; (fpuigw;W) fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp tpNrl ftdQ;

nrYj;Jf jw;NghJ cyf re;ijf;Fj; jukhd fhuPaj;ij toq;Fk; ehL ,yq;ifNa

MFk; (Ceylon graphite/ vein graphite)

T1 O

2 eNdhj; Jzpf;iffspy; fhzg;gLk; tpNrl rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

#upa xsp Kd;dpiyapy; ijj;Njdpak; xl;irl;L Cf;fpahfj; njhopw;gLk;

gw;wPupa ehrpdpahfj; njhopw;gLk;.

Ti O

2 eNdhj; jputpaq;fisg; gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gJ gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLf.

(i) vjpu;fhy dye sensitized solar cells: #upaxsp Kd;dpiyapy; ijj;NjdpakPnuhl;irl;L

Jz;bahfj; njhopw;gLk;. ,jd;tpisthf Ti O

2- dye sensitized solar cells fspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. Ti O

2 eNdhj; jputpakhff; fhzg;gLtjd;%yk; ,jd; tpidj;jpwid

mjpfupf;fKbAk;.

(ii) jhkiu ,iyapd; RakhfNt Ja;ikailAk; (jw;Wa;ikahjy;) ,ay;ignahj;J

ePu;ntWg;G Mil cw;gj;jp

(iii) jw;Wa;ikailAk; epwg;G+r;Rfs;> Miltiffs; cw;gj;jpf;F.

(iv) gw;wPupaehrpdpf; fspk;Gfs;> Milfs;> kpd;Fkpo;fs; cw;gj;jp.

,q;F ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; Gy;Nkhl;ilf; fdpa kzy; njhlu;gpy; fye;JiuahLf.

,yq;ifapd; fpof;Ff; fiuNahuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ,j;jifa kzypy; 60% Ti O

2

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Jujp\;ltrkhf ,yq;if ,k;kziy Mz;LNjhWk; Rkhu; 80>000

nkw;wpf;njhd;fs; (80,000 MT/Y) tPjk; Vw;Wkjp nra;fpd;wJ. ,q;F 1MT kzy; tpw;gidapy;

8 kpy;ypad; &gh tUkhdk; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ,k;kzYf;Fg; ngWkjp Nru;f;fg;gbd;

25 klq;F tUkhdj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbtJld; mtw;iw eNdhj; jputpakhf

khw;wpdhy; 250 klq;F tUkhdj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. ,jdhy; ,j;jifa

,aw;if tsq;fspd; ngWkjpia mjpfupj;jy; njhlu;gpy; khztu;fSf;F vLj;Jiuf;f.

eNdh njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpd;tUk; Jiwfs; njhlu;gpy; jfty;fs; Nrfupg;gjw;F

khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.

(i) itj;jpaj;Jiw

(ii) #l;bif (Smart) Milfs;

(iii) gy;gFjpaf; (polymer) ifj;njhopy;fs;

(iv) vjpu;fhy fzpdpj; njhopDl;gk;

(v) tptrhak;.

(vi) moFrhjdg; nghUl;fs; (Cosmetics)

eNdh njhopDl;gk; ghjfkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jf;$ba re;ju;;g;gq;fs; njhlu;gpy;

gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd;fPo; fye;JiuahLf.

NjhypDlhf clypDl; nry;yyhk;

ePu;topfs;> czTr; rq;fpyp vd;gtw;Wld; Nruyhk;.

75

EiuaPuypDs; gutyhk;.

tspkz;lyj;jpDl; gutyhk;.


• eNdh njhopDl;gk; - Nano technology

• fhgd; eNdh Foha; - Carbon nano tube


• eNdh msT vd;gij tpsf;Ftjw;F Vw;w xspg;glq;fs;> tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;

• eNdh jputpag; gad;ghl;ilf; fhl;Lk; tPbNah fhl;rpfs;



• eNdh msT> eNdh kPw;wu; Mfpad gw;wp tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jjy;

• eNdhj; njhopDl;gk; - vspikahf mwpKfQ; nra;jy;

• ifj;njhopy; uPjpapy; Kf;fpaj;JtKila eNdhj; jputpaq;fs; - mwpKfQ; nra;jy;

• eNdhj; jputpaq;fspd; gpuNahfq;fisf; fye;JiuahLjy

76

Nju;r;rp 25Nju;r;rp 25Nju;r;rp 25Nju;r;rp 25Nju;r;rp 25 : tptug; Gs;sptpgutpaypd; nghUisg; gFj;jhuha;thu;.

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 25.125.125.125.125.1 : rupahd jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf ika ehl;l mstPLfisg;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ikaehl;l msit Kiwfshf ,il> ,ilak;> Mfhuk;

Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

• ikaehl;lj; jd;ikia tptupg;gjw;F ,il> ,ilak;> Mfhuk;

Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

• ika ehl;l msitfisf; fzpg;ghu;.

• ikaehl;l msitfspd; %yk; jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.


• jug;gl;l %yj;juTj; njhFjpia xOq;F nra;jy;: VWtupir> ,wq;Ftupir Kiwapy;

xOq;Fnra;jy; %yk;> ,il> ,ilak;> Mfhuk; vd;gd gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

juTj; njhFjpia tifFwpf;Fk; ngWkhdq;fshf> ,il> ,ilak;> Mfhuk; Mfpad

gad;gLk; eilKiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;. ‘$l;lkhf;fg;glhj’

juTj; njhFjpnahd;wpid> ‘$l;lkhf;fpa’ juTj;njhFjpahf kPs xOq;Fnra;tjd;

mtrpaj;ijAk; mt;thW kPs xOq;fikf;Fk; tpjj;ijAk; epidT+l;Lk; tifapy;

fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

• $l;lkhf;fg;glhj juTj; njhFjpnahd;wpd; ,iliaf; fzpg;gjw;fhf mj;juTfspd;

KO nkhj;jkhdJ juTfspd; vz;zpf;ifahy; tFf;fg;gLk; vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• x1’ x

2’ x

3....... x

n vd;wthwhf fhzg;gLk; n vz;zpf;ifj; juTfspd; ,il >

vd;gjhy; jug;gLk; vd;gijAk;>

,jidr; RUf;fkhf vdf; fhl;lyhk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

• ,iliaf; fhz;gjw;fhd vspikahd gpurpdq;fisg; NghJkhd msTf;F toq;fp>

gpd;Dl;liy toq;Fq;fs;.

• %yj;juTj; njhFjpnahd;wpid> ‘$l;lkhf;fhj kPbwd; guk;gyhf’ xOq;FgLj;Jk; tpjj;ij

khzUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;. me;je;jj; juTf;F xg;ghd ‘kPbwd;fis’ tpsf;Fq;fs;.

$l;Lj;njhifiag; ngWk; tpjj;ijAk; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

• rfy x1’ x

2’ x

3 ....... x

n KiwNa f

1’ f

2’ f

3....... f

n kPbwDld; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy;

• rfy juTfsJk; $l;Lj;njhif vd;gjhy; jug;gLk; vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• juTfspd; vz;zpf;if n Mapd; MFk; vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• guk;gypd; ,il ,dhy; jug;gLk; vdf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

77

• NkYk; If; fzpg;gjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; ml;ltiz gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;gij>

cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Fq;fs;.

xi

fi

xi

fi

= =

• $l;lkhf;fhj kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; ,iliaf; fzpg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspAq;fs;.

• 443> 439> 440> 445> 442> 435 Nghd;wnjhU juTj;njhFjpapd; $l;Lj;njhifia ,yFthfTk;>

kdf;fzpjk; %yKk; ngWk; rthiy Kd;itAq;fs;.

mf;$l;Lj;njhifiag; ngWk;NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba toptif gw;wp khztuplk;

tpdTq;fs;. mjid> rpy juTj; njhFjpfSf;fhd ,iliag; Nghd;W vt;thW

gad;gLj;jyhk; vd khztuplk; tpdtpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

• Nkw;gb cjhuzj;ijj; Jizahff; nfhz;L #j;jpuj;ij tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• ,q;F cj;Njr ,il A apdhYk; me;je;jj; jutpd; tpyfy;; di (,q;F d

i=x

i-A MFk;)

,dhYk;> fhl;lg;gLk; vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;. gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp

fzpj;jy;fs; nra;ag;gLk; vd;gijAk; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

xi

di= x

i- A

• cj;Njr ,iliag; gad;gLj;jp ,iliaf; fzpg;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fis toq;Fq;fs;.

• $l;lkhf;fhj> juTg; guk;gnyhd;wpd; ,ilaj;ijf; fhZk; tpjk; njhlu;ghf khztuJ

ftdj;ijj; jpUg;Gq;fs;. mt;thwhf ,ilaj;ijj; JzpAk; NghJ juTfis VWtupir>

,wq;Ftupirg;gb xOq;F nra;tJk;> vz;zpf;if xw;iwahf my;yJ ,ul;ilahf

,Uj;jYf;F mika> ,ilaj;ijg; ngWk; tpjk; NtWgLk; vd;gijAk; vspikahd

cjhuzq;fs; fhl;b tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• juTfs;> $l;lkhf;fhj kPbwd; guk;gyhfj; jug;gl;Ls;sNghJ ,ilaj;ijj; JzpAk;

tpjj;ij vspikahd cjhuzq;fs; %yk; tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• $l;lkhf;fhj kPbwd; guk;gy;fspd;> Mfhuj;ijj; JzpAk; tpjj;ijAk; (mjpf jlitfs;

,lk;ngw;Ws;s juT) mt;thW mjpf jlitfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s juT xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;lit

fhzg;gLk; NghJ> mg;guk;gy;fs; ‘gy; - Mfhug; guk;gy;’ vdg;gLk; vd;gijAk;

cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Fq;fs;.

78

• $l;lkhf;fhj kPbwd; guk;gy;fspd; Mfhuj;ijj; Jzptjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;Fq;fs;.

• $l;lkhf;fpa juTg; guk;gYf;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itAq;fs;. tFg;G Mapil>

tFg;Gg; Gs;sp (mi) kPbwd; (f

i) Mfpa gjq;fis tpsf;Fq;fs;.

,g;gjq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhf> %yj;juTj; njhFjpnahd;wpid ($l;lkhf;fhj

guk;gnyhd;iw) vLj;J> mjidf; $l;lkhf;fpa juTg; guk;gyhfj; jahupg;gjd; %yk;

nra;tJ kpfg;nghUj;jkhdJ.

• jug;gl;l %yj;juTf; $l;lnkhd;Wf;fhf> jug;gl;l tFg;ghapilfisf; nfhz;L gpd;tUk;

ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;AkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

tFg;ghapil tFg;Gg;Gs;sp (mi) kPbwd; (f

i)

......................... ......................... .........................

......................... ......................... .........................

......................... ......................... .........................

......................... ......................... .........................

• $l;lkhf;fpa juTg;guk;gypd; ,ilg;ngWkhdj;ij tFg;ghapilg; Gs;spapd;

vz;zpf;ifahy; ngUf;Ftjd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; ngWkhdq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhifia

kPbwd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahy; tFg;gjd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk; vd cjhuzq;fSld;

tpsf;Ff.

,J ,dhy; fhl;lyhk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;

,iliaf; fzpf;f gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

tFg;ghapil tFg;G Gs;sp ^ & kPbwd; ^ &

• $l;lkhf;fpa juTg; guk;gy;fs; rpytw;wpd; ,iliaf; fhz;gjw;F khztu;f;Fr;

re;ju;g;gkspAq;fs;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; gpujhd nrhw;fs; gpujhd nrhw;fs; gpujhd nrhw;fs; gpujhd nrhw;fs; (Key Words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; :

• $l;lkhf;fpa kPbwd; guk;gy; - Grouped frequency distribution

• $l;lkhf;fhj kPbwd; guk;gy; - Ungrouped frequency distribution

• ikag; Nghf;F mstPLfs; - Measures of central tendency

• ,il - Mean

• ,ilak; - Median

• Mfhuk; - Mode

• #j;jpuk; - Formula

• cj;Njr ,il - Assumed mean

• kPbwd; - Frequency

• %yj;juTfs; - Raw data

• tFg;ghapilfs; - Class intervals

• tFg;Gg; Gs;sp - Class mark

79


gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L khztiuf; fzpg;gpLf.

• $l;lkhf;fhj juTg; guk;gnyhd;wpd; ,il> ,ilak;> Mfhuk; Mfpatw;iwr; rupahff;

fzpj;jy;

• $l;lkhf;fpa juTg; guk;gnyhd;wpd; ,iliar; rupahff; fzpj;jy;

• Fwpj;j xU re;ju;g;gj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ikag;Nghf;F mstPLfisj; njupTnra;J

nfhs;sy;

• re;ju;g;gj;Jf;Nfw;g> juTfis xOq;FgLj;Jjy;

80


Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 25.225.225.225.225.2 : tiuG tifFwpj;jypd; cjtpAld; juTg; gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhs;thu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • kPbwd; guk;gy; ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp kPbwd; guk;gy; tisapfs;

tiuthu;.

• jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy; ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp jpus; kPbwd;

guk;gy; tisapfis tiuthu;.

• rjtPj jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy; ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp rjtPj

jpus; kPbwd; tiuGfis tiuthu;.

• kPbwd; guk;gy;> jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy;> rjtPj jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy;>

tisapfisg; gad;gLj;jp juTfSf;Fg; nghUs;NfhLthu;.


• juTg; guk;gnyhd;wpd; ,ay;Gfis mtjhdpg;gw;fhf mj;juTfis tiughf tifFwpg;gJ

gaDilajhFk; vd;gij khztu;f;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• juTfis tpupthff; fhl;Ltijtpl> juT kw;Wk; ml;ltizfs; %yk; fhl;LtJ

gadspf;Fk; tpjj;ij khztUld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

• ,q;F> Njitg;gLk; ,lj;jpd; msT Fiwthjy;> xOq;F Kiwik> tpidj;jpwd;>

,yFthf mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy; Nghd;w fhuzpfs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ;

nrYj;Jq;fs;.

• gpd;tUk; gjq;fspd; nghUs;fis epidT+l;Lq;fs;.

• tFg;G Mapil

juTfisf; $l;lkhf;Fk;NghJ juTfs; tFg;Gfshf Ntwhf;fg;gLk;. ,t;tFg;Gf;fs;

tFg;G Mapilfs; vdg;gLk;.

• tFg;G vy;iy

tFg;ghapilnahd;wpd; fPo;> Nky; ngWkhdq;fs; KiwNa fPo; vy;iy> Nky; vy;iy

vdg;gLk;.

• tFg;G tiug;ghLfs;

tFg;G Mapilapd; Nky; vy;iyahdJ mt;tFg;gpd; Nky; vy;iyf;Fk; mjw;Fg;

gpd; cs;s tFg;gpd; fPo; vy;iyf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s rupkj;jpg; ngWkhdkhFk;.

tFg;G Mapilnahd;wpd;> fPo; vy;iyahdJ mt;tFg;gpd; fPo; vy;iyf;Fk;> mjw;F

Ke;jpa tFg;gpd; Nky; vy;iyf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s rupkj;jpa ngWkhdk; MFk;.

• tFg;Gg; gUkd;

tFg;Gg; gUkd; = Nky; vy;iy - fPo; vy;iy %yk; jug;gLk;.

• tFg;Gg; Gs;sp

tFg;G Mapilnahd;wpd; eLg;ngWkhdk; tFg;Gg; Gs;sp MFk;.

%yk; jug;gLk;.

vdf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

• tFg;G vy;iy> tFg;G tiug;ghL Mfpatw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpAk; fye;JiuahLf.

• kPbwd; guk;gy; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tiuG Kiwahf tiyAU tiuig mwpKfQ;

nra;Aq;fs;. ,q;F

81

epiyf;Fj;J mr;rpy; kPbwDk; fpil mr;rpy; tFg;G vy;iyg; Gs;spfSk; fhl;lg;gLk;

vd;gijAk; tFg;Gg; gUkd; rkkhFk; NghJ epuypd; cauk; kPbwDf;F tpfpjrkkhdJ

vdTk; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

gpd;dLk; ,uz;L epuy;fSf;F ,ilNa ,ilntsp fpilahJ vd;gijAk; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

• kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;iw tiughff; fhl;lj;jf;f kw;WnkhU Kiwahf> kPbwd; gy;Nfhzpia

mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.

,q;F tiyAU tiuaj;jpdJ epuy;fspd; cr;rpfspd; eLg;Gs;spfis xOq;F Kiwg;gb

Neu;NfhLfspdhy; ,izg;gjd; %yk; (,uz;L me;jq;fspYk;> kPbwd; G+r;rpakhd

tFg;Gf;fs; cs;sd vdf; fUjp> mt;tFg;Gfspd; eLg;Gs;spfisAk; ngw;W) kPbwd;

gy;Nfhzpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; ahNjDk; tFg;ghapilnahd;wpd; ‘jpus; kPbwd;’ vd;gJ

mt;tFg;ghapilapd; Nky; vy;iy tiuapy;> mjw;Ff; fPohf cs;s juTfspd;

vz;zpf;ifahFk; vd khztu;f;F mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.

• kPbwd; guk;gy; ml;ltiznahd;wpidg; ngw;W> mjd;%yk; xg;ghd jpus; kPbwd;

ml;ltiziag; ngWk; tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

• fpil mr;rpy; tFg;Gf;fspd; Nky; vy;iyfisAk; epiyf;Fj;J mr;rpy; mk;Nky;

vy;iyfSf;Fupa tFg;Gf;fspd; jpus; kPbwd;fisAk; ngw;W> tiughf;Ftjd; %yk;

jpus; kPbwd; tisapiag; ngwyhk; vd;gijf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• jpus; kPbwd; ml;ltiznahd;wpid rjtPj jpus; kPbwd; ml;ltizahf khw;Wk;

tpjj;ij tpsf;Fq;fs;.

,q;F tFg;Gf;Fupa jpus; kPbwid> mt;tFg;gpw;Fupa rjtPj jpus; kPbwdhf khw;Wk;

tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• rjtPj jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy; ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp> rjtPj jpws;kPbwd; guk;gy;

tisapiag; ngWk; tpjj;ij tpsf;F.f

,q;F> fpil mr;rpy; tFg;Gf;fspd; Nky; vy;iyfisAk;> epiyf;Fj;J mr;rpy;> me;je;j

Nky; vy;iyfSf;Fupa;> tFg;Gf;fspd;> rjtPj jpus; kPbwd;fisAk; ,l;L tiughf;Ftjd;

%yk;> rjtPj jpus; kPbwd; tisapiag; ngwyhk; vdf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

• kPbwd; guk;gy; tisap> jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy; tisap> rjtPj jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy;

tisap Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp> juTfSf;F tpsf;fkspf;Fk; tpjj;ij khztUld;

fye;JiuahLq;fs;

gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (Key Words) ) ) ) ) / vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; : vz;zf;fUf;fs; :

• kPbwd; guk;gy; - Frequency distribution

• tFg;G vy;iy - Class limit

• tFg;G tiug;ghL - Class boundary

• tFg;G msT - Class Size

• jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy; - Cumulative frequency distribution

• epuy; tiuG - Bar chart

• tiyAU tiuak; - Histogram

• kPbwd; gy;Nfhzp - Frequency polygon

• kPbwd; tisap - Frequency curve

• jpus; kPbwd; tisap - Cumulative frequency curve

• juT tpsf;fy; - Interpretation of data

82



• kPbwd; guk;gy; ml;ltizfisg; gad;gLj;jp> kPbwd; guk;gy; tiuGfis tiujy;

• jpus; kPbwd; ml;ltiznahd;wpid tptupj;jy;

• jpus; kPbwd; tisapnahd;wpid mikj;jy;

• ‘rjtPj jpus; kPbwd;’ vd;gjd; nghUis tpsf;Fjy;

• rjtPj jpus; kPbwd; tisapnahd;iw tiujy;

• nghUj;jkhd kPbwd; guk;gy; tisapfisj; njupT nra;J juTfSf;Fg; nghUs;

tpsf;fkspj;jy;

83


Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 25.325.325.325.325.3 : guhty; mstPLfspd; cjtpAld; juTg; guk;giy tptupg;ghu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • jug;gl;l #j;jpuj;jpd; cjtpAld; jug;gl;l juTfspd; tPr;R> fhyiz>

,ilf; fhyiz tPr;R Mfpatw;iwf; fzpg;ghu;.


• juTj; njhFjpnahd;wpd; tPr;irf; fzpf;Fk; tpjj;ij> vspikahd cjhuzq;fs;

%yk; tpsf;Fq;fs;.

,q;F> “tPr;R = Nky; ngWkhdk; - fPo;g;ngWkhdk;” %yk; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gijf;

fhl;Lq;fs;.

• juTj; njhilnahd;wpy; fhzg;gLk;> Nky;g; ngWkhdj;Jf;Fk; fPo;g; ngWkhdj;Jf;Fk;

,ilapyhd NtWghL> mj;juTj; njhFjpapd; tPr;R vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLk;

vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

• “$l;lkhf;fpa> kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; Nky; tFg;gpd; Nky; vy;iyf;Fk;> fPo; tFg;gpd;

fPo; vy;iyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL” vd tPr;R tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;gij

cjhuzq;fs; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

• kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpy; juTfis VWtupirg;gb xOq;FgLj;jpa gpd;du;> mg;guk;gy;>

rkkhd ehd;F gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gLk; ,lq;fSf;F xg;ghd ngWkhdq;fs;

fhyizfshFk; vd;gijAk; ,it> Q1, Q

2, Q

3 vd;wthwhf ,yf;fkplg;gLk; vdTk;

Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

• gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp vspikahd cjhuzq;fs; %yk; fhyizfisg;

ngWk; tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

Q1

Q2

Q3

,q;F>

Q1 : KjyhtJ fhyiz mjhtJ fPo;f; fhyizahFk;

Q2 : ,uz;lhtJ fhyiz mjhtJ ,ilak; MFk;

Q3 : %d;whtJ fhyiz mjhtJ Nkw;fhyizahFk;

• $l;lkhf;fhj juTfSf;fhf> n vz;zpf;ifj; juTfis VWepiwg;gb xOq;FgLj;jpa

gpd;du;> fhyizfisg; gpd;tUkhW ngwyhk; vd;gijf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

,lj;jpd; tuTj;njhif

,lj;jpd; tuTj;njhif

,lj;jpd; tuTj;njhif

• juTj;njhilnahd;wpd; eLg;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s guhtypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpa

fUj;ij ntspf;nfhzu;e;J> eLtpy; mike;Js;s juTfSs; 50% khdit guk;gpAs;s

Ju msNt fhyiz ,iltPr;R vdg;gLk; vdf; fhl;Lf.

• ,jw;fhf> fhyiz ,iltPr;R = Q3

- Q1 vDk; njhlu;igj; Jizahff; nfhs;f.

84

• Nkw;gb guk;gy; mstPLfisj; Jzptjw;fhd FOTf;F xd;W tPjk; fw;wy; cgfuzj;

njhFjpfis toq;fp> FOr; nraw;wpl;lkhf Nkw;gb vz;zf;fUf;fis cWjpg;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;tjw;F khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspg;gJ nghUj;jkhdJ.


• guk;gy; mstPLfs; - Measures of dispersion

• tPr;R - Range

• fhyiz - Quartile

• fhyiz ,il tPr;R - Inter quartile range



• ‘guk;gy; mstPLfs;’ vd;gjd; nghUis tpsf;Fjy;

• guk;gy; mstPLfshd> tPr;R> fhyiz> fhyiz ,iltPr;R Mfpatw;iw mwpKfQ;

nra;jy;;.

• jug;gl;l juTg; guk;gYf;fhf> guk;gy; mstPLfisf; fzpj;jy;.

85

Nju;r;rp 26Nju;r;rp 26Nju;r;rp 26Nju;r;rp 26Nju;r;rp 26 : njhopDl;g tpUj;jp #ow; rkdpiyapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;njhopDl;g tpUj;jp #ow; rkdpiyapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;njhopDl;g tpUj;jp #ow; rkdpiyapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;njhopDl;g tpUj;jp #ow; rkdpiyapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;njhopDl;g tpUj;jp #ow; rkdpiyapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

tpjj;ij Muha;thu;.tpjj;ij Muha;thu;.tpjj;ij Muha;thu;.tpjj;ij Muha;thu;.tpjj;ij Muha;thu;.

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 26.126.126.126.126.1 : njhopEl;g tpUj;jp> ,aw;if tl;lq;fspy; Vw;gLj;Jk; ghjpg;Gf;fis

Muha;thu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • #oy; vd;why; vd;dntd gFj;jha;thu;.

• ,aw;if tl;lq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.

• fhgd; tllk;> XNrhd; - xl;rprd; tl;lk;> iejurd; tl;lk;

Mfpatw;iw tptupg;ghu;.

• #ow; rkdpiyapd;ghy; ,aw;if tl;lq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

tpsf;Fthu;.

• njhopDl;g tpUj;jpahdJ ,aw;if tl;lq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.


• #oy; vd;gJ ahJ vd tpdtp ghlj;ij mZFf.

• mq;fpfs;> mit thOk; Rw;Wg;Gwk;> mq;fpfSf;Fk; Rw;Wg;Gwj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

,ilj; njhopw;ghLfs; Mfpad xUq;Nf #oy; vdg;gLk;. ,q;F mq;fpfs;> #oYld;

,ilj;njhopw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;L> rf;jpiaAk; rlg;nghUs;fisAk; gupkhwpf; nfhs;Sk;.

• fw;wiy ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhf #oy; ghFgLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; njhlu;ghf tpdtp>

gpugy;akhd xU tifg;gLj;jyhf> Nfhsq;fshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ghFghl;il

Kd;itf;f.

• ePu;f; Nfhsk; - ePUk; mJ rhe;j #oYk;

• fw;Nfhsk; - kz;> ghiwfs;> fdpaq;fs; rhu;e;j #oy;

• tspf;Nfhsk; - Gtp Nkw;gug;igr; #o kiwg;G Nghd;W mike;Js;s thAf;fs;

rhu;e;j #oy;

• capu;f;Nfhsk; - rfy mq;fpfisAk; mtw;Wld; njhlu;gila njhopw;ghLfisAk;

cs;slf;fpa #oy;

• #oypd; Mf;ff;$Wfshd Nkw;gb> Nfhsq;fs; xd;wpypUe;njhd;W gpupe;J fhzg;gLtjpy;iy

vd;gijAk; mtw;Wf;fpilNa kpf typikahd ,ilj; njhopw;ghLfs; epfOfpd;wikiaAk;

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

• Nkw;gb ,ilj;jhf;fq;fSf;fhf cjhuzq;fis khztUld; fye;JiuahLf. cjhuzkhf>

capu;f;Nfhsj;ijr; Nru;e;j mq;fpfs;> tspkz;lyj;jpUe;J xl;rpridAk; (O2)

ePu;f;Nfhsj;jpypUe;J ePiuAk;> fw;Nfhsj;jpypUe;J fdpaq;fisAk; ngw;W mDNrgr;

nraw;ghLfis elj;Jfpd;wd.

• Nkw;gb mDNrgr; nraw;ghLfspd; tpisTfshf> tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhgdPnuhl;irl;L

(CO2) thATk;> ePu;f;Nfhsk; kw;Wk; fw;Nfhsj;jpy; foptfw;wy; rhu;e;j nghUs;fSk;

NrUk;.

• #oypd; Nfhsq;fSf;F ,ilNa Neubahd ,ilj;jhf;fq;fs; epfOfpd;wikia tpsf;Ff.

86

ePu;f;Nfhsk; tspf;Nfhsk;

(Mtpahjy;)

ePu;

(gbTtPo;r;rp)

ePu;

fhgd; fhgd;

xspj;njhFg;G

^C O2 thf&

capu;j;jpzpT

(fhNghitjNuw;W

nrypANyhR)tspf;

Nfhsk;

capu;f;

Nfhsk;

fw;

Nfhsk;

capu;j;jpzptpd; gpupe;joptpdhy;

C O2 thf

• #oypd; ntt;NtW gFjpfSf;F ,ilNa epfOk; gjhu;j;jg; gupkhw;wj;ijAk;

,ilj;njhopw;ghLfisAk; ed;F tpsf;fj;jf;f xU topahf> ,aw;if tl;lq;fis

Kd;itf;Ff.

• fhgd; tl;lk; (rf;fuk;)

• iejurd; tl;lk;

• xl;rprd; tl;lk;

• ghiw tl;lk;

• ePu; tl;lk;

• fhgd; tl;lk;> XNrhd; - xl;rprd; tl;lk;> iejurd; tl;lk; Mfpad gw;wp khztUld;

fye;JiuahLf.

• #oypd; rkdpiyiag; NgZtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ> ,aw;if

tl;lq;fs;> kw;Wk; mit njhopw;gLk; tpjk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;gJ kpf

Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij typAWj;Jf.

87

fhgd; tl;lk;fhgd; tl;lk;fhgd; tl;lk;fhgd; tl;lk;fhgd; tl;lk;

xl;rprd; tl;lk;xl;rprd; tl;lk;xl;rprd; tl;lk;xl;rprd; tl;lk;xl;rprd; tl;lk;

czT

Rthrk;

jfdk;

xspj;njhFg;G

Rthrk;C O

2 + H

2O

kz;Zk; ePUk;

tpyq;F jhtu

fhNghitjNuw;W

mNrjdg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;

xl;rpNaw;wg;gly;

cjh #

tspkz;ly

O2

xspj;njhFg;G

RthrKk;

gpue;jopjYk;

nkJthf

eilngWk;

gpupe;jopjy;

fiujy; miljy;

tpyq;Ffs;

tspkz;ly

C O2

Rtl;L vupnghUs;

ePupy; fiue;Js;s C O2

fhgNdw;Wg; ghiwfs;

jhtuk;

jfdk;

88

iejurd; tl;lk;iejurd; tl;lk;iejurd; tl;lk;iejurd; tl;lk;iejurd; tl;lk;

• #ow; rkepiy njhlu;ghf> ,aw;if tl;lq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp cjhuzq;fis

Kd;itj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.

tspkz;ly iejurd; thA> iej;jpNuw;W mad;fshf> ePu;f;Nfhsj;Jf;Fk; iejurd;

mlq;fpAs;s fdpaq;fshf fw;Nfhsj;Jf;Fk;> iejurd; mlq;fpAs;s Gujq;fshf

capu;f;Nfhsj;Jf;Fk; nry;tNjhL fdpg;nghUs;fSk; Gujq;fSk; gpupifailtjhy;

kPz;Lk; iejurd; thAthf tspkz;lyj;Jf;F njhlu;r;rpahfTk;> rkdpiyahfTk;

gupkhw;wkilfpd;wJ.

• tspkz;ly fhgdPnuhl;irl;L thA> ePupy; fhgNdw;W kw;Wk; ,UfhgNdw;W (igfhgNdw;W)

mad;fshfTk;> fw;Nfhsj;jpy; fhgNdw;W mlq;fpAs;s fdpaq;fs; kw;Wk;> capu;r;Rtl;L

vupnghUshfTk; jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspy; ,ypg;gpl ;Lf;fs; kw;Wk;

fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fshfTk; khWtNjhL mg;gjhu;j;jq;fs; gpupifaile;J kPz;Lk;

fhgdPnuhl;irl;lhf> tspkz;lyj;jpw;Fk; njhlu;r;rpahfTk; rkdpiyahfTk;

gupkhw;wkilAk;. ,aw;if tl;lq;fspd; ,k;%yfg; gupkhw;wkhdJ rkdpiyahfTk;

njhlu;r;rpahfTk; epfOq;fhynky;yhk; #oypd; rkdpiy Ngzg;gLk; vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• njhopDl;g tpUj;jpahdJ> ,aw;if tl;lq;fs; kPJ nrYj;jpAs;s nry;thf;ifg; gpd;tUk;

cjhuzq;fs; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

cjhuzk;:

1. • tspkz;ly iejurDld; (N2) Ijuridj; (H

2) jhf;fk;Gupar; nra;tjd; %yk;

mNkhdpah jahupg;G Nghd;w nraw;ifahd njhopw;ghLfs; %yk;> tspkz;lyj;jpy;

cs;s iejurd; thA> nraw;ifahf> NtW epak Nru;itfshf khw;wg;gLk;.

,r;nraw;ghL fhuzkhf iejurd; tl;lj;jpd; nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg; ngupJk; ghjpg;G

Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

tspkz;ly

gjpj;jy;

capu pay ;

gjpj;jy;

njhopd;Kiw

gjpj;jy;

grisgpupe;jopjy;

jhtuNtu;fs;

iej;jpNuh gw;wu;iej;jpNuw;whf;Fk; gw;wPupahf;fs;

(iej;jpNuhNrhNkhdR)epyf;fPo;

ePUf;F

iejurdpwf;Fk; gw;wPupahf;fs;

czT

gpupe;jopjy;

N O

N O2

N O2

-

tspkz;ly

N2

jhtug; Gujk; N H3

Nrjdf; fopT

iejurd;

N H4

+

kz;zpy; iejurd;

N O3- thf

iejurdpwf;Fk; gw;wPupahf;fs;

tpyq;Fg;

Gujk;

89

• Vgu;Kiwapy; mNkhdpah cw;gj;jpf;fhd N2 thA> jput tspiag; gFjpglf;

fha;r;rp tbj;jy; %yk; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;tpisthf> iejurd; thA (N2)

fiue;j epiyf;F Nru;itfshjy; ngupJk; epfo;fpd;wJ. nraw;ifahf elj;jg;gLk;

,r;nrad;Kiw %yk;> jputepiyr; Nru;itfshf khWjyhdJ ,aw;ifahf iejurd;

(N2) jputepiyr; Nru;itfshf khWtij tpl kpf mjpfkhdjhFk;.

2. xl;rprd; tl;lj;jpd; Xu; cg tl;lkhfpa> XNrhd; - xl;rprd; tl;lj;jpd; rkdpiy kPJ

CFC Nghd;wit ngupJk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;. Gtpapd; gil kz;lyj;jpy; XNrhd;

gil ,y;iyNay;> ghjfkhd #upa fjpu;fs; GtpNkw;gug;ig miltjhy;> GtpahdJ

mq;fpfs; ,y;yhj Xu; cyfkhf khwpapUf;Fk;.

3. mNkhdpah> iej;jpupf; mkpyk;> ry;G+upf; mkpyk; Nghd;w ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpfs;

fhuzkhf> NO, NO2, NH

3, SO

2, H

2S Nghd;w Nru;itfs; tspkz;lyj;jpy; Nru;tjhy;

mit mjd; rkdpiy kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.

• cNyhfg;gpupj;njLg;G> capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUs; gpupj;njLg;G jfdk;> CFC> gy;gFjpaq;fs;

njhFj;j epwg;nghUs;fs; Nghd;wit fhuzkhfTk; #oy; rkdpiy ghjpf;fg;gLk;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (Key words ) ) ) ) ) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

² fhgd; tl;lk; - Carbon cycle

² XNrhd; tl;lk; - Ozone cycle

² iejurd; tl;lk; - Nitrogen cycle

² ePu;f;Nfhsk; - Hydrosphere

² fw;Nfhsk; - Lithosphere

² tspkz;lyk; - Atmosphere

² capu;f;Nfhsk; - Biosphere


• fhgd; tl;lk;> iejurd; tl;lk;> xl;rprd; tl;lk; Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;Lk; tpsf;fg;glq;fs;



• #oy; vd;gij mwpKfQ; nra;jy;

• fhgd; tl;lk;> iejurd; tl;lk;> XNrhd; tl;lk; Mfpatw;iw tptupj;jy;

• #oy; rkdpiyapd;ghy; ,aw;if tl;lq;fspd; nry;thf;if tpsf;Fjy;

• ,aw;if tl;lq;fspd; kPJ njhopDl;gtpUj;jpapd; nry;thf;ifg; gFj;jha;jy;

90



Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 26.226.226.226.226.2 : G+Nfhs #oy; neUf;fb kw;Wk; mjd; Njhw;wk; Mfpatw;iw Ma;e;jwpthu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ifj;njhopd; kakhf;fYf;F Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l #oy; epiyikfis

tptupg;ghu;.

• ifj;njhopy;kakhjypd; gpd;du; ,aw;ifr; #oy; epiyikfs;

khw;wkile;j Kiwia tpsf;Fthu;.

• jw ;Nghija #oy ; e piyikfs; ghjfkhd tifapy ;

khw;wkile;Js;sikia cjhuzq;fSld; Fwpg;gpLthu;.


• gz;ila kdpjdpd; tho;f;iff; Nfhyk; njhlu;ghf khztuplk; tpdTf. cjhuzkhf>

gyhq;nfhil kdpjd; njhlu;ghd tptuq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

• mtd; jdJ tho;f;iff;fhd mbg;gilj; Njitahfpa> czit> tpyq;FfspypUe;Jk;

jhtug; gFjpfspypUe;Jk; ngw;whd;. kuQ; nrbnfhbfspd; gFjpfisNa Milahfg;

gad;gLj;jpdhd;. ,we;j gpd;du; mtdJ cly; Neubahf #oypy; Nru;e;J rpijtile;jJ.

mtdJ tho;f;if #oYld; xd;wpa tho;f;ifahfNt ,Ue;jJ. mtd; #oy; tl;lq;fs;

kPJ ghjfkhfr; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jtpy;iy vd tpsf;Ff.

• etPd kdpjdpd; tho;f;ifj; Njitfs; gw;wp khztUld; fye;JiuahLf. mtd;

gpwe;jJ njhlf;fk; ,wf;Fk; tiuapy; #oy;kPJ ghjfkhd tifapy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jfpd;whd;.

• gpd;tUk; nrad;Kiwfis cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gpl;L #ow; rkdpiy FiyAk; tpjj;ij

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• tPLfs; mikg;gjw;fhf ,aw;ifr; #oYf;Fg; Gjpadthd rPke;J> gPtPrp(PVC) Nghd;w

gy;gFjpaq;fs;> G+r;R tiffs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; #oYld; cfg;gw;w

nghUs;fs; NrUk;. ,jd;tpisthfr; #oy; tl;lq;fspd; rkdpiy ghjpf;fg;gLk;.

• ntt;NtW cNyhf tiffs; gpupj;njLf;fg;gLtjhy; #ow; rkdpiy ghjpf;fg;gLk;.

• ,aw;ifr; #oypypUe;J czitg; ngWtjw;Fg; gjpyhf czTg;gapu;fs;

gapuplg;gLfpd;wdJ. mjw;fhf cgfuzq;fs;> nghwpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

,urhadg; nghUs;fSk; (gris> G+r;rp ehrpdpfs;) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

• fhLfis mopg;gjhy; tspkz;lyj;jpypUe;J fhgdPnuhl;irl;il (CO2) ePf;Fk; %yq;fs;

mopTWfpd;wd.

• kdpjdJ nrsfupaj;Jf;fhfr; nra;ag;gLk; gy;NtW cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwfspd;

NghJk;> nghwpfs; cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; thfdq;fspd; gad;ghL fhuzkhfTk;>

tspkz;lyj;jpy; mjpfstpy; CO2

/ SO2

/ NO2 Nghd;witfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

FspNuw;wpfs;> tsp gjdhf;fpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ tspkz;lyj;Jld;

CFC Nghd;w ghjfkhd thAf;fs; tpLtpf;fg;gLk;.

• #ow; rkdpiy Fiytjhy;> #oYf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; ghjfkhd tpisTfs;

njhlu;ghf khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.

• njhopDl;g tpUj;jpahdJ> ,aw;if tl;lq;fs; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s tpjk;

91

njhlu;ghd cjhuzq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;b tplaq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.

• gapu;r;nra;if eltbf;iffSf;fhf> G+r;rp ehrpdpfs;> gris tiffs; Nghd;wtw;iwg;

gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; jPq;Ffs;.

• nghwpfs;> cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy;> CO2

, SO2

Nghd;w thAf;fs; ghupa

msTfspy; #oypy; tpLtpf;fg;gLjy;.

• FspNuw;wpfs;> tspgjdhf;fpfs; (Air conditioner)> tsp ,jkhf;fp (Air Freshner)

r ptpwpfs; > eWkzQ; rptpwpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg ; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; CFC

ntsptplg;gLfpd;wikahy;> XNrhd; gilf;Fr; Nrjk; tpisjy;.

• cNyhfq;fis mjpfkhfg; gpupj;njLg;gjhYk; gad;gLj;JtjhYk; #oYld;> ghjfkhd

nraw;ifahd gy;gFjpaq;fs; Nru;tjhy; #ow; rkdpiy Fiyjy;.

• gpd;tUk; cjhuzq;fis Kd;itj;J jw;fhyr; #oy; epge;jidfs; ghjfkhd tifapy;

khw;wkile;Js;sikia tpsf;Ff.

• capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUs; jfdk; fhuzkhf tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhgdPnuhl;irl;L kl;lk;>

xU kpy;ypad; gjpfSf;F 395 gFjpfs; tiu mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ,J ifj;njhopy;

Gul;rpf;F (1850) Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l ,aw;ifahd kl;lj;ij (xU kpy;ypad;

gFjpfSf;F 240 gFjpfs;) tpl kpf cau;thd ngWkhdkhFk;.

• mjpf tptrha eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf ,d;W tspkz;ly nkNjd; kl;lk; (xU

kpy;ypad; gFjpfSf;F 1800 gFjpfs; tiu) mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ,J ifj;njhopw;

Gul;rpf;F Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l (xU kpy;ypad; gFjpfSf;F 750 gFjpfs;) ngWkhdj;ij

tpl kpf cau;thdjhFk;.

• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpf;F Kd;du;> tspkz;lyj;jpy; FNshuPDk;> IjNuhf;fhgd;fSk;

fhzg;gltpy;iy. vdpDk;> ,d;W mit fzprkhd mstpy; mjpfupj;Js;sd.

• Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; mjpfk; ePUld; Nru;tjhy; efu;g;Gw ePu;Kjy;fspy; xl;rprd;

Nfs;tp mjpfupj;Js;sNjhL> mjd; tpisthf> mit mq;fpfSf;Fg; ghjfkhd

#oyhfTk; khwpAs;sd.

• msTf;fjpfkhd thfdg; gad;ghL> kw;Wk; rPnke;Jf; ifj;njhopy;fs; Nghd;wd

fhuzkhf tspapy; mlq;fpAs;s njhq;fy;epiyj; Jzpf;iffspd; msT mjpfupg;gjd;

tpisthf tsp khrile;Js;sikahy; Rthr Neha;fs; Vw;gLk; epiy Njhd;wpAs;sJ.

• capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUspd; jfdk; fhuzkhf ntsptplg;gLk; fe;jftPnuhl;irl;L

Nghd;w thAf;fs; ePupy; fiutjhy; ePupd; mkpyj;jd;ik mjpfupj;jy;.

• gapu;r;nra;iff;fhf msTf;fjpfkhf ePu;gha;r;rg;gLtjhy; kz;zpd; ctu;j;jd;ik

mjpfupj;J mk;kz; gapu;r;nra;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkw;w epiyia milAk; epiy

fhzg;gLjy;.

• cNyhfg; gpupj;njLg;G kw;Wk; mJ rhu;e;j mfo;Tfs; fhuzkhf ePUld; NrUk; ghu

cNyhfq;fspd; msT mjpfupg;gjhy; ePu; khriljy;.

• jhtu Nghrizg; gjhuj;jq;fs; (nghRNgw;W> iej;jpNuw;W> nghw;whrpak; mad;fs;)

fOtpr; nry;yg;gl;L mjpf mstpy; ePu;Kjy;fspy; Nru;tjhy;> ePupy; Nghrizf;

$Wfspd; msT mjpfupj;J> my;fhf;fs; ngUkstpy; tsu;tjhy;> me;ePu; Vida

mq;fpfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;w #oyhf khWjy;.

92

gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (Key words ) ) ) ) ) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

² ,aw;ifr; #oy; - Natural environment

² ,aw;ifr; rkepiy - Environmental equilibrian

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

² fhlopT njhlu;ghd juT mwpf;iffs;

² fhloptpd; ghjfkhd tpisTfisf; fhl;Lk; tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;

² ePu; khrilT njhlu;ghd juT mwpf;iffs;



• ,aw;ifr; #oy; khriltjpy;> ifj;njhopy;kakhf;fy; fhuzkhf mike;j tpjj;ij

tptupj;jy;

² jw;Nghija #oy; ghjfkhd tifapy; khw;wkile;Js;sJ vd;gij cjhuzq;fhl;b

tpsf;Fjy;

93

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 26.326.326.326.326.3 : G+Nfhs Rw;whlw; gpur;rpidfis Ma;e;jwpthu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • tspkz;ly fl;likg;G khw;wkiltjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfisg; ngaupLthu;.

• gy;NtW ghjfkhd thAf;fs; tspkz;lyj;jpy; NrUk; tpjj;ij

tpsf;Fthu;.

• gy;NtW ghjfkhd thAf;fs; tspkz;lyj;jpy; Nru;tjdhy; Vw;gLk;

tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• ePu; khrhf;fpfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• ePu; khrhf;fpfs; #oypy; NrUk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

• kz; khrhf;fpfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• kz; khrhf;fpfs; #oiyr; NrUk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.


• tspkz;lyj;jpd; mikg;G njhlu;gpy; khztu;fspd; Kd;dwpit kPl;b ghlj;jpDl;

gpuNtrpf;f.

• ngUk;ghyhd G+Nfhs #ow; gpur;rpidfs; tspkz;lyk; rhu;e;jjhf Vw;gl;Ls;sikiaf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

• tspkz;lyj;jpd; mikg;igf; fhl;Lk; ml;ltizia Kd;itf;f.

tspapd; mikg;Gtspapd; mikg;Gtspapd; mikg;Gtspapd; mikg;Gtspapd; mikg;G

gpujhd thAf;fsgpujhd thAf;fsgpujhd thAf;fsgpujhd thAf;fsgpujhd thAf;fs; ;; ;; ;; ;; ; fdtsTfdtsTfdtsTfdtsTfdtsT

iejurd; ^Nitrogen& N2

78%

xl;rprd; Ôxygen& O2

21%

Mfd; Ârgon& Ar 0.9%

fhgdPnuhl;irl;L ^Carbon dioxide& CO2

0.03%

NtW thAf;fs; (rpwpa mstpy;)NtW thAf;fs; (rpwpa mstpy;)NtW thAf;fs; (rpwpa mstpy;)NtW thAf;fs; (rpwpa mstpy;)NtW thAf;fs; (rpwpa mstpy;)

epNahd; ^Neon& Ne

<ypak; ^Helium& He

nkNjd; ^Methane& CH4

iej;jpuR xl;irl;L ^Nitrous oxide& N2O

Ijurd; ^Hydrogen& H2

ePuhtp ^Water vapor& H2O

fhgd; XNuhl;irl;L^Carbon monoxide& CO

mNkhdpah Âmmonia& NH3

jpz;kepiyj; Jzpf;iffSk; JRk; ^Solid particles ,dust&

kfue;j kzpfs; Nghd;w ^Pollen, etc.&

xl;rprd;

21]

iejurd;

78]

fhgdPnuhl;irl;L 0'03]Mfd; 0'9]

94

• tspkz;ly thAepiyf; $Wfis NgusTj; (Major) Jzpf;iffs; kw;Wk; rpw;wsTj;

Jzpf;iffs; vd ,U tiffshf tifg;gLj;jyhk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• tspkz;lyj;jpd; fl;likg;G khw;wk; NgusTj; Jzpf;iffshy; Vw;gLtjpy;iy vd;gij

tpsf;Ff.

• rpw;wsTj; Jzpf;iffspd; fl;likg;gpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wkhdJ tspkz;lyj;jpd; mikg;gpy;

khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; vd tpsf;Ff.

• tspapd; mikg;ig khw;wf;$ba rpw;wsTj; Jzpf;if thAf;fshf fhgdPnuhl;irl;L>

nkNjd; > Mtpgwg ;Gila FNshu Pd ; Nru ;itfs; > (CFC, HCFC, PFC) xNrhd ; >

fjpu;g;Gj;jd;ikAila thAf;fs;> Mtpgwg;Gila IjNuhfhgd;fs;> SOx, NO

x vd;gtw;why;

tspkz;ly mikg;G khw;wkiltjhy; tsp khrilfpd;wikia tpsf;Ff.

• gy;NtW ghjfkhd thAf;fs; #oYld; NrUk; tpjj;ijg; gpd;tUk; cjhuzq;fis

vLj;Jf;fhl;b fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.

• Rtl;L vupnghUl; jfdk;> capu;j;jpzpTj; jfdk;> gpupe;jopjy; Nghd;wd fhuzkhf

tspkz;lyj;jpw; fhgdPnuhl;irl;L Nru;fpd;wikiaAk;> mNjNghd;W fhlopg;G fhuzkhf

tspkz;ly fhgdPnuhl;irl;L mfw;wg;gly; Fiwfpd;wikahy; tspkz;ly

fhgdPnuhl;irl;L kl;lk; mjpfupf;fpd;wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• <udpyq;fs; rhu;e;j tptrhak; (new;gapu;r;nra;if) fhuzkhf kPjkhFk; capu;j;jpzpTfs;

fhw;wpd;wpa epiyikapd; fPo; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; nkNjd;thA tspkz;lyj;Jld;

Nru;fpd;wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• ,iukPl;Lk; gz;iz tpyq;Ffs; (gRf;fs;> MLfs;> nrk;kwpahLfs;) mjpfsT

tsu;f;fg;gLtjdhy; mtw;wpd; czTf; fhy;tha;j; njhFjpapy; eilngWk; nehjpj;jw;

nraw;ghl;bdhy; Njhd;Wk; nkNjd; thA gpujhdkhf tspkz;lyj;Jld; Nru;fpd;wikia

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• NOX thAf;fs; gpujhdkhf thfdq;fspy; eilngWk; mfj;jfdk; fhuzkhf

tspkz;lyj;Jld; Nru;fpd;wd. mNjNghd;W iejurd; grisfs; kz;zpYs;s

gw;wPupahf;fspdhy; NOX thAf;fshf khw;wg;gl;L tspkz;lyj;Jld; Nru;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.

• vupahj Rtl;L vupnghUl;fs; thfdq;fspypUe;J ntspNaWtjdhy; tspkz;lyj;jpy;

gpujhdkhf Mtpg;gwg;Gila IjNuhf;fhgd;fs; Nru;fpd;wd.

• gad;gLj;jg;gl;l / gOjile;j tspgjdhf;fpfs; kw;Wk; Fspu;rhjdg; ngl;bfs; jpUj;jg;gLk;

NghJ FNshupNdw;wg;gl;l IjNuhf;fhgd;fs; (CFC, HFC) tspkz;lyj;Jld; Nru;fpd;wd.

• xNrhd; MdJ FiwAWjpahd thAthFk;. mJ Neubahf tspkz;lyj;jpy; Nru;tjpy;iy.

vdpDk;> #upaxsp Kd;dpiyapy;> thfdq;fspypUe;J vupnghUl; jfdj;jpd; NghJ

ntspNaWk; IjNuhf; fhgd;fs; NOX cld; jhf;fKw;W (fPo; tspkz;lyj;jpy;)

xNrhd; thA Njhd;Wk;.

• NkYk;> gy;gFjpa> kw;Wk; Nrjdr; Nru;itfs; tspkz;lyj;jpw; Fiw jfdj;jpw;Fl;gl;L

gy;tisa mNuhkw;wpf;Fr; Nru;itfshyhd rq;fpypj;njhlu; Nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;Fk;.

• gy;NtW ghjfkhd thAf;fs; #oYld; Nru;tjd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd tpisTfs;

gw;wp gpd;tUk; juTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpsf;Ff.

(i) G+Nfhs ntg;gkiltjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; thAf;fs;

• mbg;gilapy; gr;irtPl;L thAf;fNs ,jpw; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

95

• gr;irtPL kw;Wk; gr;irtPl;L tpisT vd;gd ahnjd tpsf;Ff.

• gr;irtPl;L thAf;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itf;f.

#upadpypUe;J Gtp Nkw;gug;ig te;jilAk; #upaf; fjpu;fs; Gtp Nkw;gug;gpdhy;

cwpQ;rg;gl;L kPz;Lk; Fiwe;j rf;jpAila my;yJ $ba miyePsj;ijf; nfhz;l

fjpu;fshfj; njwpg;gilar; nra;ag;gLk;. Gtp Nkw;gug;gpd; tspkz;lyk; gr;ir tPlhfj;

njhopw;gl;L $ba miyePsj;ijf; nfhz;l fjpu;fshfTk;> nrq;fPo;f; fjpu;fshfTk;

kPz;Lk; tspkz;lyj;jpDs; tpLtpf;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW tpLtpf;fg;gLk; fjpu;fspilNa

$ba miyePsj;ijf; nfhz;l fjpu;fs; kPz;Lk; thd;ntspf;Fr; nry;tJld;

nrq;fPo;f;fjpu;fs; tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s rpy thAf;fshy; mfj;JwpQ;rg;gLk;. ,t;tifahd

thAf;fNs gr;ir tPl;L thAf;fs; vd tpsf;Ff.

• ,t;thwhf nrq;fPo;f; fjpu;fis mfj;JwpQ;rf;$ba thAf;fs; ahit vd khztu;fSf;F

tpsf;Ff. epiyAs;s ,UKidj; jpUg;Gj;jpwDila thAf;fs; my;yJ jiuepiyapy;

Kidtw;wjhapDk; %yf;$Wfs; mjpUk; NghJ ,UKidT Vw;glf;$ba thAf;fSf;F

(rk <uZ kw;Wk; XuZ my;yh ve;jnthU thATk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;) nrq;fPo;f;fjpu;fis

cwpQ;Rk; Mw;wy; cs;sJ.

gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs; gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs; my;yhjit

C O O2

N O N2

C O2

A r

H2

O H2

C H4

H e

O3

F2

tspkz;ly tsp fl;likg;gpd;gb mjd; 99.9%, N2, O

2 , Ar Mfpa thAf;fshyhdJ.

,it gr;irtPl;L thAf;fsy;y. xU %yf;$wpy; %d;W my;yJ mjw;F mjpfkhd

mZf;fisf; nfhz;l ahNjDk; thA gr;irtPl;L thAthfj; njhopw;glf;$baJ.

Rf;fpud; Nfhisr; #o;e;Js;s tspkz;lyj;jpd; Vwj;jho 95%, gr;irtPl;L thAthd

CO2 cs;sJ.

• gr;irtPl;L tpisT ghjfkhdnjhd;wy;y vdTk;> mjd;%yk; Gtp ntg;gepiy

ruhrupahf 150C mstpy; Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ vdTk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. ,J mq;fpfspd;

epyTiff;fhd rpwg;ghd ntg;gepiyahFk;.

• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L> Gtp Nkw;gug;G ntg;gkiljiy

gr;irtPl;L tpisT %yk; tpsf;Ftjw;F khztu;fisj; Jz;Lf.

• tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gr;irtPl;L thAf;fSs; CO2, CH

4, ePuhtp (H

2O)

vd;gd gpujhd ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wd.

• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUl;fs; ngUksT

gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; ngUksT CO2 tspkz;lyj;ij te;jile;jtz;zKs;sJ.

• fhlopg;G Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; tspkz;ly fhgdPnuhl;irl;L mfw;wg;gly; jilg;gl;L

cs;sJ. ,jdhy; CO2 ,d; nrwpT mjpfupj;j tz;zk; cs;sJ.

• NkYk;> tptrha eltbf;iffs;> efu;g;Gwf; Fg;ig$sq;fis rJg;G epyq;fspy;

,ly; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; CH4 ,d; msT mjpfupj;Jr; nry;fpd;wJ.

96

• Gtp Nkw;gug;gpd; ntg;gepiyia mjpfupf;ff;$baJk;> cWjpahdJkhd CFC,

SF6 Nghd;w thAf;fs; tspkz;lyj;jpy; Nru;e;j tz;zKs;sd.

• ,g;gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs; Nru;tjd; fhuzkhf> mtw;wpd; %yk; nrq;fPo;f;fjpu;fs;

cwpQ;rg;gl;L> mjd; tpisthf Gtpapd; ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk;.

(ii) xNrhd;gil Nja;tiljypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; thAf;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

• tspkz;ly Nkw;gFjpapy; cs;s gil kz;lyj;jpy; fPo; vy;iyapy; mjpf msT

XNrhd; thAitf;; nfhz;l xU gpuNjrk; cs;sJ (20 - 35 km). ,J xNrhd; gil

vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; ghjfkhd fopA+jhf; fjpu;fs; uv& cwpQ;rg;gl;L mit

khwd; kz;lyj;ij te;jiltJ jLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

• ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; xl;rprDk; XNrhDk; #upaf; fjpu;fSld; gpd;tUkhW jhf;fk; GupAk;.

• #upadpypUe;J tUk; fopA+jhf; fjpu;fshy; O2(g) $l;lg;gpupiff;F cs;shtjhy;

mZepiy xl;rprd; cw;gj;jpahFk;.

( a )

( b ) mZepiy xl;rprdpd; xU gFjp O2 %yf;$Wld; Nru;tjhy; xNrhd; Njhd;Wk;.

( c ) O3(g)

MdJ ntt;NtW kPbwd;fisf; nfhz;l fjpu;fis mfj;JwpQ;rp> xl;rprd;

thAthfTk; mZepiy xl;rprdhdTk; gpupifailAk;.

( d )

,aw;ifr; rkdpiy %yk; xNrhd; gil khwhj; jbg;gpy; Ngzg;gLk;.

• xNrhd; gilf;Fr; Nrjk; tpistpf;Fk; thAf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgd; vd miof;fg;gLk; CFC Nru;itfs; xNrhd; gilia

ghjpf;Fk; thAf;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgd; Nru;itfs; rpy

• ,q;F CFC Nru;itfs; kpf Ez;zpa Mtpg;gwg;Gs;s Nru;itfashf miktJld;

Fspu;gjdkhf;fpfs;> Fsp&l;bfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Fspu;j;jp thAthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• ,e;jr; Nru;itfs; tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nky;kl;lj;jpy; cl;nry;Yk;NghJ mjpf rf;jpnfhz;l

ntg;ggilAld; njhLifAWtjhy; FNshupd; tpLtpj;j %ypfk; cUthFk;.

Cl Cl Cl Cl

F C F F C C F F C Cl

Cl Cl Cl Cl

O2

O + O

O + O2

O3

O3

O2 + O

fopA+jhf; fjpu;fs;

fopA+jhf; fjpu;fs;

97

FNshupd; tpLtpj;j %ypfk;

• ,e;j FNshupd; tpLtpf;fg;gl;l %ypfk; XNrhDld; jhf;fkile;J XNrhidg;

gpupifailar; nra;Ak;.

O3 + Cl

²

→ ClO + O2

• vdpDk;> ,e;j ClO mZepiy xl;rprDld; jhf;fkile;J kw;WnkhU Cl tpLtpf;fg;gl;l

%ypfj;ijg; gpwg;gpf;Fk;.

ClO + O → Cl

²

+ O2

• ,t;thwhf Cl kPsg;gpwg;gpf;fg;gLtjhy;> Cl tpLtpj;j %yfq;fs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;

XNrhd; %yf;$WfSld; jhf;fk; GupAk;.

(iii) mkpy kioiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; thAf;fs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.

• tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s mkpytpay;Gila thAf;fs; ePupw; fiutjdhy; ePu ;

mkpyj;jd;ikailfpd;wJ. ,t;tkpyj;jd;ik

(1) mkpytpay;Gila thAf;fs; ePupw; fiuAk; msT

(2) cz;lhFk; mkpyj;jpd; typik vd;gtw;wpw; jq;fpAs;sJ.

• mjw;fika mkpy kio cz;lhFk; tpjk; Fwpj;J khztu;f;F mwpT+l;lk; nra;f.

• tspkz;lyj;jpy; cs;s CO2 ePupy; fiue;J nkd;dkpykhfpa fhNghdpf;F mkpyj;ij

Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. ,f;fhNghdpf;F mkpyk; ePupy; fiutjhy; ePupd; pH ngWkhdk; 5.7

,Yk; Fiwtiltjpy;iy. vdNt> mt;thwhd epiyikfs; mkpy kio vdf;

fUjg;gLtjpy;iy.

• vdpDk; SO2, NO

2 Nghd;w thAf;fs; ePupy; fiutjhy; typikahd mkpyq;fshfpa>

ry;G+upf; mkpyk; (H2SO

4)> iej;jpupf; mkpyk; (HNO

3) Mfpad Njhd;Wtjhy; ePupd;

pH ngWkhdk; 5.7 ,Yk; FiwtilAk;. ,e;epiyik mkpykio vdg;gLk;.

• mkpy kio nghoptjd; ghjfkhd tpisTfisg; gpd;tUK; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpf;

fye;JiuahLf.

• mkpykio jhtuq;fspy; ghjfkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;JtNjhL ePu;epiyfspy;

thOk; kPd;fisAk; ghjpf;Fk;.

• H2SO

4 , HNO

3 Nghd;w mkpyq;fs; kz;zpYs;s mYkpNdh rpypf;Nfw;Wg; gjhu;j;jq;fisf;

fiuar; nra;J Al3+ mad;fis ePupy; tpLtpf;Fk;. ,it kPd;fsJ G+f;fspd;

njhopw;ghl;Lf;Fj; jilahf mikAk;.

• kz;topNa tope;NjhLk; mkpykio ePu;> Nghriz %yf;$Wfis ntspNaw;WtNjhL

mYkpdpak; mad;fis mfj;JwpQ;Rk;.

• Rz;zhk;Gf;fw; gbTfs;> ryitf;fw; rpw;gq;fs;> cNyhff; fl;likg;Gfs;> ghyq;fs;>

fg;gy;fs;> Nkhl;lu; thfdq;fs; Nghd;wdTk; mkpykioapd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; mupg;Gf;F

cl;glyhk;.

Cl Cl

F C Cl F C Cl + Clo

Cl

uv

fjpu;

98

• nlhyikw;W> Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;> ryitf; fy; Nghd;wit mkpy kioapw; fiuAk;.

• ghiwfs; rhu;e;j ngUk;ghyhd fdpAg;Gfs; mkpy kioapw; fiuAk;. ,tw;Wld;

Ca2+, Mg2+ vd;gtw;wpd; nrwpT mjpfupj;J ePupd; td;ik mjpfupf;Fk;.

• Nkw;gug;G ePupd; mkpyj;jd;ik> ctu;j;jd;ik> iejurd; mad; nrwpT> ghuTNyhf

mad;nrwpT MfpadTk; ,tw;NwhL mjpfupf;Fk;.

(iv)xspapurhadj; Jkq;fs; vdg;gLtJ ahnjd khztu;fSf;F gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;

%yk;njspTgLj;Jf.

• Nkhl;lu; thfdq;fshy; tpLtpf;fg;gLk; Gifapy; iejurd; mlq;fpa thAf;fSk;

(NOx) ck; vupahj IjNuhf;fhgd;fSk; (C

xH

y) mlq;fpAs;sd. #upa xsp

Kd;dpiyapYk; 150C apYk; $ba ntg;gepiyfspYk; mit xNrhd;> my;bifl;L>

Ngnuhl;rp mnrw;iwy; iej;jpNuw;W (PAN) Ngnuhl; ngd;iry; iej;jpNuw;W (PBN)

Nghd;w rpwpa njhq;fy; epiyj; Jzpf;iffisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.

• ,t;tif ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; #upa xspapd; Kd;dpiyapy; cUthtjhy;

,it xspapurhadj; Jkk; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

• xspapurhadj; Jkq;fs; tspkz;lj;jpd; xspGFk; jd;ikiaf; Fiwg;gNjhL kQ;rs;

epw glyk; Nghd;W fhl;rpaspf;Fk;.

• xspapurhadj; Jkq;fspd; gpd;tUk; ghjpg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;J khztu;f;F mwpT+l;lk;

nra;f.

• kdpjupd; Rfhjhu kw;Wk; cldyk; rhu;e;j ghjpg;Gf;fs;.

xspapurhadj; Jkq;fs; Rthrj; njhFjpf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JtJld;> ,Uky;>

,isg;G Nghd;w Neha;fSf;Fk; fhuzkhf mikAk;.

• gjhu;j;jq;fSf;Fr; Nrjk; Vw;gly;

,ul;ilg; gpizg;Gfs; cilf;fg;gLtjdhy; xNrhd; MdJ ,wg;gupd; nghwpKiw

,ay;Gfis eyptilar; nra;tNjhL Jzptiffspd; epwj;ijAk; ntspw;Wk;.

• tspkz;lyj;jpd; kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; ghjpg;Gfs;

njhq;fy;epiyj; Jzpf;iffs; xspia rpjwr; nra;J tspapd; xspGFjd;ikiaf;

Fd;wr; nra;Ak;.

xspapurhadj; Jkq;fspd; tpisTfs; jhtuq;fspd; tsu;r;rpiaf; Fd;wr; nra;Ak;.

,J gapu;r;nra;ifiag; ghjpg;gjhy; czT cw;gj;jpapy; ghjfkhd tpisTfis

Vw;gLj;Jk;.

• tspkhriljy; NghyNt> ePu; khriljYk;> ftdQ; nrYj;jNtz;ba kw;WnkhU G+Nfhsg;

gpur;rpidahFk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• gpd;tUk; topfspy; ePu; khrilayhk; vd tpsf;Ff.

• ePu; khrhf;fpf; fhuzpfs;

• xl;rprd; Nfs;tpia (BOD) mjpfupf;Fk; Nrjdg; nghUs;fs;

• mjpf ctu;j;jd;ik (NaCl, CaCl2)

• fiue;j epiy thAr; NRu;itfs; (NH3, H

2S)

• fiue;jepiy jpz;kr; Nru;itfs; (Dissolved Solids)

99

• ghu cNyhfq;fs; (Heavy metals)

• fiue;j epiyr; Nrjdr; Nru;itfs; (Dissolved Organic compounds)

• fyq;fy;jd;ik (Turbidity)

• ,urhadr; rha tiffs; (Chemical dyes)

• ghjfkhd gw;wPupahf;fSk; Vida Ez;zq;fpfSk;

• mkpyj;jd;ik (Acidity)

• fhuj;jd;ik (Alkalinity)

• mOf;ffw;wpfs; (Surfactants)

• njhw;WePf;fw; gf;ftpisTfs; (Disinfection by products)

• jpz;kf; fopTg; nghUs;fs; Kiwikahf mg;Gwg;gLj;jg;glhikapdhy;> mtw;wpy;

mlq;fpAs;s ,yFtpy; gpupe;jopAk; Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; ePupy; Nru;tjhy; ePupd; BOD

ngWkhdk; mjpfupf;Fk;.

• cg;Gf;fs; mjpf mstpy; ePupy; fiutjhy; ePupd; ctu;j;jd;ik mjpfupf;Fk;.

• msTf;fjpfkhf ,urhadg; gris tiffisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> kz;zupg;G> fly; ePu;

fyj;jy;> mjpf ePu;g;ghrdk;> mjpf Mtpahjy; Mfpad fhuzkhfTk; fiuaj;jf;f

jpz;kr; Nru;itfs; ePupy; fiutjhy; ePupd; ctu;j;jd;ik mjpfupf;Fk;.

• mjpfstpy; ,urhadg; grisfisAk; NtW ,urhadg; nghUs;fs; ghu

cNyhfq;fslq;fpa ghtidg; nghUs;fs;> Njhy; gjdply; kw;Wk; fljhrpf; ifj;njhopy;

rhu;e;j fopTg;nghUs;fs;> ,yj;jpudpay; fopTg; nghUs;fs; ePUld; Nru;tjhy;> me;ePUld;

ghu cNyhfq;fs; NrUk;.

• ePupd; mkpyj;jd;ik mjpfupg;gjhy;> ePupy; mlq;fpAs;s ghu cNyhfq;fs; ePupDs;

nghrptjhYk;> ePUld; ghu cNyhfq;fs; NrUk;.

• gPil ehrpdpfs; kw;Wk; Vida KidTj; jd;ikaw;w Nrjdr; Nru;itfSk; Nrjdg;

nghUs;fSk; ePupy; fiutjhy; ePUld; Nrjdr; Nru;itfs; NrUk;. NkYk;> ePiuf;

fpUkpaopg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FNshuPd;> ePupy; fiue;Js;s Vida Nrjdr;

Nru;itfSld; jhf;fk; Guptjhy; FNshuPNdw;wg;gl;l Nrjdr; Nru;itfs; ePUld;

NrUk;.

• JzpfSf;Fr; rha%l;ly; kw;Wk; Vida mr;rply; Kiwfs; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfs;

fhuzkhf ePUld; epwg;nghUs;fs; NrUk;.

• cNyhfg; gpupj;njLg;Gk; Rj;jpfupg;Gk;> gw;wup mkpyk; kw;Wk; ,wg;gu; rhu;e;j

cw;gj;jpfspd;NghJ ntsptplg;gLk; mjpf mkpyj;jd;ikAs;s ePu; ePu;epiyfspy;

tpLtpf;fg;gLtjhy; ePu; mkpyj;jd;ikailAk;.

• NkYk;> fe;jftPnuhl;irl;L (SO2)> iejurdPnuhl;irlL (N O

2) Nghd;w mkpy thAf;fs;>

kio ePupy; fiue;J ePu;Kjy;fis miltjhy; ePupd; mkpyj;jd;ik mjpfupf;Fk;.

• NkYk;> fljhrpf; ifj;njhopypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fljhrpf;$o; rhu;e;j fopTg;nghUs;fs;

ePUld; Nru;tjhYk; mOf;ffw;wpfs; mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;JtjhYk; ePupd; fhuj;jd;ik

mjpfupf;Fk;.

• ePu;khrhf;fpfs; ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; kz; khrhf;fpfshfTk; njhopw;gLk; vd;gij

tpsf;Ff.

• mj;NjhL> gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; kz; khriljYf;Ff; fhuzkhfyhk; vd;gijAk; khztu;f;F

tpsf;Ff.

100

• kz;zpd; mikg;G> ,ioaikg;G> fw;wad; gupkhw;wf; nfhs;ssT Mfpa Fiwtjhy;

kz; khrilAk;.

• xOq;fw;w epyg;gad;ghL

• mjpf ePu;g;ghrdk; nra;jy;

• vspjpyhtpahFk; jd;ik mjpfupj;jy;

• jpz;kf; fopTg; nghUs;fis ntspNaw;wy;

• kz;zupg;G

• ctu;j;jd;ik mjpfupj;jy;

• ePupy; khrhf;fpfshf mlq;fpAs;s ghu cNyhfq;fs; kz;zpDs; cwpQ;rg;gLjy;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (Key words) ) ) ) ) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;: vz;zf;fUf;fs;:

• tsp khriljy; - Air pollution

• ePu; khriljy; - W ater pollution

• kz; khriljy; - Soil pollution

• gr;irtPl;L tpisT - Green House Effect

• gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs; - Green House Gasses

• mkpy kio - Acid rain

• XNrhd; gil twpjhf;fk; - Ozone layer depletion

• xsp ,urhadg; Gfhu; - Photo chemical smog


• gr;ir tPl;L tpisT kw;Wk;> mkpy kio fhuzkhf epfo;e;Js;s mupg;igf; fhl;Lk;

glq;fs; / xspg;glq;fs;> Ey;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;

• XNrhd; gil twpjhf;fk; gw;wpa juTfs;

• mkpy kio fhuzkhf Vw;gl;Ls;s mupg;igf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs;> tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;



• tspkz;lyj;jpd; fl;likg;G khw;wkiltjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s fhuzpfisf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;

• ghjfkhd thAf;fs; #oypy; tpLtpf;fg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; gy;NtW jPatpisTfis

tptupj;jy;

• ePu; khriljy; vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;

• ePu; khriljtw;F VJthFk; fhuzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;

• tsp khriljtw;F VJthFk; fhuzq;fis tpsf;Fjy;

101



Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 26.426.426.426.426.4 : fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nry;thf;F Mfpatw;iw

Muha;thu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fhyepiy khw;wq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

• fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; nry;thf;Ffis tptupg;ghu;.


• ‘fhyepiy’ vd;gJ ahJ vd tpdtpg; ghlj;ij mZFf.

• fhyepiy epiyikfs; cWjpahff; fhzg;glkhl;lh vd;gijAk; mit fhyj;Jf;Ff;

fhyk; NtWgLjy; ,aw;ifahd xU nrad;KiwahFk; vd;gijAk; cjhuzq;fhl;b

tpsf;Ff.

• ,w;iwf;F Vwj;jho 200 000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; Gtpapd; ntg;gepiy Fiwe;jikahy;

mJ xU gdpf;fl;bf; Nfhshff; fhzg;gl;likia khztUf;F tpsf;Ff. mg;NghJ

Gtpapd; ntg;gepiy Vwj;jho 50C apdhy; Fiwtile;Js;sJ.

• ,w;iwf;F 125 000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du;> Gtpapd; ntg;gepiy fzprkhd msT

cau;e;jpUe;jNjhL> gdpf;fl;b (fpsrpau;) cUfpaikapdhy;> fly; kl;lkhdJ rhjhuzkhd

msittpl rpy kPw;wu;fs; (4-6 kPw;wu;) cau;e;jikia khztu;f;F tpsf;Ff.

(,J 125 000 tUlq;fSf;F xU jlit epfOk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff)

• Gtpapy; jpBnud epfo;e;j fhyepiy khw;wnkhd;wpd; tpisthf czT fpilf;fhik

fhuzkhf ilNdhru;fs; Nghd;w mq;fpfs; ,we;jikia tpsf;Ff.

• #upaidr; Rw;wp> Gtp nry;Yk; ghij kw;Wk; Row;rp mr;R khw;wkiltjhy;> Gtp

ntg;gkiljYk; Fspu;r;rpailjYk; tl;lr;nrad;Kiwahf epfOfpd;wikia tpsf;Ff.

(Gtpapd; mr;R khw;wkilAk; rf;fuk; 41 000 tUlq;fSf;F xU jlit epfOk;)

• fle;j 650 000 tUlq;fspy; Gtpapy; ,aw;ifahf Vw;gl;l fpsrpau; kw;Wk; ,il

fpsrpau; Afq;fspy; fhgdPnuhl;irl;bd; msT 180 ppm ,ype;J 300 ppm tiu

khw;wkile;Js;sJ.

• ,Ugjhk; Ew;whz;by; eLg;gFjpapypUe;J ,Wjpg; gFjp tiuapy; tspkz;lyj;jpy;

gr;irtPl;L thAf;fspd; msT mjpfupj;jikahy; Vw;gl;l G+Nfhs kw;Wk; ,lj;Jf;Fupa

(Local) fhyepiyf; Nfhyq;fspd; khw;wNk fhyepiy khw;wk; vd;gjhy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ

vd tptupf;Ff.

• kdpjdhy; capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUs;fs; vupf;fg;gLjy;> Vida gr;irtPl;L thAf;fis

mjpfstpy; tspkz;lyj;jpy; tpLtpj;jy; Mfpad fhuzkhf> Gtpapy; epfOk; rf;jpr;

rkdpiyg; ngau;T fhuzkhfNt gpujhdkhf ,J epfOfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

• NkYk;> ,e;j fhyepiyf; Nfhy khw;wkiljyhdJ> ,aw;ifahf epfOk; Nkw;gb

khw;wq;fSf;F mg;ghw;gl;l tifapy; kdpjdhy; #oypy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ghjfkhd

nry;thf;Ffs; fhuzkhf epfo;e;jnjhd;whFk; vd;gJ ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sikia

tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• gpd;tUk; epfo;Tfs;> kdpjdhy; #oypy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ghjfkhd nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf

Vw;gLk; fhyepiy khw;wq;fshFk; vd;gJ ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sikia tpsf;Fq;fs;.

102

• G+Nfhs kl;lj;jpy; Nehf;Fifapy;> “Fspuhd gfy; kw;Wk; ,uT” ehl;fspd; vz;zpf;if

gbg;gbahff; Fiwtile;J nry;tNjhL> “#lhd gfy; kw;Wk; #lhd ,uT” ehl;fspd;

vz;zpf;if gbg;gbahf mjpfupj;Jr; nry;fpd;wikiaj; juTfs; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• 1880 njhlf;fk; 2012 tiuapyhd fhyj;Js; Gtpapd; ruhrup ntg;gepiy Vwj;jho

0.85 ghif nry;rparpdhy; (0.850C) mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

• Gtpapd; fPo;tspkz;ly ntg;gepiy> ,Ugjhk; Ew;whz;bd; eLg;gFjp njhlf;fk;

njhlu;r;rpahf mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

• tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; kj;jpaNfhl;Lf;F mz;kpj;j ehLfSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; kiotPo;r;rp

1950 ,d; gpd;du; gbg;gbahf mjpfupj;Js;sNjhL> kj;jpaNfhl;Lf;F mz;ikapy;

cs;s NtWrpy gpuNjrq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; kiotPo;r;rp gbg;gbahff;

Fiwtile;Js;sJ.

• INuhg;ghtpYk;> MrpahtpYk;> mT];jpNuypahtpYk; rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; Nfhil

fhyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; ntg;gg; gputhfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 1950 ,d; gpd;du; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

• cyfpd; rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; fLikahd Nfhil epiyikfs; mjpfkhf

Vw;gl;Ls;sJld;> mf;Nfhil fhyj;jpd; tPr;Rk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

• mad tyaj;jpy;> #whtspf; fhw;Wf;fs; kpf typikahfTk; kpf mjpfkhfTk;

Vw;gl;ltz;zKs;sd> Fwpg;ghf tl mj;jpyhe;jpf;Fg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ,J kpfj;

njspthf mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fly;ePu; kl;lk; mjpfupf;Fk; tPjk; ,Ugjhk;

Ew;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapy; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yk; Nghf;F mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• fle;j ,uz;L jrhg;j fhyj;Js; cynfq;Fk; fpsrpaupd; msT Jupjkhff;

Fiwtile;Js;sJ. NkYk;> me;jhl;bf;fh> fpwPd;yhe;J Mfpatw;iwr; #oTs;s

gdpf;fl;bj; jl;Lf;fspy; cs;s gdpf;fl;b FiwtilAk; msT> Mz;nlhd;Wf;F 34

fpfh njhd;dpy; (1992-2001) ,Ue;J> Mz;nlhd;Wf;F 215 fpfh njhd;tiu (2002 -

2011) tiu mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

• NkYk;> Ml;bf;Fg; gpuNjrj;jpd; flypy; ciwe;Js;s gdpf;fl;Lj; jl;Lf;fspd; tPr;R

fle;j jrhg;jj;jpy; 3% - 4% tiuapy; Fiwtile;Js;sJ.

• tltiuf;Nfhsj;jpd; gdpf;fl;bapd; msT ,Ugjhk; Ew;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapypUe;J

jrhg;jnkhd;Wf;F 1.6% tiu Fiwtile;j tz;zKs;sJ.

• gj;njhd;gjhk; Ew;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapypUe;J fly;kl;lk; caUk; tPjk; fle;j

,uz;L Ew;whz;Lfspy; mJ cau;e;j tPjj;ij tpl cau;thd ngWkhdj;ijg;

ngWfpd;wNjhL> 1900 njhlf;fk; 2010 tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; fly;ePu; kl;l cau;T

Vwj;jhs 0.19 kPw;wuhFk;. mJ Mz;nlhd;Wf;F Vwj;jho 3.2 kpy;ypkPw;wu; MFk;.

• ,d;W tiuapy; fhgdPnuhl;irl;bd; msT xU kpy;ypad; gFjpfSf;F 395

gFjpfshfTk;> nkNjdpd; msT xU gpy;ypad; gFjpfSf;F 1803 gFjpfshfTk;>

iejurd; xl;irl;bd; msT xU gpy;ypapd; gFjpfSf;F 324 gFjpfshfTk;

mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ,g;ngWkhdq;fs;> ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpf;F Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l

ngWkhdq;fis tpl KiwNa 40%,150%, 20% mjpfupg;ghFk;.

• Nkw;gb %d;W thA tiffSk; fle;j 800 000 tUlq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l cr;r

ngWkhdj;ij tpl fzprkhd msT cau;thd ngWkhdj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

• fhgdPnuhl;irl;L thAit mjpfstpy; cwpQ;Rfpd;wikahy; fly; ePupd; pH ngWkhdk;

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpf;F Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l fly;ePupd; pH ngWkhdj;ij tpl 0.1

,dhy; Fiwtile;Js;sJ.

103

• fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; gpd;tUk; Kidg;ghd (Extreme) thdpiy

khw;wq;fs; gw;wp khztUf;F mwpT+l;lk; nra;f.

• #whtspf;fhw;W Nghd;w cf;fpu epiyikfs; mbf;fb Vw;gLtjhy; capupog;Gf;fSk;

nghUl;Nrjq;fSk; Vw;gly;.

• njhdhNlh epiyikfs; mbf;fb Vw;gLfpd;wikahy; capupog;Gf;fSk;

nghUl;Nrjq;fSk; Vw;gLjy;.

• mbf;fb Vw;gLk; ghupa nts;sg;ngUf;Ffs; fhuzkhf ehLfspd; nghUshjhuk;>

Nghf;Ftuj;J> fl;ll epUkhzj;Jiw Mfpatw;wpy; ghupa ghjpg;Gf;fs; Vw;gly;.

• mbf;fb Vw;gLk; fLk; Nfhil fhuzkhf rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; czTg; fhg;gpd;

(Food security) kPJ jhf;fk; tpisjy;.

• fly;ePu; kl;lk; cau;jy;> flw; #whtsp vd;gd fhuzkhf> fiuNahuj; jho;epyq;fspYk;

jPTfspYk; tho;Nthu;> Gyk;ngau NeupLjy;.

• Ml;bf;Fg; gpuNjq;fspy; flypy; cs;s gdpf;fl;b cUFtjhy;> gdpf;fub> rPy; kPd;

Nghd;w Fspu;g; gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; KiyA+l;b tpyq;FfSf;F Ntl;ilg;GyKk;

thoplKk; mw;Wg;Nghtjhy; mt;Tapupdq;fs; mope;J Nghjy;.

• tspkz;ly ntg;gepiy cau;tjhy; ntg;gg; gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; mq;fpfs;> Fspu;g;

gpuNjrq;fis Nehf;fp> Kw;Wifg; ghzpapy; Gyk; ngau;tjhy; mg;gpuNjrq;fspy;

Vw;fdNt tho;e;Jte;j gpuhzpfs; mope;J Nghjy;.

• fly;ePupd; ntg;gepiyAk; mkpyj;jd;ikAk; mjpfupg;gjhy;> KUiff;fw; ghiwfs;

ntspWjy; / epwePf;fkiljy;.

• mjpf cyu;thd thdpiy Vw;gLfpd;wikahy;> fhl;Lj; jP Vw;gLk; Nghf;F mjpfupg;gNjhL>

mjd;tpisthf fhLfs; ngUkstpy; mopjy;.

• ,ilapilNa Vw;gLk; ntg;gg; gputhfq;fs; kw;Wk; efu;g;Gwj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; ntg;gg;

gputhfq;fs; %yk; Njhd;Wk; ntg;gkhd gpuNjrq;fs; (Heat Islands - ntg;gj;jPTfs;)

fhuzkhf kf;fspd; tho;f;if Fok;GjYk;> mjd;tpisthf tspgjdhf;fYf;fhf

mjpf nryTnra;a NeupLjYk;.

• nraw;ifahf mikf;fg;gl;l ePu ;epiyfspy; Nrkpf;fj;jf;f ePupd; msT

tiuaiwg;gl;ljhifahy;> tptrhak;> ePu;kpd; cw;gj;jp Mfpad kPJ ghjfkhd

tpisTfs; Vw;gly;.

• tspapy; fhzg;gLk; ePuhtpapd; msT NtWgLtjd; tpisthf> khupfhyj;jpy; mjpf

kio nghoptjhy; nts;sg;ngUf;Fk;> Nfhil fhyj;jpy; mjpf ePu;j;jl;Lg;ghLk;

Vw;gly;.

• fiuNahu tyaj;Jf;F mg;ghy; KUiff;fw; ghiwfs; mopTWjy;> kiy cr;rpfspy;

gdpg;gbT Fiwtiljy;> nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gly;> twl;rp Vw;gly;> nfhs;is

Neha;fs; ngUFjy; Nghd;wit fhuzkhf> cy;yhrg; gazf; ifj;njhopYf;Fg;

ghjpg;G Vw;gLjy;.

• nfhs;is Neha;fs; (the;jpNghjp> tapw;Nwhl;lk;) ngUkstpy; guTtjhy;

Rfhjhuj;JiwapYk;> kf;fs; tho;f;ifapYk; nghUshjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fs; Vw;gLjy;.

• ,aw;ifahf Vw;gLk; vy;dpNdh> yhdpNdh epiyikfs; NkYk; cf;fpukiltjhy;>

ePz;lfhy Nfhil> mjpf nts;sg;ngUf;F Nghd;w epiyikfs; Vw;gly;.

104

• NkYk;> xU tUlj;Js; Vw;gLk; gUtfhy kioapd; msTfs; khWglYk;> mjd;

tpisthf tptrhaj;Jiwapy; ghjf epiyikfs; Njhd;WjYk;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (gpujhd nrhw;fs; (Key words) ) ) ) ) / vz;zf;fUf;fs; vz;zf;fUf;fs; vz;zf;fUf;fs; vz;zf;fUf;fs; vz;zf;fUf;fs; :

• ntg;gj;jPTfs; - Heat Islands

• KUiff; fw;ghiwfs; ntspWjy; - Coral bleaching

• vy; epdh - El Nino

• yh epdh - La Nina

• NjhdhNlh - Tornado

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfsjutpUj;jp cs;sPLfsjutpUj;jp cs;sPLfsjutpUj;jp cs;sPLfsjutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs:

• ntg;gepiy khwyfisf; fhl;Lk; tiuGfs;

• #oy; khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd juTfslq;fpa mwpf;iffSk; tPbNahf; fhl;rpfSk;



• fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;

• kdpjdpd; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf fhyepiyapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fis tptupj;jy;

• fhyepiy khw;wq;fspd; tpisthf Vw;gl;Ls;s ghjfkhd epiyikfis tptupj;jy;

105

ju;r;rp 26ju;r;rp 26ju;r;rp 26ju;r;rp 26ju;r;rp 26 : njhopDl;g tpUj;jp #ow; rkdpiyapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;njhopDl;g tpUj;jp #ow; rkdpiyapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;njhopDl;g tpUj;jp #ow; rkdpiyapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;njhopDl;g tpUj;jp #ow; rkdpiyapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;njhopDl;g tpUj;jp #ow; rkdpiyapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;


Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk;kl;lk; 26.526.526.526.526.5 : #ow; ghJfhg;Gf;nfd Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f gbKiwfis Muha;thu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; : • 3R vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.

• ePiug; gupfupf;Fk; Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;.

• jpz;kf; fopT Kfhikj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

• capu;thA kw;Wk; $l;nlUj; njhopDl;gj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;thu;.

• Rj;jkhd cw;gj;jp vDk; vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.


• ,Jtiuapy; fw;w G+Nfhs Rw;whly; gpur;rpidfis kPs epidT+l;bg; ghlj;ij mZFf.

• 3R vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ

Reduce - Fiwj;jy;

Reuse - kPsg;gad;gLj;Jjy;

Recycle - kPs;Row;rpg;gLj;jy;

Mfpa vz;zf;fUf;fshFk; vd;gij khztu;f;F tpsf;Ff.

• 3R vz;zf;fUf;fs; njhlu;ghfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpf; fye;JiuahLf.

• Fiwj;jy; / ,opthf;fy;

• gad;gLj;Jk; %yg;nghUl;fis Fiwthfg; gad;gLj;jp> %yg;nghUl;fis

kPjg;gLj;JjYk;> fopTg;nghUl;fs; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLtijf; Fiwj;jYk;.

cjhuzk;: ,wg;gu;g;ghy; jpusr; nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; mnrw;wpf;F mkpyj;ijg;

NghJkhd / Njitahd msTf;F khj;jpuk; gad;Lj;Jtjd;%yk;>

ntspNawk; fopTePupd; mkpyj;jd;ikaf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.

• kPsg;gad;gLj;Jjy;

• gz;lnkhd;wpid kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;Jtjd;%yk;> %yg;nghUl;fis

kPjg;gLj;JtNjhL> fopTg;nghUl;fs; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLtijAk; ,opthf;fpf;nfhs;SjNy

,jd; Nehf;fkhFk; vd;gij tptupf;Ff. xU jlit gad;gLj;jpa gpd;du;>

fopj;njhJf;Fk; nghypj;jpd; ciwfSf;Fg; gjpyhf> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f

Jzpg;igfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

cjhuzk;: xU jlit gad;gLj;jpa fopj;njhJf;Fk; gpshj;jpf;Fg; Nghj;jy;fSf;Fg;

gjpyhf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f fz;zhbg; Nghj;jy;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jjy;.

• kPs;Row;rpg;gLj;jy;

• ,e;j vz;zf;fU> ahNjDk; Fwpj;j gz;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpa gpd;du;>

mk;%yg;nghUl;fis kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jp mNj cw;gj;jpia gpwpNjhu; cw;gj;jpiar;

nra;jiyNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij khztu;f;F tpsf;Ff.

• gad;gLj;jpf; fopf;Fk; ,Uk;G> mYkpdpak; Nghd;wtw;iw kPs cUf;fpr; Rj;jpfupj;J

gz;lcw;gj;jpf;fhf kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

106

• gad;gLj;jpf; fopj;j fljhrpia kPsf; fljhrpf; $lhf khw;wp fhl;Nghl;

Nghd;wtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;

• fopj;njhJf;Fk; gpshj;jpf;ifr; Rj;jpfupj;J kPs cUf;fp> NtW gz;lq;fs;

cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;

• gpd;tUk; cjhuzq;fis Kd;itj;J njhopDl;g tpUj;jp fhuzkhf ,d;Wtiu Vw;gl;Ls;s

Rw;whlw; gpur;rpidfs; Kw;whf ePf;f Kbahjit vdTk;> rpwe;j Kfhikj;Jtj;jpDlhf

Rw;whlYf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fis ,optsthf;Fk; tifapy; cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;sy; njhlu;ghfTk; khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;Jf.

• CFC f;Fg; gjpyhf HCFC gad;ghL

• HCFC vdg;gLtJ Ijurd; nfhz;l FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgd; Nru;itahFk;.

cjhuzk; :

• HCFC Nru;itfspy; cs;s C-H gpizg;G tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nkyhd kl;lj;Jf;Fr;

nry;tjw;F Kd;du; gpupifailtjy; HCFC tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nky;kl;lj;Jf;Fr; nry;tJ

jLf;fg;gLk;.

• NkYk;> HCFC vdg;gLtJ Ijurd; mlq;fpa GNshNuh fhgd; Nru;itahFk;.

IjNuh GNshNuh fhgd;

• ,q;F FNshupd; mZ ,y;iyahifahy; tspkz;lyj;jpy; Nky; kl;lj;jpy; FNshuPd;

ntsptpl;l %yfk; cUthFk;.

• <ak; Nru;f;fg;gl;l ngw;NwhYf;Fg; gjpyhf <akw;w ngw;Nwhy; gad;ghL

• thfdq;fspypUe;J ntspNaWk; GifapYs;s er;RthAf;fis ghjpg;gw;w thAf;fshf

khw;Wk; Cf;fp khw;wpg; gad;ghL

• #upa rf;jp Nghd;w rf;jp Kjy;fspd;ghy; <Lgly;

• mNjNghd;W gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba kw;WNkhu; khw;Wtopahf khrile;Js;s Njf;fq;fis

gad;ghl;Lf;Ff; nfhs;sj;jf;f tifapy; gupfupg;Gr; nra;jy; gw;wp tpsf;fpf;$Wf.

cjhuzk; : ahNjDk; tpjj;jpy; khrile;J fhzg;gLk; ePiug; gupfupg;Gf;Fl;gLj;jp

kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gJ gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

• gpujhd G+NfhsuPjpahd Rw;whlw; gpur;rpidahd Gtpf;Nfhsk; ntg;gkiljy;> xNrhd;

gil Nja;tiljy; Nghd;w #ow; gpur;rpidfis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy; njhlu;ghf

cyfshtpa uPjpapy; Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;bAs;sik gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.

H Cl Cl

F C Cl F C C F

F H H

F F

H C C H

F F

107

• xNrhd; gilf;Fr; Nrjk; tpistpf;Fk; ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; njhopDl;g

tpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspNyNa ngUksT cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wik gw;wpAk; mjdhy;

Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fis NtW ehl;ltNu mDgtpf;fpd;wik gw;wpAk; njspTgLj;Jf.

• G+Nfhsk; ntg;gkiljy; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd tpisthd rKj;jpu ePu;kl;lk;

cau;tiltjhy; rpwpa jPTfs; rhu;;e;J thOk; kf;fNs mjpfsT ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpd;wik

gw;wp tpsf;Ff. ,jd;fhuzkhf ,t;thwhd gpur;rpidfis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;fhf

cyfpYs;s rfyUk; xd;wpize;J jPu;Tfis Kd;itf;f Ntz;bajd; mtrpak; gw;wp

tpsf;Ff.

,jw;fhf nkhd;upay;> fpNahl;Nlh> nfd;Jd; rkthaq;fs; %yk; ,zf;fg;ghL

vl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. nkhd;upay; rkthak; : xNrhd;gilf;Fr; Nrjk; tpisTf;Fk; thAf;fis

,opthf;Fjy; njhlu;ghd ,zf;fg;ghL

2. fpNahl;Nlh rkthak; : gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs; fhyiy ,optsthf;Fjy;

njhlu;ghd ,zf;fg;ghL

3. nfd;Fd; rkthak; : gr ;irt Pl ;L thAf ;fis ,opthf ;Ftjw ;fhf

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ntz;ba topKiwfs; njhlu;ghd

,zf;fg;ghL

nkhd;uPay; rkthaj;jpd; ,zf;fg;ghl;bd;gb CFC cw;gj;jpAk; Gjpjhd ghtidAk;

2010 ,y; Kw;whf epWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. nfd;Fd; rkthaj;jpd; ,zf;fg;ghl;bd;gb 2015

MFk;NghJ gr;irtPl;L thAf;fspd; tpLtpg;ig 2000k; Mz;by; ,Ue;jij tpl 50%

,dhy; Fiwg;gjw;F cld;ghL vl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; vupnghUs; jfdj;jpd;NghJ ntspNaw;wg;gLk;

thAf;fspYs;s khrhf;fpfs; ,optsthFk; tifapy; cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;tjd; Rw;whlYf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;igf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vd tpsf;Ff.

• thfdj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; GifapYs;s NO, CO Nghd;w vupahj

IjNuhf;fhgd;fis ghjfkw;w gjhu;j;jq;fshf khw;Wtjw;fhf Cf;fp khw;wpfs;

gad;gLjjg;gLfpd;wik gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

• epyf;fup jfdj;jpd;NghJ ntspNaWk; Gifapy; fopTg;nghUshff; fhzg;gLk; fe;jfk;

(ry;gu;) jfdkile;J ntsptplg;gLk; fe;jftPnuhl;irl;il tbj;J Ntwhf;Ftjw;fhf

fy;rpak; xl;irl;L Nghd;w gjhu;j;jq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtij tpsf;Ff.

• rPnke;J cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ mjpfsT cw;gj;jpahFk; rPnke;J Ez;Jfs;fis (Particu-

late matter) tspAld; fyf;fhj tifapy; ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhf ciw kid (Bag house)

kw;Wk; milayiwfs; (Sedimentation chambers) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

• ,wg;gu; ghy; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfspd; NghJ ,wg;gu; ghiyj; jpusar;nra;tjw;fhf

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mrw;wpf;fkpyk;> Nghkpf;fkpyk; Nghd;wit ePUld; fyg;gjdhw; pH

ngWkhdk; FiwtiltijAk; ,wg;gu;ghiyj; jpusilahJ ePz;lfhyk; Ngzp

itg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mNkhdpah Nghd;wit ePUld; fyg;gjdhy; ePupd; pH

ngWkhdk; mjpfupg;gJ gw;wpAk; tpsf;fp ,t;tkpyq;fisAk; mNkhdpahitAk;

eLepiyahf;fp mfw;WtJ rpwe;jJ vd;gJ gw;wpAk; tpsf;Ff.

• mNjNghd;W tu;j;jf tyaq;fs; rhu;e;j ifj;njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;J ntspNaWk;

fopTePiug; gupfupg;gjw;fhf ghupa kj;jpa ePu;g; gupfupg;Gj; njhFjpfs; <LgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik

gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

108

• ePu;g; gupfupg;G gbKiwfs; %d;iwAk; tpsf;Ff.

• Kjyhd gupfupg;G

,q;F fopT ePupd; kPJ kpjf;Fk; jpz;kf; fopTfSk; njhq;fy;epiyg; gjhu;j;jq;fSk;>

ePupw; fiuahj kzy;> NrWfs; Nghd;wd tbfl;lg;gl;L mfw;wg;gLk;.

kzy; tbfl;bapDlhf mDg;Gjy; my;yJ kpfr;rpwpa Ez;Lfisf; nfhz;l

tiyapDlhfr; (Screening) nrYj;jy; vd;gd Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

• Jizahd gupfupg;G

,q;F fopT ePupYs;s Ez;zq;fpfs; %yk; gpupifailaf;$ba Nrjdg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;

mfw;wg;gLk;. ,r;Nrjdr; Nru;it capupurhad xl;rprd; Njitia / (capupurhad

xl;rprDf;fhd Nfs;tpia)(Bio chemical oxygen demand) Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F VJthaikAk;

vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

• capupurhad xl;rprd; Njit / capupurhad xl;rprDf;fhd Nfs;tp vdg;gLtJ

ahnjd tpsf;Ff.

,q;F fopTePu; ghupa jhq;fpfspy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L ePu;tho; gw;wPupahf;fspd; Rthrj;jpw;Fj;

Njitahd xl;rprd; toq;fy; tsp %yk; NkyDg;gg;gl;L Ntfkhf gw;wPupahf;fs;

tsu;tjw;F ,lkspf;fg;gLk;. ,jw;fhf capupaw; jhf;fpfs; (biological reactors)

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

,jw ; f hf Rotating drum reactors, Thickling Tiltors, Activate sludge process Mfpa Kiwfs ;

gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wikiaf; Fwpg;gpl;L mk;%d;W KiwfisAk; vspikahf tpsf;Ff.

• ,t;Tapu;j; jhf;fpfs; %yk; ePupylq;fpAs;s xl;rprDf;fhd Nfs;tpia cUthf;Fk;

Nrjdr; Nru;itfspy; 40% Mdit fhgdPnuhl;irl;lhf khw;wg;gLtJld; vQ;rpa 60%

gw;wPupupa capu;j;jpzpthf khw;wg;gLtijAk; tpsf;Ff.

• ,g;gw;wPupa capu;j;jpzpthdJ rpwe;j jhtug; Nghriz Clfkhf miktJld; mjid

$l;Lg;gris jahupg;gpw;Fk;> capu;thA cw;gj;jpf;Fk; gad;gLj;j KbAnkd tpsf;Ff.

• Gilahd (%d;whk; epiy) ePu;g; gupfupg;G

• Jizahd ePu;g; gupfupg;gpd; gpd;du; ePupy; fhzg;gLk; njhq;fy;epiy gw;wPupahf;fis

nfhyzp (Coagulant) Nru;g;gjd; %yk; gbTwr; nra;jy; gw;wp (Sedimentation) tpsf;Ff.

,jw;fhf myk; (mYkpdpak; ry;Ngw;W) my;yJ Poly electolyte gad;gLj;jp

tPo;gbthf;fg;gLfpd;wikia tpsf;Ff.

• Jizahd ePu;g; gupfupg;gpd; NghJ ePupw; fiue;Js;s ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fis

mfw;WtNj gpujhd Nehf;fk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

• ,q;F ePupw; fiue;Js;s fhgd; khRf;fis mfw;Wtjw;fhf Vtg;gl;l fw;fup tbfl;b

(Activated charcoal) apDlhf mDg;gp tbfl;lg;gLtij tpsf;Ff.

• mNj Nghd;W fiue;Js;s mNrjd khRf;fis (ghuTNyhfq;fs;) mfw;WtJ rpwpJ

fbdkhdJ vd;gijAk; mjw;fhf tpiy$ba kpd;frpT tbfl;ly; (Electrodiolysis)

gpw;gpurhuzk; (Reverse osmosis) Nghd;w Kiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLtijAk; tpsf;Ff.

• ,Wjpapy; ePupw; fhzg;gLk; jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; Ez;zq;fpfis mfw;Wjy; kw;Wk;

fpUkpaopj;jy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjid tpsf;Ff. (water disinfection)

109

• ePiuj; njhw;WePf;Ftjw;fhf FNshuPNdw;wKk; xNrhNdw;wKk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtijf;

Fwpg;gpl;L mt;tpuz;L KiwfisAk; RUf;fkhf tpgupf;Ff. xNrhNdw;wk; kpfTk;

,yhgfukhdjhff; fhzg;gl;lhYk; mjd;%yk; njhw;WePf;fypd; Nghjhd gf;ftpisTfs;

(Disinfection by ) ePUld; fyf;fg;gLtJ gw;wpAk; ,it jPq;F gaf;fj;jf;fit vd;gJ

gw;wpAk; tpsf;Ff.

• fopA+jhf;fjpu;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAk; ePiuj; njhw;W ePf;fQ; nra;ayhk;. mjd;%yk;

gw;wPupahf;fs;> gq;fRf;fs; Mfpa ,uz;Ltif mq;fpfSk; mopAk;.

• jpz;k fopTg;nghUs; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpa epfo;thf cf;fyilAk; fopTg;

nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp $l;Lg;grisj; jahupg;G kw;Wk; capu;thA jahupg;G

Nkw;nfhs;tijf; Fwpg;gpl;L jpz;kf; fopTg; nghUs; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;NghJ mjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf.

• jpz;k fopTg;nghUl;fis mfw;Wk; NghJ mtw;iw cf;fyilaf; $bait>

cf;fyilahjit vd tifg;gLj;jp mfw;Wtjd; %yk; $l;Lg;gris cw;gj;jpapd;

nghUs; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; NghJ mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf.

• cf;fyilaf;$ba fopTg;nghUl;fs; gw;wPupahf;fs; %yk; gFjpahfg; gpupifailar;

nra;ag;gLtjd; %yk; mjpYs;s fhgd;> iejurd; tpfpjk; (C/N) mjpfupf;Fk; vd;gij

tpsf;Ff. ,e;j C/N tpfpjk; $l;Lg;grisapd; juj;ij msf;Fk; mstPL vd;gij

tpsf;Ff.

• Nrjdg; grisfspy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd jhtug; Nghrizg; gjhu;j;jq;fspd; msT

(N,P,K) ,urhadg; grisfspy; fhzg;gLk; mstpYk; FiwT vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

• jhtuq;fSf;F Ez;Nghriz %yq;fis toq;Fjy;. mit ePupdhw; fOtpr; nry;yg;glhJ

gpizj;J itj;jpUj;jy;> kz;zpd; ,ioaikg;ig Nkk;gLj;jy; fw;wad; gupkhw;wf;

nfhs ;ssit mjpfu pj ;jy ; Nghd ;wit Nrjdg ; grisfspd ; g p ujhd

njhopw;ghLfshFnkd;gij khztu;fSf;F tpsf;Ff.

• jhtug; gFjpfs; cf;fyiltjw;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; Ez;zq;fpfSf;Fj; Njitahd

rpwg;ghd epiyiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjd; %yk; gjhu;j;jq;fs; Jupjkhf gFjpastpy;

gpupifailar; nra;jNy $l;Lg;gris cw;gj;jpapd; gpujhd Nehf;fnkd;gij tpsf;Ff.

tspapd; <uypg;igAk; ntg;gepiyiaAk; rpwg;ghf NgZtjd; %yk; rpwe;j $l;Lg;

grisiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAnkd;gijAk; tpsf;Ff.

• <uypg;igg; NgZtjw;fhf epjKk; ePu; njspf;fg;gl;l Ntz;Lnkd;gijAk;> ntg;gepiyiag;

NgZk; nghUl;L tspNahl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mbf;fb Gul;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd;gijAk; tpsf;Ff.

• efu;g;Gwf; fopTg;nghUl;fspypUe;J jahupf;fg;gLk; $l;Lg;grisapy; ghu cNyhfq;fs;

kw;Wk; khRg;nghUl;fs; mjpfsT fhzg;gLjy; $l;Lg;grisapy; fhzg;gLk; gpujp$ykhf

vLj;Jiuf;f.

• ,jdhy; efu;g;Gw fopTg;nghUl;fis mfw;Wk; NghJ NtWgLj;jp mfw;wg;gl Ntz;bajd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kPz;Lk; tpsf;fpf; $Wf.

• fhw;wpd;wpa epiyikfspd; fPo; Nrjdg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; kPJ gw;wPupahf;fspd; gpupifj;

jhf;fk; fhuzkhf cw;gj;jpahFk; nkNjd; thANt capu;thAthFnkd;gij

khztu;fSf;F tpsf;fpf;$Wf.

110

• ,yq;ifapw; gpujhdkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; capu;thA gpwg;ghf;fpfspd; njhopDl;gk;

gw;wp khztu;fSf;F tpsf;fpf; $Wf.

• capu;thA gpwg;ghf;fpfspy; kPjkhFk; jpz;kkPjpfs; jhtuq;fSf;Fr; rpwe;j

NghrizA+lfkhf miktij khztu;fSf;F tpsf;Ff.

• Ja;ikahd cw;gj;jp vDk; vz;zf;fUit tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ghlj;jpDl;

gpuNtrpf;f.

• nghUl;fs; Nritfs; kw;Wk; ifj;njhopw; nraw;ghLfspd; tpidj;jpwd; tpUj;jpf;Fk;.

mjd;%yk; kdpjDf;Fk; #oYf;Fk; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfis Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L

xd;wpize;j #oy; cghaq;fisg; gpuNahfpj;jy; Ja;ikahd cw;gj;jpahFk;.

• Ja;ikahd cw;gj;jp vz;zf;fUtpy; fopT(waste) vd;gJ gpioahd ,lj;jpy;

gpioahd tpjj;jpy; gpioahd Clfj;jpy; fhzg;gLtjhf fUjg;gLfpd;w epjpg;

ngWkjpkpf;f tskhFnkd;gij khztu;fSf;F tpsf;Ff.

cjhuzk;;: efu;g;Gw jpz;kf; fopTfspy; fhzg;gLk; cf;fyilaf;$ba nghUl;fs;

$l;Lg;grisf;Fupa epjpg;ngWkjpkpf;f nghUs; vd;gijAk; fhl;Nghl;>

,Uk;G> gpsh];bf; Nghd;w kPs;Row;rp %yk; mtw;Wf;F tpiyiag;

ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f KbAnkd;gijAk;> tptrha eltbf;iffspd;NghJ

mfw;wg;gLk; itf;Nfhy;> ney;yiuf;Fk; Miy> Jk;G Miy> kuthiy

Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J mfw;wg;gLk; ckp> Jk;Gr;NrhW> kuj;Js; Nghd;wtw;iw

kPz;Lk; gaDs;s nghUshjhug; nghUl;fshf khw;wKbAk; vd;gJ gw;wpAk;

khztu;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

• Ja;ikahd cw;gj;jpapy; %d;W gpujhd Nehf;fq;fs; cs;sikia khztu;fSf;F

tpsf;fpf;$Wf.

1. %yg;nghUl; ghtidia ,optsthf;fy;

2. kPs;Row;rpf;Fl;gLj;jy;

3. nghUs; kPSUthf;fk;

• %yg;nghUl; ghtidia ,optsthf;fy; njhlu;gpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpa

fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.

• ,jw;fhd nghUl;fis rpwg;ghd tpjj;jpy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; %yk; frpjy;> rpjWjy;

kw;Wk; NtW Kiwfshy; khriltjhy; Vw;gLk; Nrjq;fisf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;sy;

Ja;ikahd cw;gj;jpapd; Xu; vz;zf;fUthFk;.

• mNjNghd;W nghUl;fisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jk;NghJ cupa epak tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l

%Nyhghaq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wjy; kw;WNkhu; mq;fkhFk;.

• nra;Kiwfspy; Njitahd khw;wq;fisr; nra;J ,og;Gf;fisf; Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk;

tsq;fspd; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f gpuNahfk; vd;gd %yg;nghUl; ghtidapd; kw;WNkhu;

jj;JtkhFk;.

,jw;fhf

1. gad;gLj;Jk; %yg;nghUl;fis khw;Wjy; Xu; mq;fkhFk;. ,q;F

• Mgj;ij tpistpf;ff;$ba %yg;nghUl;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf NtW nghUl;fisg;

gad;gLj;jy;

111

• kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;j Kbahj nghUl;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf kPsg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba

%yg;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;

• nghUl;fspd; tpisjF MAl;fhyk; $bajhfg; Ngzf;$ba %yg;nghUl;fisg;

gad;gLj;jy; ,jd; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhFk;.

cjhuzk;: • ,Uk;Gf;Fg; gjpyhf fiwapy; cUf;F %yg;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;

• flkpak; mlq;fpa kpd;fytLf;FfSf;Fg; gjpyhf flkpakw;w

kpd;fytLf;ifg; gad;gLj;jy;

• gad;ghl;bd; gpd;du; fopj;J xJf;fg;gLk; kpd;fyq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf

kPs kpd;Ndw;wf;$ba kpd;fyq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;

2. nrad;Kiwfis (Process) rpwg;ghd tpjj;jpy; epu;tfpj;jy;

,q;F

• cw;gj;jpr; nraw;ghLfis etPdkag;gLj;jy;

• vz;uPjpahd mwpf;iffisg; NgZtjd; %yk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtij ,dq;fz;L

mtw;Wf;Fj; jPu;T fhzy;

• nraw;ghLfspd; tpidj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jy;

• ,og;Gfs;> ghjfkhd thAf;fs;> fopTg;nghUl;fs; Njhd;Wtij ,optsthf;fy;

vd;gd mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

3. cgfuzq;fis etPdkag;gLj;jYk; ,w;iwg;gLj;jYk;

• cw;gj;jp cgfuzq;fis etPdkag;gLj;jy;> ,w;iwg;gLj;jy; Mfpad %yk;

nra;Kiwfspd; tpidj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jy;.

• ghjfkhd fopTfs; ntspNaWjiyf; Fiwj;jy; vd;gd mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fshFk;.

cjhuzk;;:

• cgfuzq;fspd; vupnghUs; tpidj;jpwid mjpfupj;jy;

• cgfuzq;fis jhdpaq;fp Kiwf;Fl;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mopTfis

,optsthf;Fjy;

4. gad;gLj;Jk; njhopDl;gj;ij khw;Wjy;

,jw;fhf

• etPd njhopDl;g Kiwfisf; ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; nra;Kiwfis mwpKfQ;nra;jy;

%yk; ,og;GfisAk; fopTfs; ntspNaWtijAk; ,optsthf;fpf; nfhs;sy; mbg;gil

Nehf;fkhFk;.

cjhuzk;

• tspg;gjdkhf;fpfspy; Fsp&l;lw; nraw;ghLfspy; gioa Fsp&l;lw; nra;Kiwf;Fg;

gjpyhf Neu;khw;wpj; (inverter) njhopDl;gj;ijg; gpuNahfpg;gjd;%yk; rf;jp

tpidj;jpwidf; $l;Ljy;.

• ntg;gNkw;Wtjw;fhf rhjhuz ntg;gNkw;ww; nra;Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhf Ez;ziyfisg;

gad;gLj;jy;

• jfLfis ntl;Ljy; tisj;jy; Nghd;w nra;Kiwfspy; kuGuPjpahd KiwfSf;Fg;

gjpyhf Nyru; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;

112

• mLj;j Ja;ik vz;zf;fU kPs;Row;rpf;Fl;gLj;jyhFk;.

,jw;fhf>

1. tPz;tpuakhFk; gjhu;j;jq;fis cupa nraw;ghLfspDNl kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jy;

,jw;F cjhuzkhf cNyhfg; nghUs; cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopypd;NghJ ntl;b mfw;wg;gLk;

cNyhfj;Jz;Lfis kPsg; gad;gLj;;jp NtW nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

tPl;Lj; jsghl cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy; ntl;bafw;wg;gLk; gFjpfis myq;fhug; nghUl;fs;

jahupg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jy;

2. ahNjDnkhU epWtdj;jpdhy; mfw;wg;gLk; fopTfis NtnwhU ifj;njhopYf;fhd

%yg;nghUshfg; gad;gLj;jy;

• MilAw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopypd;NghJ ntl;b mfw;wg;gLk; Jzpj;Jz;Lfisg; gad;gLj;jp

jiuj;Jtha;tfs;> jiyaiz> nkj;ijfSf;fhd epug;gpfshfg; gad;gLj;jy;

• Jk;Gf;fapW cw;gj;jpapd; gf;ftpisthd Jk;Gr;Nrhw;wpia tpwFf;fhd khw;W

vupnghUshfg; gad;gLj;jy;

• nfhg;giw cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ gf;f tpisthfg; ngwg;gLk; njq;FePu; vjNdhy;

cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jy;

• ntl;bafw;wg;gLk; cNyhfj;Jz;Lfis cUf;fp kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jy;

• epWtdq;fspypUe;J mfw;wg;gLk; nghypj;jPd;fs;> fhl;Nghu;l;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J

kPs;Row;rp nra;ag;gl;l nghypj;jPd;fs;> fhl;Nghl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

• %d;whtJ Ja;ikahf;fy; vz;zf;fU nghUl;fspid etPdkag;gLj;jy; MFk;.

1. %yg;nghUl;fis ,optsthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

2. nghUl;fspd; MAl;fhyj;jpDs; #oYf;F Vw;gLk; Nrjj;ij ,optststhf;Fk;

tifapy; nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp

cjhuzk;:

• XNrhd;gilf;Fr; Nrjk; tpistpf;ff;$ba CFC ghtidf;Fl;gLj;jhj Fspu;rhjdg;

nglbfisAk;> tspgjdkhf;fpfisAk; gad;gLj;jy;

• vupnghUs; tpidj;jpwd;$ba> tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l fyg;gpd thfdq;fs; (Hybrid)

cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

• vupnghUs; tpidj;jpwd; Fiwe;j nfhs;ssT Fiwe;j thfdj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf rpwpa

thfdq;fspd; gad;ghL

• ghy;kh igf;fw; cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ ,uz;L ciwfSf;Fg; gjpyhf xU ciwiag;

gad;gLj;jy;

• gioa fNjhl;Lf;fjpu;f; Foha; njhiyf;fhl;rpfSf;Fg; gjpyhf kpd;rf;jp tpidj;jpwd;

$ba LED njhiyf;fhl;rpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;

• xspA+l;Ltjw;fhf rf;jp tpidj;jpwd; $ba CFL, LED kpd;Fkpo;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;

• nghUl;fspd; mg;Gwg;gLj;jf;$ba fljhrpr; Rl;Lj;jhs;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf epiyahd

Rl;Lj;jhs;fs; gad;gLj;jy;(cjhuzk;: gog;ghdg; Nghj;jy;)

113

• xUKiw ghtpj;j gpd;du; mg;Gwg;gLj;jg;gLk; czTfSld; $ba nghUl;fSf;F

gjpyhf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba ciwfisf; nfhz;l nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp

nra;jy; (ghdq;fs; kw;Wk; FbtiffSf;fhf gad;gLj;Jk; gpsh];upf; Nghj;jy;fSf;Fg;

gjpyhf fz;zhbg; Nghj;jy;fs; gad;gLj;jy;)

• kspiff;fil ciw(Grocery bag) ,w;Fg; gjpyhf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba

#oypy; cf;fyilaf;$ba fljhrpg; igfis my;yJ Jzpg;igfisg; gad;gLj;jy;


² G+Nfhstpaw; Rw;whlw; gpur;rpidfs; - Global environmental hazards

² Ja;ikahd cw;gj;jpfs; - Cleaner products

² jpz;kf; fopTg;nghUs; Kfhikj;Jtk; - W aste managment

² fopTePu;g; gupfupg;G - W aste water treatment

² %yg;nghUl; ghtidia ,optsthf;fy; - Reduce

² kPs; Row;rpf;Fl;gLj;jy; - Recycling

² cw;gj;jpg; nghUis khw;wpaikj;jy; - Product modification

² nkhd;uPay; rkthak; - Montreal Protocol


• xNrhd; gil njhlu;ghd ,izaf; fhnzhspfs;

• fopTfs; kPs;Row;rpf;Fl;gLj;jiyf; fhl;Lk; gha;r;rw; Nfhl;Lg; glq;fs;> cUtg;glq;fs;>

fhnzhspfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpa ,Wtl;Lf;fs;



• ePu; gupfupg;Gg; gbKiwfis tpsf;Fjy;

• jpz;kf; fopTfs; Kfhikj;Jt Kiwahff; $l;Lg;gris cw;gj;jpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

tpsf;Fjy;

• capu;thA cw;gj;jpapd; gbKiwfis tpsf;Fjy;

• Ja;ikahd cw;gj;jpapd; Nehf;fq;fis tpsf;Fjy;

• Ja;ikahd cw;gj;jp vz;zf;fUit cjhuzk; %yk; tpsf;Fjy;

114

njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

nrad;Kiwg; gl;bay;nrad;Kiwg; gl;bay;nrad;Kiwg; gl;bay;nrad;Kiwg; gl;bay;nrad;Kiwg; gl;bay;

• ngsjpftpay;ngsjpftpay;ngsjpftpay;ngsjpftpay;ngsjpftpay;

1. Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfs; ngwy;

• ,Uk;Gg; gl;bifnahd;wpd; mfyj;ij msj;jy;

• Fz;Lg Nghjpifnahd;wp;d cs;> ntsp tpl;lj;ij msj;jy;

• Crp kUe;Jf; Fg;gpnahd;wpd; Moj;ij msj;jy;

2. jpUfhzp EZf;Ff; fzpr;rpiag; gad;gLj;jp mstPLfs; ngwy;.

• nky;ypa cNyhfj; jfnlhd;wpd; jbg;ig msj;jy;.

• nky;ypa fk;gpnahd;wpd; tpl;lj;ij msj;jy;.

• ehzankhd;wpd; ikaj;jbg;ig msj;jy;.

• nky;ypa nghypj;jPd; jhspd; jbg;ig msj;jy;.

3. fyit Kiwapy; ePupd; Mtpahjypd; jd;kiwntg;gj;ijj; Jzpjy;.

4. %ba epiyapYs;s Nfhnyhd;wpDlhf ntg;gk; flj;jg;gLk;NghJ ntg;gg; gutiyf;

fw;wy;.

5. tpirj;jpUg;gf; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp njupahj Riknahd;wpd; ngWkhdj;ijf;

fzpj;jy;.

6. Mf;fpkpbrpd; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp jpz;kk;> jputk; Mfpatw;wpd; rhulu;j;jpiaf;

fzpj;jy;

7. ,wg;gu; Fohiag; gad;gLj;jp ,wg;gupd; aq;qpd; Fzfj;ijf; fzpj;jy;

8. gy;khdpiag; gad;gLj;jp kpd;Ndhl;lk;> mOj;j tpj;jpahrk; vd;gtw;iw msj;jy;

9. Xkpd; tpjpia tha;g;Gg; ghu;j;jy;

10. flj;jpr; RUs; / flj;jpnahd;wpy; Jz;ba kpd;dpaf;f tpirapd;ghy; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisr; Nrhjpj;jwpjy;

• ,urhadtpay;,urhadtpay;,urhadtpay;,urhadtpay;,urhadtpay;

1. fljhrp epwg;gjptpay; El;gKiw %yk; jhtu ,iyfspy; mlq;fpAs;s epwg;nghUl;fis

Ntwhf;fy;.

2. Njapiyapy; ,Ue;J fNgd; gpupj;njLj;jy;.

3. fuhk;gpypUe;J ,A+[pNdhy; gpupj;njLj;jy;.

4. MlhNjhil (ghtl;il) ,iyfspypUe;J my;fnyhapl;ilg; gpupj;njLj;jy;.

Documents

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpuk; (cau;juk;) …J GJikg;ghl;LlDk; gy;tifikAlDk; ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; tFg;giwapy; mtw;iw ntw;wpfukhf Kd;itg;gjw;Fk; ngupJk; Jizahf mikAk;