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NORMAL GAIT

Series of rythmical, alternatingmovements of the limbs, pelvis and

spine withc results in the forwardprogression of the center of gravity.

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GAIT CYCLE

Begins when the foot contacts the floorand ends with subsequent floor contact

of the same foot.

Two Major Components

Stance phase

Swing phase

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Temporal Measures

Stance

Swing

Double Support

Velocity Cadence

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8 Phases of the Gait Cycle

Stance

Initial Contace IC (heel strike)

Loading Response, LR (first doublesupports, till body CG over foot)(flat foot)

Mid-stance, MSt(from contralateral Toe-off)

Terminal Stance, TS(Till contralateralcontact)(Heel-off)

Pre-swing, PSw(push-off)(toe-off)

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8 Phases of the Gait Cycle (cont)

Swing

Initial swing, Isw (till maximum knee

flexion)(acceleration) Mid-swing, MSw (till shank viertical)

Terminal swing, TSw (till next

contact)(deceleration)

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Kinetic Chain

Closed Kinetic Chain Distal extremity is weight bearing or fixed

Movement at the distal joint influencesmovement at proximal joint(s)

Open Kinetic Chain Distal extremity in non-weight bearing or

not fixed

Movement of proximal joint influencesmovement at distal joint(s)

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Role of the Muscles

Stance body is maintained upright byanti-gravity muscles

Closed Chain Hip Extensors

Knee Extensors

Ankle Plantarflexors

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Roles of the Muscles

Swing leg swings forward ahead ofthe rest of the body

Open ChainAnkle plantar flexors

Hip flexors (ilio-psoas)

Hamstrings

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Determinants of gait

Pelvic rotation

Pelvic list

Stance phase knee flexion

Lateral trunk shift

Vertical oscillation

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WEIGHT BEARING FORCESON THE FOOT

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Path of the Center of Gravity

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Examination of Gait

Begins as soon as the

athlete enters the room

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Distance Measures

Step Length

Stride Length

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10 Aspects toLook For

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ASSESS ALL PHASES

Stance Provides support of the body weight during

forward movements as the lower extremityis in a closed kinetic chain. This allowsforces to be transmitted proximally fromthe trunk or distally from the ground.

Abnormal biomechanics cause abnormaldistributions. This increases stress on thetissues potentially causing overuse injuries

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ASSESS ALL PHASES

STANCE

Heel Strike

Heel spurs Knee pain

Flat Foot

Slap

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ASSESS ALL PHASES

Stance

Midstance

Uneven weight distribution Quad contracted

Weak gluteus medius muscle

Weak gluteus maximus muscle

Push-off

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ASSESS ALL PHASES

Swing

Acceleration

Midswing

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ASSESS FOOT WEAR

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Dysfunctional Gait Patterns

Antalgic Gait Painful gait

Gluteus Medius Lurch Trendelenberg Gait

Drop Foot

Stiff Knee

Short Leg Gait Short leg supinates

Long leg pronates