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Types of mountains
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Block mountains formation
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• Fault-block mt.
• Due to forces withininterior of the earth
• Uplifted part = horst• depressed part =
Grabben
• Horst = blockmountains
• Grabben = rift!alley
Block mountains
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"hases of Di!er#ent continentalcrust
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$frican rift !alley % block mountains
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EuropeIndia
&'ample of block mountains
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Fold mountains
• True mountains
• (ompressi!e force -foldin#
• Due to collision ofplates )(-(* +-(,
• Foldin# of sedimentaryrocks
• ot true mountains
• Tensile force -faultin#
• Di!er#in# plates)(onti,
• Dierential erosion ofhorst of fault % lookslike mountains
Block mountains
comparison
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/andforms on earth
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0eanin#1
Flat* Tableland* upland*
hi#her thansurroundin#areas
"lateaus
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• 2aised land durin# mountainsbuildin# process
• Deposition from la!a
• Deposition from wind
• &roded due to #laciers
Formation of "lateaus
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Intermontane plateau
• Boli!ia plateau
• Tibetan plateau
• (olumbia plateau
• (olorado plateau
• $natolia "lateau)Turkey,
• Deccan plateau
• 3atan#a plateau
• +4ark plateau)U5$,
• &thiopianhi#hland
Continental plateau
Types of plateau
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Glacial
plateau
• Grahwal
plateau
• /aurentian
plateau)(anada,
• (olumbia-
snakeplateau
)U5$,• Deccan
"lateau• 5hanplateau
Lava
plateau
Types of "lateau
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Bolivia plateauColumbia- colorado
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Ozark plateauAnatolia plateau
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Loess plateauLaurentian plateau
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• +ri#in of 2i!er(on#o and6ambe4i
•
Dense e7uatorialforest
• 3nown forresources
- Gold* diamonds*(opper
3atan#a "lateau
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• &7uatorial re#ion
• Dense rainforest
• 3nown for #oldreser!e
"lateau of 0ato Grasso* Bra4il
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• "lateau crossed by5alween ri!er
• 8rrawaddy ri!erpassed in eastern
side• 5han plateau- chief
source of lead* 4incand sil!er
0yanmar
• 3nown for teakforest
)Burmese Teak,
5han plateau* 0yanmar
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92oof of theworld: % hi#hest
and lar#estplateau
• 5ource of8ndus*
Brahmaputra*5alween*0ekon#*
;an#tse*Hwan# He
• 8mp role in8ndian
monsoon
Tibetan plateau
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• Granite
• /ess mobile*cannot
mo!eupward
• Backbone offold
mountains
Batholith
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/andforms on earth
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"lains
• 0eanin#
• Flat areas with lowhei#hts
• Best for humanhabitation
• 0ost populatedareas of the world %allu!ial plains ofri!ers
• Depositional plains
- 2i!ers
- 5ea )sub-mer#edcoast,
• &rosional plains- &rosion of plateau
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Asia Eur
ope
Afri
ca
Sout
America
!ort
America
8ndus Danu
be
ile $ma4
on
0ississippi %
0issouriGan#a %Brahmaputra
2hine (on#o
"arana-"ara#
uay
(olorado
;an#t4e)(hina,
2hone
i#er 5t. /awrence
Hwan# He
)(hina,
"o 6am
be4i
;ukon
-
8mportant ri!er basins of the world
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;an#t4e ri!er* (hina
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• ;an#t4e %
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&uphrates- Ti#ris ri!er* 8ra7
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• /ake an*
• /ake Urmia
•
8mportant centers in 8ra71• Ba#hdad* 0osul* 3irkuk* $l Basra
/ocations near &uphrates-Ti#ris
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$ma4on ri!er* Bra4il
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• /ar#est* Cnd lon#est ri!er
• 5el!as % e7uatorial rain forest
•
Tin* rubber in 5el!as• 5ertao % ranchin# re#ion
• "etroleum reser!e at the mouth
•
0anaus % 8ron ore* na!i#able• plateau of 0ato Grasso % #old
reser!e
/ocations near $ma4on ri!er
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0ississippi * U5$
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• Temperate #rasslands % "rairies
• @heat* corn and cotton culti!ation
•
8mportant cites1• 3ansas % a#riculture
• 5t. "ittsbur# % iron and steel
•
ew +rleans % port* ship buildin#
/ocations near 0ississippi basin
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0urray-Darlin# basin* $ustralia
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• Temperate #rassland % downs
• @heat culti!ation
•
5heep rearin# *$nimal husbandry• @ool and dairy production
/ocation near 0urray-darlin# basin
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/andforms on earth
0ountains )fold andblock,
"lateaus
"lains
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atural (atastrophic
e!ents
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!olcanism
Geomor
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complete se7uence ofprocesses of creationand mo!ement ofma#ma creation of
!olcanic landformsolcanism is notrandom
2eason associatedwith !olcanism is also
not random
olcanism
Geomorpho
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•
Est
• "acic 2in# ofFire
• +-+con!er#ence
• +-(con!er#ence
Distribution of olcanism
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O-O " #olcanic arc
O-C "#olcanic
mountains
"late mo!ements
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Cnd
• +-+di!er#ence
• Basaltic %peacefuleruption
0id +ceanic 2id#e
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•0editerranean seais residual part of Tethys sea
• Tethys sea was
located between %/aurasia andGondwana
• (ollision of $frica to
/aurasia % breakin#up of plates of0editerranean sea
History of 0editerranean sea
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• th
• 0a#ma Fromdeep interior-Basaltic
• Fi'ed place -
"late mo!ement% 8sland arc
• Direction ofplate
• Hawaii* 2eunion*3urile* $leutian
Hot 5pot olcanoes
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$leutian 8slands
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Basaltic eruption
• +ccur at mid-oceanic
rid#e and hot spot!olcanism
• Basalt hi#hly uid %mobile
• 5pread across easily
• Iuite eruption
• olcanic arcs* !olcanicmountains
• $ndesite % less uid %less mobile
• 5olidies at shortdistance- intense
pressure de!elopinside %e'plosi!e
Andesitic eruption
comparison
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Basaltic eruption Andesitic eruption
comparison
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olcanic /andforms
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8ntrusi!e /andforms
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8ntrusi!e /andforms
•8ntrusion of 0a#ma in sedimentary rocks
•5ills )Hori4ontal,
•Dyke )ertical,
•/accolith % ma#ma which could not come out
•/opolith % saucer-shaped
•"hacolith % shape like wa!es•Batholith % intrusi!e #ranitic rock
8ntrusi!e olcanic /andforms
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&'trusi!e !olcanic /andforms
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•
Hot spot !olcanoon continentalcrust
• (racks on
continental crust %Basaltic eruption
• 5pread across the
land• /ayer o!er layer
• &J. Deccan la!atrapps
/a!a plateaus
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• 8ndian plate passedo!er a hot spotnear 2eunion
8sland• Basaltic eruption
• /ayer o!er layers %looks like steps =
Deccan la!a traps• 5oil % black soil
Kre#ur?
8ndian Deccan trap
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5patial distribution of /a!a "lateau
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• (olumbia-snakeplateau* U5$
• +4ark plateau* U5$
•
"arana-"ata#onia* 5.$merica
• $damawa plateau*$frica
• Bie plateau* $frica• 3atan#a "lateau*
$frica
Deccan plateau* 8ndia
• $rabian plateau
• Balkan plateau*&urope
• 5iberian plateau*2ussia
• ;unan "lateau* (hina
• 5han plateau*0yanmar
• 3imberly plateau*$ustralia
/ist of la!a plateaus of the world
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&'trusi!e !olcanic /andforms
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• olcanic 8slands)Hot spot,
• Hi#hly uid la!a
)basaltic, builddome
• Gentle slope
•Iuite !olcano
• olcanoes ofHawaii
5hield L Dome !olcano
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• +-( collision %
!olcanicmountains
• /ess uid la!a)$ndesitic,e'plode !iolently
• iscous la!asolidies at short
distance
• 0t. "aricutin* 0e'ico
(inder cones
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olcanic
mountains&ach neweruption % newlayers of ash orla!a
0t. 5tromboli* 0t.
esu!ius* 0t. FuAi
(omposite (ones
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Sield$
dome
Cinder Composit
eHi#hlyuid
/ess uid Lhi#hly
!iscous
Fluid !iscous
5ilent ow iolenteruption
0ultipleand!iolenteruption
Gentle 5teep Hi#hest
Types of olcanic cones
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• Geysers
=fountains ofHot water
• Ground waterheated by
shallowsource ofma#ma
• +ld faithful#eyser* ;ellowstone park*U5$
Geysers
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• Hot 5prin#1
• @ater reachdeep enou#h %heated byinterior
• /ocate any partof the world
Hot 5prin#
Dierence bet een #e ser and
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• Geyser % GLw heatedby shallow ma#masource
• Hot sprin# % #Lwheated by eitherma#ma source or
heated rocks• Geyser % chamber in
interior % pressure %comes out like
fountain
• Hot %sprin# - 7uite
Dierence between #eyser and
Hotsprin#
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%e&ser
• Geysers are rare
•
Hot water dissol!edwith silicaaccumulated onsurface % #i!esdierent colours
• U5$* - ;ellowstonepark
• Found anywhere
• They #ets dierent
colors from heat-lo!in# bacteria* likecyanobacteria
• 0edicinal !alues
• (an be helpful inharness #eo-thermalener#y
'ot sprin%
comparison
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• Heated wateris taken out %used formo!in#
turbine %#eneration ofelectricity
• (ooled water
own backinto interior
Geo-thermal ener#y
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• DiMcult to locate a #ood source of#eothermal reser!oir with currenttechnolo#y
• DiMcult to di# a deep well with hardand hot bedrock
• Harmful #ases can escape from the
earth interior while e'ploration % GHG#ases and dissol!ed to'ic elements
/imitations of #eo-thermal ener#y
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!olcanism
5 dd t
Geomor
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5udden mo!ement or!ibration in earth?s
crust.
2elease of the ener#ydue to intense pressure acti!e internal
dynamism of the earth
&arth7uake
Geo opho
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E, 5hallow focus
&IC, 8ntermediatefocus &I
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At (unction of ) plates
Subduction of *aci+cplate
&arth7uakes in Napan
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Est
(ollision of"lateboundaries
+-+ collision
+-( collision
(-( collision
2easons behind &I
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Cnd
Di!er#ent"lateboundaries
+-+di!er#ence0+2
2easons behind &I
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•
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th
0editerraneansea re#ion
umerous smallplates
Fre7uentinteractions
2easons behind &I
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th
(raton = stable partof crust
2e-emer#ence of oldfractures
Oth
Human 8nduced
E, 285
C, minin#
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!olcanism
5ubmarine &IGeomor
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5ubmarine &I
5udden disturbancesof underlyin# platestransmit the shock
wa!es to surfacewa!es
Tsunami
pho
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!ormal ,aves
5peed % EPP kmph
(o!er shorter distances
@a!elen#th QEPP km
• 5peed % RPP kmph• (o!er lon#er distances
• @a!elen#th % EPkm
sunami ,aves
comparison
l h
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• Distance betweentwo crests oftrou#hs =
wa!elen#th
• @a!es of Tsunami
are wider thannormal wa!es ofthe ocean water
wa!elen#th
h
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• &I on ocean crust %uplift the waterupward
• Tsunami wa!e
#enerated
• essels in the mid-sea cannotrecon#nise the
tsunami wa!es
• 5ea water recede atthe shore
"hase E
"h C
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• $t coast % depth
decrease %wa!elen#thdecreases % wa!ehei#ht increases
• $ hu#e wall ofwater % EP-ECoor hi#h created
•
&normous ener#yreleased at theshore
"hase C
"h
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• Hit the coast
•
Tsunami- not asin#le wa!e butmultiple wa!es
• th and Sth wa!es
are the mostdan#erous
• Time lapse
between eachwa!es % E to Pminutes
"hase <
"h f t i
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"hases of tsunami
8ndian preparedness a#ainst
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• Tsunami &arly warnin# system- #i!es warnin# inEP minutes of submarine earth7uake
• 8ndian ational centre for +cean 8nformation5ciences )8(+85,*Hyderabad
• To capture Tsunami wa!e amplitude on C'Rbasis
• real time sea-le!el sensors with bottom pressurerecorders
• HF radars for coastal currents• (oastal tide #au#e stations
8ndian preparedness a#ainst
Tsunami
(atastrophic e!ents on
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(atastrophic e!ents onearth
Their reasons anddistributions
olcanism&I
Tsunami