Gaza City Water Network Operation and Management at ...library.iugaza.edu.ps/thesis/118011.pdf · Gaza City Water Network Operation and Management ... Infrastructure management is

The Islamic University Gaza

Higher Education Deanship

Faculty of Engineering

Civil Engineering

Infrastructure Engineering

غزة – اإلسالمية الجامعة

العليا الدراسات عمادة

الهندسة كلية

قسم الهندسة المدنية

هندسة البنى التحتية

Gaza City Water Network Operation and Management

at Emergency Cases

شبكة المياه في مدينة غزة في حالة الطوارئ وتشغيل إدارة

Submitted by:

Samar Suliman Abu-Zarifa

Supervised by:

Dr. Yunes Khalil Mogheir

A thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of

Science in Civil / Infrastructure Engineering, Islamic University, Gaza.

م 6172-هـ 7341

يقول اهلل تعاىل يف كتابه العزيز:

كمر ربك لر فإرنك برأعينرنا "واصبر

مدر ربك حرني تقوم" وسبح بر .34 آية-سورة الطور

i

Dedication

This research is dedicated to:

My Father and Mother for their prayers, and continuous support…

To My husband Mahmoud , son Anas, and a daughter Layan

To All of my brothers and sisters Neal, Nafez, Naim, Mohammad, Amani, Taqreed, Narjes…

Samar,

ii

Acknowledgements

All admirations and glory are due to ALLAH for the entire support granted

tome. This effort would not be reached without God’s limitless guidance and

support.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and admiration to my direct

supervisor • Dr. Yunes Mogheir for his steady help, guidance, and endless

support. In addition, he has been endowing me with his constructive

observations at every stage of this research.

I wish to acknowledge the help of the team of technical staff at Municipality of

Gaza at water directorate, specially Eng. Maher Salem their assistance and

encouragement.

Finally I would like to thank my parents, my brothers, my sisters and my friends

specially May, support and for tolerating the time I spent working with my

research.

iii

ABSTRACT

Infrastructure management is a very critical thing for any country, it reflects the

powerful at planning and decision makers level for the best way to use infrastructure to

serve the system at any city.

The objective of this research is the management of water distribution network at

emergency cases such as wars, disasters and any sudden problem in the system of Gaza

city.

The methodology started with collection of data from the concerned authorities about

the existing water network in Gaza city and collection of reports from the affected areas

in an emergency assembly (2014 war) and the problems that occurred during the crisis.

In addition the work of the network during the crisis and the extent of damage were

assessed through field visit. The methodology also depended on two questionnaires: the

first questionnaire is intended for professionals in various organizations and decision-

makers, it aimed to study the factors affecting water distribution network to develop

network and the impact of activities on the network efficiency. The second

questionnaire is intended for population in different zones in Gaza city such as (Al-

Nasser, Tal Al- hawa, Al- Zaitoon), to identify network problems during the crisis, and

to study alternatives for the development of high quality emergency plan. Operators of

water distribution network in the municipality of Gaza were also informally

interviewed.

Results showed that the most influenced factor on water distribution network at

emergency cases in Gaza city was equipment availability. In addition, the availability of

electricity is also influence the activity of the water distribution network in emergency

cases. As for specifying the size of the problem in the selected areas of Gaza city during

the crisis, the results were nearly equal in the selected three areas. The highest rate was

in Tal Al-hawa where the time water cuts for the houses were large and continue to

water outages more than 9 days increased by (62.5%) and in the case of the arrival of

the municipal water was the continuation of water connected from 2-3 hours by

(62.5%), the degree of municipal cooperation in water delivery was very few (non-

cooperative) by (87.4%) in all areas and out an emergency plan build on areas of the

Gaza city.

iv

The study showed that most of the people in all selected areas used the fresh water as

alternative when war the water supply was stopped during 2014 ware. The study

recommends that municipalities should coordinate with the concerned international

institutions to update the database that can be accessed through any helpful party and be

prepared for any emergency case by technical staff and equipment available. The

municipalities should prepare a water use plan in any emergency case.

صة البحثخال

القرار بقوة مستوى صانعي يعكس ألنه بلد، ألي بالنسبة هي مسألة مهمة وحرج للغاية التحتية البنية إدارة

. والتخطيط

أو والكوارث الحروب مثلفي حاالت الطوارئ شبكة مياه مدينة غزة دارة إالى دراسة هذا البحث يهدف

النظام. في مفاجئة مشكلة أي

منها تجميع البيانات من الجهات المعنية عن شبكة المياه القائمة في طرق عدة على البحث منهجية اعتمدت

( والمشاكل التي 6173حرب )مدينة غزة وجمع التقارير عن المناطق المتضررة في حاالت الطوارئ

ية المنهج حدثت اثناء االزمة. وعمل الشبكة اثناء االزمة وتقيم حجم الضرر من خالل الزيارات الميدانية.

وصناع المنظمات مختلففي األول مخصص للموظفين الفنيين نأيضا اعتمدت على استبيانين: االستبيا

أما . كفاءة الشبكة علىاألنشطة وتأثير ه لتطويرهاالميا توزيع شبكة على المؤثرة لدراسة العوامل القرار،

(، الزيتون الهوى، تل نصر،ال)مثل غزة مدينة من مختلفة مناطق في سكانلل مخصص الثاني ناالستبيا

لحاالت عالية جودة ذات خطة لوضع البدائل ودراسة حرب حالة في المياه امدادات مشاكل على للتعرف

كما تم عمل عدة مقابالت غير رسمية مع مشغلي شبكة توزيع المياه في بلدية غزة.. الطوارئ

لتطويرها في حالة شبكة توزيع المياه ىعلان أهم العوامل التي توثر إلىفي االستبيانين أظهرت النتائج

وان من اهم األنشطة التي توثر على الشبكة لتطويرها وتحسن تالطوارئ بكفاءة عالية هي توفر المعدا

الشبكة توفر مصدر الكهرباء، أما بالنسبة لتحديد حجم المشكلة في المناطق خالل االزمة، فكانت ةكفاء

عن هفكانت فترة انقطاع الميا الهوى تل في نسبة أعلي كانت ،حيثمناطق تقريبا متساوية في ثالث جالنتائ

%( وفي حال وصول مياه البلدية كان 26.6أيام بنسبة ) 9من رالمنازل كبيرة ويستمر انقطاع الماء أكث

درجة تعاون البلدية في توصيل المياه ت%( . وكان26.6ساعات بنسبة ) 4-6الماء من لاستمرار توصي

%( في جميع المناطق. وكان الخيار البديل في حال انقطاع الماء 41.3غير متعاونة( بنسبة ))ة جدا كان قليل

هو استخدام مياه التحلية في جميع المناطق ، والخروج بخطة طوارئ بناء على مناطق مدينة عزة.

في العمل ليةوآ طوارئ خطةلإلعداد المعنية الدولية المؤسسات مع البلدياتبمشاركة الدراسة تنصح

استعداد على وتكون طرف أي خالل من إليها الوصول يمكن التي بيانات قاعدة تحديثو الطوارئ حاالت

v

خطة عدادإمن قبل الموظفين ويجب ان تكون المعدات متوفرة. ويجب على البلدية الطوارئ حالة ألي

الطوارئ. أوقات في المياه الستخدام

vi

LIST OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION ................................................................................................................. I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... II

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. III

LIST OFABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................... IX

LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... X

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... XII

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1

1.1 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................... 1

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ........................................................................................... 2

1.3 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES .......................................................................... 2

1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 3

1.5 THESIS ORGANIZATION ........................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................... 5

2.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 5

2.2 WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK (WDN) ............................................................ 6

2.3 DEFINITION OF EMERGENCIES ............................................................................... 7

2.3.1 Defining Types of Emergencies ..................................................................... 7

2.3.2 The Emergency Response Plan (ERP) .......................................................... 8

2.4 THE OBJECTIVES OF WATER EMERGENCY PLAN ................................................ 10

2.5 DISASTER MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................... 11

2.6 PLANNING FOR EMERGENCY OPERATIONS ......................................................... 11

2.6.1 Water emergency planning tool .................................................................. 12

2.7 EVALUATION AND TRAINING ................................................................................ 13

2.8 FAILURE OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS ..................................................................... 14

2.10 THE REQUIREMENT FOR AN EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN ............................. 15

2.11 WATER SUPPLY RELATED ISSUES ...................................................................... 16

2.12 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ........................ 18

2.13 WATER DEMAND PREDICTION ............................................................................ 18

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2.14 APPLICATIONS OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN (ERP) ................................. 18

2.14.1 The City of Hugo ........................................................................................ 18

2.14.2 City of Nanaimo ...................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER 3: ASSESSMENT OF GAZA CITY NETWORK ................................. 21

3.1 STUDY AREA ......................................................................................................... 21

3.2 GAZA CITY WATER NETWORK ............................................................................ 23

2.3.1 Pipes ............................................................................................................... 26

2.2.3 Pumps ............................................................................................................ 26

3.3 OPERATING SYSTEM ............................................................................................. 27

2.3 NETWORK ZONES ................................................................................................. 27

3.5 CRITICAL AREAS AT GAZA STRIP ........................................................................ 30

3.5.1 Main problems .............................................................................................. 30

3.5.2 Field investigation ......................................................................................... 31

3.5.3 Assessment work ........................................................................................... 31

CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH ............................................. 38

4.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 38

4.2 RESEARCH DESIGN ............................................................................................... 38

4.3 DATA COLLECTION............................................................................................... 39

4.4 RESEARCH POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE ........................................................ 40

4.5 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN ...................................................................................... 40

CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .......................................................... 42

5.1 RESULTS ................................................................................................................ 42

5.1.1 The first questionnaire (technical staff) ..................................................... 42

5.2.2 The second questionnaire(population questionnaire). .............................. 53

5.2 PROPOSED EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PLAN.................................................... 64

5.2.1 General .......................................................................................................... 64

5.2.2 Principles Emergency Management properties ......................................... 64

5.2.3 Actions of the management plan ................................................................. 66

5.2.4 Implementation /Institutions setup ............................................................. 68

5.2.5 Important Points at Gaza City Emergency Plan ....................................... 69

5.3 RE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SYSTEM ACCORDED TO EMERGENCY PLAN ............... 69

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................... 75

viii

6.1 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 75

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................ 77

REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 78

ANNEX 1: TECHNICAL STAFF QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................ 83

ANNEX 2: POPULATION QUESTIONNAIRE ....................................................... 86

ix

LIST OFABBREVIATIONS

mm Millimeters

m3/day Cubic meter per day

m3/hr Cubic meters per hours

EM Emergency Management

EMP Emergency Management Plan

HNS Hazardous and noxious substances

IFC International Finance Corporation

Km Kilometers

Km2 Square kilometer

mm3/yr Million cubic meters per year

MOPAD Ministry of Planning and Administrative Development

MOG Municipality of GAZA

O&M Operation and Maintenance

PWSS Public Water Supply System

PPS Physical Protection System

PWA Palestinian Water Authority

PEA Palestinian Environment Authority

RL Response Lead

RII Relative importance Index

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

SEMP Strategic Emergency Management Plan

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences

CAIP A Capability Improvement Process

CMWU The Coastal Municipalities Water Utility

COOP Continuity of Operation Planning

PCBS The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics

ICRC The International Committee of the Red Cross

UPVC Un-plasticized Polyvinylchloride

UWS Urban Water Systems

PRV Pressure Regulating Value

WDN Water Distribution Network

WSS Water Supply System

x

LIST OF TABLES

Table (3.1): Population and area of Gaza city parts (MOG, 2011) ................. 23

Table (3.2): Pipes description at water distribution network (Al-Rayess, 2015)

.......................................................................................................................... 26

Table (3.3): Zones inventory data (Al-Rayess, 2015) ...................................... 30

Table (3.4): Damages details per each area (CMWU, 2014) ........................... 33

Table (5.1): Age for technical staff questionnaire ........................................... 42

Table (5.2): Professional experience for technical staff questionnaire ............ 42

Table (5.3): Fieldwork for technical staff questionnaire .................................. 43

Table (5.4): Education level for technical staff questionnaire ......................... 43

Table (5.5): Skills level for technical staff questionnaire ................................ 44

Table (5.6): Level of responsibility for technical staff questionnaire .............. 44

Table (5.7): Means and Test values for the field factor effect on water

distribution network at emergency cases ......................................................... 45

Table (5.8): Factor effect on water distribution network at emergency case rank

.......................................................................................................................... 47

Table (5.9): Means and Test values for the field activity influence the water

distribution network at emergency cases. ........................................................ 49

Table (5.10): The rank activity influence the water distribution network at

emergency cases. .............................................................................................. 51

Table (5.11): Population sample distribution according to age ....................... 54

Table (5.12): Population sample distribution according to gender .................. 54

Table (5.13): Population sample distribution according educational

qualification ...................................................................................................... 54

Table (5.14): Population sample distribution according to field of work ........ 55

Table (5.15): Population sample distribution according years of experience .. 55

Table (5.16): Population sample distribution according region ....................... 56

Table (5.17): Population sample distribution according the supply intervals at

war .................................................................................................................... 57

Table (5.18): The number of hours for the arrival of municipal water ............ 58

Table (5.19): Quantity of municipal water ....................................................... 59

xi

Table (5.20): Population sample distribution according to the alternative water

user during cut off water in the war ................................................................. 60

Table (5.21): Population sample distribution according to the degree of

cooperation from municipality ......................................................................... 62

Table (5.22): Water wells distribution according to quarters in emergency

cases ................................................................................................................. 71

Table (5.23): Recommended distribution wells in emergency time ................ 73

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Flow chart of the research methodology ............................................. 4

Figure 3.1 Gaza strip, Gaza city location [Municipality of Gaza] ....................... 21

............................................................................................................................. 22

Figure 3.2: Quarters of Gaza city (MOG, 2011) .................................................. 22

Figure 3.3: Gaza city water distribution network at Water CAD (Al-Rayess,

2015) .................................................................................................................... 24

Figure 3.4: Water network operation zones by ArcGIS (Al-Rayess, 2015) ........ 25

Figure 3.5: Well destroyed by Israel strike attacks .............................................. 31

Figure 5.2: Standard deviation for factor effect on water distribution network at

emergency case .................................................................................................... 49

Figure 5.3: Mean values for activity influence the water distribution network ... 52

Figure 5.4: Standard deviation for activity influence the water distribution

network ................................................................................................................ 52

Figure 5.5: Region for population questionnaire ................................................. 56

Figure 5.6: Interval water cutout from home in time of war ............................... 58

Figure 5.7: The number of hours the arrival of municipal water ......................... 59

Figure5.8: Quantity of municipal water ............................................................... 60

Figure 5.10: The degree of cooperation in the municipal water delivery ............ 63

............................................................................................................................. 68

Figure 5.13: Institutions setup of the plan ........................................................... 68

Figure 5.15: The recommended well distribution at Gaza quarters according to

municipality master plan at emergency cases ...................................................... 72

1

noitpu1 rt ICp1hretpahC

1.1 Background

Water demand in Palestine, in general and in the Gaza Strip, in particular is rapidly

increasing. The water resources are limited, compared to the continuous of groundwater

that much exceeds the renewable amount that replenishes the groundwater reservoir.

This led to continuous decline of groundwater levels and deterioration of water quality

from both seawater intrusion and deep salt-water up coning. To achieve sustainable use

of groundwater system, there is a need to reach balance between the water discharge,

naturally to sea and across the border, and artificially by human activities, and water

recharge, also natural and artificial (PWA, 1998)

Infrastructure management is a very critical thing for any country, it reflects the

powerful at planning and decision makers level for the best way to use infrastructure to

serve the system at any city. The severe consequences of a Critical Infrastructure (CI)

crisis demand continued research directed toward proactive and reactive management

strategies (Hernantes et al., 2013).

To clarify the existing water distribution system in Gaza municipality, interview is

made with head, manger, and water networks operators to clarify water distribution

system (WDS) and describe the current by the researcher operation and maintenance

(O&M) system which the municipality depend on for management water networks

(Abeaid, 2011).

The water facilities in Gaza is composed of main transmission pipes, distribution

pipelines, wells and control valves. All these components comprise the water

distribution system in Gaza. It was observed that the water wells abstraction in Gaza

city is increasing while the network efficiency is decreasing in the past 4 years. The

reason behind that can be referred to; the old pipe network system, and the illegal

connections without any monitoring or control.

It can also be noticed that it was difficult to feed the whole water network with water in

the normal situation especially in summer time and it becomes more difficult during the

war. After the war had been finished a new distribution system was dialed to solve all

parts of problems.

2

This research focused on improving distribution system for capitals especially at

emergency cases such as (wars, disasters and any sudden problem at the system). It

made a new approach to develop the system and make it more effective and flexible to

deliver water for the most capitals with best technical conditions under any situation.

The emergency response plan should be an integral part of the water system routine

operations. For example, water system security is an ongoing plan element that should

include daily inspection of the system’s facilities, a procedure that could be done along

with other tasks. When the operator checks the stock of regular supplies, the operator

should include an inventory of emergency supplies and equipment. Also, ongoing

training of water system staff should cover the actions outlined in the emergency

response plan (Scott-Martinet, 2006).

1.2 Problem Statement

After studying the WDS situation, it was found that:

1 Difficulty to deliver water for capitals in emergency cases.

2 Less vision to solve technical problems and find alternatives in emergency cases.

3 No preventive maintenance is used which it is the most important thing to process

the network work effectively.

4 Random reactions from citizens and difficult to control their attitudes (consumption

and valves control especially in emergency cases).

5 Difficulty to convert water resources to different areas specially, which are without

any resources during emergency time.

1.3 Research aim and Objectives

The aim of this research is to develop an approach for water supply and management at

emergency cases in Gaza city. In other words to find solutions and alternatives for

distribute the water and deliver the water for the citizens with high level efficiency and

with perfect plans specially in crisis.

The general aim in this research was achieved throughout the following objectives:

1. Evaluation of the water distribution network system in Gaza city with respect at

emergency cases.

3

2. To assess the water delivery for selected areas with high level of efficiency in

emergency cases management.

3. To propose/recommend emergency management plan for Gaza city water

distribution network.

1.4 Research Methodology

The steps that will used to achieve the objectives of the study are:

- First step: literature Review

Search and make a review about previous studies in topics related with this research

which may include water network operation and crisis management.

- Second step: data Collection

Data gathering from Water Directorate at Gaza city municipality (wells, types of

pipelines, diameter and AutoCAD files for network).

- Third step: parametric study

This step used to study the approach for network in the city and distribution way that:

1. Assessment of the existing situation.

2. Planning for emergency cases this could be by using valves.

3. Monitoring of the system in emergency cases using field visit and investigation.

4. Questionnaires.

5. Analysis results and recommendations.

The results were discussed and then, an emergency approach that is suitable Gaza

municipality case was recommended.

4

Figure 1.1: Flow chart of the research methodology

1.5 Thesis organization

This thesis consists of six chapters as follows:

Chapter One (Introduction): focused on a vision and the reasons this study was under

taken. It consisted from introduction, statement of problem, goals, objectives, and the

methodology used during this research work.

Chapter Two (Literature Review): covered a general literature reviews published in

previous studies to prepare management plan for water distribution network in

emergency cases.

Chapter Three (Assessment of Gaza City Network): focused on the Gaza city

network assessment and emergency planning.

Chapter Four (Methodology& Approach): covered the main tool used during this

study to obtain the results and reach the main objective.

Chapter Five (Results and Discussion): dealt with the results obtained from the data

collected both questionnaires' and discussed the proposed emergency management plan

for Gaza city water network.

Chapter Six (Conclusion and Recommendations): conclusions and suggestions for

future work are given in his chapter.

Literature Review Data collection

Parametric study Field visit and investigation

Questionnaires Analysis Results and Recommendations

5

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

Water is an important resource for use of mankind. It is essential for agricultural and

industrial growth, as well as for supporting growing populations who require a safe

drinking water supply. Increasing demand for water is a global problem (Temperely,

1995).

Water utilities provide clean water service to local communities and charge the service

by the metered water consumption. However, not every drop of water produced reaches

customers and generates the revenue for municipalities. Instead, a significant portion of

drinking water is lost, due to either water dripping away from the distribution pipelines

or the unauthorized water usage. Consequently, water utilities lose the revenue within

distribution pipeline networks. Water loss represents a major fraction of non-revenue

water (NRW) (Zheng, 2007).

Local infrastructure includes the water, electricity, gas, heating and cooling systems,

communications and transportation systems in your area. These are usually part of

larger systems maintained by government and private agencies.

Careful design and problem solving with these organizations, ahead of time, can protect

students and educational assets, and make these systems resilient (International Finance

Corporation IFC, 2010).

Critical infrastructure: can be a service, facility, or a group of services or facilities, the

loss of which will have severe adverse effects on the physical, social, economic or

environmental well-being or safety of the community (Emergency Management

Australia, 2004).

Critical infrastructure are considered as life support networks that are essential to

sustain the normal activities of the industries and communities, such as production,

delivery, and supply chain issues for industries, as well as commuting to work, school,

church, healthcare, etc., for communities (Oh et al., 2010).

Critical infrastructure can be stand-alone or interconnected and interdependent within

and across provinces, territories and national borders. Disruptions of critical

infrastructure could result in catastrophic loss of life, adverse economic effects, and

6

significant harm to public confidence. (National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical

Infrastructure, 2010).

Everyone knows how vital water supply and sewerage systems are for the health and

development of any community. This makes it a priority for such services to operate

optimally at all times, since a significant degradation of their quality can affect most of

the population. The main objective of water suppliers, therefore, must be to maintain

systems that qualitatively and quantitatively meet the needs of the population so that

interruptions in the supply of drinking water (PAHO, 2002).

The coming of age of the water infrastructure poses an increasing challenge for utility

managers. One of the key issues is to assess the long-term development of network

rehabilitation demand. The motivation is to ensure that sufficient funding is raised and

appropriately allocated to achieve the foreseen level of service. As a result, the last

decade of water infrastructure management has shown increased development, testing,

and application of mathematical models in the rehabilitation planning and network

failure estimation (Scholten, et al., 2013)

Operating and maintaining the water supply, treatment and distribution system is a

responsibility that involves consideration for routine functions, planning and responding

to emergency situations. The purpose of this plan is to assist the Gaza City in preparing

for and responding to emergency situations within their potable water system. For the

purposes of this plan, an emergency is defined as the occurrence of any event that

causes the water system to pose a threat to public health and safety or to the

environment.

2.2 Water Distribution Network (WDN)

Studies on Water Distribution Network (WDN) performance are a core issue as a tool

for water management entities decision making. In order to achieve this goal it is

necessary to know both the WDN’s infrastructure registration and the hydraulic

operating conditions (flows and pressures) for simulation computation (Alves, et al.,

2014).

Water distribution network modeling is an essential component of water supply

planning, as it allows water engineers and planners to understand how the water supply

7

system operates, enabling them to make informed decisions regarding operation and

planning to achieve the required standards of service (Gurung et al., 2014).

A network consists of pipes, nodes (pipe junctions), pumps, valves and storage tanks or

reservoirs. Water CAD tracks the flow of water in each pipe, the pressure at each node,

the height of water in each tank, and the concentration of a chemical species throughout

the network during a simulation period comprised of multiple time steps. In addition to

chemical species, water age and source tracing can also be simulated (Vuta, et al.,

2008).

Hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) are defined as “Any substance other than oil,

which, if introduced into the marine environment is likely to create hazards to human

health, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage amenities or to interfere with

other legitimate uses of the sea” (IMO. OPRC HNS Protocol, 2000).

2.3 Definition of Emergencies

An Emergency is generally defined as a situation that arises suddenly and that can have

considerable negative consequences, if fast and effective corrective measures are not

taken. Emergencies are incidents that threaten public safety, health and welfare. If

severe or prolonged, they can exceed the capacity of first responders, local fire fighters

or law enforcement officials. Such incidents range widely in size, location, cause, and

effect, but nearly all have an environmental component (Emergency Response, 1992).

A present or imminent event, including incidents that requires prompt coordination of

actions to protect the health, safety or welfare of people, or to limit damage to assets or

the environment(An Emergency Management Framework for Canada, 2010).

2.3.1 Defining Types of Emergencies

This section defines many of the potential problems that could affect water quality or

quantity in the water supply and distribution system. Each type of event can cause

different types of damage to the systems' components and may require a specific

solution. As well, emergencies usually have a wide range of severity. In this plan,

categories of severity are defined as alert condition, emergency condition, potential

disaster condition and disaster condition, each of which aides in determining

appropriate response actions.

Examples of each condition are as follows:

8

1. Alert Condition: are considered to be routine emergencies like distribution line

breaks, short power outages, and minor mechanical conditions.

2. Emergency Condition: are considered to be more significant emergencies like

disruption of a supply main, complete loss of chlorination equipment system,

reservoir carburetion, or water quality degradation due to things. These types of

issues usually require a Boil Water Notice or Water Use Restriction Notice to

protect the public.

3. Potential Disaster Condition: are situations like imminent break of a dam due to

excessive high water level in the reservoir. Appropriate precautions must be taken to

mitigate downstream losses, notify and protect the public.

4. Disaster Condition: are emergency situations like failure of a dam releasing source

water, large forest fire within the watershed, acts of terrorism or hazardous chemical

spill in the watershed.

These types of emergencies constitute a catastrophic disaster/major emergency, which

requires immediate notification of law enforcement and local emergency management

services. These events often take anywhere from several days to months to resolve

before the system returns to its normal operation (City Of Nanaimo: the harbour city

water resources, 2008).

2.3.2 The Emergency Response Plan (ERP)

The Emergency Response Plan (ERP) is a document that provides a step- by-step

response to, and recovery from, incidents related to situations of emergency. The ability

of water utility staff to respond rapidly in an emergency will help prevent unnecessary

complications and protect consumers’ health and safety. It may also save money by

preventing damage to water systems. In addition, the law and regulations listed below

require all owners of public water systems to have an Emergency Response Plan (ERP),

which they can refer to in case of emergencies that may present a health risk to water

users (Manitoba Water Stewardship, 2009).

Following control of the emergency, the clean up or repair may begin. Because the

possible causes and thus remedies of an emergency are numerous, it is beyond the scope

of the manual to describe specific repair procedures. It is likely that most repair

procedures required of Public Works staff will be within the scope of their regular

9

training. Depending on the cause and extent of the emergency, advice and direction

from appropriately qualified specialists should be obtained.

Important actions that should be taken that are dependent on the type of emergency

event. These actions may involve:

- Conducting appropriate reporting to the city and in some occurrences to regulatory

agencies.

Updating maintenance records.

Determining cause of failure and taking steps to preclude a similar emergency from

happening.

During a major event, basic technical information about the PWSS’s assets needs to be

readily available. Asset information needs to be clearly documented and readily

accessible so staff can find and distribute it quickly to those who may be involved in

responding to the major event. It is recommended that more than one copy be available

and located in more than one location.

Basic asset information that may be presented in an ERP include:

- Public water supply system (PWSS) ID, Owner, Administrative Contact

Person, and alternate administrative contact person;

- Population served and service connections;

- Distribution map;

- Pressure boundary map;

- Overall process flow diagrams;

- Site plans and facility “as-built” engineering drawings

Pumping and storage facilities

Reservoirs and retention facilities

Water treatment facilities

Booster pump stations

Pressure-regulating valve (PRV) sites

Distribution system, process and instrumentation diagrams

Equipment and operations specifications

Emergency power and light generation

Maintenance supplies

- Operating procedures and system descriptions including back-up systems

and interconnects with other systems;

10

- Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system/process

control systems;

- Communications system operation;

- Site staffing rosters and employees’ duties and responsibilities; and

- Chemical handling and/or Storage facilities and release impact analyses

(i.e., chemical releases into air or water).

It is important to note that not all of the above mentioned technical information may be

needed in ERPs for each PWSS. The level of technical documentation should reflect the

complexity of the PWSS (Kansas Department of Health and Environment, 2013).

Successfully responding to an emergency event is largely dependent on pre-emergency

planning by management staff of the public water supply system (PWSS). The

management staff of PWSS will vary in number from one or two individuals with

multiple responsibilities, to large organizations with many individuals contributing to

the mission of the organization. Regardless of the size of a PWSS, there are

commonalities when planning for and managing an emergency event (Kansas

Department of Health and Environment, 2013).

2.4 The objectives of Water Emergency Plan

Defines a drought contingency plan as “a strategy or combination of strategies for

temporary supply and demand management responses to temporary and potentially

recurring water supply shortages and other water supply emergencies.” Accordingly, the

purpose of this drought and water emergency plan (“Plan”) is:

To conserve the available water supply in times of drought and water

emergency;

To maintain supplies for domestic water use, sanitation, and fire protection;

To protect and preserve public health, welfare, and safety;

To minimize the adverse impacts of water supply shortages; and

To minimize the adverse impacts of emergency water supply conditions (City of

Crowley: Drought and Water Emergency Plan, 2014).

11

The main idea of the contingency plan is to be able to maintain during a conflict the

minimum required level of services required by the population to repair any kind of the

damages in infrastructures. Also to allow service providers to keep the water and

wastewater infrastructures in a working condition, for achieving this the movement

coordination shall be requested to the armed forces to secure the access on the ground

for technical support.

2.5 Disaster Management

Disaster management is the process of assessment and planning, physical protection and

response capacity development designed to:

1. Protect people from physical harm.

2. Minimize disruption and ensure the continuity of education for all children.

3. Develop and maintain a culture of safety.

It is very important to focus on help remember and observe the parallel processes for

disaster prevention that are taken up at every level of society. The full scope of activities

are included as follows:

1. Assessment and planning.

2. Physical and environmental protection.

3. Response capacity development.

4. Practicing, monitoring, and improving (International Finance corporation IFC,

2010).

The management of emergencies concerning all-hazards, including all activities and risk

management measures related to prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response and

recovery. Proactive management means thinking ahead, anticipating and planning for

change or crisis, Reactive management means reacting to change or crisis after it

happens. This means that reactive management is characterized by lack of planning

(Ebadi & Davies, 2006).

2.6 Planning For Emergency Operations

Planning is a key element of being prepared and is facilitated by encouraging

governments, business, non-government organizations and the community to make

appropriate provision for their own preparedness (Australian Emergency Management

Arrangements, 2011).

12

Planning for emergency operations, also known as preparedness involves designing a

series of activities that, properly executed, should make it possible to prepare in advance

for a disaster and respond promptly once it occurs. It is important to identify the

activities to be carried out at each stage of the disaster cycle, particularly those

involving the stage prior to the event, and the response stage, which must include the

uninterrupted operation and maintenance of water supply and sewerage systems.

The immediate consumers supply without any planned strategy hassled to inefficient

operated systems, increasing the energy costs for water supply and distribution. With

the actual concerns about sustainable development, the improvement of energy

efficiency in Water supply systems (WSS) must be of major importance (Coelho, et al.,

2013).

The City will most likely be made aware of a potential emergency situation through

phone calls from concerned citizens or from City staff during routine maintenance

checks. The public works staff member who becomes aware of a potential emergency

should make a primary assessment of the situation. The assessment is not to determine a

remedy, but rather to determine the magnitude of the problem. A decision can then be

made as to whether an emergency response or routine maintenance is required (Urban

System, 2007).

2.6.1 Water emergency planning tool

Planning for uncertainty is often called continuity of operations planning (COOP). One

very important factor that is often overlooked is the critical need for a constant supply

of good quality water. This tool is focused on water emergencies. Whether or not your

business has a COOP, this tool will help your business to be better prepared to prevent,

mitigate, or respond to a water emergency .The tool is divided into three parts

including: assessing the plan current situation, preparedness planning and activating the

water emergency operations plan. The purpose of such tool is to help you become better

prepared so you can continue to be a viable operation, should you face a loss of normal

water service (Filson, 2011).

All-hazards emergency management is known as an approach recognizes the actions

required to mitigate the effects of emergencies are essentially the same, irrespective of

13

the nature of the event, thereby permitting an optimization of scarce planning, response

and support resources. The intention of all-hazards generic emergency planning is to

employ generic methodologies, modified as necessary by particular circumstances. All-

hazards incorporates natural and man-made hazards threats including traditional

emergency management events such as flooding and industrial accidents; as well as

national security events such as acts of terrorism; and cyber events. (Federal Emergency

Response Plan, 2009).

2.7 Evaluation and Training

An evaluation process of the emergency response plan should be done as soon as the

plan is completed and every two years thereafter. Also, after an emergency, there should

be a “lessons learned” evaluation process to identify shortcomings. The ERP and

response actions must be modified accordingly. Self-evaluation, training, operational

drills, occurrence evaluation (Manitoba Water Stewardship, 2009). The ERP and

response action are described as bellow:

Training

Emergency planning and response is difficult and resource-intensive. To be successful

in minimizing harmful effects of emergencies and restoring normal operations requires

training. It is crucial to provide training programs for water utilities staff, either in-

house, or through outside sources. The purpose of training is to educate the staff about

hazards and their impact on the system and to practice the emergency response action

(Manitoba Water Stewardship, 2009).

Operational drills

These drills start with an emergency scenario and involve staff responding to the site

who may be involved in that emergency. Internal and external communications may be

tested. Suggested frequency of drills is annually. Larger scale drills may be focused on

one or more specific hazards. Get involved – find out where such drills take place and

think about conducting your own drills by acting one or more scenarios to determine

vulnerabilities (Manitoba Water Stewardship, 2009).

Occurrence evaluation

14

Once a drill or a response to a real-life incident is completed, the water utility should

prepare an after-event evaluation report. The report should address issues, actions,

responses, recommendations, and conclusions. Such report can serve as a model for

future responses to emergencies and appropriate courses of action. (Manitoba Water

Stewardship, 2009).

2.8 Failure of System Components

The most important failure factors of system components are given as bellow:

1. Mechanical equipment: System breakdowns involve mechanical or equipment

failures within the treatment or pumping facilities. The breakdown of items such as

intake pumps, chlorination units, chemical feeders, testing equipment, and structural

components such as clear wells, flocculation basins, and filter beds fall into this

group. Unattended mechanical devices will not maintain an efficient functioning

condition indefinitely.

2. Storage facilities: A utility’s distribution storage is also subject to failures. Metallic

reservoirs may develop leaks due to corrosion when chemically active waters are

stored in them and cathodic protection equipment and/or protective painting systems

are not properly maintained. Standpipes with a poor history of maintenance

commonly accumulate large volumes of sediment at the base of the tank. Sediment

buildup can, over a period of time, block the inflow/outflow piping resulting in

reduced flow.

3. Pipelines: Disruption of service to the general public may occur when distribution

pipelines fail. Failures, leaks or complete ruptures, of metallic pipeline are

commonly caused by highly corrosive water and/or soils. Improperly supported or

restrained pipe sections may separate under pressure and cause leakage. Major leaks

may occur when pipelines rupture due to overlying loads in excess of the design

load.

4. Human Error: Proper training can reduce the likelihood of human error in the

normal operation of a utility, but it must be realized there is no way to plan or

completely foolproof a system. A sound emergency plan covering numerous

anticipated emergency conditions is the best way to prepare for this type of system

failure.

5. Accidental Contamination: Accidental spills of toxic materials into raw water source

pose unusual problems to PWSS. Industrial spills containing highly toxic chemicals,

15

which are not removed by normal treatment processes, can rapidly infiltrate a

distribution system rendering the water unfit for normal usage (Kansas Department

Of Health and Enviroment, 2013).

Most public water systems have had routine operating emergencies such as pipe breaks,

pump malfunctions, coliform contamination, and power outages. These are manageable

if the water system has an emergency response plan that can be put into action quickly.

Each emergency has unique effects on different parts of a water system. Floods can

cause widespread bacterial contamination, earthquakes can damage sources and

distribution systems, and storms can disrupt power supplies. The common element is

that each emergency may threaten the system’s ability to deliver safe and reliable

drinking water (Division of Drinking Water, 2003). Criteria and emergency conditions

differ from country to another according situation and type of emergency and must

distribute if for levels from dangerous.

2.9 Factor Influence on Water Distribution Network at Emergency Cases

Preventive maintenance used to be ready for any problems includes the following

factors, management use operation planning, management interesting in emergency

planning, alternative plans for changes, monitoring and evaluation for plans,

environmental protection, logistics supports, practicing and development, make

priorities to reduce weakness points, improve the system, poor decision making,

technology risk, accuracy of technical information ,operation cost overrun, force

majeure, organization and coordination risk, subjective evaluation, technical staff and

equipment available (Wu ,et al., 2010).

2.10 The Requirement for an Emergency Response Plan

In Washington to have an emergency response plan as part of a water system plan or

small water system management program. There are a variety of reasons for the

occurrences of emergencies such as:

Natural disasters.

Accidents.

Deliberate acts of vandalism or terrorism.

System neglect or deferred maintenance.

16

Emergencies usually have a wide range of severity. Defining categories of severity can

significantly help in determining appropriate response actions. Knowing the severity of

the emergency and being able to communicate it to others will help system personnel

keep their response balanced and effective. Making a decision on severity should be

collaborative among system personnel, but is ultimately made by the person in charge

of the emergency. The person in charge may also choose to coordinate with external

parties, especially if partnerships have been formed in advance of the event. The

information for making the decision will accumulate over time, and may result in the

level of severity being changed.

An assessment of severity, once decided, must be communicated immediately to all

those dealing with the emergency. It is required to make sure that staff have cell phones,

pagers, and/or radios when they are in the field. It is suggested to have an alternative

method of communicating if cell phones and pagers will not work (Division of Drinking

Water, 2003).

2.11 Water Supply Related Issues

The most important water supply related issues are given as bellow:

1. Prepare an “emergency menu” in advance including recipes for food items that

require no water or minimal amounts of water to prepare.

2. Maintain an inventory of single-service and single-use articles to help get through a

reasonable time period.

3. Maintain an inventory of bottled water.

4. Maintain an inventory of containers suitable for hauling water.

5. Maintain an inventory of disposable gloves and hand sanitizer.

6. Develop a business agreement with a supplier of bottled water or water hauler that

will provide assurance that you will have an alternative source of water available

during an emergency.

7. Locate public water supplies in your area and points where containers can be filled

with drinking water.

8. Develop a contingency plan for toilets. If the water service is interrupted, where will

you and your employees find toilet facilities available for use.

9. Develop a business agreement with a supplier of ice in order to assure you will have

access to ice during an emergency.

17

10. Maintain contact information for people who can help you, such as your plumber,

water well drilling contractor, utility company, ice supplier, water supplier, provider

of portable toilets, local health officer, Division of Public Health Services Food

Protection Section, emergency broadcast station frequency numbers, etc.

11. Develop a list of equipment that uses water in your establishment and develop a

contingency plan that describes what you would do if the water is either interrupted

or contaminated. Use the emergency action plans as a guide to help describe the

steps that you would take in your own establishment (New Hampshire Department

of Health and Human Services, 2007).

Developing effective infrastructure plans means finding a compromise between safety,

economic, and environmental aspects, and having different organizations agree on a

course of action (Timmermans & Beroggi, 2000).

Expert consultations and decision support module is to provide the incident programs

and send to all execution unit based on comprehensive event information, events

surrounding the information, leadership instruction, expert advice, event-related

emergency plans, event-related emergency knowledge, relevant laws, relevant

emergency cases, assisted model and the information which is related to other models,

such as the scheduling plans which are produced from emergency resource

management, situation map etc. (Jing & Xiazhong, 2011).

Self-Monitoring three characteristics of an individual scoring high on self-monitoring

are:

- A concern for behaving in an appropriate manner.

- A sensitivity to cues in the environment.

- A change in behavior according to what the environment demands (Snyder, 1974).

Water technologies can be separated according to three different nested scales:

1- Urban water systems (UWS) which comprise

2- Water technologies (plants or networks) which in turn comprise

3- Unit processes (Loubet et al., 2014).

18

2.12 The Development of Emergency Management System

1. Database: Emergency management system has wide data sources and large amount

data, so it must use large database management system. Oracle is currently the more

popular of the large-scale database management systems; it has powerful data

processing, analysis, higher scalability, reliability and security.

2. Development tools: It is used to make the emergency management systems to work

on different platforms, so cross-platform development tools must support the

application development (Jing & Xiazhong, 2011).

2.13 Water demand prediction

An accurate estimation of water demand is an important requisite for the optimal

operation and design of a WSS. The prediction of water demand allows better

approximations between the water supply flow rate and the water consumption flow

rate, providing more resource savings and, consequently, more cost savings

(Kiselychnyk et al., 2009).

2.14 Applications of Emergency Response Plan (ERP)

Case studies present lessons-learned from real-life experiences. The descriptions were

drawn from EMP initiatives in many countries. A general description of the water

supplier and the context within which the ERP was developed and implemented is

provided in the following case studies. These ERP were undertaken almost entirely by

the urban water utilities themselves without significant external agency support. Most

water utility employees were familiar with the use of systematic emergency cases

assessment and management systems, and of management systems generally, due to

previous requirements to implement occupational health and safety and environmental

management systems.

2.14.1 The City of Hugo

Located in Washington County make Emergency plan at many levels to any situation

occur.

Emergency response procedures

Water emergencies can occur as a result of vandalism, sabotage, accidental

contamination, mechanical problems, power failures, drought, flooding, and other

natural disasters. The purpose of emergency planning is to develop emergency response

19

procedures and to identify actions needed to improve emergency preparedness. In the

case of a municipality, these procedures should be in support of, and part of, an all-

hazard emergency operations plan.

Federal emergency response plan

The City of Hugo has completed the federal emergency response plan and submitted the

required certification to the U.S. environmental protection agency. The following

information supplements and summarizes the information contained in that document

and this information is specific to the City’s existing water system including the

allocation and demand reduction procedures and enforcement. As contained in the

federal emergency response plan, the emergency response lead personnel is to be the

City’s public works director and the alternate emergency response lead will be as

designated by the Public Works Director.

Operational contingency plan

An operational contingency plan that describes measures to be taken for water supply

mainline breaks and other common system failures as well as routine maintenance is

recommended by the state department for all utilities. The City of Hugo’s water utility

currently has an operational contingency plan.

Allocation and demand reduction procedures

Water supply plans as required by the department of natural resources and the

metropolitan council must include procedures to address emergencies and the sudden

loss of water due to line breaks, power failures, sabotage, etc.

Water conservation plan

Water conservation programs are intended to reduce demand for water, improve the

efficiency in use and reduce losses and waste of water. Long-term conservation

measures that improve overall water use efficiencies can help reduce the need for short-

term conservation measures. Water conservation is an important part of water resource

management and can also help utility managers to satisfy the ever-increasing demands

being placed on water resources. Conservation programs can be cost effective when

compared to the generally higher costs of developing new sources of supply or

expanding water and/or wastewater treatment plant capacities (City of Hugo, 2001).

2.14.2 City of Nanaimo

The water is transported from the watershed by duplicate primary supply mains to the

City of Nanaimo and Southwest Extension. At the end of the primary supply mains are

20

two water treatment facilities, one in Extension and the other at No. 1 Reservoir. The

water is then distributed to balancing reservoirs by large secondary supply mains. The

distribution system then carries the water to the end user through approximately 500

kilometers of smaller diameter mains and control valves that regulate system pressures.

Eight pump stations have been constructed to supply water to higher elevations and/or

to the ends of the system during peak summer demands. Nanaimo emergency Response

Plan (ERP) has been prepared to guide the City in responding to an emergency in the

City’s water system including the South Nanaimo River Watershed and storage

reservoirs, the primary transmission systems from source to storage reservoirs, pump

stations, PRV stations and chlorination stations. The purpose of the ERP is to guide the

City and response agencies in the event of an emergency in order to: provide the earliest

response to an emergency condition:

ensure that water quality and public health are not compromised;

ensure that water for firefighting is available;

restore normal water system operation; and

protect the natural environment from impacts associated with the system

operation in the event of an emergency.

The City of Nanaimo intends to review and, if necessary update, the ERP every year.

Revisions will be distributed by the City of Nanaimo to the registered holders of this

ERP with instructions on inserting the revisions.

Nanaimo emergency Response Plan is intended for use of City of Nanaimo staff in

responding to emergency scenarios related to the City’s water system serving the City

of Nanaimo, and bulk water supply to the southwest extension and first nation reserves

within the municipal boundaries. The plan is an internal document for City staff

implementation and use only. The made document serves as informational purposes

only to the external plan holders (City Of Nanaimo: the harbour city water resourses,

2008).

21

Chapter 3: Assessment of Gaza City Network

3.1 Study Area

Gaza City is a Palestinian city located in the Gaza Strip, which lies on the eastern coast

of the Mediterranean Sea; it’s bounded by Dair Al-Balah from the south, the Green Line

from the east and Bait Lahieya from the north . Gaza is the largest city in Gaza Strip

with a total area 45,000 donums (45 km2). Located at 31°32′N 34°29′E , the population

of Gaza 600,000 with an annual growth rate of 4% (PCBS, 2015). The people in the

gaza strip is about depends on the groundwater as the only source for drinking,

agricultural use, and domestic supply. The average annual rainfall for the last 30 years is

about 350 mm, but varies from north (450 mm) to south (200 mm). Most of the rainfall

occurs in the period from October to March with December and January being the

wettest months (Sonallah et al., 2007).

Figure 3.1 Gaza strip, Gaza city location [Municipality of Gaza]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunam

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Gaza_City&params=31_31_N_34_27_E_type:city(515556)_region:PS

22

Gaza city is consists of 17 main quarters as shown in map (3.1). Table (3.1) show the

total population of each quarter

Figure 3.2: Quarters of Gaza city (MOG, 2011)

23

Table (3.1): Population and area of Gaza city parts (MOG, 2011)

Quarter Population Area (Donum)

Tal Al-hawa 8800 794

Al-Zaitoon 66000 11329

Al-Tofah 41500 2898

Al- Turkman 48000 2899

Al-Turkman Al-Shargy 3700 3952

Al-Jdaidh 35750 2754

Al-Jdaidh Al-Shargy 650 4953

Al-Balda Al gademah 27500 701

Al-Daraj 50000 2430

Al-Sabra 27500 1516

Al-remal Al-shmaly 22000 2379

Al-ramal Al-janoby 30250 2754

Al-Nasser 33000 2044

Al-shaekh a'ejleen 20350 2219

Al-Sheekh Rodwan 36000 1025

Al-A'wda 8250 764

Al-Shattea' camp 90000 975

3.2 Gaza City Water Network

The distribution system depends mainly on direct pumping from the wells to the

distribution network. These pumping stations (Well Pumps) are managed manually

through operators who are located as three consecutive 8-hour shifts along the day and

many of wells managed automatically through SCADA system.

The water utility supply system in Gaza city water network consist of : Pipelines (3038

pipes) near 412 km with varies material (Asbestos cement, Steel and UPVC) and

Diameter For steel (2", 3", 4", 6", 8", 10", 12", 14", 16", 18", 20") and for UPVC

(110mm, 160mm, 200mm, 225mm, 250mm, 280mm, 315mm, 355mm), nodes (2414

junctions) which represent the valves (near 1500 valves) distributed at city with varies

diameters and wells (74 water wells) located in different regions in Gaza strip as

illustrated in Figure (3.3) using Palestinian Grid Coordinates (GCS_Palestine_1923).

24

As shown in Figure (3.4), the network of the Gaza city is divided in to 58 zones varying

in size, complexity, topography, and source management.

Figure 3.3: Gaza city water distribution network at Water CAD (Al-Rayess, 2015)

25

Figure 3.4: Water network operation zones by ArcGIS (Al-Rayess, 2015)

26

2.3.1 Pipes

Water network consists of several different types of pipes in terms of material and

diameters. Table (3.2) presents a primary inventory data for these different types of the

water network pipes.

Table (3.2): Pipes description at water distribution network (Al-Rayess, 2015)

Diameter Length

(Steel)

(m)

Length

(UPVC)

(m)

Length

(Asbestos

Cement) (m)

Length

(All

Materials) (m)

Percentage

%

2" 2,786 0 0 2,786 0.68

3" 37,840 0 1,233 39,073 9.47

4" 23,320 0 1,829 25,149 6.10

110 mm 109 239,722 0 239,832 58.13

6" 17,175 0 2,295 19,470 4.72

160 mm 0 19,257 0 19,257 4.67

200 mm 0 1,026 0 1,026 0.25

8" 8,959 0 222 9,181 2.23

225 mm 0 21,407 0 21,407 5.19

250 mm 0 873 0 873 0.21

10" 6,079 0 995 7,074 1.71

280 mm 0 3,863 0 3,863 0.94

12" 3,408 0 2,414 5,822 1.41

315 mm 0 3,670 0 3,670 0.89

14" 1,339 0 0 1,339 0.32

16" 5,807 0 0 5,807 1.41

18" 692 0 0 692 0.17

20" 6,265 0 0 6,265 1.52

All

Diameters

113,780 289,819 8,988 412,586 100%

Percentage

%

27.58 70.24 2.18 100.00

It can be seen from Table (3.2) that 70.24 % of the used pipelines are UPVC, 27.58% of

pipes are consisted of steel take first category with high percentage because the most of

distribution lines consists of UPVC and at the second category as transmission lines but

at the last Asbestos Cement and with new projects it will be less.

2.2.3 Pumps

Pumps have a production rate varying between 50 to 220 m3/hr. The pumping set is

protected against low level water in the aquifer by means of dedicated sensors. Every

27

year, Gaza municipality construct new water wells to compensate the increase

consumption of water due to the overpopulation, in two or three years, the number of

water wells were 74 wells. The water wells are conventionally comprised of a pump, a

chlorine-dosing unit, a water manifold, an electrical switchboard, a sand trap and a

standby diesel generating set (Al-Rayess, 2015).

3.3 Operating System

Gaza operating system consists of two cycles for distribution according to supply areas,

density of population and water sources (high amount of flow or low). The operating

system was planned by elevation at zones. Cycle 1 (Shejeia) was operated for the high

elevation level and cycle 2 (sabra) was operated for the low elevation level. According

to the operation cycles, the boundary of zones is determined and controlled by valves.

The number of control valves in Gaza network is almost about 100 valves (Al-Rayess,

2015).

2.3 Network Zones

Table (3.3) presents an inventory data for each zone component and water source for

each zone.

Zone Pipes Pipes material Junctions Wells source Total flow

amount

(m3/hr)

Population

Zone 1 A 32 UPVC and

Steel

24 Kamal Nasser 65 3897

Zone 1 B 56 UPVC and

Steel

42 Kamal Nasser 65 8408

Zone 2 46 UPVC and

Steel

34 Sheikh Radwan

8

60 3944

Zone 3 59 UPVC and

Steel

45 Sheikh Radwan

8 + El jala

140 7522

Zone 4 33 UPVC 27 Eiada + El Jala 140 6890

Zone 5 47 UPVC and

Steel

36 Eiada 70 6958

Zone 6 106 UPVC, Steel

and asbestos

cement

87 Sheikh Radwan

9

180 17254

Zone 7 55 UPVC and

Steel

44 North wells 900 7332

Zone 8 81 UPVC and

Steel

57 North wells 900 10180

28


and asbestos

cement

58 Sheikh Radwan

7

320 8780

Zone 10 55 UPVC and

Steel

47 Sheikh Radwan

1+3+4

260 8504

Zone 11 66 UPVC and

Steel

56 Sheikh Radwan

13+7+ Abo Elba

280 20197

Zone 12 103 UPVC and

Steel

87 Sheikh Radwan

1 + Becdar +

Palestine

165 9456


and asbestos

cement

64 Elthawra +

Khalil El Wazir

130 5121


and asbestos

cement

44 El Jondi 60 5028


and asbestos

cement

55 Ahmed Shawqi 70 2468


and asbestos

cement

161 El Jondi 305 22032

Zone 17 62 UPVC and

Steel

48 Ashgal 60 4758

Zone 18 83 UPVC and

Steel

63 Ashgal + Quds

+ Abo Hanifa

155 5000


and asbestos

cement

23 Tunis 60 3932

Zone 20 57 UPVC and

Steel

47 Quzat + Abo

Hanifa

120 10000

Zone 21 29 UPVC and

Steel

25 Quzat + Civil

defense

120 3116

Zone 22 31 UPVC and

Steel

25 Quzat + Civil

defense

120 5320


and asbestos

cement

5 Al Samoni 60 511

Zone

24+31

550 UPVC, Steel

and asbestos

cement

471 El Safa wells

and North wells,

Shorfa, Qata,

Dola, Orabi

1320 100306


and asbestos

cement

206 El Safa wells

,North wells,

Shhibar,

Abdullah Azam,

and El Dairi

1400 37846


and asbestos

65 Al Basha 70 8860

29

cement


and asbestos

cement

21 Al Basha 70 3938


and asbestos

cement

56 Sheikh Radwan

1

180 4930


and asbestos

cement

40 Al Yarmouk 60 7406

Zone 30 20 UPVC and

Steel

19 Al Yarmouk 60 2429

Zone 32 40 UPVC and

Steel

36 Said Syam 70 3648

Zone 33 35 UPVC and

Steel

30 Civil Defense 70 6754


Steel

89 Sheikh Ejleen 2 60 6449


and asbestos

cement

59 Sheikh Radwan

1 + Ahmed

shawqi

160 5820

Zone 36 26 UPVC and

Steel

19 El Weqai +

Barcalona

126 6296

Zone 37 20 UPVC and

Steel

19 El Weqai 60 1660


Steel

85 El Weqai +

Barcalona

126 3108

Zone 39 29 UPVC and

Steel

28 El Weqai 60 1718


Steel

242 El Safa wells

and North wells

1400 59344

Zone 41 69 UPVC and

Steel

57 El Halal 60 6290

Zone 42 14 UPVC and

Steel

11 El Montar 70 2730

Zone 43 24 UPVC and

Steel

22 El Montar 70 5072

Zone 44 10 UPVC and

Steel

9 El Montar 70 3490

Zone 45 21 UPVC and

Steel

20 El Qastal 60 3417

Zone 46 51 UPVC and

Steel

44 Zimmo 200 6962


and asbestos

cement

40 Zimmo 200 10510

Zone 48 14 UPVC and

Steel

13 Abo Abli 120 4008

30

Table (3.3): Zones inventory data (Al-Rayess, 2015)

Table (3.3) shows distribution zones according operation system. It contained

descriptive data: number of pipes at each zone, pipes material, number of junctions,

wells sources and total flow amount from wells (Al-Rayess, 2015).

3.5 Critical Areas at Gaza Strip

Before procedures to make a questionnaire for stakeholders, an identification for critical

areas was targeted to expand the knowledge of the places that is affected from the war.

This section has many benefits by explain the defects areas at the network and the

difficulties to control the supply system.

3.5.1 Main problems

To prepare an effective emergency response plan, firstly the main problems were

defined at the targeted area after the war go to was specially the west part in the city.

The problems were identified into two major point as bellow:

The amount of water supplied and demanded.

Zone 49 50 UPVC and

Steel

38 Zimmo 200 8154

Zone 50 37 UPVC and

Steel

35 Lafi 60 7629

Zone 51 6 UPVC 5 El Sourani 60 1067

Zone 52 18 UPVC and

Steel

15 El Batesh 80 4597

Zone 53 29 UPVC and

Steel

24 Elhaj Adel 70 3970


and asbestos

cement

5 Halima 180 16710


and asbestos

cement

22 Halima 180 10478


and asbestos

cement

32 Sheikh Radwan

7

320 7695


and asbestos

cement

21 Sheikh Radwan

7

320 6848

Zone 58 18 UPVC and

Steel

13 Becdar + UN 3 110 8421

31

The municipality action during the crisis.

For the first point the demand amount at west part in the city Gaza was increased as a

result from the war and buildings damage so all population at east part run away to

survived for the west part that make:

- A sudden high increase in density and demand of consumption at the west part.

- The supply amount stayed the same without any increase as a result from the

lack of water sources.

The second point about municipality responsibility to manage the crisis to make

efficiency stay at the same level in the normal situation.

3.5.2 Field investigation

Field visits for zones, which were affected at water distribution by the war to know the

defects at the system and identified the wells stopped or damaged.

At Gaza city near six wells destroyed and six wells partially damaged by Israel army,

this need to take in priority about the defects in supply system by lake of sources after

war (near 500 m3/hr).

Figure 3.5: Well destroyed by Israel strike attacks

3.5.3 Assessment work

At war interval, the work for water distribution expanded for two shifts to three teams,

two for morning and the other one for evening, for maintenance distributed for two

shifts divided for morning and evening. Each team at water distribution consisted from

two technical staff but at maintenance consisted from three technical staff. As a result of

the Israel air strikes the level of restriction at the work increased. It needed more hard

32

work to organize the staff movement through the International Committee of the Red

Cross (ICRC).

This step make the outcomes from the work not clear and reduced the production rate

by technical staffs, to avoid this steps after war all organization related to this issue

make meeting to identify the future plans at any emergency cases.

The main idea of the contingency plan is to be able to maintain during a conflict the

minimum level of services required by the population to carry out repair of damages in

infrastructures. To allow service providers to keep the water & wastewater

infrastructures in a working condition, movement coordination shall be requested to the

armed forces to secure the access on the ground for technical. It is important to note that

this plan mainly tackles interventions for which a movement coordination is required

(CMWU, 2015).

During war time, service providers were operating the network on a daily basis in non-

military active areas and military active areas without going through this process. It is

proposed that:

- In non-military active areas, the service provider acts as usual to insure that

basic services are provided to the population

- In military active areas, a list of pre-ready coordination shall be prepared for the

routine operation

- In military active areas, coordination shall be requested to armed forces as

described below to intervene in case of damages to a wash infrastructure

(CMWU, 2015).

The methodology carried out to represent the water and wastewater infrastructure and

facilities damages assessment can be summarized as following (CMWU, 2014):

- Establish field survey teams.

- Each team has environmental, electromechanical and civil engineers.

- Visual inspection and measurements for networks were recorded. Also, checkup

the facilities' functions and operations.

- Complete the list of destruction items from the recent completed database

survey.

- Photos were taken for all field locations.

33

- Collected field and desk data information were recorded in one data sheet.

- GIS team converted the collected data and information into visual maps showing

the destructed infrastructure and facilities location.

- Technical staff estimated the cost for the destructions.

Each team has a unique form to be filled during their field visits contains the following

data and information (CMWU, 2014):

- Date of site visits.

- Names of assessment team work .

- Facility name and location .

- General description of the site .

- Type of damages as per each anticipated system.

- Check the facility functionality.

- Descriptive and quantified recovery needs as per each damage type.

- Environmental aspects within the site location or around it.

- Damage photos.

Table (3.4): Damages details per each area (CMWU, 2014)

Damages

Location

Damages

Category

Action Required to

Repair

Type of

Damages

Prelimin

ary

Repair

Cost

($USD)

Implementati

on Plan

Al

Montar

Water

Tank

5000 m3

capacity

Water

Reservoir

Damages in walls,

fences, doors, pipes,

gate vales,

manholes, water

meters, booster

station, etc.

Completely

damaged

2,000,00

0

Intermediate

Water

networks

Water

Clean and disinfect

of water network at

Gaza city.

Partially

damaged

100,000 Fast

Al

Shajaiya

Area

Streets

600m 4", 250m 6",

200m 8", 10" PN10,

2000m 63mm HDPE

pipes replacement

S.S repair collars,

Completely

damaged

500,000 Fast

34

Network Tappind

Saddles,Dressers,

fittings replacement

Gaza City

Streets

600m 4", 250m 6",

200m 8", 10" PN10,

2000m 63mm HDPE

pipes replacement

S.S repair collars,

Tappind

Saddles,Dressers,

fittings replacement

Partially

damaged

200,000 Fast

Zemo

Street

120 m 250mm PN10

pipes replacement

S.S repair collars,

Tappind Saddles,

Dressers

replacement

Completely

damaged

70,000 Fast

Al Tawfiq

(Shajaiya

No.9)

Street

Groundwater

Well

Borehole, well

pump, manifold,

control panel, rooms,

walls, generator, fuel

tank, shed etc.

Completely

damaged

150,000 Fast

Al Halal

(Shajaiya

No.5)

Street

Borehole, well

pump, manifold,



tank, shed etc.

Completely

damaged

150,000 Fast

Al Batsh

(Shajaiya

No.10)

Street

Borehole, well

pump, manifold,



tank, shed etc.

Completely

damaged

150,000 Fast

Al

Montar

(Shajaiya

No.6)

Street

Borehole, well

pump, manifold,



tank, shed etc.

Completely

damaged

150,000 Fast

Al Lafy

(Shajaiya

No.3)

Street

Electrical panel,

control panel,

generator, walls,

door etc.

Partially

damaged

25,000 Fast

Al Sorani

(Shajaiya

No.4)

Street

Borehole, well

pump, manifold,



tank, shed etc.

Completely

damaged

150,000 Fast

35

Al Jamiya

Elislamiy

a(

maqosi)

Borehole, well

pump, manifold,



tank, shed etc.

Completely

damaged

150,000 Fast

Al Ali -

Zyton

No.1

Borehole, well

pump, manifold,



tank, shed etc.

Completely

damaged

150,000 Fast

Sabra

No.2

Electrical panel,

control panel,

generator, walls,

door etc.

Partially

damaged

25,000 Fast

Nizar

Rayan

Electrical panel,

control panel,

generator, walls,

door etc.

Partially

damaged

25,000 Fast

From Table 3.4 it can be seen that:

The proportion of the damage completely or partially damaged water

networks was about 8-14%.

The number of completely damage wells were six and six wells were

partially damaged.

One water reservoir was damage completely named Al- Montar water tank

with capacity of 5000 m3.

36

Figure 3.6: Damaged network locations (CMWU, 2014)

37

Figure 3.7: Damaged wells locations(CMWU, 2014)

38

Chapter 4: Methodology and Approach

4.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses research procedure and the method used in this research. The

adopted methodology to accomplish this study uses the following techniques: review of

literature related to water network operation and crisis management, questionnaire for

data gathering, data analysis, and relevant case studies. The data gathered from the

questionnaires were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS

15). The results of the data analysis are presented. The data were collected and

discussed.

The methods section described what was done to answer the research objectives,

describe how it was done and explain how the results were analyzed. This chapter

provides the information about the research strategy and design, research

population and sample, questionnaire design, process of data collection, and

statistical data analysis. Content validity and pilot study are also summarized.

4.2 Research Design

The term "research design" refers to the plan or organization of scientific investigation,

designing of a research study involves the development of a plan or strategy that will

guide the collection and analyses of data (Polit and Hungler, 1999*). Bums & Grove

(1997) defined the term design as "some consider research design to be the entire

strategy for the study, from identifying the problem to find the plans for data collection.

The first phase of the research highlights thesis proposal included identifying

and defining the problems and establishment objective of the study and

development research plan.

The second phase of the research included a summary of the comprehensive

literature review. Literatures of water distribution network, definition of

emergencies, defining types of emergencies, the emergency response plan

(ERP), disaster management, planning for emergency operations, failure of

system components, factors affecting on water distribution network at

emergency cases and applications of Emergency Response Plan (ERP) .

The third phase of the research included parametric study ,this step used to

study the approach for network in the city and distribution way that:

39

1. Assessment of the existing situation included Gaza city water network, operating

system, network zones, critical areas at Gaza strip, assessment work at war

interval, and damages details per each area.

2. Monitoring of the system in emergency cases using field visit and investigation,

field visits for zones, which were affected at water distribution by the war to

know the defects at the system and identified the wells stopped or damaged.

3. Planning for emergency cases this could be by using valves. .

The fourth phase of the research was mainly dealt with distribution of

questionnaire. This questionnaire has been utilized as the key tool for data

collection in order to achieve the research objective.

The fifth phase of the research demonstrated data analysis and discussion.

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, (SPSS) has been used for a thorough

analysis. The final phase included the conclusions and recommendations. Data

analysis and discussion.

4.3 Data Collection

In order to collect the needed data for this research, the secondary resources have been

utilizes in collecting data, those included books, journals, statistics and web pages,

moreover, preliminary resources that were not available in secondary resources have

also been utilized through the distributed questionnaires, they were helpful in regard to

infarction related to population, specific basic statistics, as well as the respondents'

opinions about water network operation and crisis management.

The questionnaire was chosen to be the method of collecting data in this research, since

the questionnaire is probably the most widely used data collection technique for

conducting surveys. "Questionnaires have been widely used for descriptive and

analytical surveys in order to find out the facts, opinions and views" (Naoum, 2007). It

enhances confidentiality, supports internal and external validity, facilitates analysis,

and saves resources. Data are collected in a standardized from samples of population.

The standardized form allows the researcher to carry out statistical inferences on the

data, often with the help of computers. The used questionnaire has some limitations

such as: it must contain simple questions, no control over respondents and respondents

may answer generally (Naoum, 2007).

40

4.4 Research Population and Sample Size

The target groups in this research are various organizations decision makers, engineers

on various management levels and population.

Sampling defines the process of making the selections; sample defines the selected

items (Burns & Grove, 1987). Wood and Haber (1998) defined the sampling as the

process of selecting representative units of a population for the study in a research

investigation. While Naoum (2007) defined the term ‘sample’ a specimen or part of a

whole (population) which is drawn to show what the rest is like. Scientists derive

knowledge from samples; many problems in scientific research cannot be solved

without employing sampling procedures (Wood & Haber, 1998). Unfortunately,

without a survey of the population, the representativeness of any sample is uncertain,

but statistical theory can be used to indicate representativeness (Fellows & Liu, 2008).

To determine the sample size for each population: Wood and Haber (1998) defined the

sampling as the process of selecting representative units of a population for the study in

research investigation. A sample is a small proportion of a population and various

organizations decision makers selected for observation and analysis.

The sample of first questionnaire consisted of eleven technical people with various

professional experience and responsibilities, the second questionnaire targeted twenty-

four from population in different zones at Gaza city (Al-Nasser, Tal Al- hawa, Al-

Zaitoon).

4.5 Questionnaire Design

The good design of the questionnaire is a key to obtain good survey results and

warranting a high rate of return (Dillman, 2000). The questionnaire survey was

conducted to determine the opinion of respondents about water network operation and

crisis management. The letter was explaining the purpose of the study, the way of

responding, the aim of the research and the security of the information in order to

encourage a high response. The questionnaire included closed questions: which used

widely in the questionnaire, the variety in these questions aims first to meet the research

objectives, and to collect all the necessary data that can support the discussion, results

and recommendations in the research.

The questions of the research questionnaire are constructed based on:

41

Literature review.

Expert engineers in Gaza city.

According to literature related to the research topic that will include a survey of

previous studies in the field to achieve the objectives of the study were reviewed.

The final version of the questionnaire (1) for technical people with various

professional experience and responsibilities was designed in English language ,

while questionnaire (2) for population was in Arabic language, since the Arabic

language is much effective and easier to be understood to get more realistic results.

The questionnaire (1) consists of three sections:

Section one: General information.

Section two: Factors affected water distribution network.

This section was mainly designed to discuss factors such :preventive maintenance used

to be ready for any problems, management use operation planning, management

interesting in emergency planning, alternative Plans for changes, technology risk,

equipment available.

Section three: Activity influence water distribution network.

This section discusses activity such as drilling and operating of local well in closed

area, operating of local network in closed area, source of electricity, security zones,

mobile water supply system, coordination with international organizations ,new

regulation for new building reservoir.

The questionnaire (2) consists of two sections:

Section one: General information.

Section two: Water outages for homes in time of war.

This section was mainly designed to discuss issues such : time water cutout from home

in time of war, alternative water user during cut off water in the war, the degree of

cooperation in the municipal water delivery, the number of hours the arrival of

municipal, quantity of municipal water.

42

Chapter 5: Results and discussion

5.1 Results

Questionnaire make a step to get benefits and discuss all results for this study. A sample

from technical staff and normal population were targeted for these questionnaires to get

results for this study. This chapter divided for two sectors the first for view all results

about the factors and activity effect on water distribution network to develop network

and the second about the consumer performance appraisal at crisis period to make a full

discussion and explain the effective solutions for management at crisis. The two

questionnaire make an indication for the situation at emergency cases.

5.1.1 The first questionnaire (technical staff)

Part I: Personal information about respondents

Sample descriptive analysis: This section is planned to analyze the demographic traits

the study sample n=11 including (Age, Professional Experience, Fieldwork, Education

level, Skills level, Level of Responsibility).

Sample distribution due to age.

Table (5.1): Age for technical staff questionnaire

Age Frequency Percent (%)

Less than 30 years 3 27.3

30- 40 years 3 27.3

More than 40 years 5 45.4

Total 11 100

Table (5.1) shows that 27.3% of respondents are of age category (less than 30 years old)

, 27.3% are of age category (from 30 to 40years old) , and 45.4% are of age category

(more than 40 years old).

1- Sample distribution due to professional experience.

Table (5.2): Professional experience for technical staff questionnaire

Professional experience Frequency Percent (%)

less than 5 years 3 27.3

43

5-7 years - -

more than7 years 8 72.7

Total 11 100

Table (5.2) shows that 27.3% of respondents have experience less than 5 years, while

72.7% have experience more than 7 years.

2- Sample distribution due to fieldwork.

Table (5.3): Fieldwork for technical staff questionnaire

Field work Frequency Percent (%)

Water Authority - -

Municipality Of Gaza 4 36.4

Coastal municipalities water utility 4 36.4

Other 3 27.3

Total 11 r11

Table (5.3) shows that 36.4% of study sample are working in municipality of Gaza,

36.4% are working in coastal municipality’s water utility while 27.3% are working in

other fields.

3- Sample distribution due to education level.

Table (5.4): Education level for technical staff questionnaire

Education level Frequency Percent (%)

Diploma - -

Bachelor degree 4 36.4

High Education 7 63.6

Total 11 100

Table (5.4) shows that 36.4% of respondents have Bachelor degree, while 63.6% have

high education.

44

4- Sample distribution due to skills level.

Table (5.5): Skills level for technical staff questionnaire

Skills Level Frequency Percent (%)

Skilled 10 90.9

Semi- skilled - -

Un-skilled 1 9.1

Total 11 r11

Table (5.5) shows that 90.9% of study sample are skilled level, 9.1% are unskilled level.

5- Sample distribution due to years of experience.

Table (5.6): Level of responsibility for technical staff questionnaire

Level of responsibility Frequency Percent

Decision maker 7 63.6

Un-Decision maker 4 36.4

Total 11 r11

Table (5.6) shows that 63.6% of respondents are decision maker, 36.4% are un-decision

maker.

The first questionnaire was divided for two parts, the first for information for technical

staff at water sector, the sample results were age more than 40 years with percentage

45.4%, Professional experience with percentage 72.7%, the place of work equally

percentage between municipality of Gaza and coastal municipalities water utility

reached 36.4% and 63.6% was high educational level.

Part II : Questionnaire items analysis

This section is planned to analyze the items of the questionnaire including (Factor effect

on water distribution network at emergency cases to make it work with high efficiency,

activity influence the water distribution network at emergency cases and it may improve

the network efficiency in Gaza city).

45

To analyze the items of the questionnaire, one sample T- test was used to determine if

the mean of a paragraph is significantly different from a hypothesized value 3 (neutral

value of Likert scale).

If the P value (Sig.) is smaller than or equal to the level of significance, a ≤ 0.05 , then

the mean of a paragraph is significantly different from a hypothesized value 3.By which

null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted and vice versa.

The sign of the Test value indicates whether the mean is significantly greater or smaller

than hypothesized value 3. On the other hand, if the P-value (Sig.) is greater than the

level of significance, a<0.05, then the mean of a paragraph is insignificantly different

from a hypothesized value 3.

1- Analysis of factor effect on water distribution network at emergency cases to

make it work with high efficiency.

Table (5.7): Means and Test values for the field factor effect on water distribution

network at emergency cases

No. Item

Mea

n

SD

RII

(%)

Tes

t

valu

e

P-

Valu

e

(Sig

.)

Ran

k

1. Preventive maintenance used to be

ready for any problems

4.18 0.874 83.64 4.49 *0.001 9

2. Management use Operation planning 4.36 0.809 87.27 5.59 1.111* 4

3. Management interesting in Emergency

Planning

4.55 0.522 90.91 9.81 1.111* 2

4. Alternative Plans for changes 4.27 0.647 85.45 6.53 1.111* 5

5. Monitoring and evaluation for plans 4.18 0.874 83.64 4.49 *0.001 8

6. Environmental protection 3.82 0.874 76.36 3.11 *0.011 16

7. Logistics supports 4.00 0.775 80.00 4.28 *0.002 15

8. Practicing and development 3.73 1.191 74.55 2.03 0.070 17

9. Make priorities to reduce weakness

points

4.00 0.775 80.00 4.28 *0.002 14

10. Improve the system 4.27 0.647 85.45 6.53 *0.000 6

11. Poor decision making 3.36 1.120 67.27 1.08 0.307 19

12. Technology risk 3.45 0.820 69.09 1.84 0.096 18

46

13. Accuracy of technical information 4.36 0.674 87.27 6.71 *0.000 3

14. Operation cost over run 4.09 0.539 81.82 6.71 *0.000 10

15. Force majeure 4.00 0.632 80.00 5.24 *0.000 13

16. Organization and coordination risk 4.09 0.701 81.82 5.16 *0.000 11

17. Subjective evaluation 4.09 0.701 81.82 5.16 *0.000 12

18. Technical Staff 4.18 0.751 83.64 5.22 *0.000 7

19. Equipment available 4.64 0.505 92.73 10.76 *0.000 1

All items 4.09 0.415 81.72 8.69 *0.000

The mean is significantly different from 3*

SD: Std. Deviation

RII: Relative importance index

Table (5.7) shows the mean of "Factor effect on water distribution network at

emergency cases to make it work with high efficiency" dimension equals (4.09), relative

importance index = 81.72%, T-values= (8.69) and P-value (sig.) = 0.000 which is less

than the level of significance a=0.05. The sign of the test is positive, so the mean of

response is significantly greater than the hypothesized value 3.It is concluded that the

respondents agreed to this field.

The mean of item #19 "Equipment available" equals (4.64), relative importance

index =92.73%, T-values= (10.76) and P-value (sig.) = 0.000 which is smaller than

the level of significance. The sign of the test is positive, so the mean of response is

significantly greater than the hypothesized value 3. It is concluded that the

respondents agreed to this item.

The mean of item #3 "Management interesting in Emergency Planning" equals

(4.55), relative importance index = 90.91%,T-values= (9.81) and P-value (sig.) =

0.000 which is smaller than the level of significance . The sign of the test is positive,

so the mean of response is significantly greater than the hypothesized value 3. It is

concluded that the respondents agreed to this item.

The mean of item #11 "Poor decision making" equals (3.36), relative importance

index = 67.27%,T-values= (1.08) and P-value (sig.) = 0.307 which is greater than

the level of significance, so the mean of response is not significantly. It is concluded

47

that the mean of response does not differ significantly from the degree of neutrality

3.

The mean of item #12 "Technology risk" equals (3.45), relative importance index =

69.09%,T-values= (1.84) and P-value (sig.) = 0.096 which is greater than the level

of significance, so the mean of response is not significantly. It is concluded that the

mean of response does not differ significantly from the degree of neutrality 3.

For the second part at technical staff questionnaire (Factor effect on water

distribution network and activity influence the water distribution network at

emergency cases).

Table (5.8): Factor effect on water distribution network at emergency case rank

Item Rank

Equipment available 1

Management interesting in emergency planning 2

Accuracy of technical information 3

Management use operation planning 4

Alternative plans for changes 5

Improve the system 6

Technical staff 7

monitoring and evaluation for plans 8

Preventive maintenance used to be ready for any

problems 9

Operation cost over run 10

Organization and coordination risk 11

Subjective evaluation 12

Force majeure 13

Make priorities to reduce weakness points 14

Logistics supports 15

Environmental protection 16

Practicing and development 17

Technology risk 18

Poor decision making 19

According to Table (5.8), the rank between the most important nineteen-factor effect on

water distribution network at emergency cases to make it work with high efficiency.

The rank from 1 to 19 referred to the priorities at the water system. The lowest rank

from items was poor decision making with value 19 but the highest was equipment

available with value1.

48

Figure 5.2: Mean values for factor effect on water distribution network at emergency case.

Figure (5.1) showed the mean values for each factor which found to be at the range of

3.36 for poor decision making and 4.64 for equipement available.

4.64

4.55

4.36

4.36

4.27

4.27

4.18

4.18

4.18

4.09

4.09

4.09

4

4

4

3.82

3.73

3.45

3.36

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Equipment available

Management interesting in Emergency…

Accuracy of technical information

Management use Operation planning

Alternative Plans for changes

Improve the system

Technical Staff

monitoring and evaluation for plans

Preventive maintenance used to be ready…

Operation cost over run

Organization and coordination risk

Subjective evaluation

Force majeure

Make priorities to reduce weakness points

Logistics Supports

Environmental protection

Practicing and development

Technology risk

Poor decision making

49

Figure 5.2: Standard deviation for factor effect on water distribution network at emergency case

Figure (5.2) showed the standard deviation values for each factor it resulted at range

from 0.505 for equipement available to 1.191 for practicing and development. The total

mean for factors effect on water distribution network reached to 4.09 for all 19

items,standard deviation, 0.415, relative importance Index 81.72% and Test value 8.69.

2- Analysis of activity influence the water distribution network at emergency cases

and it may improve the network efficiency in Gaza city.

Table (5.9): Means and Test values for the field activity influence the water distribution

network at emergency cases.

No. Item

Mea

n

SD

RII

(%)

Tes

t

va

lue

P-

Va

lue

(Sig

.)

Ran

k

1. Drilling and operating of local well

in closed area

4.18 0.751 83.64 5.22 1.111* 3

2. Operating of local network in 3.91 0.539 78.18 5.59 1.111* 6

0.505

0.522

0.674

0.809

0.647

0.647

0.751

0.874

0.874

0.539

0.701

0.701

0.632

0.775

0.775

0.874

1.191

0.82

1.12

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Equipment available

Management interesting in Emergency…




Improve the system

Technical Staff

monitoring and evaluation for plans

Preventive maintenance used to be ready for…




Force majeure


Logistics Supports



Technology risk


50

closed area

3. Source of Electricity 4.55 0.688 90.91 7.46 1.111* 1

4. Security zones 4.09 0.701 81.82 5.16 1.111* 5

5. Mobile water supply system 4.27 0.786 85.45 5.37 1.111* 2

6. Coordination with international

organizations

4.18 0.603 83.64 6.50 1.111* 4

7. New regulation for new building

reservoir

3.82 0.874 76.36 3.11 *0.011 7

All items 4.14 0.350 82.86 10.83 *0.000

*The mean is significantly different from 3

SD: Std. Deviation

RII: Relative importance Index

Table (5.9) shows the mean of "activity influence the water distribution network at

emergency cases and it may improve the network efficiency in Gaza city" dimension

equals (4.14), relative importance index = 82.86%, T-values= (10.83) and P-value (sig.)

= 0.000 which is less than the level of significance a= 0.05. The sign of the test is

positive, so the mean of response is significantly greater than the hypothesized value 3,

it is concluded that the respondents agreed to this field

The mean of item #3 "Source of Electricity" equals (4.55), relative importance

index = 90.91%,T-values= (7.46) and P-value (sig.) = 0.000 which is smaller than

the level of significance . The sign of the test is positive, so the mean of response is

significantly greater than the hypothesized value 3. It is concluded that the

respondents agreed to this item.

The mean of item #5 "Mobile water supply system" equals (4.27), relative

importance index = 85.45%,T-values= (5.37) and P-value (sig.) = 0.000 which is

smaller than the level of significance . The sign of the test is positive, so the mean of

response is significantly greater than the hypothesized value 3. It is concluded that

the respondents agreed to this item.

The mean of item #7 "New regulation for new building reservoir" equals (3.82),

relative importance index = 76.36%, T-values= (3.11) and P-value (sig.) = 0.011

51

which is smaller than the level of significance. The sign of the test is positive, so the

mean of response is significantly greater than the hypothesized value 3. It is


The mean of item #2 "Operating of local network in closed area" equals (3.91),

relative importance index = 78.18%,T-values= (5.59) and P-value (sig.) = 0.000

which is smaller than the level of significance . The sign of the test is positive, so

the mean of response is significantly greater than the hypothesized value 3. It is


Table (5.10): The rank activity influence the water distribution network at emergency

cases.

Item Rank

Source of electricity 1

Mobile water supply system 2

Drilling and operating of local well in closed area 3

Coordination with international organizations 4

Security zones 5

Operating of local network in closed area 6

New regulation for new building reservoir 7

According to Table (5.10), the rank activity influence the water distribution network at

emergency cases. The rank from 1 to 7 referred to the priorities at the water system. The

lowest rank from items was new regulation for new building reservoir with value 7 but

the most important was source of electricity with value 1.

52

Figure 5.3: Mean values for activity influence the water distribution network

Figure (5.3) showed the mean values for each activity it resulted at range from 3.82 to

4.55 for all activities.

Figure 5.4: Standard deviation for activity influence the water distribution network

Figure (5.4) showed the standard deviation values for each activity, it resulted at range

from 0.539 to 0.874 for all activities. The total mean for activity influence the water

4.55

4.27 4.18 4.18

4.09

3.91 3.82

3.4

3.6

3.8

4

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

Sou

rce

of

Elec

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ity

Mo

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serv

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0.688

0.786 0.751

0.603

0.701

0.539

0.874

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Sou

rce

of

Elec

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ity

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wat

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ion

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53

distribution network at emergency cases reached to 4.14 , standard diviation, 0.35,

relative importance Index 82.86% and Test value 130.8.

- Staff suggestions about develop emergency plan for water distribution

system at Gaza City can be noticed .

Reservoirs must be built to feel the network with huge quantities.

Water resources should be provided with electricity for 24 hours in order to

ensure water supply during wars, Emergency cases.

Sub coordination between departments of MOG.

Provide communication method to facilities ease of operation.

Public awareness programs can help in applying the emergency plan.

Prepare mobile electricity supply systems “generators”.

Monitoring forecast and weather prediction.

The network should be redesigned and controlled based zones, each area zone

should be separated by control valves gifts own wells and pipelines.

Make a full re-planning for water distribution network to be flexible with

changes at emergency cases. Using SCADA more effective to support at work.

Improve the operation costs for all resources by renewable energy.

Modeling WDS to develop operational scenarios in emergency cases.

Local network and wells.

Divided the city to zones.

Strongly supply your idea for using mobile water supply beside to enforcement

of new regulation for new building tank.

5.2.2 The second questionnaire(population questionnaire).

Part I: Personal information about respondents

Sample descriptive analysis: This section is planned to analyze the demographic traits

the study sample n=24 from population in different zones at Gaza city (Al-Nasser, Tal

Al -hawa, Al-Zaitoon) including (Age, Gender, Educational qualification, Fieldwork,

Years of experience, Region).

54

1- Sample distribution due to age.

Table (5.11): Population sample distribution according to age

Table (5.11) show that (45.8%) from the respondents are "Less than 30 years", and

(37.5%) "From 31 to 40 years" and (12.5%) "From 41 to 50 years” and (4.2%) "More

than 50 years".

2- Sample distribution due to gender.

Table (5.12): Population sample distribution according to gender

Table (5.12) show that (45.8%) from the respondents are "male", and (37.5%) "Female".

3- Sample distribution due to educational qualification.

Table (5.13): Population sample distribution according educational qualification

Age Frequency Percent

(%)


31- 40 9 37.5

41- 50 3 12.5

more than 50 years 1 4.2

Total 24 100

Gender Frequency Percent

(%)

Male 22 91.7

Female 2 8.3

Total 24 100

Educational qualification Frequency Percent

(%)

Secondary 11 45.8

Diploma 4 16.7

Bachelor's 5 20.8

55

Table (5.13) show that (45.8%) from the respondents are educational qualification

"Secondary", and (16.7%) are "Diploma", and (20.8%) are "Bachelor's", and (16.8%)

are "Master/Ph.D. ".

4- Sample distribution due to field of work.

Table (5.14): Population sample distribution according to field of work

Table (5.14) show that (12.5%) from the respondents are field of work "Governmental",

and (50.0%) are "Private", and (37.5%) are "Other fields".

5- Sample distribution due to Years of experience.

Table (5.15): Population sample distribution according years of experience

Table (5.15) show that (36.4%) from the respondents are years of experience "Less than

5 years", and (18.2%) "From 5 to Less than 10 years" and (22.7%) "10 - Less than 15

years” and (22.7%) "More than 15 years".

Master/Ph.D 4 16.8

Total 24 100

Field of work Frequency Percent

(%)

Governmental 3 12.5

Private 12 50.0

Others 9 37.5

Total 24 100

Years of experience Frequency Percent

(%)


5- Less than 10 years 4 18.2

10- Less than 15 years 5 22.7

more than 50 years 5 22.7

Total 22 100

56

6- Sample distribution due to Region.

Table (5.16): Population sample distribution according region

Table (5.16) show that (33.3%) from the respondents are region "Tal Al -hawa", and

(33.3%) From "Al- Zaitoon", and (33.3%) From "AL-Nasser".

Age: A high percentage of respondents (45.8%) were aged less than 30 years and

(37.5%) were aged between 31 to 40 years. while, percentage of (12.5%), who are aged

between 41 to 50 years, and what percentage of (4.2%), those aged over 50 years.

Figure 5.5: Region for population questionnaire

Figure (‎5.5) showed region for population questionnaire, (33.3%) from the respondents

are region "Tal Al -hawa", and (33.3%) from "Al- Zaitoon", and (33.3%) from "AL-

Nasser") .

Part II : Water outages for homes in time of war

This section is planned to Water outages for homes in time of war of the questionnaire

including (Time water cutout from home in time of war, Alternative water user during

cut off water in the war, the degree of cooperation in the municipal water delivery, the

number of hours the arrival of municipal, quantity of municipal water).

1- Analysis of "Intervals water cutout from home in time of war ".

33.3%

33.3%

33.3%

Population

Tal Al -hawa Al- Zaitoon AL-Nasser

Region Frequency Percent

(%)

Tal Al- hawa 8 33.3

Al- Zaitoon 8 33.3

AL-Nasser 8 33.3

Total 24 100

57

Table (5.17): Population sample distribution according the supply intervals at war

Table (5.17) shows that the majority of individuals of the population of Tel Al-hawa see

that the water was cut off from their homes in time of war lasted for nine days or more,

while Al- Zaitoon residents see that the water was cut off from their homes in time of

Time water cutout

from home in time of

war

Region Intervals Frequency Percent

(%)

How long water cutout

from your home

during the war 2014?

Tal Al -hawa Less than 7 day - -

1- Less than 3

days

1 12.5

3- Less than 6

days

1 12.5

6- Less than 9

days

1 12.5

more than 9 days 5 62.5

Al- Zaitoon Less than 7 day - -

1- Less than 3

days

6 75.0

3- Less than 6

days

1 12.5

6- Less than 9

days

- -


AL-Nasser Less than 7 day 1 12.5

1- Less than 3

days

2 25.0

3- Less than 6

days

1 12.5

6- Less than 9

days

- -


58

0 0

12.5 12.5

75

25

12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5

0 0

62.5

12.5

50

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Tal Al-hawa Al- Zaitoon AL-Nasser

Less than 1 day 1- Less than 3 days 3- Less than 6 days

6- Less than 9 days more than 9 days

war continued for a period ranging between day and 3 days, while the majority of the

population of AL-Nasser lost their water for a period of 9 days and more.

Figure 5.6: Interval water cutout from home in time of war

Figure (5.6) showed the time water cutout from home in time of war, 62.5% in Tel Al-

hawa at the supply intervals at war (water cutout during the war) 9 days or more, while

Al- Zaitoon residents see that the water was cut off from their homes in time of war

continued for a period ranging between day and 3 days for 75%, while the majority of

the population of AL-Nasser lost their water for a period of 9 days and more for 50%.

1- Analysis of " The number of hours the arrival of municipal water".

Table (5.18): The number of hours for the arrival of municipal water

The number of hours the

arrival of municipal

Region Number of

hours

Frequency Percent

(%)

The number of hours the

arrival of municipal

Tal Al- hawa

2 – 3 hours 5 62.5

3 – 5 hours 3 37.5

Al- Zaitoon 2 – 3 hours 5 62.5

3 – 5 hours 3 37.5

AL-Nasser 2 – 3 hours 2 25.0

3 – 5 hours 6 75.0

59

Table (5.18) show that the municipal water outages in all areas where close range

between 2-3 hours and 3-5 hours.

Figure 5.7: The number of hours the arrival of municipal water

Figure (5.7) showed the number of hours the arrival of municipal water.,75% were that

the municipal water outages in Al-Nasser where close range between 3-5 hours and

62.5% in Tel Al-hawa & AL- Zaitoon between 2-3 hours .

2- Analysis of "Quantity of municipal water ".

Table (5.19): Quantity of municipal water

62.5 62.5

25

37.5 37.5

75

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


2 – 3 hours 3 – 5 hours

Is the amount of water

from the municipal

sufficient for your needs

in time of war?

Region View Frequency Percent

(%)

Is the amount of water

from the municipal

sufficient for your needs

in time of war?

Tal Al- hawa

Yes 2 25.0

No 6 75.0

Al- Zaitoon Yes 1 12.5

No 7 87.5

AL-Nasser Yes 2 25.0

No 6 75.0

60

Table (5.19) show that the majority of individuals from all regions (Tel Al-hawa, Al-

Zaitoon, and AL-Nasser) believe that the amount of water from the municipal were not

sufficient for their needs in during the time.

Figure5.8: Quantity of municipal water

Figure (5.8) showed quantity of municipal water, 87.5% from sample population

showed that the quantity of water wasn't enough for them at war interval in AL- Zaitoon

and 75% in Tel Al-hawa & AL- Nasser.

3- Analysis of “alternative water user during cut off water in the war".

Table (5.20): Population sample distribution according to the alternative water user

during cut off water in the war

25

12.5

25

75

87.5

75

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Yes No

What is the alternative

that was used during

water cuts during 2014

war

Region Alternative Frequency Percent

(%)

What is the alternative

that was used during

water cuts during 2014

war

Tal Al –

hawa

Using Fresh water 1 41.6

Connecting from a

private individual

networks

- -

Private wells in the

building

7 76.6

61


Zaitoon, and AL-Nasser) has been used as an alternative to regular water desalination of

water that cut off time of war.

Limiting it only to

the municipal

water

- -

Al-

Zaitoon

others - -


Connecting from a

private individual

networks

- -


building

- -

Limiting it only to

the municipal

water

7 76.6

others - -

AL-

Nasser


Connecting from a

private individual

networks

- -


building

1 12.5

Limiting it only to

the municipal

water

7 76.6

others - -

62

Figure 5.9: Alternative water user during cut off water in the war

Figure ‎(5.9) showed alternative water user during cut off water in the war, 87.5% were

showed that they used alternative to using fresh water of during water cut during 2014

war in Al- Zaitoon and Tel Al-hawa .

4- Analysis of " the degree of cooperation in the municipal water delivery ".

Table (5.21): Population sample distribution according to the degree of cooperation

from municipality

87.5 87.5

75

0 0 0

12.5

0

12.5

0

12.5 12.5

0 0 0 0

20

40

60

80

100


Using Fresh water Connecting from a private individual networks

Private wells in the building Limiting it only to the municipal water

others

The degree of

cooperation in the

municipal water delivery

Region The degree of

cooperation

Frequency Percent

(%)

Was the municipality

cooperative in delivering

water during 2014 war?

Tal Al -

hawa

Very large 7 76.6

Large 7 76.6

Middle - -

A few 7 76.6

very few 6 26.6

Al- Zaitoon Very large - -

Large - -

middle - -

A few 7 76.6

very few 1 41.6

AL-Nasser Very large - -

Large - -

middle - -

A few 6 66.1

very few 2 16.1

Statistical indicators

Mean : 4.37

Relative weight : 87.40%

63


Zaitoon, and AL-Nasser) believe that the degree of cooperation in the municipal water

delivery were very few, where based on the arithmetic mean which is equal to 4.37 and

the relative weight which is equal to 87.4%, which refers to the non-municipal

cooperation in the delivery of water in time of war.

Figure 5.10: The degree of cooperation in the municipal water delivery

Figure (‎5.10) the degree of cooperation in the municipal water delivery, 87.4% were

make municipality very low at cooperative in delivering water during 2014 war in all

regions .

Population suggestions to solve this problem during war can be noticed.

Municipalities should coordinate with the concerned international institutions to

update the database that can be accessed through any helpful party.

Reschedule water distribution program, especially in times of displacement.

Drilling of new water wells in the region as an alternative.

Provide electricity for pumps with water delivery (at the same time) so that the

water can be pumped.

Provide alternative central reservoir and generators for pumps.

Increase the rate of hours of pumped water.

Send inspectors to check the water networks periodically.

Official agencies should provide free water tankers to help people.

12.5

0 0

12.5

0 0 0 0 0

12.5 12.5

25

62.5

87.5

75

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Very large large middle A few very few

64

From the questionnaire the following point &remakes can be noticed.

Factors and activities ranked according technicall staff experiences and the result

from experience years support that the results more realistic to develop network

at emergency cases .

Take in prioprity the second questionnaire results to evaluate and develop the

emergency plan at the war.

5.2 Proposed Emergency Management Plan

5.2.1 General

Emergency management is the managerial function charged with creating the

framework within which communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with

disasters.

Vision: Emergency management seeks to promote safer, less vulnerable communities

with the capacity to cope with hazards and disasters.

Mission: Emergency Management protects communities by coordinating and

integrating all activities necessary to build, sustain, and improve the capability to

mitigate against, prepare for, respond to, and recover from threatened or actual natural

disasters, acts of terrorism, or other man-made disasters.

5.2.2 Principles Emergency Management properties

1) Comprehensive: emergency managers consider and take into account all hazards,

all phases, all stakeholders and all impacts relevant to disasters.

2) Progressive: emergency managers anticipate future disasters and take preventive

and preparatory measures to build disaster-resistant and disaster-resilient

communities.

3) Risk-Driven: emergency managers use sound risk management principles (hazard

identification, risk analysis, and impact analysis) in assigning priorities and

resources.

4) Integrated: emergency managers ensure unity of effort among all levels of govern-

ment and all elements of a community.

65

5) Collaborative: emergency managers create and sustain broad and sincere

relationships among individuals and organizations to encourage trust, advocate a

team atmosphere, build consensus, and facilitate communication.

6) Coordinated: emergency managers synchronize the activities of all relevant

stakeholders to achieve a common purpose.

7) Flexible: emergency managers use creative and innovative approaches in solving

disaster challenges.

8) Professional: emergency managers value a science and knowledge-based approach

based on education, training, experience, ethical practice, public stewardship and

continuous improvement.

Emergency management (EM) refers to the management of emergencies concerning all

hazards, including all activities and risk management measures related to prevention and

mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. For the purpose, an emergency refers

to “an immediate event, including an IT incident that requires prompt coordination of

actions concerning persons or property to protect the health, safety or welfare of people,

or to limit damage to property or the environment.” The following diagram illustrates

the EM continuum in the context of an effective EM system (An Emergency

Management Framework for Canada, 2010).

Figure 5.11: Emergency management continuum

66

Figure (5.11) highlights the four interdependent risk-based functions of EM: prevention

and mitigation of, preparedness for, response to, and recovery from emergencies. These

functions can be undertaken sequentially or concurrently, and they are not independent

of each other.

The inner circle includes all of the elements that influence the development of

the strategic emergency management plan (SEMP), Such as:

• Updates of environmental scans;

• Ongoing/regular all-hazards risk assessments;

• Engaged leadership;

• Regular training;

• Regular exercises; and

• A Capability Improvement Process (CAIP): the whole of government approach

to the collection and analysis of government response for exercises and real

events (An Emergency Management Framework for Canada, 2010).

5.2.3 Actions of the management plan

- All Public Water Supply System (PWSS) should form an Emergency Response

Plan Design Team. An Emergency Response Lead (ER Lead) should be

designated and responsible for coordinating the design team and managing the

Emergency Response Plan (ERP). The ER Lead should be the main point of

contact and decision-maker during a major event. This person should have

responsibility for evaluating incoming information, managing resources and

staff, and deciding on appropriate response actions. The ER Lead should also

have the responsibility of coordinating efforts with emergency response

partners. The procedures for carrying out the (EMP) are shown in Figure (5.12).

- During a major event, basic technical information about the PWSS’s assets

needs to be readily available. Asset information needs to be clearly documented

and readily accessible so staff can find and distribute it quickly to those who

may be involved in responding to the major event. It is recommended that more

than one copy be available and located in more than one location (Kansas

Department of Health and Environment, 2013).

- Put an emergency plan and mechanism of action of the emergency time and

prepare a plan for water use in time of emergency.

67

- The network should be redesigned and controlled based zones, each area zone

should be separated by control valves gifts own wells and pipelines and divided

the city to zones, separate regions (zones) so that each zone (1) or zone (2)

containing nutrient sources and that this amendment should be on building the

basis of the small size (region area).

- Make a full re-planning for water distribution network to be flexible with

changes at emergency cases. Using SCADA more effective to support at work.

- Modeling WDS to develop operational scenarios in emergency cases.

- Reservoirs must be built to fill the network with huge quantities and using

mobile water supply beside to enforcement of new regulation for new building

tank.

- Drilling of new water wells in the region as an alternative.

- Find alternatives for feeding main sources (wells) and only be dedicated to

emergencies.

- Provide communication method to facilities ease of operation.

- Water resources should be provided with electricity for 24 hours in order to

ensure water supply during wars, Emergency cases and Prepare mobile

electricity supply systems “generators”.

- Reschedule water distribution program, especially in times of displacement.

Send inspectors to check the water networks periodically.

- Official agencies should provide free water tankers to help people.

- Public awareness programs can help in applying the emergency plan.

Figure5.12: Activities of the plan

Assessmet of area

Questionaire and field investigation

Assesment of municipality water service system

physical

organization structure

Development of emergency plan

physical

organization structure (ERP)

68

5.2.4 Implementation /Institutions setup

- The design of the Emergency Response Plan (ERP) and resulting Physical

Protection System (PPS) is dependent on the community at large from citizens to

utility administrators. It is important to establish a design team that crosscuts the

community to some degree. Obvious design team members include PWSS staff, first

responders and local law enforcement agencies, but the partnerships needed for an

effective system are much broader. A design team for a small PWSS will consist of

all those who can contribute to the successful design of an ERP and PPS. Design

teams for extremely small systems may consist of a few individuals with broad

responsibilities, whereas, teams for larger systems may consist of a number of

subcommittees dealing with specific issues. An all-inclusive approach to developing

partnerships builds confidence that roles and responsibilities will be understood and

carried out during an emergency event (Kansas Department Of Health and

Environment, 2013).

- Participating municipalities Municipality of Gaza, PWA, CMWU, ICRC and PEA

the work of the emergency water (Figure 5.13).

- Sub coordination between departments of Municipality of Gaza.

Figure 5.13: Institutions setup of the plan

Municipality of Gaza

(Emergency Division)

CMWU

ICRC PWA

PEA

69

5.2.5 Important Points at Gaza City Emergency Plan

Important Points in Gaza City Emergency Plan must be followed:

1. Emergency plan for water system need to divide into two sectors: Water

distribution and network maintenance.

2. Inventory data and tables can help to make work be effectively and minimize

problems.

3. Using maps to support and guides the essential work for distribution and

alternative methods.

4. Warehouse for emergency stock one of critical components to control the

situation and make list of materials needed for maintenance from pipes, hoses,

flanges, elbows, tees and equipment.

5. Level of responsibility and communications between related organizations and

make central control room for orders.

6. Capacity building for operating and maintenance to solve the weakness points.

7. Documentation and reporting every time at emergency cases to make an

effective review from time to time.

8. Develop and update the plan to make it more flexible with changes (CMWU,

2015).

5.3 Re distribution of the system accorded to Emergency plan

Figure (5.14) shows Gaza city which consists of 17 main quarters population distribute

at each quarter.

70

Figure 5.14: Quarters distribution according to municipality master plan

71

Table (5.22): Water wells distribution according to quarters in emergency cases

Quarter Wells supplied Population Area

Tal Al-hawa 3 7750 794

Al-Zaitoon 5 60200 11329

Al-Tofah 4 38600 2898

Al- Turkman 5 45500 2899

Al-Turkman Al-Shargy 1 3800 3952

Al-Jdaidh 5 3400 2754

Al-Jdaidh Al-Shargy 1 800 4953

Al-Balda Al gademah 3 26000 701

Al-Daraj 4 47000 2430

Al-Sabra 4 27000 1516

Al-remal Al-shmaly 6 23000 2379

Al-ramal Al-janoby 6 27500 2754

Al-Nasser 7 33200 2044

Al-Shaekh a'ejleen 3 19500 2219

Al-Sheekh Rodwan 4 31000 1025

Al-A'wda 3 8400 764

Al-Shattea' camp 4 8200 975

Table (5.22) shows the individual area of each quarter, the total population and the

population density in each quarter and the number of wells that supplies each quarter.

Figure (5.15) shows the wells distribution in each quarter and these wells are

recommended to serve each quarter individually at emergency cases by supply

population from the nearest wells at same quarter.

72

Figure 5.15: The recommended well distribution at Gaza quarters according to municipality master plan

at emergency cases

73

Table (5.23): Recommended distribution wells in emergency time

Quarter Wells Name

Tal Al-hawa

Barcalona

Civil defence

Jaber

Al-Zaitoon

Ali 1

Ali 2

soq el sayarat

Orabi

Mosab

Dolla

Al-Tofah

Al-Qataa

Al-Shorfa

Zimmo

Al jarou

Al- Turkman

Safa Wells

Al- Qastal

El-Montar

Al-Motasem

El-Montar 2

Al-Turkman Al-Shargy El-Halal

Al-Jdaidh Al-Shargy Abu Alhseen

Al-Jdaidh

El sourani

Zimmo

AboAbli

Al-Tawfiq

Al sahaina

Al-Balda Al gademah

Basha 1

Yarmouk

Safa Wells

Al-Daraj

Safa Wells

Yarmouk

Sheikh Radwan 7

North Wells

Al-Sabra

Abdallah azzam

Dairi

Shuhaibar

Said syam

Doghmosh

Ahmed shawqi

Al-Remal Al-Shmaly Becdar Well

Abo Olba

74

Falasteen

Khalil El Wazir

Sheikh Radwan 1

Al-Ramal Al-Janoby

El-Ashghal

El-Gondi

El-Taftesh

Ahmed shawqi

El-etisalat

El-Tamenat

Al-Nasser

Kamal Nasser

Sheikh Radwan 1

Sheikh Radwan 8

Sheikh Radwan 3

Sheikh Radwan 4

Al-Shaekh A'ejleen

Quzaat

Al quds

Abu hanifa

El-Weqaei

Al-Sheikh Rodwan

North Wells

Sheikh Radwan 13

Sheikh Radwan 9

Al-A'wda North Wells

Sheikh Radwan 5

Al-Shattea' Camp

Halima Well

Becdar Well

Sheikh Radwan 7

Figure (5.15) and Table (5.23) shows the wells that will serve all Gaza quarter in the

emergency cases by supply population from the nearest wells at same quarter and the

water network distribution at each quarter. Al-Nasser, Al-sheekh Rodwan and Al-remal

Al-shmaly contained the highest percentage from the water network and number of

wells which resulted from the high percentage from the population density at this area.

75

noitpu1 et nhCt eCahC iCr cuth::uCripahCC

6.1 Conclusion

The results of this study are concluded as following:

An emergency plan for the water distribution system in Gaza city specially

during war situation was made using two questionnaires.

The questionnaires were considered as the main tool for this study to obtain good

results and prepare an effective recommendations to develop and improve the

future plans to be used in the emergency cases.

The sample size for the first questionnaire was 11 technical staff from various

authorities, but for the second questionnaire was 24 persons from different zones

at Gaza city (Al-Nasser, Tal Al -hawa, Al- Zaitoon).

Factors may influence water distribution network in emergency cases to make it

work with high efficiency was equipment availability and poor decision-making.

Activity which can influence the water distribution network at emergency cases

and it may improve the network efficiency in Gaza city was source of electricity

and new regulation for new building reservoir.

The second questionnaire showed that the defects in water supply system to

provide the water service for people at zones and the level of care in emergency

cases.

About 62.5% of resulted in Tel Al-hawa at the supply intervals during war (water

supply cut off during the war) 9 days or more, while Al- Zaitoon residents see

that the water supply was stopped from their homes during war continued for a

period ranging between day and 3 days for 75%, while the majority of the

population of AL-Nasser were not supplied water for a period of 9 days and more

for 50%.

About 75% of the people said that the municipal water cut off in Al-Nasser

where close ranging between 3 and 5 hours and 62.5% in Tel Al-hawa & AL-

Zaitoon between 2 and 3 hours

The study showed that the quantity of supplied water was not enough for during

war time in all areas.

76

The study showed that the people of Gaza during the war time (2014) used

desalinated water as alternative when the municipal water supply used to be cut

off.

About 87.4% of the people declared that municipality was un-cooperative in

delivering water during 2014 war in all region.

The Emergency Management Plan should include activities which should be

applied in separate regions (zones), find alternatives for feeding main sources

(wells) and only be dedicated to emergencies, prepare a plan for water use in time

of emergency, put an emergency plan and mechanism of action of the emergency

time.

The Emergency Management Plan should include the institutions setup where the

design of the EMP and resulting Physical Protection System (PPS) is dependent

on the community at large from citizens to utility administrators. The following

institution should participate with the municipality of Gaza, PWA, CMWU,

ICRC and PEA.

77

6.2 Recommendations

From this study, the following recommendations should be considered to improve and

to make the best possible plan for emergency cases to water distribution system at

Gaza city:

Municipalities should coordinate with the concerned international institutions to

update the database that can be accessed through any helpful party and be ready

for any emergency case and in flexible situation by technical staff and

equipment available.

Drilling of new water wells in the region as an alternative, to be standby for any

situation and to cover the most critical areas specially at the west part from the

city.

Provide electricity for pumps with water delivery so that the water can be

pumped and this is the most critical problem under any situation for

municipality by need always to get fuel for generators and for populations by

need to keep electricity at the same time with water supply schedule .

Provide alternative central reservoir and generators for pumps, especially at the

high levels in the city to reduce using the generators and use only the hydraulic

energy, which results from store water.

Official agencies should provide free water tankers to help people.

Increase the rate of hours of pumped water, this step is very important to

increase the amount of flow rate, which supply for people.

78

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83

ANNEX 1: Technical staff Questionnaire

Islamic University- Gaza غزة -الجامعة اإلسالمية

Deanship of Graduate Studies عمادة الدراسات العليا

Faculty of Engineering كلية الهندسة

Civil Engineering Department قسم الهندسة المدنية

Infrastructure Engineering هندسة البنى التحتية

Questionnaire about infrastructure management at Emergency Cases

Personal Information

Age □ Less than 30 □ 30-40 years □ More than 40 years

Professional Experience □ less than 5 years □ 5-7 years □ More than7 years

Field work □ Municipality Of

Gaza

□ CMWU □ Other

Education Level □ Diploma □ Bachelor □ High Education

Skills Level □ Skilled □ Semi-Skilled □ Un-Skilled

Level Of Responsibility □ Decision Maker

□ Un-Decision Maker

84

- Some Factor Effect on water distribution network at emergency cases to make it

work with high efficiency

Statement

Scale

5 4 3 2 1

Strongly

agree

Agree Neutral disagree Strongly

disagree

Preventive maintenance used to be ready for

any problems


Management interesting in Emergency

Planning


Monitoring and evaluation for plans


Logistics Supports



Improve the system


Technology risk



Force majeure

85



Technical Staff

Equipment available

- Some activity influence the water distribution network at emergency cases and it

may improve the network efficiency in Gaza city.

Activity

Scale

5 4 3 2 1

Very high High Average Low Very low

Drilling and operating of local well in closed

area

Operating of local network in closed area

Source of Electricity

Security zones

Mobile water supply system

Coordination with international organizations

New regulation for new building reservoir

Do you have any suggestions about emergency plan for water distribution system at

Gaza City? Mention it.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

Thanks for Fill this questionnaire.

86

ANNEX 2: Population Questionnaire

بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم

Islamic University- Gaza غزة -الجامعة اإلسالمية

Deanship of Graduate Studies عمادة الدراسات العليا

Faculty of Engineering كلية الهندسة

Civil Engineering Department قسم الهندسة المدنية

Infrastructure Engineering هندسة البنى التحتية

tعزيزي المواطن

هدك ووقتك لتعبئة هذا االستبيان واالجابة على االسئلة وذلك نشكرك لمساهمتك بجزء من ج

كجزء من البحث التكميلي لنيل درجة الماجستير في قسم البنية التحتية من كلية الهندسة في

الجامعة االسالمية غزة.

تعاني مدينة غزة من العديد من المشاكل في مجال المياه وخصوصا انقطاع المياه عن المنازل في

(.)الحربحالة الطوارئ

يهدف هذا االستبيان الي تحديد حجم مشكلة انقطاع المياه في وقت الحرب.

مع العلم أن المعلومات التي سنحصل عليها لغرض البحث العلمي فقط.

شاكرين لكم حسن تعاملكم.

الباحثة

87

الشخصيةt المعلومات-األولt الجزء

r. tاالسم -

3. tالعمر -

سنة 01أكثر من □ 2r-31 □3r-01□ 21من أقل-□

2. tالجنس -

أنثى □ذكر □

-العلميt المؤهل .3

دكتوراه. □ ماجستير □بكالوريوس □وم دبل □ثانوية عامة فأقل □

- tالعملمجال .0

غير ذلك .............□ خاص □ حكومي □

e. سنوات tالخبرة-

سنة فأكثر r0 □r0أقل من – r1 □r1من أقل- 0□ سنوات. 0أقل من □

88

عن المنازل في وقت الحرب انقطاع المياه-الثانيt الجزء

لسؤالا االجابة رقم

أيام فأكثر 9 أقل –أيام 2

أيام 9من

أقل من –أيام 4

أيام 2

أقل –من يوم

أيام 4من 1 كم استمر انقطاع المياه عن منزلك اثناء الحرب أقل من يوم

أخرى

االقتصار

فقط على

مياه البلدية

ابار خاصة

بالمبني

توصيل من

شبكات فردية

خاصة

استعمال مياه

عاديةالتحلية / ال

ما هو البديل الذي استخدمته اثناء انقطاع المياه

في فترة الحرب4

كبيرة متوسطة قليلة قليلة جدابدرجة كبيرة

جدا 9 هل البلدية كانت متعاونة في توصيل المياه

ساعات 4-6 ساعات 4- 6 10 في حال وصول مياه البلدية حدد عدد الساعات

نعم الة هل كانت تكفي احتياجاتكم كمية المياه من البلدي

في وقت الحرب11

اذكر بعض االقتراحات من طرفكم التي

ستساعد في التعامل او حل هذه المشكلة في

وقت الحرب

12