Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005

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Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005

UGHDARRAS

THEISTEANAS

NA H-ALBA


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Gaelic Orthographic Conventions2005

Published date: August 2005

Publication code: BB1532

First Published by the Scottish Certificate of Education Examination Board (SCEEB)

in 1981 and revised by the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) in 2005.

Published by the Scottish Qualifications AuthorityHanover House, 24 Douglas Street, Glasgow G2 7NQ

Ironmills Road, Dalkeith, Midlothian EH22 1LE

www.sqa.org.uk

The information in this publication may be reproduced in support of SQA

qualifications. If it is reproduced, SQA should be clearly acknowledged as the

source. If it is to be used for any other purpose, then written permission must be

obtained from the Publications Team, Customer Relations and Marketing at SQA.

It must not be reproduced for trade or commercial purposes.

Scottish Qualifications Authority 2005


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For an up-to-date list of prices visit the Publication Sales and Downloads section

of SQAs website.

This document can be produced, on request, in alternative formats, including large

type, braille and numerous community languages. For further details telephone

SQAs Customer Contact Centre on 0845 279 1000.

SQA is committed to using plain English. We will try to make our publications as

easy and straightforward to understand as we can, and will try to avoid all

unnecessary jargon. If theres any language in this document that you feel is hard

to understand, or could be improved, please write to Editor, Publications Team, atthe Glasgow address above or e-mail: [email protected].


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Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................1

1 The spelling rule .....................................................................................................................................................................................................2

2 Consonant quality.................................................................................................................................................................................................2

3 Consonant groups .................................................................................................................................................................................................3

4 Vowel representations ......................................................................................................................................................................................4

5 Word stress and emphasis............................................................................................................................................................................5

6 Apostrophes and spacing ..............................................................................................................................................................................7

7 Sound adaptation and loan words ......................................................................................................................................................8

8 Verbs ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9

9 Prepositional phrases.........................................................................................................................................................................................10

10 Hyphenation ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................12

11 Other orthographic issues

A Numbers ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................14

B Months of the year..................................................................................................................................................................................15

C Dates .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................15

D Days..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................15

E Surnames............................................................................................................................................................................................................15

F Place names .....................................................................................................................................................................................................15

G Titles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................16

H Acronyms............................................................................................................................................................................................................17

I Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................................................................17

12 Word list.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................18


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Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005

Introduction

In 1976, the Scottish Certificate of Education Examination Board (SCEEB), at the

request of its Gaelic Panel, set up a Sub-committee of the Panel to investigate issues

pertaining to Gaelic orthography. Inconsistencies in the standard of written Gaelic had

been noted by SCEEB examiners and it was felt that guidelines should be created to

ensure that an authoritative set of orthographic conventions was adopted by teachers

and examination candidates. It was also important that examiners, setters and markers

would use the document when dealing with Gaelic examination papers and scripts.

The findings of the Sub-committee werepublished in 1981 in the document GaelicOrthographic Conventions (GOC). Thisdocument has proved to be a valuable foundationfor many areas of Gaelic development since thenas Gaelic usage has expanded into differentdomains of public life in Scotland. More recentlythe GOCrecommendations have been adopted

in the compilation ofFaclair na Prlamaid.

It has now been decided by the ScottishQualifications Authority (SQA), whichsuperseded the SCEEB, that the document shouldbe reviewed and updated, whilst adhering to theprinciples and recommendations contained in theoriginal. It is intended that this updated documentshould be easier to use, and the extended list ofnearly 2,000 words is designed to illustrate morefully the application of the conventions. In most

cases a single orthographic form is recommended,although it is recognised that, in some instances,more than one form is in use.

The revised word list is not intended to be, nor toresemble, a dictionary. It is a source of referencewhich users of the document may wish to consultwhen in doubt as to how a word, or related wordor phrase, should be spelt. Explanatory noteshave been kept to a minimum.

SQA gratefully acknowledges part-funding from theScottish Executive and Brd na Gidhlig for the

revision ofGOC.

PROJECT CONSULTANT

Donald John Maciver, Comhairle nan Eilean Siar

STEERING GROUP

Annie MacSween, Lews Castle College

A G Boyd Robertson, University of Strathclyde

Ian MacDonald,The Gaelic Books Council

SQA OFFICER

Marilyn M Waters

SQA CONSULTANT

Evgeniya Matyunina


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1 The spelling rule

The spelling rule leathann ri leathann is caol ri caol (broad to broad and slender to slender) isthe most common device to indicate orthographic forms in Gaelic. This means that when one or moreconsonants come between two vowels, the vowels on either side of the consonant(s) should be of thesame class.

A If the vowel preceding the consonant(s) isbroad, a, o or u, the vowel following shouldalso be broad.

bodach, celmhor, cumadh

B Where the vowel before the consonant(s) isslender, i or e, then the vowel after theconsonant(s) should be slender.

caileag, coinnich, oidhche

An exception to this rule occurs with somepast participles passive, eg:

glacte, leagte, togte, dante

with certain compounds, eg:

banrigh, choreigin, mocheirigh, rudeigin

and with some borrowed words, eg:

mosgoto, soircas, telefn

2 Consonant quality

A Consonants or consonant groups withpalatal quality should be indicated by placingslender vowels (e, i) adjacent to them:

at the beginning of a word: ceann, geall,greann, seall, steall

at the end of a word: cruinn, cuirm,Goill, risg, sail

in the middle of a word: clisgeadh, cruinne,sailleadh, tuilleadh

B Consonants or consonant groups with velar

quality should be indicated by placing broadvowels (a, o, u) adjacent to them:

at the beginning of a word: grn,

sprilleach, str at the end of a word: balach, ceann, cosg,

geal, sealg

in the middle of a word: ceannaich, balach,cosgais, lochdan

C The forms seo and siud, showing palatalquality, should be used. In the case ofneo orno, the latter is the preferred form, althoughthe former is appropriate in the phrase air neo.

D Taigh should be used instead of tigh, toreflect the sound quality of the consonant.


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3 Consonant groups

A The letters sg should be used in all positionsin place ofsc:

basgaid, cosg, pasgan, Sgalpaigh, sgian

The letters sp should be used in all positions inplace ofsb:

cuspair, cuspann, speal, uspag

However, because of their frequency andfamiliarity, the spelling of the words deasbad,

easbaig, Gilleasbaig and taisbeanadh should beleft unchanged.

The letters st should be used in all positions inplace ofsd:

aosta, a-rithist, ist, furasta,gasta,psta,staidhre, tuarastal, tubaist

An exception would arise in a compoundplace name where the final element is dal ordail, eg:

Gramasdal, Lacasdal, Loch Baghasdail

Exceptions may also be found in the case ofestablished forms of personal names andnomenclature on signage, eg:

Alasdair, Colaisde, Fionnlasdan, Taigh-sda,isdean

Likewise, Crosd(a), Crosdaidh etc

B The prefix formerly written as comh- shouldbe written as co- where it does not take stress,eg:

co-chomann, co-chrdadh, co-labhairt,co-ogha

Where it bears stress but does not havenasalisation, words should be written as in theexamples below:

coileanta, coitheanal, coluadar

Where it bears stress and does havenasalisation, the form comh/cmh without ahyphen should be used:

coimhleanta (compos-mentis), comhaois(person of similar age), cmhdhail(conference, transport), cmhradh (speech)

C Consonant groups should be simplified in:

cudrom (cuideam also acceptable),

cudromach, meraich and merachan


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4 Vowel representations

The following are recommended forms:

A eu rather than ia as in the words beul, feur,meud,sgeul

B o rather than ia as in the words don, fon,for, mos

C Homophones (words with the same sound buta different meaning) should be differentiated

where possible. For example, ceud should beretained for a hundred and the word forfirst should be written ciad. Similarly, monthwould be mos and the word for basin shouldbe written mias. The words for grass, squintand true should be spelt feur, fiarand forrespectively. The words for anything,charm/spell and storm should be spelt son,seun and sian respectively.

D The sound previously represented by the

vowel combination ao should be written asadh in words such as:

adhbhar, adhbrann, adhradh

The combination ao is retained to representthe different sound in, for example:

daor, faobhar, gaoth, saor

E The use ofa (rather than u) to render thesound in the unstressed second syllable in

words like balach, bodach and tioram shouldbe extended to most words, eg:

lainn, altram, Boball, comann, doras,fallas, foghlam, madainn, solas, turas

An exception to this is agus, in which u shouldnot change to a, because of frequency andfamiliarity.

Similarly, ea should be used rather than io inwords like:

boireann, doilgheas, ireannach, fireannach,gailleann, timcheall

However, the words aotrom, cothrom, cudrom,cudromach should reflect the element trom in

their spelling.

F In the case of diphthongs with m in wordssuch as:

cam, lampa, lom,trom

the spelling without the accent should beretained except in:

m (time)

which should have an accent to differentiate itfrom other words spelt am.

G The conventional spelling should be used inthe representation of the vowel quality of theadjectival endings in words such as:

ainmeil, duineil, sgileil, sgoinneil

although in many areas these contain backvowels when spoken. The spelling rule doessometimes allow a closer representation of

such back vowels:

bodachail, cuideachail, fearail


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H The grave accent only should be used toindicate length:

an-d, b, c, lmh, line, mr, tr

The accent should be written on /s (out of)and on s whenever the vowel is open (s bith,s didh, s mo chadal) to distinguish it fromas when the vowel is not open (as fherr, ast-earrach, as t-samhradh etc).

The accent should also be used to indicate

length on capital letters:

ird saig, le, omhar, An t-ban, ig, na

I The conventional spelling without an accentshould be retained on the long vowel soundbefore ll and nn in words such as

cinnteach, fillte, inntinn, till

bonn, cunntas, sanntach

This principle should also be applied to wordsformerly spelt with the accent, eg:

dilleachdan, dinnearand trilleachan

5 Word stress and emphasis

A Initial Stress

Where stress is on the first syllable of words,including proper compounds, these should be

spelt as one word:

atharrais, banrigh, barrall, cuingealachadh,dochuimhnich, eatarrasan, imeachd,smaoineachadh

Words with prefixes conform to the samepattern:

anabarrach, anacothrom, aocoltach,aodomhainn, eucoir

B Non-initial Stress

Words in which stress does not fall on the firstsyllable should generally be hyphenated, withthe hyphen coming before the part of theword bearing the stress:

ban-dic, cas-chrom

Words with prefixes conform to the samepattern:

ana-miann, ath-bheothachadh

However, hyphens should not be used inborrowed or adapted words that have non-initial stress:

buntta, telebhisean, tombaca

Pronouns with emphasising particles (-ne -sa,-se, -san) should generally be written as oneword:

dhaibhsan, dhsan, dhse, dhmhsa,dhuibhse, dhuinne, dhutsa

But leis-san and ris-san should be hyphenatedto avoid the juxtaposition ofss.

C Where the emphasising particle follows anoun or an adjective, the word should behyphenated:

a brgan-se, ar cirdean-ne, mo leabhar-sa,mo sheacaid r-sa

However, adjectival forms ofseo, sin and siudshould be written as separate words:

an rud seo / an rud sa, an rud sin, an rud ud


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D The following adverbial expressions of timeand place, which constitute units, should behyphenated:

an-d, an-diugh, an-drsta, a-nis, a-rs,a-rithist

a-bhn, a-bhos, an-ird, a-nall, a-nos, a-nuas,a-null

a-chaoidh, a-cheana, am-feast, a-mhin,a-riamh

a-mach, a-muigh, a-staigh, a-steach

a-mireach, am-bliadhna, an-earar,an-uiridh, a-raoir

E In the following common adverbialexpressions, meaning next year, tomorrownight and next week, hyphens should beused:

an-ath-bhliadhn(a), an-ath-oidhch,

an-ath-sheachdain

However, when they are nouns used in thesense of the following or the next theyshould be written as separate words, eg:

Bha an ath bhliadhna na b fherr(The following/the next year was better)

Bhiodh an ath oidhche gl eadar-dhealaichte(The following/the next night would be verydifferent)

Thisich an ath sheachdain le gaoth is uisge(The following/the next week began withwind and rain)

F Compound prepositions with stress on non-initial elements should be written as twowords:

a chum, am broinn, measg, am measg,a rir, a thaobh, os cionn, ri taobh

G airson, carson and ciamarshould be written asone word, but son/shon in expressions such asair a son fhin and air mo shon fhin should bewritten as separate words.

H Words ending in the element -eigin shouldgenerally be written as one word, even wherethe spelling rule is broken:

air choreigin, cuideigin, feareigin, latheigin,neacheigin, rudeigin, uaireigin

The word t-eigin should, however, behyphenated to avoid the juxtaposition ofee.


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6 Apostrophes and spacing

A Apostrophes are used for the following:

forms of the article before a noun, ega ghealach

verbal nouns beginning with a consonant, ega falbh

shortened version ofis, eg s ann, s dcha,s e, s math

shortened version ofbu, eg b ann, b e,

b fherr shortened version ofis/agus, eg cho luath s a

tha e, math s gu bheil e

shortened version of possessive pronouns, egd fhinne, m amhach

after the past tense marker dh, egdhfhalbh, dhith

when the preposition do becomes a dhbefore vowels, eg a dhiarraidh, a dhUibhist

B The apostrophe should not be used in thefollowing:

gum faigh, gun creideadh, gur ann

lrna-mhireach, nuair

C The apostrophe should not be used inpossessive phrases, eg:

nam thaigh; na mo thaigh

nad thaigh; na do thaigh

na thaigh

na taigh; na h-ite

nar taigh; na ar taigh

nur taigh; na ur taigh

nan taighean; nam brgan

D The apostrophe should not be used with formssuch as ga, eg:

gam thuigsinn; ga mo thuigsinn

gad chreidsinn; ga do chreidsinn

ga chluinntinn

ga h-aithneachadh

gar togail, ga ar togail

gur leantainn, ga ur leantainn

gan coinneachadh

gam faicinn

E It should be noted that the forms a, b, d andm are always followed by a space. Thereshould not, however, be a space after dh.

Where an or am are shortened to n and m,and are preceded by a noun or a pronoun,

they should be written as separate words, witha space left, eg:

a bheil thu m beachd?, bha an duine n dil,tha mi n dchas

A space should always follow s, and it shouldnever be joined to the following word, eg:

s ann Nis a tha mi

s e sin as fherr, s mise a th ann, s dcha

gun tig iad

mi fhn s tu fhin, cho luath s a ch mi


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7 Sound adaptation and loan words

A Words or sounds integrated into Gaelic shouldbe written as follows:

Initial CH may be represented by se or te:seclaid (chocolate), teans(a)/seansa (chance)

Initial J may be represented by i: Iapan(Japan), Iupatar(Jupiter)

Initial K may be represented by c:cileagram/cg (kilogram/kg), cilemeatair/km(kilometre/km) (km is used to avoid

confusion with cm)

Initial Q may be represented by cu:cuaraidh (quarry), cuota (quota)

Initial V may be represented by bh:bhana (van), Bhictria (Victoria)

Initial W may be represented by u(a) or u(e):ulras (walrus), uir(wire)

Initial WH may be represented by cu or chu:

chuip (whipped), cuibheall(wheel),cuip (whip)

Initial X may be represented by s:saidhleafn (xylophone); X in the middle ofa word may be represented by gs: bogsa(box), tagsaidh (taxi)

Initial Y may be represented by gh or i:gheat(yacht), iogart(yoghurt), Iorc (York)

Initial Z may be represented by s:sinc (sink/zinc), s/sutha (zoo)

B The following words are adapted in this way:

The combination of letters oi represents avariation of sounds in English loan words, asin coiridh (curry) and soircas (circus),although the word bus should remain anexception because it is familiar in that form.

Diphthongs in adapted words should berepresented by -dh, not -gh, eg:

baidhsagal(bicycle), loidhne (line),

soidhne (sign), stoidhle (style)

Final -ee and -y should be represented by-(a)idh, eg:

cofaidh (coffee), comadaidh (comedy),comataidh (committee), poileasaidh(policy), tofaidh (toffee)


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8 Verbs

A The following forms should be used for the verb to be, with stress determining the choice ofalternative form where a comma is used. An oblique is used to indicate dialectal alternatives.

Past Tense forms an robh? (was/were?)gun robh (that was/were)nach robh (that was/were not)

Past Participle form bhite/bhithist(e) (used to be)

Conditional form bhiodh, bhitheadh (would be)cha bhiodh, cha bhitheadh (would not be)

Future Tense forms bidh, bithidh (will be)cha bhi (will not be)am bi? (will be?) gum bi (that will be) nach bi (that will not be)a bhith (to be)

B The following forms should be used for irregular verbs, with stress determining the choice ofalternative form:

The monosyllabic forms (eg bidh, thuirt) should be the norm, with the forms with two syllables (egbithidh, thubhairt) being used only to show emphasis. Variants such as a ruigsinn, cha deachaidh,cha d rinig, chunna are also acceptable.

Root Verbal Noun Past Positive Past Negative

abair ag rdh/a rdh thuirt, thubhairt cha tuirt, cha tubhairt beir (air) a breith rug cha do rug

cluinn a cluinntinn chuala cha chuala

dan a danamh rinn cha do rinn

faic a faicinn chunnaic chan fhaca

faigh a faighinn fhuair cha d fhuair

rach a dol chaidh cha deach

ruig a ruighinn rinig cha do rinig

thig a tighinn thinig cha tinig

thoir a toirt thug cha tug

Root Verbal Noun Past Positive Past Negative Infinitive

cuir a cur chuir cha do chuir a chur

C Forms of the verb cuir(put) should be written as follows:


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9 Prepositional phrases

A Prepositional phrases may consist of preposition + article + noun, eg bho + an + baile, which yieldsbhon bhaile (from the town). The form bhon a bhaile is also acceptable.The same principle isshown below with other prepositions.

fo + an fon taigh, fon an taigh

mu + an mun bhrd, mun a bhrd

ro + an ron Nollaig, ron an Nollaig

tro + an tron bhaile, tron a bhaile

leis + an leis an duine, leis a bhaile

ris + an ris an duine, ris a bhaile

In the case ofleis and ris, a different pattern is found, as they do not combine with the article toform a new word and they can be followed by two different forms of the article:

anns + an anns an duine, anns a bhaile san duine, sa bhaile

A similar pattern is found with anns, but additional contractions are also found.

do + an don bhaile, don a bhaile dha + an dhan bhaile, dhan a bhaile

de + an den bhaile, den a bhaile dhe + an dhen bhaile, dhen a bhaile

The prepositions do and de are replaced in many areas with dha and dha/dhe, resulting in a greatervariety of forms than in the case of those above. When followed by the article they are alsosometimes written as in the fourth column below.

In the case ofdo + an, dan bhaile may also be found.


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B Other prepositional phrases may consist of preposition + possessive + noun, eg do + mo + taighwhich yields dom thaigh (to my house).The form dham thaigh is also acceptable. The followingcombined forms can be used, although the separate versions are also acceptable:

Preposition Pronoun Prepositional Pronoun

do/dha mo dom/dham

do dod/dhad

a (masc) da/dha thaigh

a (fem) da/dha taigh

ar dor/dar/dhar

ur dur/dhur

am dom/dam/dham

an don/dan/dhan

bho/o mo bhom/om

do bhod/od

a (masc) bho/o (a thaigh)

a (fem) bho/o (a taigh)

ar bhor/or

ur bhur

an bhon/on

am bhom/om

Preposition mi thu e/i sinn sibh iad

de dem ded de (a) der dur den/demdhem dhed dhe (a) dher dhur dhen/dhem

fo fom fod fo (a) for fur fon/fom

gu gum gud gu (a) gar gur gun/gum

le lem led le (a) ler lur len/lem

ri rim rid ri (a) rir rur rin/rim

ro rom rod ro (a) ror rur ron/rom

tro trom trod tro (a) tror trur tron/trom

C Other simple prepositional phrases follow this pattern:


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D However, it is also acceptable to use thefull forms:

bho do mhthair gu do sheanair

le bhur cead ro ur bracaist

In the first and second plurals the formswould be:

bho arand bho ur le ar and le ur

de/dhe arand de/dhe ur ri arand ri ur

do/dha arand do/dha ur ro arand ro urfo arand fo ur tro ar and tro ur

gu arand gu ur

E In many areas dha has replaced do as thenormal preposition before the article, althoughdo is retained when there is no article, eg:

dhan taigh, dhan a bhth, taing dhanFhreastal, but

do thaigh mr, do bhth an arain, taingdo Dhia

However, in some areas dha is used evenwhen there is no article, especially with proper

names. In these cases, the word followingshould never be lenited, eg:

dha seirbheis an Rgh, dha Miri,dha Seumas

10 Hyphenation

A Nouns

It is acknowledged that the spelling of words

made up of more than one noun joinedtogether presents difficulties, and the followingguidelines are intended to assist. Compoundsare generally hyphenated if they constitute aunit for example, if any accompanyingadjective would normally come before or afterthe paired words rather than between them, eg:

an t-eadar-lon, brath-naidheachd,cis-lagha, in-sheirbheis, lrach-ln,leabhar-latha, post-dealain, ro-rdh

The words ite, ball, bta, ceann, clr, cir, cirt,culaidh, inneal, ionad, obair, rm, semar, taighand uidheam should always be followed by ahyphen when preceding another noun which isin the genitive case, eg:

ite-fuirich, ball-maise, bta-siil,ceann-suidhe, clr-gnothaich, cir-breith,cirt-lagha, culaidh-thruais,inneal-nigheadaireachd, ionad-obrach,obair-limhe, rm-cadail, semar-ionnlaid,

taigh-bdh, uidheam-sprs

The following words denoting persons orgroups bean, buidheann, fear, luchd, neach,sgioba t should be hyphenated whenfollowed by a common noun, eg:

bean-taighe, buidheann-obrach, fear-siubhail,luchd-elais, neach-gairm(e),sgioba-glanaidh, t-labhairt

Similarly with the prefix ban(a) when thestress is on the second syllable, eg:

bana-phrionnsa, ban-Eadailteach,ban-s(h)einneadair

When the stress is on the first syllable, thereshould be no hyphen, eg:

banabaidh, banacharaid, banacheard,banaltram

Being a prefix, unlike bean, ban is neverfollowed by the genitive case. The spellingbaintighearna (noblewoman/lady) should alsobe noted.


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A similar pattern of hyphenation occurs whenone noun is used (like an adjective) to prefixanother noun not in the genitive case, withlenition occurring where possible, eg:

brn-chluich, bun-sgoil, ceann-latha,sluagh-ghairm, speur-bhean

It should also be noted that when the secondnoun (whether feminine or masculine) is notlenited in the nominative, it may still be

lenited in an oblique case following apreposition and the article, eg anns aneachdraidh-bheatha, san taigh-sheinnse.

Words that should not be followed by ahyphen include aithisg, comhairle, greis,iomairt, oifigeach, oifigear, rdugh, plana,roinn, eg:

aithisg comhairleachaidh, comhairle baile,iomairt coimhearsnachd, oifigeach/oifigearleasachaidh, rdugh cirte, plana gnomh,

roinn dealbhachaidh

There should be no hyphen when nouns areseparated by the article or when the second orfollowing noun is a proper noun, eg:

Ball Prlamaid, bta Mhalaig, beanThormoid, Cirt an t-Seisein, fear an taighe,obair na h-ola, rm na cloinne, sgiobarugbaidh na h-Alba, taigh Dhonnchaidh

It is not possible to give a definitive ruling on

whether a noun following a feminine noun(whether or not there is hyphenation) shouldbe lenited, as there are many examples ofwhen such a noun is lenited and manyexamples of when it is not, eg bean-ghlineand deise chl but eachdraidh-beatha.A number of examples of recommended usageare given in the Word List.

B Adjectives

A prefix or an adjective preceding a nounshould always be hyphenated, eg

rd-easbaig, ath-innse, beag-seagh,cruaidh-chs, dubh-fhacal, iar-cheann-suidhe, leas-stiiriche, liath-reothadh,mr-roinn, trom-laighe

The exceptions are adjectives that precede thenoun: droch, f or, ioma/iomadh, promh, seann,

eg:

droch shil, for dhuine, iomadh oidhche,Promh Mhinistear, seann sgeulachd

An adjective preceding another adjectiveshould always be hyphenated, eg:

fad-fhulangach, ioma-dhathach,iomadh-fhillte, ln-elach,uile-chumhachdach

More examples of all the usages listed aboveare given in the Word List.

C Adverbs

Guidance on adverbial phrases is given inSection 5 (D).

It should be noted that an seo, an sin and ansiud should be spelt without the hyphen.

D Use offin and fhin

The prefix fin is always followed by a hyphen,eg:

fin-elas, fin-mhothachail, fin-mheas

However, fhin (and the alternative firstperson form fhn) should always follow theword it qualifies and never be hyphenated, eg:

an duine fhin, Seumas fhin, mi fhn,iad fhin


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14

11 Other orthographic issues

A Numbers

There are two counting systems in use in Gaelic one based on twenties, the other (more recentlyintroduced) on tens. Examples of the two systems are given below:

No. Traditional (Twenties) Alternative (Tens)

11 aon-deug

19 naoi-deug

27 seachd air fhichead fichead s a seachd

29 naoi air fhichead fichead s a naoi30 deich air fhichead trithead

32 dh-dheug air fhichead trithead s a dh

40 d fhichead ceathrad

46 d fhichead s a sia ceathrad s a sia

50 leth-cheud caogad

60 tr fichead seasgad

70 tr fichead s a deich seachdad

80 ceithir fichead ochdad90 ceithir fichead 's a deich naochad

135 sia fichead s a coig deug ceud, trithead s a cigceud s cig-deug air fhichead

50,000 leth-cheud mle caogad mle

1,000,000 millean

1,000,000,000 billean

Numbers are combined with nouns thus:seachd bliadhna deug/sia neach air fhichead/fichead neach s a sia/fichead s a sia neach/cig sgillinn deug air fhichead/trithead sgillinns a cig/trithead s cig sgillinn

Whether the numbers 6, 7, 8 and 11 arepreceded by t- depends on the gender of theword, eg:

an seachdamh bogsa (masculine), but

an t-seachdamh brg (feminine)

Numbers should be sequenced thus:a chiad (1d)an drna/an dara (2na/ra)an treas/an treasamh/an trtheamh (3mh)an ceathramh (4mh)an cigeamh (5mh)an siathamh (6mh)an seachdamh (7mh)an t-ochdamh (8mh)an naoidheamh (9mh)

an deicheamh (10mh)


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B Months of the year

Am Faoilleach An t-IucharAn Gearran An Lnastal Am Mrt An t-SultainAn Giblean An Dmhair An Citean An t-SamhainAn t-gmhios An Dbhlachd

C Dates

Dates may be written in full or using numbers,thus:

An seachdamh latha deug dhen Fhaoilleach

An ceathramh latha fichead/air fhicheaddhen Ghearran

An 23mh den Mhrt

23mh (An) Giblean

26 (An) Citean

D Days

Diluain DihaoineDimirt DisathairneDiciadain Didmhnaich orDiardaoin Latha/L na Sbaid

Periods of the day are indicated as follows:

madainn Diluain

feasgar Dimirt

feasgar na Sbaid

The names of the nights of the week should bewritten:

Oidhche Luain Oidhche HaoineOidhche Mhirt Oidhche ShathairneOidhche Chiadain Oidhche Dhmhnaich/Oidhche Ardaoin Oidhche na Sbaid

E Surnames

Surnames including Mac and Nic should bewritten as one word, but with a capital letteron the second element:

MacAilein, MacCoinnich/MacChoinnich,MacDhmhnaill, NicLeid, NicThmais

Exceptions are surnames which include thedefinite article:

Mac a Ghobhainn, Mac an Aba,Nic a Phearsain

F Place names

The spelling of place names consisting of twoor more elements should reflect the distinctiveelements:

Ceann Loch Chille Chiarain, Dn ideann,Inbhir Nis, Obar Dheathain

Where an element has become obscure, ahyphen should be inserted:

Earra-Ghidheal

The final element in names derived fromNorse -ey island should be spelt-aigh or -eigh:

Barraigh, Bernaraigh, irisgeigh, Pabaigh,Sgalpaigh, Tarasaigh


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G Titles

Women

It is recommended that Miss, Ms and Mrsbe rendered as A Bh-Uas (a contraction ofA Bhean-Uasal). This would yield:

A Bh-Uas (Miri) Chaimbeul, A Bh-Uas(Sne) Mhoireach, A Bh-Uas (Anna)NicDhmhnaill

The article would not be written with a capitalletter except in an address, and after apreposition the name would appear as follows:

aig a Bh-Uas (Miri) Chaimbeul, aig aBh-Uas (Sne) Mhoireach, aig a Bh-Uas(Anna) NicDhmhnaill

dhan Bh-Uas Chaimbeul, dhan Bh-UasMhoireach, dhan Bh-Uas NicDhmhnaill

A dative might be marked both in the title and

in the name, eg aig a Mhnaoi-UasailChaimbeil/Mhoirich/NicDhmhnaill, but thiswould probably be unnecessarily formal.

However, a genitive should be marked, whichwould be na M-Uas (a contraction ofna Mn-Uasail/Uaisle):

nighean na M-Uas C(h)aimbeil, nighean naM-Uas M(h)oirich, nighean na M-UasNicDhmhnaill

The unlenited form is strictly correct, but inpractice lenited forms such as nighean naM-Uas Chaimbeiland nighean na M-UasMhoirich are more likely to be found.

The form when addressing someone would be:

A Bh-Uas Chaimbeul, A Bh-Uas Mhoireach,A Bh-Uas NicDhmhnaill

Where it is desired to make clear that awoman is married, the form A Bh-ph (acontraction ofA Bhean-phsta) is used in the

same way as A Bh-Uas above. The genitivewould be na M-p (a contraction ofnaMn-psta).

A Bh-ph Chaimbeul, A Bh-ph Mhoireach,A Bh-ph NicDhmhnaill

aig a Bh-ph Chaimbeul, aig a Bh-phMhoireach, aig a Bh-ph NicDhmhnaill

dhan Bh-ph Chaimbeul, dhan Bh-phMhoireach, dhan Bh-ph NicDhmhnaill

nighean na M-p C(h)aimbeil, nighean naM-p M(h)oirich, nighean naM-p NicDhmhnaill

The formulation below may also be used:

Miri, Bean ChaimbeilMrs Mary Campbell

Sne, Bean Mhoirich Mrs Jean Murray

Anna, Bean MhicDhmhnaillMrs Anne MacDonald


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Men

It is recommended that Mr be rendered asMgr(a contraction ofMaighstir). The genitivewould be Mhgr(a contraction ofMhaighstir).This would yield the following:

Mgr Caimbeul, Mgr MacDhmhnaill,Mgr Moireach

aig Mgr Caimbeul, aig Mgr Moireach,aig Mgr MacDhmhnaill

do Mhgr Caimbeul, do Mhgr Moireach,do Mhgr MacDhmhnaill

mac Mhgr MhicDhmhnaill,mac Mhgr Chaimbeil, mac Mhgr Mhoirich

The form used when addressing someonewould be:

A Mhgr Chaimbeil,A Mhgr Mhoirich,A Mhgr MhicDhmhnaill

Other forms of address

Another format is exemplified in MiriChaimbeul, Uas (a contraction ofUasal); SneMhoireach, Uas;Anna NicDhmhnaill, Uas;Seumas Caimbeul, Uas;Alasdair Moireach,Uas; Cailean MacDhmhnaill, Uas. When anyof the names are inflected in the normal way,the Uas is unaffected.

H Acronyms

Gaelic acronyms, including some which aretranslations, should be written as follows, eg:

BP (Ball Prlamaid), BPA (Ball Prlamaidna h-Alba), BPE (Ball Prlamaid nah-Erpa), CnaG (Comunn na Gidhlig),CNES (Comhairle nan Eilean Siar), CNSA(Comhairle nan Sgoiltean raich), OGE(Oilthigh na Gidhealtachd s nan Eilean),

SMO (Sabhal Mr staig)However, non-Gaelic acronyms are often leftin their original form even though the full titlemay be used in Gaelic, eg:

BBC, NATO, SNH, SQA, UN, VAT

Acronyms are subject to normal inflectionpatterns, eg:

aig a BhBC, leis a BhPA, oifis ChnaG

I Abbreviations

When abbreviations appear in Gaelic form,they are written as follows:

ir. (no.), An t-Oll. (Prof), An t-Urr(Rev),cg (kg), dd (pp), Dr(Doctor; medical andacademic), km (km), me (eg), Mgr(Fr),msaa (etc), tdd (pages)


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12 Word list

A from, out ofabaira-bhna bharrachd in addition; either

a bheila bhith to be (not a bhi)a bhn-da bhn-raoira bhn-uiridha-bhosacair(e)acfhainna-chaoidha-cheana

a chiad the firsta-chianaibha chionn s/a chionna chuma chur to put(not a chuir)a cluich(e)a cluinntinna cur puttinga dannsa(dh)a danamha dhaindeoin

a dhaon(a) ghnotha(i)ch

adhar skyadharcadhartadhbharadhbrann

a dhiarraidha dhionnsaighadhlacadhadhradha dhUibhistagam (am for short)agh heifergh joy, blissA Ghearmailta-ghnthag rdh/a rdhagusa h-uile h-oidhcheibheiseachaifreannaig a BhBCaigneailbheanilgheasachaillseaindeonach reluctant

ain-diadhaidh

aineolachainmeilainmigainneamhair a shon fhin

air a son fheinair choreiginird saigird headland; point of compassird(e) heightireamh (ir. for short)numberairgeadairidh worthyirigh sheilingirleas/erlasair-loidhneair muinirneisair neoair seachranairson (son for short)airtnealairtnealachaiseag naiseal axleaisig v

aiste out of her/it

The following word list gives examples of how words should be spelt in accordance with principles andrecommendations set out in the document. The list cannot take full account of all the variants whichoccur in speech. People pronounce certain words in different ways and this diversity is acknowledged,but it was not practicable to include all forms in this list.

Key

adj = adjective; gen = genitive; n = noun; pl= plural; v = verb; vn = verbal noun;f= feminine; m = masculine

Brackets: a letter or letters in brackets may be omitted

Comma: an alternative depending on context, eg emphasis

Oblique (/): an alternative form or forms.Where the alternatives appear twice in reverse orderthey are equally acceptable.Where the alternatives appear once, the first form isthe recommended one.


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ite-cmhnaidhite-falaichite-fuirichiteiginaithghearraithisglainnAlbaa-macha-mireach

amar-sn(i)mham badeiginam bi? am bi (dependent form)am-bliadhna this yearam broinn measg from amongam-feast everamha(i)cha-mhinmhainn

amharasa mheasg in amongmhghairam measg amongam Prtaidh Lbaracham Prtaidh Libearalach

Deamocratacham Prtaidh Niseantaam Prtaidh Traidheacha-muighan-abaich unripeanabaich premature; unreadyanabarrachanacothroman-ird(e) upwardsan ird an earan iteigina-nallana-miannan-asgaidhan ath bhliadhna

the following year

an ath-bhliadhna next yearan ath oidhche

the following nightan ath-oidhch next nightan ath sheachdain

the following weekan ath-sheachdain next weekan ceartuairan co-bhoinn ri

in association with

an-cmhnaidhan-dan didh/s didhan-diughan do rinn?/na rinn?an-drstaAn Eadailtan-eararan eisimeil dependent onanfha(i)nna-nos

a-nis(e)an lthairanns a bhaile/sa bhaileanns an taigh/san taighan robh? an robh (dependent form)an rud saan rud seoan rud sinan rud udan seoanshocair unease; illnessan sinan siudantaidhan tugtean tuirt, an tubhairtan uair sina-nuasan-uiridha-null

aocoltach

aodomhainnaoidion leakaoidionach leakingaoigh guestaoigheachd hospitalityaoigheil genialaon-deugaostaaotromar-a-mach

a-raoirrd-easbaigrd-rerd-ollamhrd-sgoilrd-sheanadhrd-rlara rira-rista-riamha-rithist/a-rs

ars (before vowel)arsa (before consonant)a ruighinn/a ruigsinns from, out ofs biths didh/an didhas fherrs mo chadala-staighastara-steachas t-earrachas t-fhogharas t-samhradhathair gen athara thaobh regardingatharraisath-bheothachadhath-innse


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Bbachallbidh tendernessbadhbhBadhlachbaibheil marvellousbaidhcbaidhsagalbaidhsagalairbidse badge

baidse batchbigh baysbailebailinbaintighearnabirdsebalachbl ball(dance)ball/blla ballballa wallball-acfhainn

ball-basgaidball-bhilidhball-coiseball-dbhrainball-maiseBall Prlamaid (BP)ball-seircebana-bhrdbana-bhuidseachbanacharaid

banacheardbana-ghaisgeachbanaltramban-diaban-dicban-iarlab annban-oghabanrighban-rnairebanntrach

barail opinionbaraill(e) barrelbarantasbarraid terraceBarraighbarrall shoelacebarrfhad top layer of peatbasgaid basketbta-bathairbt-aiseig

batal battlebta-siilbta-teasairginnbtha(i)chbatharbthtebt-iasgaichb ebeag-chuidbeag-feumbeag-seagh

beag-trbeairtbeairteachbeairteasbeairtich v equipbean-phstabean-taighebernBernaraighbicearachdBeinn na Fadhla/

Beinn a Bhadhlabeshlaintbeothailbeulbeulaibhbeul-aithrisb fherrbhan(a)bhsa vasebhathar/bhathas/bhatar

bheat vetinerary surgeonBhictriabhidio videobhiodh, bhitheadhbhoras virusbhosa visabhoto vetobhite/bhithist(e)bhithist(e)/bhitebho from

bhodca vodkabhidsebholt(a) voltbholtaids voltagebhtbiathadhbidh, bithidhbilean lipsbillean billionBoballbith-be a living, livelihood

bith-bhuanbith-elasbirobiurocrasaidhbiurocratachblaigeardblasta tastybleadraig v blether; botherbleoghain vbbobhstair bolster, mattressboc male goat; leapbochd poor; illbodachbodha reefbodachailbdhradhbidhcheadboireannta femininebogha bow; bulgebogha-frois(e) rainbow


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bogsabogsa-ciilbogsadhbogsaigbogsairbogsa-litricheanboireannbonaidbstbstadh

braidhmbristebrmairbraghaBreatannachbreugbroghmhorbriosgaidbris(t)bris(t)eadhbritheamh

broidse broochbrosgalbr-dheargbruichbuaghallanbucaidbuidheann-obrachbuidsidh budgerigarbuinteanas/buntanasbungalobun-os-cionnbun-sgoilbunttabus

Ccballcafaidhcaibideilcaidreabhcaileag

cilearcailleachcaipteancirdinealcirich v mend vn cradhcit a bheil?cit(e)caithte worn out, used upCaitligeachcaladh

calaraidh caloriecalltainncamcamara plcamarathancnanCanidianachcangarcaogadcaora plcaoraichcarabhaidhcaraich v move vn carachadh

carbadcargucarsoncartncas-cheumcas-chromcatalogcathadh snowstormceird craft, tradeceala-deug/cola-deugceann-bliadhna birthdayceann-latha deadlineCeann Loch Chille Chiarainceann-suidhecearcallcerd travelling personcern/cernaidhcernagcernagachceart-chernachceart-chernag

ceathradceileir warbleceimigceimigeachdceimigearCeinia Kenyaceirsle ball of woolCitean (An)celmhorceud a hundred

ceudameatair (cm for short)cha bhicha do rinig/cha d rinigchan eilchan fhacachan fhuilearcha tinigcha tuirt, cha tubhairtcha tugchchte/chithist(e)

chluinnte/chluinnist(e)chuip v whippedchunchunnacaschunnaic/chunnaciad firstciamarcia mheudcidhe pier, quaycidsincile kilocileagram (cg for short)cilemeatair (km for short)cinnteachcobairciopair kipperciudha queueciutha hair bunclach-mheallain

plclachan-meallainclag


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claigeannclann-nigheanclr-amaclr-gnothaichclr-innsecleachdteclcclceachcliobachcliop haircut

clisgeadhclcloc clockcnimh bonecnimhneach skeletoncnmh digestcnapcnap-starra(dh)

plcnapan-starra(idh)cnatancneasta

cnoccnuimhco-aimsireilco-aontaichc s a tha thu?co-bhanntachdcochallco-chomannco-chrdadhco-dhaltaco-dhicofaidhcofhurtachdcofhurtaichcofhurtailcoibhneascoibhneilcoidsecigcoilean fulfilcoileanta complete, perfect

coilleag cockle; sand-dunecoimeas comparisoncoimhleanta compos-mentiscoimiseancoimpiutaircoingeiscoinnlearco-ionannco-ionannachdcir-breith

cir-bhtaidhCoiria Koreacoiridh currycoitheanalco-l-breithco-labhairtcola-deug/ceala-deugcolaistecolanncoliniach colonialcoloinidh

coltachcoltascoluadarcomadaidh comedycomaig comiccomanncomas abilitycomataidh committeecombaistcomhaois person of same agecomharracmhdhailcmhlacmhlancmhnardcmhradhcmhragcmhstricmh-thrth twilightcom-pirtcom-pirtich

conntraighconsal consulco-oghaco-rdanaichcoparcrnaircorpailearcorporracosgcosgais

costa coastcothromcractecrannchurcrannchur-gill rafflecraiceanncradhcreideamhcriogaid cricketcrioplachCrosd(a)

CrosdaidhCrosdailcriostal crystalcrgcrostacrostachdcruinne(c) (an)

world, universeCruthaighear (An)/Cruthadair

(An) the Creator, GodCuaigear Quakercuango quangocuaraidhcuartaich/cuairtichcbaid/cbainncucair cookercudrom/cuideamcudromachcuibheall/cuibhle ncuibhil v wheel vncuibhleadhcuibhle/cuibheall n


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cuideachailcuideigincuidhteascuingealachadhcuinn(l)eancuip n, v whipcuir vn curcis-laghacis-uabhaiscuithe cattle fold; pit

cuithe-sneachda snowdriftclaibhculaidh-ghrinculaidh-mhagaidhculaidh-thruaiscultarcultarachcum shapecm keepcumadhcumail

cumantacunntascunntair counter (shop);

bank tellercuram quorumcuota quotacurraicealamcuspaircuspann

Dda to him/itd twodachaighdaddadaidhdibheardibhigdaineamaig ndaineamaigeach adjdaineamait

daineamo

daingeanndaingneachadhdaingnichdaithead dietdam damDmhair (An)danns(a) ndaoimeandaordara/drna

drna/daradathtedeach/deachaidhdeadhan deandelrachdeamhaisdeamocrasaidhdeamocratachdanta/dantedante/dantadearbhte

derrsachdeasbaddeasgdidheildeilignit gelignitedeireadh-seachdaindeit datedeotar jotterdeothaildeugdeugairedha to him/itdh twodhachaighdhaibh(san)dha-rribh/da-rribhdhsandhfhalbhdhi to/for her/itdhibh(se) of/off you pldhinn(e) of/off us

dhom(sa)

dhot(sa)dhith(se) of/off her/itdhse to/for her/itdhithdhiubh(san) of/off themdhldhmhsadhuibhsedhuinn(e) to/for usdhut(sa)

dian intenseDiardaoindiathaddcheallDiciadainddeanDidmhnaichdidseatach digitaldigearDihaoinedilleachdan

DiluainDimirtdneasairdinichean jeansdinn cram, stuffdinneardochuimhnichdiofardoghail/dol avenge; repaydoghaltasdiombuandomhairdon defenddioplmasachdioplmasaidhdoro girodiosgoDisathairnedithisdiraidh jurydleastanas

doca dock, hollow


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docairdoile/doileag/doilidh dolldoilgheasdolair dollardomhainn deepdomhan worlddrainneachdorasdosgainndotair (Dr for short)

do urdrabastadribheardram/drama dramdrama/dram dramdrma dramadraoidhdranadreasadreuchddrioftair

drithleann sparkledr(i)chddrogadrdhdrudhag/drdhagdrdhag/drudhagdridhteachdubh-fhacal riddle, enigmadubh-ghormDbhlachd (An)ducs duxduineilDn ideanndthchasach

Ee he/iteacarsaicheaconamacheaconamachdeaconamaidh

eaconamairEaconamas Dachaigheacstasaidh ecstasy (the drug)eadar-meadar-amailEadar-lineadar-theangachadhadhar aireadhonadhraig v air

eagalealaealain (not ealan) artealla (as in gabh ealla ri)ealtainneanraichearballerlas/irleasEarra-Ghidhealeas-aonta disagreementeasaontas transgression

easbaigeasbhaidheasbhaidheachasgaidheasganniginneach/igeannachighigheach(d)iginneileagtronaigeacheileamaideileaneilthireacheinnseaneinnseanaireinnseanaireachdireannachirich v rise vn irighiridh will riseirisgeigheisimeil

eisimeileacheisimpleirististeachditsealesaneucoireucoracheudeugmhais

Ffa chomhairfa chisfacs faxfactaraidhfdfa-dheidh finallyfaicfaiceall/faicill

faiceallach/faicilleachfaicist(e)/faictefaicte/faicist(e)faidhle n filefaidhl(ig) vfaighfaighnichfaileasfaillich/fairtlichfillig/filnich failfailmean knee-capfinnefirefisgtefallainfallasfamhair/fuamhairefa-nearfaobharfaothachadh/faochadhfaochadh/faothachadh


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faoileagFaoilleach (Am)far-ainmfaramfaramachfarchluaisfarsaingfa sgaoilfastaidhfastaidhear

fathannfeabhasfeadhainnfeallsanachdfearfearailfear-ceirdfeareiginfear-labhairtfear-laghafear na cathrach

feart virtue; heedfeasgar Dimirtfeasgar na Sbaidfathfileadh kiltfist feast, banquetfeuch tryfeur grassfeurachfeusagfeusganfhathastfhuairfhuaradh/fhuaras was foundfhuaras/fhuaradh was foundfiacailfiach worthfiar squintfideiseach fidgetyfidheallfighte

filltefilmfonfor truefreanachadh justifyingfireannfireannachfr-eun eaglefrinn truthfrinneach truthful

fitheachfodha under him/itfdhpafoghain sufficefoghlamfghnan thistlefidhpefoighidinnfoighidneachfoillseachadhfoirfeach church elder

foirm formfollaiseachfon chuthachfosgladh openingfraighig/praighig fryFraingis French languageFrangach French personfreastalfreumhfrids fridgefuaigheil v sew vn fuaighealfuaigheal n sewingfuaimfuamhaire/famhairfuasgladh loosening, solvingfuathasach very, terriblyfdar/pdarfuidheall remainderfuiling v suffer vn fulangfulang(as) n sufferingfurasta

furm stool

GGidhealGidhealachGidhealtachdGidhliggailleanngaileis braces

gaineamhgainmheachgirnealaireachdGallGalltagamhlasgnraichgaoisidgaothgar v warm oneself vn garadhgrlach nyaff

grradhgastagadhgealgeallgearain v complain vn gearangearan complaintgearastangerdGearran (An)gearran geldinggerr-chunntasgeimhleaggeoimeatraidh geometryge-t/ged-thgeurgeurchuiseachgheat yachtghrilach (a)/ghrirach (a)ghrirach (a)/ghrilach (a)Giblean (An)


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gidheadhGilleasbaiggiorna-giirne helter-skeltergiuthasglacteglaine adj cleanerglainne glassgleusgleustagloidhc

gnomhachasgn surlygoil boilgoilfgoilfearGoillgrafgringrineilgrinichgrinne a single grain

grmarGramasdalgramataigeachgrn graingrndagreanngrata grate (fireplace)grimgreusaichegu lergun fhiostagun do rinn/gun rinngun robh

Hhaidhp hypehaidridean hydrogenhamahangarheileacoptarHiort

hocaidh hockeyhro-gheallaidhh-bhitheil stramash

Iiac yakIapaniaranniar-cheumnaicheiar-cheann-suidhe

iarnaigiar-oghaiarrtasiathadhidrisgeach fidgetyleimeachdimlichmpirempireachdInbhir Aora

Inbhir Nisne fingernailinneal-ciilinneal-figheinneal-measgachaidhInnse Gallinntinnocshlaintiga yogaiogart yogurtioma(dh)ioma-dhathachiomadh duineiomadh-fhillteioma-ghaothiomchaidhiom-fhillteomhariomnaidhiomrallionad-filte

ionad-fiosrachaidhionad-slinteionad-sprs(a)ionanniongantachiongantasiongnadhionmhainnionnsaichionnsaichte

ionnsaighionnsramaidionnsramaideachIorc Yorkiorghailosal/sealIsraelach/Iosaraileachiosgaidiriosalirioslachdisbean

Iseabailsleis mathaidis toigh le/is toil leiubailidh jubileeIuchar (An t-)IgoslibhiaIupatar

LLacasdallachdannlagchuiseachlaimriglaisteLatha/L Luainlmh-an-uachda(i)rlmhchairlampalrach-lnlraidh


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lrna-mhireachlastaiglatha/lLatha/L na Sbaidlatheiginlabag/lebagleabaidhleabhar-latha/leabhar-lleabharlannleaghte

leagteleannleasbach lesbianleathannleig mu sgaoillineleis-sanleiteachas biaslebag/labaglenteleman moth

lemhann lionlerl(e)san window panelethbhreacleth-bhreithlethcharlethcheannleth-cheudlethchiallachleth-chuairtletheachlethoireach isolatedleth-uairl surface filmlide(adh)lilidhliodraiglomhteliostalobhtelocair

Loch Baghasdaillogaidhloibh(t) rottenloidhneloidseadhloidsearloidsig logicloidsigeach logicalloiliopoploisgte

lomluathaireach high-spirited,mischievous

luathslbachlbteluchdluchd-ciilluchd-ealainluchd-obrachluchdte

luchd-turaisLnastal (An)Lunnainnlths

MMac a GhobhainnMacAileinMacAmhlaighMac an AbaMac an t-SaoirMac-a-phMacCoinnich/MacChoinnichMacIlleMhaoilmac-meanmainn/mac-meanmnamac-meanmna/mac-meanmainnmac-samhailmac-tallamadadh-allaidhmadainnmaicreasgop microscope

maids v match vn maidseadhmaids(e) match, gamemaighdeannmaighstirmaighstir-sgoilemileidmairtfheilmaith/math forgivemaitheanas/mathanas

forgiveness

maitheas/mathas goodnessmanaidsearmaoil foreheadmar-aonmar-bhith fault, blamemar eisimpleir (me for short)margaidmrsailmar sin air adhart

(msaa for short)Mrt (Am)

mar-th/mu thrthma-th/ma-tmatamataigmatamataigeachmath/maith forgivemathanas/maitheanas

forgivenessmathas/maitheas goodnessm athairmath dhfhaodtemath s gu bheil emeacanaigmeacanaigeachmeadhanmeadh-bhlthmean/mion smallmaran/manan yawnmaranaich/mananaich

yawningmarrsadhmeas


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28

meatameataformeidigeachmeileabhaid velvetminneadairminnirminnireachmirlemerachadhmerachail

merachanmeraichmeudmeudaichmeurmeuran thimblemeur-chlrmialmia(tha)laichmial-chmias basin

miast(r)adh havocm-chilearm-chiatachm-chlim-chofhurtailm-fhallainmi fhin/mi fhnmi fhn/mi fhinmlegram (mg for short)mleliotair (ml for short)mlemeatair (mm for short)mill spoil; showersmilleanmilleanair millionairem-mhodhm-mhodhailminigministearmion/mean smallmion-chnanmions mince

morbhailmorbhaileachm-phroifeiseantamos monthm-rnmiseanaraidhmocheirighmodail modelmodal modulemdam

moileciuilMoire the Virgin Marymo leabhar-samonmharmrmrchuismrchuiseachmr-dhailmorgaids(e)mr-roinn continentmr-shluagh

mr-thr mainlandmosgoto mosquitomu choinneamh/mu choinneimhmu chuairtmu dheidhinnmuicfheilmuileann/muilinnmuilinn/muileannmuilicheann/muinichillmuiltfheilmuilicheann/muinichillmuinighinmuinntirmuncaidhmur(a) unlessmurtmurtaidh sultrymurtairMuslamachmu thrth/mar-th

Nnbaidhna b igenach bindarndarrachNa Hearadhnaidheachdnidhleannaochad

naoi/naodhnaoi air fhichead/naodh air

fhicheadnaoi-deug/naodh-deugnaoidheamh/naodhamhnaoinear/naodhnarneach-ciilneach-ealainneacheiginneach-gairmneach-labhairt

neach-sgrdaidhneach-teagaisgnamhnapaigin, napraig(ear)neas weaselneasgaid a boilnibhidhneo-ar-thaingneochoireachneo-eisimeileach

neo-fhoirmeilneghlanneoichiontachneoichiontachdneo-lochdachneoninghneagnithear will be doneniclasachnobhailnuair


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29

Oobair-dachaighobair-ghrisobair-limheobair-lathaban (An t-)Obar Dheathainobraicheanochdadochd-deug

gmhios (An t-)ogsaidean oxygenOidhche ArdaoinOidhche ChallainnOidhche ChiadainOidhche DhmhnaichOidhche HaoineOidhche LuainOidhche MhirtOidhche na SbaidOidhche Shamhna

Oidhche Shathairneoidhirpoifigearoifigeach airmoifigear leasachaidhoifigeiligearoilisginoillteiloilthigh

inseachoirbh(se)irdheircirleachoiseanOllamh (An t-)

(An t-Oll for short)onaironarachopairisean operationopara opera

raidicheorainsorainsearran craidran luaidhrdaichrdaigheanrdugh/rdanrdugh cirteos cionn

os osal secretlyos limhos-ndarra(ch)son ozoneostailOstair (An)stair hotelierothaisg plothaisgean/isgean

PPabaigh

paidh piepaidhirpaidse patchpigh paypipear-naidheachdpaireafain paraffinpairilis paralysis, palsypaisgtepistepaistiuraich pasteurisepannal panelparaimeatair parameterparaisiutparilparsailpartaidh/prtaidhprtaidh/partaidhpasganpathadhpeansailpears-eaglais

peilepeinnseanpeirceallpinopincpob-mhrpioramaidpiotsa pizzapitheidplana cnain

plana leasachaidhplastaigplan(a)plastair/plastraig v plasterplastar/pleastar npleidhe playtime, intervalplidhpoballpoblach publicpoblachd republicpoidhleat pilot

poidsearpoidsigpoileaspoileasaidhpoilitigeachpoilitigspoirdse porchpla/pile polepongailpost(a)pstapost-dealain (post-d for short)practaigeachpragmatachpraighig/fraighigpreusantpromh bhailePromh Mhinistearprionnsapalprbhaistproifeasair


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30

proifeiseantaproipeilearpriseactproiseactairpronnpronnasg sulphurPrstanachprtacalprothaidprothaideach

prothaidich vprotractairpdar/fdar npurpaidh/purpar purple

Rraidhc rake (person)raighd riderinigrith(e)raon-cluiche

rathad-mr main roadrabhaireachd ramblingreasabaidhridioridiografaidhridiumridiusrisimeidreoth freezereothadhrethta/rethterothte/rothtareubtereudan woodworm, etcriaghailtribh(se)ribheidrinc-deigherinn(e) to usroghachdrionnach

rionnagris(-san)ri taobhro (not roi/roimh)roghainnroilearroiligroinn dealbhachaidhro-innleachdroinn ionmhais

rola/roile rollro-rdhrstarothaig wind uprbarab rhubarbrubharudeiginr(u)idhil vr(u)idhle nrilearrisg v peel

Rmruma rumrm-cadailrm-suidherm-teagaisgrrach/rileachrsg n peel; fleece

Ssabhal plsaibhleansabhs saucesibhear culvertsaidhbhir richsaidhbhreas richessaidhleafnsail plsail(th)ean beamsil heelsaill v salt vn sailleadhsaimeantsirdseantsl brine

salcharsamhailSamhain (An t-)samhlasa, san in thes a, s an and his/her/the/theirs annsaorsainneachd joinerysaorsainneilSasainn/Sasann

Sasannachs dchas eseabra zebraseachainseachdadseachdain plseachdaineanseadh aye, yesseagh senseseaghailseagsaidh sexy

seal a whilesealastair/seileastairseallSealtainnseanail channelseanailearseanchaidhseanchas/seanachasseanfhacalseansa/teans(a)seansailear chancellorseantansseaplain chaplainsearaidh sherrysearmonsearmonaichseasgadseatlaigseic chequeseiche hideseilear


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31

seileastair/sealastairseirbheisseirbheiseachsithearsithear-cuibhleseit-phlanseoseclaidsemar-bdhsemar-ionnlaid

semar-leapaseud jewelseun charm, spellseuntaseusans fheudarSgalpachSgalpaighSgarpachsgeidse sketchsgeul

sg v ski vn sgitheadhsgiamhsgiansgileilsgillinnsgiort(a)Sgitheanachsgthssglatsgoilearsgoinneilsgreamhsgreamhailsgreataidhsgreuch screamsgrob-cheangailsgriubhasgriubhaigsgriubhairesguilearaidhs i

siabannsian stormsiad heros iadsimilearsinc sink; zincsinn-seanairsinn-seanmhairsochaintSiog Sikh

siogr cigarsiogarait cigaretteson anythingSona ChinaSonach Chinesesionnsarsiop zipsiopsach gypsysiorafgiraffesiorc sharksiorraidh/siorram

siorram/siorraidhsiostamsitheannsiudsiugaslac slack, weakslaic blowslaighdslaightearslaightearachdsleamhainnsleidssliseagsloc pitsmachdsmaoinich vn smaoineachadhs math(s) math dhfhaodtesmaite/s mathaids mathaid/s maitesmeur berry

smiogaidsmiorsmocadhsmocaig v smokesnaidhm/snaoimsnaigheadairsnaigheadhsnithleansnaoim/snaidhmsnthainn

snapsnomhteso-dhantasoidhnesoidhnigsoifiostaigeachsoircassisealtasoisgeulsoitheamh tamesolas light

slas joysn zonesnraichtespaidsir vSpainn(t)eachSpainn(t)isspanairspealsposrachsplaisspreadh vn spreadhadhspreigspret incitesprochdsprilleachsrac vn sracadhSrid na h-Eaglais(e)srainnsearsrathsreap/streapsreapadair/streapadair


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sreapadaireachd/streapadaireachd

sreothartsreothartaichsrb spoutsrbagstballstaidhrestairsneachstaitistearachd statistics

staitistigeilstaoig steaksteallsteatasgopsteig v sticksteigeachstiidiostiireadairstiir vn stiireadhstoidhlestiridh

strstrcstranstreap/sreapstreapadair/sreapadairstreapadaireachd/

sreapadaireachdstrstrochstructars/sutha zoosuaicheanta noteworthysuaitheanta awfulsubailte/sbailtesbailte/subailtesubailteachd/sbailteachdsbailteachd/subailteachdsubsadaidhsgh orainseirsuidse switchsigh

suiteas sweet plsuiteis sweetssuirghesith sootSultain (An t-)

Ttacsa helptaghta finetaghte chosentagsaidh taxi

taidhtaidhear/taidhrtaidhltaidhptaidhr/taidheartaightaigh-bdhtaigh-cluichetaigh-cirtetaigh-stataigh-seinnse

tinigtairig/tarrag nailtirnean/tairgean/

tarragan nailstairsgeir/treidhsgeirtaisbeanadhtaisgtetanatancairtaobh-duilleig(e) (td for short)TarasaightarcaistarcaiseachtastanTBhtteacsateampallteanamaintteanasteans(a)/seansa chance

taraintetarainteachdtarmanntern vn ternadhteatha/tt-eiginteicnelachteicnelasteicnigeachtile (ie t eile)

teleasgopteleafnteipteirm termteis-meadhant-laghatelebhiseanteiridh theoryteiridheach theoreticaltethtethachd temperature

thinigtha mi n dchasthatar/thatas/thatharthathar/thathas/thatarthathas/thathar/thatartha toil agamthigthoir fa-nearthugainn/tugainn/tiugainnthuirt, thubhairtt/teathatill vn tilleadhtimchealltiogaid tickettiona tintionsail tinseltoraidh goodbyeTiridheach/TiristeachTiristeach/Tiridheachtr-mrtitheach


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33

tiugainn/thugainn/tuggaintobar m gen tobair

f gen tobrachTobar Mhoiretobh(aig) v towtodha hoetofaidhtogsaid/tocasaidtogtetoinisgeil

toirds torchtomto pltomtothantombacat(i)ntonsailtost silencetost(a) toasttostachtrafaigtraidhfeal trifletraidhsagal

traidiseantatrainnsetrlairtrasta adv diagonaltrealaichtreamhlaidh bug, illnesstran(a)tran vn tranadhtran(aig) vtreidhetreidhsgeir/tairsgeirtribinaltrilleachantroblaich tripletriom moodtritheadtrtheamh (an)tsinthach (an)tro (not troimh)troigh foot(measurement)

troilidh trolleytroimh-a-chiletugainn/tiugainn/thugainntruileistruinnseartrustartuairmsetuarastaltughadhtuilleadh

tui(r)neaptuireadh lamenttuirt, tubhairtturadh dry weatherturas

Uuabharuabhasuabhasachuamh

uaireiginulras walrusuamhraidh very, terriblyuanfheilubhaluir-bhiorachughghdarrasuidheam-glanaidhig/igeige/iguile-gu-liruilinn/uileannuill welluimhiruireaduireasbhaidhuirle-thruis chaos, stramashuirsgeulUlapul

nauncailUrnasrlarrnaighurraurrainnUrramach (An t-)

(An t-Urr for short)ruisg

uspag

Xx-ghath


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NOTES


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Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005