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ghlk; -1 kuG kw;Wk; gupzhkk;
rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf1. nkz;ly; Njhl;lg;gl;lhzp (igrk; rl;iltk;) nrbapy; 7 tifahd khw;W cUt
NtWghLfis fz;lwpe;jhu; fPo;fz;ltw;wpy; xU tif NtWghL khwp cs;sJvJntdf; fz;Lgpb.
(m) jz;bd; cauk; - nel;il- Fl;il(M) tpij epwk; - kQ;rs; - gr;ir(,) kyupd; miktplk; - Edp – mr;R(<) jz;L mikg;G – nkd;ikahdJ – fbdkhdJ
2. Mjpkdpjd; Njhd;wpaJ(m) Mg;gpupf;fh (M) mnkupf;fh (,) M];jpNuypah (<) ,e;jpah
3. fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ ghuk;gupaj; jd;ikf; nfhz;lJ(m) kugZkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l tpe;jZ(M) tpe;jfj;jpy; kugZ khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l [{d;fs;(,) fUr;nry;ypy; kugZ khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lit(<) ghy;kbr; nry;ypy; kugZ khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lit
4. ,aw;ifj; Nju;T Nfhl;ghl;il ntspapl;ltu;(m) rhu;y]; lhu;tpd; (M)`{a+Nfh B tup]; (,) fpupfu; N[hfd; nkz;ly;(<) [Pd; ghg;il]; yhkhu;f;
5. clw; nry; [Pd; rpfpr;ir Kiw vd;gJ(m) tpe;J nry;ypy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ(M) jiyKiwapy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ(,) clw; nry;ypy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ(<) clypy; khw;wj;jij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ
6. ngw;Nwhupd; gz;Gfs; jiyKiwf;F flj;JtJ
(m) gupzhkk; (M) ghuk;gupak ; (,) jpBu;khw;wk; (<) ,dj;Njhw;wk;
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7. ghuk;gupak; flj;Jjiy Kjd;Kjyhf ntspapl;ltu;(m) ,ahd; tpy;Kl; (M) uhgu;l; g;nusd; (,) vl;tu;L n[d;du;(<) fpupfu; N[hfd; nkz;ly ;
8. kdpj rpw;wpdj;jpd; mwptpay; ngau;(m)Mu;j;NuhNghlh(M) NcwhNkhnrgpad;]; (,) uhzh ncwf;]hlf;ilkh(<) gpshl;bncwy;kpd;j];
9. jLg;G+rp vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhliu cUthf;fp nfhs;iffis ntspapl;ltu;(m) gpskpq; (M) Y}ap gh];lu; (,) vl;tu;l; n[d;du ; (<) nkz;ly;
10. FNshdpq; Kiwia mwpKfkhf;fpatu;(m) Y}apgh];lu; (M) vl;tu;l; n[d;du; (,) Iad; tpy;Kl ; (<) khu;fd;
II. 1.nkz;ly; jd; Ma;tpy; Njhl;lg;gl;lhzpr; nrbap;d; cauk; vd;w gz;gpid Xq;Fgz;ghf ,Ug;gijf; fz;lwpe;jhu;. mNjNghy; ehtpid cUisahf cUs nra;jy;kdpjupy; Xq;F gz;ghFk;. 60 khztu;fs; cs;s xU FOtpy; 45 khztu;fs;ehtpid cUsr; nra;a KbAk; 15 khztu;fs; ,t;thW nra;a ,ayhjtu;fs;.
m. Nkw;$wpa #o;epiyapy; ,e;j gz;gpd; Xq;F kw;Wk; xLq;F gz;gpdtpfpjj;ij fzf;fpLf.
ehtpid cUsr; nra;jy; - Xq;F gz;Gehtpid cUsr; nra;a ,ayhjtu; - xLq;Fgz;Gnkhj;j khztu;fs; 60 Ngu;
ehtpid cUs nra;gtu;fs; 45 Ngu; = 75%ehtpid cUs nra;a ,ayhjtu;fs; 15 Ngu; = 25%ehtpid cUsr;nra;gtu; cUs nra;a ,ayhjtu; tpfpjk; 3:1
vdNt Xq;F gz;G xLq;Fgz;G tpfpjk; 3:1
2. flj;jf;$ba gz;Gfs; jd; rpw;wpdj;jpw;Fs;Sk; Ngupdj;jpw;Fs;Sk; khWgLk;fPo;fhZk; gz;Gfs; vj;jifa khWghLfs; cs;sJ vdf;Fwpg;gpLf.
m. kdpjf;fz; epwk ; e Pyk; fWg;G gOg;G gr ;ir vd khWghLfs;.,t;tif khWghL rpw;wpd capupfSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghL vdg;gLk;.
M. Kay; ahid Nghd;wtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; gy mikg;G khWgl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tif khWghLfs; Ngupdj;Jf;Fs;Ns fhzg;gLk; NtWghL vdg;gLk;.
3. ,Ughy; capupfspilNa Njhd;Wk; mjd; jiyKiw Fwpg;gpl;l jd;ikAilaed;Fj; njupaf;$ba NtWghLfSld; ,Uf;Fk; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;f Kiw cUthFk;jiyKiwfs; Fiwe;j msNt khWghLld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
m. Nkw;$wpa $w;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwPu;fsh?Mk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpNwd;.
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M. fPo;fhZk; capupfspy; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;nra;Ak; capupfs; ahit?
Guypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; capup1 gukPrpak; 2. a+f;spdh 3. kz;GO 4. gwit
4. ghuk;gupak; rhu;e;j rpy Kf;fpa thu;j;ijf;Fwpg;Gfs; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.mtw;Ws; rupahdtw;iwj; Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf. my;yPy;fs; khWghLfsrpw;wpdkhjy; [Pd;fs; my;yPNyh khu;Gfs;.
(m) [Pd; fhuzpfs; ,aw;gpay; rhu;e;j ghuk;gupaf; fhuzpfs; MFk;(M) my;yPy;fs; vd;gJ xNu [Pdpd; khw;W ntspg;ghL MFk;.(,) my;yPNyh khu;Gfs; vd;gJ my;yPy;fSila vjpu; gz;ghFk;.
5. clw;nry;ypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; mLj;j jiy Kiwf;F flj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.,dr;nry;fspy; Vw;gLk; khWghL jiy Kiwf;Ff; flj;jg;gLtjhFk;. cwpNuh\pkhmZFz;L tPr;rpd; fjpupaf;fk; jiyKiw jiyKiwahf flj;jg;gLfpwJ.Nkw;$wpa$w;iwg;gFj;jha;e;J eP njupe;Jf; nfhz;lij vOJf.
1. clw; nry;ypy; khw;wk;: clw;nry;ypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; mLj;j jiy Kiwf;Fflj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. Vndd;why; cly; nry;ypy; ghuk;gupa gz;Gf;fhd fhuzpfpilahJ.
2. ,dr; nry;fspy; khw;wk;: ,dg;ngUf;fr; nry;yhd tpe;J mz;lnry;fspy;Vw;gLk; khw;wk; mLj;jLj;j jiy Kiwf;F fl;jjg;gLk;. Vnddpy; ghuk;gupaflj;Jk; gz;Gf;fhd fhuzpfs; ,dr; nry;fspy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
3. `pNuh\pkh mZFz;L tPr;rpy; fjpupaf;fj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngw;Nwhu;fspd;Foe;ijfs; cly; Cdkhf gpwf;fpd;whu;fs;. ,jw;F fhuzk; fjpu; tPr;rhy; ,tu;fspd;,dr;nry;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt Kjy; jiyKiwapy; kl;Lk; my;yJmLj;jLj;j jiy KiwfspYk; njhlUk;.
6. Mjpkdpjd; Kjy; jw;fhy kdpjd; tiu nfhLf;fg;gl;l kdpj ,dq;fistupirg;gLj;jTk;.
1. epahd;lu;jy; kdpjd; 2. N`hkpNahN`gpy]; 3.N`hkpNahvuf;l;l];4. N`hNkhnrgpad;
N`hkpNahN`gpy];N`hkpNahvuf;l;l];epahd;lu;jy; kdpjdN`hNkhnrgpad;
7. capup njhopy; El;gtpay; jw;Nghija mwptpayhFk;. ,jd; mbg;gil njhopw;El;;gcjtpahy; gy NtWgl;l nghUs;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. fPNonfhLf;fg;gl;ltw;wpy; vf;FO capup njhopy;El;g Kiwapy; jahupf;fg;gLtjpy;iyfz;lwpe;J fhuzk; $W.
m. nehjpfs;> fupk mkpyq;fs;> ];buha;Lfs>; jLg;g+rpfs;M. jLg;g+rpfs;> nehjpfs>; vjpu;nghUs;fs;> fupk mkpyq;fs;
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,. vjpu; capupg;nghUs;fs;> `hu;Nkhd;fs>; ];buha;Lfs;> jLg;G+rpfs;<. ];buha;Lfs; nehjpfs; vjpu;nghUl;fs; jLg;g+rpfs;.
nghUe;jhjJ : nehjpfs>; fupk mkpyq;fs;> ];buha;Lfs>; jLg;g+rpfs;
fhuzk; :
m. nehjpfs;: cap;u; nry;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; gpupj;njLf;fyhk;.M. fupk mkpyq;fs; Ntjp Kiwapy; jahupf;fyhk;,. ];buha;Lfs; NtjpKiwg;gb jahupf;fyhk;<. jLg;g+rpfs ;: M. Kay; ahid Nghd;wtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; gy mikg;G
khWgl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tif khWghLfs; Ngupdj;Jf;Fs;Ns fhzg;gLk;NtWghL vdg;gLk;.
8. xNu khjpupahd ,ul;ilau;fs;> FNuhNkhNrhk; mikg;gpYk;> xj;jpire;jtu;fs;fPNo Fwpg;gpl;litfis jFe;j thu;j;ij nfhz;L KOikgLj;Jf:
m. xNu khjpu pahd ,ul ;ilau;fs; ,aw;ifahd ,ul ;ilau ;fs ;M. xNu khjpupahd ,ul;ilau;fs; xNukhjpupahd mikg;ig cilatu;fs ;
9. ,e;jpa =yq;fhtpy; thOk; Fwpg;gpl;l tif jtisapd; %jhijau; xUtNu..Mdhy;jw;NghJ ,e;jpah> ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; mNj ,dj;jtisfs; jdpr;rpw;wpdkhfpcs;sd.
m. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l tiuglj;jpd; mikg;gpy; vf;fhuzp ,j;jtis ,dj;jpYs;sjdpr; rpw;wpdkhfp cs;sJ. ,e;jpah =yq;fhtpy; thOk; jtisfs; g+kp mikg;gpy;gpupf;fg;gl;L jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. (kd;dhu;tisFlhthy;.)
M. Gjpa rpw;wpdk; cUthjYk; gpw fhuzpfis vOJf.
1. ,uz;L ,df;$l;lq;fs;> Gtp> kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;f fhuzpfshy;jdpikgLj;Jk;NghJ ,tw;wpd; [Pd; mikg;G khw;wk; ngw;W Gjpa rpw;wpdk;cUthFfpwJ.
2. FNuhNkhNrhk; gpwo;r;rpapdhy; Gjpa rpw;wpdk; Njhd;wyhk;.3. kugZ jpBu;khw;wj;jhYk; Gjpa rpw;wpdk; Njhd;wyhk;.4. FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupg;gjd; %yk; jhtuq;fspy; Gjpa ,dq;fis cUthf;fyhk;.5. ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfspy; kpahrp];> nry; gpupjypd; NghJ [Pd; khw;wLf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; Gjpa my;yPy;fs; ,ize;J Gjpa
capupdk; Njhd;wyhk;.
2.Neha; jilf;fhg;G kz;lyk;1. rupahd eyj;jpd; gupzhkk; vJntdj; Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
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m. jpU X njhw;W NehapypUe;J Fzkilfpwhu;.M. jpU. Y jpdKk; ,d;Rypd; Crpg; Nghl;Lf;nfhs;fpwhu;.,. jpU. Z kpfTk; kd mOj;jj;jpy; cs;shu;.<. jpU K jpdKk ; jd; flikapid nra;fpwhu; kfpo;r;rpahf cs;shu;.
2. r%fj;jpy; R%fkw;w gupzhkj;ij Nju;njLj;J vOJf.
m. xUtu; gpwe;jehs; tpohtpy; kfpo;r;rpAld; gq;Nfw;fpwhu;.M. rhjhuz nray;fspYk; fLikahf ele;Jf;nfhs;fpwhu;.,. #o;epiyfSf;F xg;g rup nra;J nray;gLfpwhu;.<. jd; cly; eykw;w jhia kUj;Jtkidapy; nrd;W ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;.
3. fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ ghf;Bupahthy; cz;lhFk; Neha;
m. %isf;fha;r;ry; M. ntwpeha;f;fb,. ,uz[d;dp <. ngupak;ik
4. fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; fhw;wpd; %yk; guTk; Nehapidf; fz;Lgpb.
m. fhrNeha ; M. %isf;fha;r;ry;,. ilgha;L <. fhyuh
5. kpf fLikahd kNyupahf; fha;r;riy cUthf;Fk; fpUkp?
m. gpsh];Nkhbak; xNtNy M. gpsh];Nkhbak; kNyupah,. gpsh];Nkhbak; ghy;rpghuk ; <. gpsh];Nkhbak; itthf;];
6. ekJ czT Fly; gFjpapy; Neha; cz;lhf;Fk; Ez;Zapup.
m. gpsh];Nkhbak; itthf;]; M. vd;lkpgh p̀ ;];liyl;bfh,. bupg;NghNdhNrhkh Nfk;gpNad;]; <. bdpah Nrhypak;.
7. kiwKfkhf Neha; guTk; Kiw
m. rspr; rpe;Jjy; M. tha;topahfj; njupj;jy;,. Jha; Nra; ,izg;G jpR <. Nehahspg;gad;gLj;Jk; clikfs ;.
8. gpw capupfsplkpUe;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;l vjpu ; nghUl;fs; kdpjUf;FNeha;j;jLg;g+rpahf Nghlg;gLfpwJ. ,J vt;tif jLg;g+rp Kiw.
m. nraw;ifahd nray;kpF Neha; jLg;G KiwM. nraw;ifahd ke;jkhd Neha; jLg;G Kiw,. ,aw;ifahd nray;kpF Neha; jLg;G Kiw<. ,aw;ifahd ke;jkhd Neha; jLg;GKiw.
9. gpwe;jf; Foe;ijf;F Kjypy; nfhLf;fg;gLk; Neha;j; jLg;g+rp.
m. tha;top NghypNah M. DPT,. DPT kw;Wk; NghypNah <. BCG
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10. fPo;fz;ltw;wpy; vjpu;Njhd;wp (Md;bn[d;) ,y;yhjJ vJ?
m. Neha;f;fpUkp M. Neha;f;fpUkpapd; er;R,. GJtifahd Gujk; <. jha;g;ghy ;
11. MNuhf;fpakhd kdpjdpy; cztpw;F Kd;du; ,uj;j ru;f;fiuapd; msT.
m. 80-120 M. 80-110,. 80-130 <. 80-140
12. Gujf; Fiwghl;lhy; Njhd;Wk; Neha;.m. mdpkpah M. Fth\pNahu;fu ;,. khiyf;fz; <. fhrNeha;
13. jha;g;ghypy; cs;s Neha; vjpu;g;G nghUs; vJ?
m. `P PNkhFNshgpd; M. ,k;a+Ndh FNshgpd ;
,. `P Nkh Nrhapd; <. ,k;a+Ndh iradpd;
II. 1. xU rpwe;j ey; tho;f;ifia tho xt;nthU kdpjDk; ey;y cly;> kdk;>r%f epiyAld; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,jpy; VNjDk; xd;W FiwTgl;lhYk; mtu; cly; FiwghL vdg;gLtu;
2. jkpo;;r nry;td; epwf;FULj; jd;ikia mtu; je;ijaplk; ,Ue;J ghuk;gupakhfg;ngw;Ws;shu;. ,jw;fhd fhuzpfs; kugpay; fhuzpfs ; MFk;.
3. kuhRk]; kw;Wk; Fth\pNahu;fu; Neha;fs; Gujf; Fiwghl;lhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jd;mwpFwpfshf KiwNa gUj;j tapW> Kfj;jpy; tPf;fk; MFk;. ,f;$w;Wr; rupah?jtwhf ,Ue;jhy; jpUj;jp vOJf.
(NkNy cs;s $w;W jtW.
1. Fth\pNahu;fu;: Neha; cila Foe;ijfs; cg;gpa tapWk; Kfj;jpy;tPf;fKk; ngw;wpUg;gu;.
2 . kuhRk];: Neha; cila Foe;ijfs; vil Fiwe;Jk; Njhy;Nghu;j;jg;gl;l cly; mikg;Gld; fhzg;gLtu;.)
4. nfhLf;fg;gl;l clw;FiwghLfspy; jdpahd xd;iw jFe;jf; fhuzq;fSld;fz;lwpe;J vOJf.
(1. epwf;FUL 2. `P NkhgPypah 3. khiyf;fz; 4. my;gpdprk;5. fjpu; mupths; 6. ,uj;jr; Nrhif Neha;.
(epwf;FUL> `P NkhgPypah> my;gpdprk;> fjpu ; mupths;> ,uj;jr;NrhifNeha;fs; jpBu; khw;wk; mile;j [Pd;fshy; Njhd;wf;$ba Neha;fs;.,e;jNeha;fs; guk;giu guk;giuahf mLj;j jiyKiwf;F flj;jg;gLk;.
khiyf;fz; Neha;:
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1. ,e;Neha; itl;lkpd; Fiwghlhy; tUfpwJ.2. cztpy; itl;lkpd; A Fiwe;jhy; khiy Neuq;fspy; ghu;it
FiwghL Vw;gLk;.3. fz;zPu; Rug;gp ghjpg;gilAk;.4. tpopg;glyj;jpy; Gz;fs; Njhd;Wk;.)
5. uk;ah <Wfspy; ,uj;jk; frpjy;> gy; MLjy; Nghd;w cghijfs; cs;sJ.Ma;e;jwpe;jjpy; ,it itl;lkpd; FiwghL vd;W fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
uk;ahtpw;F cztpy; ve;j itl;lkpd; FiwghL cs;sJ vd;gijidAk;,f;Fiwghl;L Neha;f;fhd ngaiuAk; vOJf.
(1. uk;ahtpd; cztpy; itl;lkpd; C Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy;> <Wfspy;,uj;jk; frpjy; gy; MLjy; Nghd;w cghijfs; te;Js;sJ.
2 . ];fu;tp vd;gJ itl;lkpd; C apd; Fiwghl;L NehahFk;.)
itl;lkpd;fs; FiwghLfs; Neha; mwpFwpfs; 1 itl;lkpd;fs; A a. epf;NlhNyhgpah P.khiyf;fz; 2 itl;lkpd;fs; B b. ];fu;tp Q. euk;G FiwghL 3 itl;lkpd;fs; C c. upf;fl;]; R. gw;fspy; ,uj;jfrpT 4 itl;lkpd;fs; D d. ,uj;jfrpT S. vYk;Gfspy;
fhy;rpak; FiwT 5 itl;lkpd;fs; K e. ngupngup T. ,uj;jk; Fiwjy;
tpil: 1-a,P; 2-e,Q; 3-b,R; 4-C,S; 5-d,T6. ftpjhTf;F rhjhuzr; rsp> ftpjtplk; eP vd;d Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;L ,e;Neha;
cs;sij cWjpr; nra;tha;.
m) ehrpapypUe;J ePu;> rsp> tUfpwjh?M) jiytyp> fha;r;ry; ,Uf;fpwjh?
ghlk ;: 3 kdpj cly; cWg;G kz;lyq;fspd; mikg;G
kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs;
1. fPo;f;fz;l glj;ij tiue;J nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s VNjDk; ,uz;L ghfq;fis Fwpf;fTk;.
1. nry; cly; 2.Mf;]hd; 3.nld;uhd; 4.fpisj;j KbTg;gFjpfs;.
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bl‹£uh‹
brš clš
»is¤j Koî¥ gFâ
M¡[h‹
2. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s kdpj %isapy; gpd;tUk; nray;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
gFjpfs; KiwNa m kw;Wk; M vd;W Fwpf;f.
m. Efh;jy; czUk; gFjp M. ghh;it czUk; gFjp
M (gh®it czU« gFâ)
m (ef®jš czU« gFâ)
3. nray;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sitfspy; rhpahd $w;iwNjh;e;njL.
m. gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gp ` hh;Nkhd;fisAk; nehjpfisAk; Ruf;fpwJ.M. ijuha;L Rug;gp ijuhf;]pd; kw;Wk; ,d;Rypid Ruf;fpwJ.,. tpe;jfq;fs; tpe;Jf;fisAk; Md;bNuh[idAk; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd.<. fizak; nehjpfisAk; ̀hh;Nkhd;fisAk; Ruf;fpwJ.
4. njhlh;gpd; mbg;gilapy; Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf.
ijuhf;]pd; - MSik ` hh;Nkhd;ml;hPdy; - mtrufhy ` hh;Nkhd;, gwf;Fk; rz;il ` hh;Nkhd;.
5. fPo;f;fz;l $w;Wfs; jtwhf ,Ug;gpd; rhpahd $w;wpid vOJf.
m. My;gh nry;fs; ,d;Rypd; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd, gPl;lh nry;fs; FSf;Nfh]pid cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd.M. fhh;l;bNrhd; Neha; vjph;g;G jd;ikia Fwpf;fpd;wJ.,. ijk]; Rug;gp xUepzePh; njhFjp.<. mz;lfk; Kl;ilfisAk; Md;l;Nuh[idAk; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ
rhpahd $w;W:
m. My;gh nry;fs; FSf;Nfh]pidAk; gPl;lh nry;fs; ,d;RypidAk; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd.
M. mz;lfk; Kl;ilfisAk; <l;Nuh[d;> hpyhf;]pd; Mfpa ̀hh;Nkhd;fiscw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd.PA
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6. Fd;wy; gFg;G vd;gJ ,dr;nry;fs; cUthf;Fk; xU epfo;T Fd;wy; eilngWk;nry;fis Njh;e;njL.
m. ,dg;ngUf;f vgpj;jPypa nry;fs ;M. njhL czh;T vgpj;jPypa nry;fs;,. fhykdhh; vgpj;jPypa nry;fs;.
7. m. mkpghtpy; eilngWk; nry; gFg;G Kiw
m. FNuhNkhNrhk; tiyg;gpd;dypy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.M. FNuhNkhNrhk; tiyg;gpd;dypy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.
,. FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if FiwfpwJ. <. cl;fUtpy; gpsit Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.
M. kpah]p]; nry;gphpjypy; Kf;fpa epfo;T FWf;Nffyj;jy; MFk;. ,JeilngWk; epiy.
1.nyg;Nlhbd; 2.ghf;fpbd;
3.bg;Nshl;bd; 4.irNfhl;bd;
8. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; rhpahd xOq;F mikTKiwapid Njh;e;njL.
m. irNfhl;bd; - nyg;Nlhbd; - ghf;fpbd; - bg;Nshl;bd; - ilahifndrp];
M. ilahifndrp]; - irNfhl;bd; - nyg;Nlhbd; - ghf;fpbd; - bg;Nshl;bd;
,. nyg;Nlhbd;-irNfhl;bd;- ghf;fpbd;-bg;Nshl;bd;- ilahifndrp];
9. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws;; rhpahd $w;wpid Njh;e;njL.
1. cly; nry;fspy; Vw;gLk; nry;gphpT kpah]p]; vdg;gLk;. kpah]p]; nry;
gphpT cly; nry;fspy; Vw;gLfpwJ.2. ikl;lh]p]; nry;gphpT cly; nry;gphpjy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.3. ikl;lh]p]; nry;gphpT vgpj;jpypa ,dr;nry;fspy; eilngWfpwJ.
4. jhtuq;fspy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;;1 . xU nry; capupfshd mkPgh kw;Wk; ghf;Bupaq;fspy; eilngWk; ,dg;ngUf;f
tiffspy; xd;W
m. Jz;lhjy; M. ,uz;lhfg;gpsj;jy;,. mUk;Gjy; <. ];Nghu; cz;lhjy;
2. g+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspd; ghypd ngUf;f Kiwapy; eilngWk; Kjy; epfo;T
m. fUTWjy; M. Kisj;jy;,. kPz;Lk; cUthjy; <. kfue;jr;Nru;f;if.
3. fPo;fz;ltw;wpy; rupahd $w;W vJ?
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m. efUk; jpwdw;w> nky;ypa RtUila #];Nghu;fs;M. rpy My;fhf;fs;> ghf;Bupaq;fs; kw;Wk; g+Q;irfspy; cz;lhFk; efUk; jd;ikAila ];Nghu;fs;> Vifndl;Lfs;,. G+Q;irfspy; cz;lhFk; Xu; cl;fU nfhz;l efUk; jpwdw;w ghypyh ];Nghu;fs;> nfhdpbah<. rhjfkw;w #o;epiyfspy; My;fhf;fspy; cz;lhFk; jbj;j RtUila clyr;nry;fs; vg;shNdh];Nghu;fs;.
4. fUTw;w #w;ig fdp MFk; xU kyupd; gy ,izahj #yf ,iyfs; nfhz;lNky;kl;l #w;igapypUe;J cUthFk; fdp
m. jpus;fdp M.$l;Lfdp ,. jdpf;fdp <. Gyfdp
5. ePupy; Cwitj;j tpijia mOj;Jk;nghOJ ,jd; topahf ePu;frpfpwJ.
m. ,iyj;Jis M. nyz;by; ,. ikf;Nuhigy ; <. KisNtu;
6. khq;fdp> fy;Nghd;w fdp vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; ,jd;
m. fdp ntspj;Njhy; Njhy; Nghd;wJ. M. fdp eLj;Njhy; fy; Nghd;wJ
,. fdp cl;Njhy; rijg;gw;Ws;sJ <. fdp cl;Njhy; fbdkhdJ.
7. jtwhd $w;iw Nju;e;njL
m. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu tpijapy; fhzg;gL;k; Fl;ilahd nrq;Fj;jhd ntz;ikahd gFjpf;F u/Ng vd;W ngau;.
M. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu tpijapy; fhzg;gLk; kpf Ez;zpa Jisf;Fikf;Nuhigy; vd;W ngau;
,. fUtpy; jz;L cUthFk; gFjpf;F KisNtu; vd;W ngau;.
<. fUtpy; Ntu; cUthFk; gFjpf;F KisNtu; vd;W ngau;.
8. fPo;fz;l $w;Wf;fspy;> fhw;wpd; %yk; fdp guTjYf;fhd rupahd $w;iw Nju;e;njL.
m. fdpfs; kw;Wk; tpijfs; jpBnud;W ntbj;J guTfpwJ.
M. biulhf;]; jhtuj;jpy; Gy;yp tl;lk; ghg;gh]; J}tpfshf khwp fdp guTjYf;F cjTfpwJ.
,. rhe;jpak; jhtuq;fspy; fdpfs; $upa Kl;fs; %yk; guTfpwJ.
<. njd;idapd; fdp eLj;Njhy; ehu; Nghd;W cs;sJ.
9. %tpiztpdhy; cz;lhFk; jpR fUtpd; tsu;r;rpf;F Cl;lk; mspf;fty;yJ.
m. irNfhl; M. #y; xl;Lj;jpR ,. ];$l;nly;yk; <. fUt+z ;
10. jd;kfue;jr; Nru;f;ifapd; jPik
m. kfue;jj;J}s;fs; tPzhtjpy;iy
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M. tpijfs; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapy; cz;lhfpd;wd
,. ,Ughy; kyu;fspy; fl;lhakhf ngWfpwJ
<. kyu;fsJ kfue;jr;Nru;f;iff;F ntspf;fhuzpfis rhu;e;jpUf;f mtrpakpy;iy.
II.1. m. glk; A kw;Wk; B ia milahsk; fhz;M. A apd; ve;j ghfk; B Mf khWfpwJ.
m. glk; A #yf tl;lk;
glk; B kh – l;&g; cs; xl;L rijf;fdpM. A apd; #y;ig (g+tpd;) fdpahf khWfpwJ.
2. capupdq;fSk; mtw;wpd; ,dg;ngUf;fKiwfSk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd>,dg;ngUf;f Kiwfis rupahd capupdq;fNshL nghUj;Jf.
gpsj;jy; GNuhl;NlhNrhthf;fs; ghf;Bupaq;fs; mUk;Gjy; FopAlypfs; <];l; Jz;lhjy; ];igNuhifuh jl;ilGOf;fs;
3. ghy;rk; jhtuj;jpy;> tpijfs; jd; jha; jhtuj;ij tpl;L ntF njhiytpy;tpOfpd;wd.
m) ,f;$w;W rupahdjh? jtwhdjh?M) fhuzk; $W
m. ,f;$w;W jtwhdJ. ghy;rk; jhtuj;jpd; fdpfs; jpBnud ntbj;Jtpijfs; rpjwp guTfpwJ.
M. fhuzk; : ghy;rk; jhtuj;jpd; fdpfs; cyu; ntbf;fdpfs;..,itjhdpaq;F Kiwapy; ntbj;J tpijfs; guTfpwJ.,f;fdp fhw;wpy; ntFJ}uk;vLj;J nry;tjw;F vt;tpj Gwtsupfs; ,y;iy.
4. $l;Lf;fdp gykyu; nfhz;l xU kQ;rupapd ; midj;J kyu;fspypUe;JcUthFfpwJ.
jpus ; fdpahdJ xU kyupd; ,izahj gy #yf ,iyfisf; nfhz;lNky; kl;l #w;ifapypUe;J cUthFfpwJ.
5. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;ij tiue;J fPo;fz;l ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;fTk;.PADA
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m. vf;ird; M. Foha; epa+fpspa];
6. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;f ];Nghu;fs; rpytw;iw Fwpg;gpLf.
1. vg;shNdh];Nghu; 2. #];Nghu;fs; 3. VifdPl;Lfs; 4. nfhdpbah
7. cly; ,dg;ngUf;fk; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; NtWgLj;Jf.
vz; Cly; ,dg;ngUf;fk; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; 1 jhtuj;jpd; Vw;fdNt cs;s
cly; cWg;GfspypUe;J Gjpa jhtuk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ
fPo;epiy jhtuq;fspy; ];Nghu;fs; %yk; eilngWfpwJ.
2 jha; jhtuj;jpypUe;J gpupe;j rpW Jz;L clNd Gjpa jhtukhf tsUk;
];Nghu;fs; jq;fisr;Rw;wp jbj;j Rtupid cz;lhf;FfpwJ. rhjfkhd fhyk; te;j gpd; tsu;fpwJ.
ghlk;:5 ghYhl;bfs;1. ghYhl;bfs; my;yhj njhFjpia fz;lwpe;J vOJf.
m. lhy;gpd;, thy;u];, Ks;sk;gd;wp, Kay;, ntsthy; M. ahid, gd;wp, Fjpiu, fOij, Fuq;F ,. Md;bNyhg, khd;, gR, vUik, flkhd; <. eha;, G+id, Kjiy, rpq;fk;, Gyp
2. ghYhl;bfspd; Gwj;Njhypy; fhzg;gLtJ.
m. Nuhkk; efk; nrjpy;fs; M. Nuhkk; czh;Nuhkk; NuhkKl;ilfs ; ,. Nuhkk; czh;Nuhkk; nfhk;Gfs;
3. xw;Wikapd; mbg;gilapy; fz;lwpf.
m. jpkpq;fyk; - gypd;jfLfs;M. ntsthy; - cah; Ruj;jpy; fPr;rpLk; xypia ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.
4. Nfhbl;ltw;iw G+h;j;jp nra;f.PADA
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1. gpsh];kh iggphpNdh[d;.................(,uj;jk; ciwjypy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.)
2. ,uj;j rptg;gZ.......................... (Mf;rp[id vLj;J nry;fpwJ.)
3. ,uj;jnts;isaZ............(clypy; EioAk; Neha;f;fpUkpfis mopf;fpwJ.)
5. clypd; kh];lh; nfkp];l; vd;W rpWePufk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.fhuzk; fz;lwpe;JvOJf.
m. clypy; ngwg;gLk; midj;J Ntjpg;nghUs;fSk; rpWePufj;jpy; ngwg;gLfpwJ.M. rpWePufk; ,uj;jj;jpd; Ntjpg ;nghUs;fspd; rkepiyiaNgZfpwJ .
,. rpWePufk; clypy; ngWk; midj;J Ntjpg;nghUs;fisAk; ntspNaw;WfpwJ.
6. khWghL mile;jjpd; mbg;gilapy; xUq;fpizj;J vOJf.
1. ntl;Lk; gw;fs - ahidapd; je;jk; 2. Gw mLf;F Nuhkq;fs;- Ks;sk;gd;wpapd; Kl;fs;.
7. ,uj;j Foha; cUthtjpy; fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; ve;j $w;W rhpahdJ.
1. ngUe;jkdp-rpWe;jkdp-Mh;bhpNahy;-Ez;rpiwfs;-je;Jfpfs;
2. ngUe;jkdp-rpWe;jkdp-Mh;bhpNahy;-je;Jfpfs;-Ez;rpiwfs;
3. je;Jfpfs;- rpWe;jkdp- ngUe;jkdp-ngUQ;rpiwfs;-rpiwfs;
8. kdpjdpd; cly; ntg;gepiyia 94.4F ypUe;J 98.6F Mf cs;sJ.fPo;f;fz;lcWg;Gfspy; ve;j cWg;Gfs; clypd; ntg;gepiyia epiyepWj;JfpwJ.
1.Njhy; 2.,jak; 3.EiuaPuy; 4.rpWePufk; 5.,uj;jk; 6.tpe;jfk; 7.mz;lfk;.tpil : 1.Njhy;; 3.EiuaPuy; 4.rpWePufk; 5.,uj;jk;
9. rpWePufk;-Nfg;R+y; nkdpd;Q;r];-%is-nghpfhh;bak;-,jak; ,it vijf;Fwpf;fpwJ,it midj;Jk; cWg;Gfis %bAs;s ciwfs;.
1. Nfg;#y;- rpWePufciw 2. nkdpd;Q;r];- %isciw2. nghpfhh;bak; - ,jaciw.
10. xNu ,dj;ijr;rhh;e;j caphpdq;fSf;fpilNa Gzh;r;rp iriffs; rpwg;ghfmike;Js;sJ.fhuzk; $W.
,J xNu rpw;wpdq;fSf;F ,ilNa ghypd ,dg;ngUf;fj;ij cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
11. (m). kdpjh;fspy; Kd;dq;ifapy; cs;s fl;iltpuy; tpyfp ,Uf;f fhuzk; vd;d?
(M).xl;lfr;rptpq;fpapd; Kd;dq;fhy;fs; ePz;Lk; gUj;Jk; typikahdjhf,Uf;ff;fhuzk; vd;d?
tpil: (m).kdpjh;fspy; Kd;dq;iffs; nghUs;fis gw;wp nfhs;tjw;Fk;vOJtjw;Fk; EZf;fkhf Ez;fUtpfis ,irf;fTk; nky;ypakpd;dD fUtpfisifahs fl;iltpuy; kw;w tpuy;fspypUe;J tpyfp cs;sJ.
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(M).kuj;jpd; cr;rpapy; cs;s ,iyfis ghpj;J cz;gjw;fhf xl;lfr;rptpq;fpapd;Kd;dq;fhy;fs; ePz;Lk; gUj;Jk; typikahdjhf cs;sJ.
12. fopTePf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? kdpjdpd; fopT ePf;f cWg;GfisAk; mtw;wpypUe;JntspNaWk; fopTfisAk; gw;wp vOJf.
clypy; eilngWk; tsh;rpijkhw;wf;fopTg;nghUs;fis ntspNaw;Wk; KiwNafopTePf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
fopTePf;f cWg;G ntspNaw;Wk; fopT fopTg;nghUs;fs;
rpWePufk; rpWePu; A+upah> a+upf; mkpyk;
kw;Wk; fpupahl;bdpd;
Nghd;w Kf;fpa
iel;u[d; fopTfs;
EiuaPuy; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fhw;W fhu;gd; il Mf;i]L
ePu; Mtpahjy;
Njhy; tpau;it mjpfkhd ePu; kw;Wk;
cg;Gfs;
6. tho;f;if ,af;fr; nray;fs;1. khNdhl;Nuhghtpy; czTg;nghUs;fis cwpQ;Rtjw;fhd rpwg;ghd Ntu;fs;
m. ` h];Nlhupaq;fs; M. ikf;Nfhiurh Ntu;fs ;,. gw;W Ntu;fs; <. Ntw;wpl Ntu;fs;
2. <];bd; fhw;wpy;yh Rthrj;jpdhy; cz;lhtJ
m. yhf;bf; mkpyk; M. igUtpf; mkpyk;,. vj;jdhy ; <. mrpbf; mkpyk;
3. ePu; Njitf;fhf njd;idapy; Ntu;fs; jha; jhtuj;ij tpl;L ntFnjhiytpy;cs;sd mj;jifa Ntu;fspd; ,af;fk;
m. xspr;rhu;G ,af;fk; M. <u;g;G ,af;fk;,. ePu; rhu;G ,af;fk; <. Ntjpr;rhu;G ,af;fk;
4. jw;rhu;G Cl;l Kiwf;F Njitg;gLtJm. CO2 kw;Wk; ePu; M. gr;irak;,. #upa xsp <. ,itaidj;Jk ;
5. jhtuq;fspy; iryj;jpd; gzp
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m. ePiuf; flj;Jjy ; M. czitf;flj;Jjy;,. mkpNdh mkpyj;ijf; flj;Jjy; <. Mf;]p[id flj;Jjy;
6. clypy; ghJfhg;Gg; gzpiar; nra;Ak; ,uj;j nry;fs;m. Y}f;Nfhirl;Lfs ; M. vupj;Nuhirl;Lfs;,. Ngf;Nfhirl;Lfs; <. Juhk;Ngh irl;Lfs;
7. jhtuj;jpy; ePu; flj;Jjypy; gq;Nfw;gJm. Ntu;j;J}tp M. iryk;,. GNshak; <. Gwzp
8. xU ehisf;F ntspNaw;wg;gLk; rpWePu; msTm. 1-2 ypl;lu; M. 1-1.5 ypl;lu ;,. 1-3 ypl;lu; <. 1-4 ypl;lu;
II.1. A,B Fwpapl;l jhtuj;jz;bd; th];Fyhu; jpRf;fspd; ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf
m. A kw;Wk; B d; ngau;fs;A iryk; B GNshak;
M. A apd; topahf flj;jg;gLk; nghUs;fs; ahit?iryj;jpd; topahf ePu; kw;Wk; fdpkg;nghUs;fs;
,. B apd; topahf flj;jg;gLk; nghUs;fs; ahit?GNshaj;jpd; topahf xspr;Nru;f;if %yk; jahupf;fg;gl;l czT
kw;Wk; mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
<. vt;thW A apd; topahf nghUs;fs; ,iyfSf;F flj;jg;gLfpwJ?,iyfspy; eilngWk; ePuhtpg; Nghf;fpdhy; ePu; kw;Wk; fdpkg;
nghUs;fs; iryf; Foha;fs; %yk; ,iyfs; tiu Nky;Nehf;fp flj;j cjTfpwJ.
2. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; glj;ijf; ftdpf;f.
m. glk; A kw;Wk; By; fhzg;gLk; ,af;fq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
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A) jhtuj;jpd; Ntu;fs; Gtp <u;g;G tpirf;F Neuhf g+kpia Nehf;fp tsu;fpd;wd.Mjw;F Gtp <u;g;G jpir rhu;G ,af;fk;.
B) jhtuj;jpd; jz;L #upa xspia Nehf;fp g+kpf;F NkNy tsu;fpwJ. ,jw;Fxspj;jpir rhu;G ,af;fk;.
M.vt;thW ,t;tpaf;fq;fs; njhl;lhy; rpZq;fp ,iyfspd; ,af;fq;fspypUe;JNtWgLfpd;wd?
1. njhl;lhy; rpZq;fpj; jhtuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; ,af;fk; njhL czu;tpdhy; Vw;glf;$baJ ,q;F tsu;r;rpapy;iy vdNt ,t;tpaf;fj;jpw;F tsu;r;rp rhuh ,af;fk;vd;W ngau;.
2. jhtuj;jpd; xU ,lj;jpy; njhl;lhy; mikj;J miyfSk; RUq;fp ,irTfisVw;gLj;jJfpwJ. ,J xU ,lj;jpy; Vw;gLk; J}z;ly; gy ,iyfSf;F flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
3. ,jw;F fhuzk; jhtur; nry;fspy; ePupy; mstpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLtjhy; ,iyfs;clNd RUq;FfpwJ. ,JNt J}z;LjYf;F clNd gjpy; tpidahf khWfpwJ.
3. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Cl;l KiwfNshL mtw;wpd; rpwg;G cWg;Gfs; kw;Wk;jf;f vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; xg;gpLf.
1 jw;rhu;G Cl;lKiw
kl;Fz;zpfs;
Xl;Lz;zpfs;
2 gr;irak; ikf;Nfhiurh Ntu;fs;
`h];Nlhupaq;fs;
3 i`gp];f]; khNdhl;Nuhgh f];Fl;lh
4. Rthrpj;jy; FSf;Nfh]; vd;gJ 6 fhu;gd ; nfhz;l Nru;kk; yhf;bf; mkpyk;vd;gJ 3 fhu;gd ; fupr;Nru;kk;.
5. ru;f;fiu fiury; My;f ̀yhf khw;wkilfpwJ.
m.Nkw;fz;l nraypy; vj;jifa epfo;r;rp eilngWfpwJru;f;fiu fiury; My;f ̀hyhf khw;wkilAk; NghJ eilngWk; epfo;r;rp
nehjpj;jy;
M.ve;j Ez;Zapup <LgLfpwJ?
nehjpj;jy; epfo;r;rpapy; <];l ; vd;w Ez;Zapup <LgLfpwJ.
6. nghUe;jhjijj; Nju;e;njL:
m. njhz;il M. tha; ,. tha;Fop <. fizak ;
7. kdpjupy; Rthrf; fhw;whdJ ehrpj;Jis topahf EiuaPuYf;Fs ; nry;fpwJ.
kPd;fspy; ePuhdJ tha ; topahf clYf;Fs; nrd;W ePupy; fiue;Js;s Mf;]p[d;,uj;jj;jpw;Fs ; guTfpwJ.PA
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8. nghUj;Jf.
m. kPd; 1. nraw;if rpWePufk;M. gwitfs; 2. a+upNah nlypf;,. ghY}l;bfs; 3. a+upNfh nlypf;<. ilahyprp]; 4. mk;Nkhdpah nlypf;m-4 M-3 ,-2 <-1
9. fPo; cs;s capupfspy; xd;W a+upNahnlypf my;y
1. kdpjd; 2. khd;3. gR 4. jpkpq;fyk ;.
7. Rw;Wr; #oy; ghJfhg;G
rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf:
1. nghUs;fspd; njhFg;Gfs; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd ,tw;wpy; rpijtilAk;nghUs;fisf; nfhz;l njhFg;gpid Nju;e;njL.
m. Gy;> kyu;fs;> Njhy ; M. goj;Njhy;> Nff;> kw;Wk; gpsh];bf;,. Gy;> fl;il kw;Wk; gpsh];bf; <. Nff;> fl;il kw;Wk; Gy;
2. fPo;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ czTr; rq;fpyp.m. Gy;> NfhJik> kh M. Gy;> ML> kdpjd ;,. ML> gR> ahid <. Gy;> kPd;> ML
3. ,tw;wpy; vit #o;epiyia ghJfhf;Fk; eil Kiwfs;
m. nghUs;fs; thq;f Jzpg;igNa vLj;Jr; nry;Yjy;M. gad;gLj;jhj NghJ kpd; tpsf;Ffs; kpd; tprpwpfis mizj;jy;,. nghJ Nghf;Ftuj;jij gad;gLj;Jjy;<. Nkw;fz;l midj;Jk ;.
4. fUg;Gj; jq;fk; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJm. i ̀bNuh fhu;gd;fs; M. fup ,. ngl;Nuhypak ; <. <ju;
5. nghUj;jkw;wij ePf;Ff.m. jhtuq;fs; M. ntl;Lfpsp ,. jtis <. Gyp
6. gRik Ntjpapaypdhy; cz;lhFk; nghUs;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L
m. gpsh];bf; M. fhfpjk;,. capup gpsh];bf; <. N ̀y[d; Rthiy Fiwg;ghd;
7. .......gRikaf thA> ntg;gepiy khw;wk; kw;Wk; Gtp ntg;gkhjiy Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
m. i ̀l;u[d; M. Mf;]p[d;PADA
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,. iel;u[d; <. fhu;gd;ilMf;i]L
8. ..........fs; #o;epiyj; njhFg;gpy; rpijg;gitfs; MFk.;m. jhtuq;fs; M. ghf;Bupaq;fs ;,. jtis <. jhtu Ez;Zapupfs;
9. Nkfq;fisj; J}z;b nraw;ifahf kio nga;a cjTk; Ntjpg;nghUs;fs;m. nghl;lhrpak; mNahilL M. fhy;rpak; fhu;gNdl;,. fe;jf il Mf;i]L <. mk;Nkhdpak; gh];Ngl;
10. gbk vup nghUSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lm. jhkpuk; M. ,Uk;G ,. kf;dPrpak; <. fup
II.1. fPo;fz;l czTr; rq;fpypia gbj;J rupnra;J mjid Mw;wy; gpukPlhf khw;Wf.
ky;ngup – FUtp – fk;gsp g+r;rp – gUe;JczTrq;fpyp;: ky;ngup – fk;gsp G+r;rp – FUtp – gUe;JMw;wy; gpukPL
gUe;J
FUtp
fk;gsp g+r;rp
ky;ngup
2. nfhLf;fg;gl;l vLj;Jf;fhl;bid gbj;J fPo;fz;l tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilapid jUf.
m. A my;yJ B NfhLfspy; vJ Mw;wy; xOq;fpidf; Fwpf;fpwJ.mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; $W
(m) cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; (jhtuq;fs;)
jhtuq;fs; jdf;F Ntz;ba czitj; jhahupf;f #upa xspapypUe;JMw;wiyngWfpwJ.PA
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(M) jhtu cz;zpfs;: (ML> khL)
ML> khLfs; jdf;F Ntz;ba Mw;wiyg;ngw jhtuq;fis cz;gjd;%yk; ngWfpwJ.
(,) khkpr cz;zpfs; ( Gyp> rpq;fk;)rpq;fk;> Gypfs; jdf;F Ntz;ba Mw;wiyg;ngw khkpr cz;zpfis
nfhd;W jpz;gjd; %yk; ngWfpwJ.
(<) rpijg;git
rpijg;gitfs; (ghf;Bupaq;fs;) cw;gj;jpahsu; jhtu cz;zpfs;kw;Wk; khkpr cz;zpfs; ,wf;Fk; NghJ ,ij rpijj;J jdf;FNtz;ba Mw;wiyg; ngWfpwJ.
M. rpijg;gitfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L ghf;Bupaq;fs;
3. ney;> vyp> ghk;G> gUe;J Nkw;fz;l czTr; rq;fpypapy; jahupg;ghsu;fs; 500fp.fNyhupMw;wy; Nrkpg;gjhf itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; ,jpypUe;J %d;whk; czT epiyapy;cs;s capupdk; vt;tsT Mw;wiyg; ngWfpwJ?
xU czT epiyapypUe;J mLj;j czT epiyf;F 10% - 20% Mw;wy;kl;LNk flj;jg;gLk;. vdNt %d;whk; epiyapy; cs;s capupdk; 0.2 – 0.4fp.fNyhup Mw;wiyg;ngWk;
4. (m) 1 kw;Wk; 3y; fhzg;gLk; epfo;r;rpfis vOJf.
(M) epfo;T 1 I tiuaW (,) VnjDk; xU gbk vupnghUis Fwpg;gpLf.
m) jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs; Rthrpf;fpd;w NghJ fhu;gd;ilMf;i]ilntsptpLfpwJ ,e;j fhu;gd;ilMf;i]L top kz;lyj;jpw;F nry;fpwJ.
M) jhtuq;fs ; jdf ;F Ntz;ba czit xspr ;Nru ;f ;ifapd ; %yk ;jahupj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ. ,e;j xspr;Nru;f;iff;f fhu;gd;ilMf;i]L> ePu;> kw;Wk;#upa xsp Njit. fhu;gd;ilMf;i]L tsp kz;lyj;jpypUe;J jhtuq;fs;ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ.
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,) gbk vupnghUs; - epyf;fup
5. ngl;Nuhypak; vspjpy; Vd; jPg;gw;wp vupfpwJ.ngl;Nuhypak; vspjpy; jPg;gw;wp vupaf;$ba i ̀l;Nuhfhu;gd;fshy; Md xUfyit vdNt ,J vspjpy; jPg;gw;wp vupfpwJ.
6. gRik Ntjpapay; vd;why; vd;d?
gRik Ntjpapay; vd;gJ Fiwe;j msNt jPik tpistpf;f$ba my;yJ jPik tpistpf;f $ba nghUis mwNt ePf;Fk; KiwahFk;.
7. td capupfs; Vd; ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;Lk;?
#o;epiy rkepiyf;F.ntspehl;L kw;Wk; cs;eh;lK Rw;Wyhg; gazpfisftu.ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ij cau;j;;j.fy;tp kw;Wk; mwptpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpw;fhfMfpa fhuzj;jpw;fhf td capupfs; ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
8. fopTePu; Nkyhz;ikrupahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf:1. ePupdhy; cz;lhFk; Neha;f;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L
m. nrhwp rpuq;F M. fpdpahGO Neha; ,. ghu;itf; FiwghL <. ilgha;L
2. gbe;j kw;Wk; kpjf;Fk; nghUs;fis ,e;j Rj;jpfupg;G Kiwahy; ePf;fyhk;.
m. Kjy; epiy Rj;jpfupg;G M. ,uz;lhk; epiy Rj;jpfupg;G
,. %d;whk; epiy Rj;jpfupg;G <. Nkw;gug;G Rj;jpfupg;G
3. vJ jpUk;gg; ngw ,ayhj tsk;m. fup M. ngl;Nuhypak; ,.,aw;if thA <. midj;Jk ;
4. ,aw;if thAtpy; fhzg;gLk; Kjd;ikahd nghUs;.m. <Njd; M. kPj;Njd ; ,. GNuhNgd; <. gpa+Nld;
5. A kw;Wk; B efuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; njhw;W Neha;fs; gl;il tiuglkhfnfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
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1. nlq;F fha;r;ry; 2. vypf; fha;r;ry; 3. fhyuh 4. rpf;Fd; Fd;ah
m. efuk; A apy; fhzg;gLk; Neha;f;F vd;d fhuzk;?efuk; A apy; nlq;F fha;r;ry; vypf;fha;r;ry; fhyuh kw;Wk; rpf;Fd;Fd;ah
Mfpa Neha;fs; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
1 . nlq;F fha;r;ry;: ePupy; ,itg; ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; g+r;rpfshy; tUfpwJ.2 . vypf;fha;r;ry;: efu; kw;Wk; fpuhkg; gFjpfspy; jplf;fopTfis rupahd Kiwapy;Nkyhz;ik nra;ahikahy; vypfs; ngUfp mjd; xl;Lz;zp %yk; guTfpwJ.
3 . fhyuh: mRj;jkhd ePiu gUFtjhy; ,e;Neha; tUfpwJ.4 . rpf;Fd; Fd;ah: ,e;Neha; fopT ePupy; thOk; nfhRtpdhy; guTfpwJ.
M. ve;j efuj;jpw;F fopT ePf;fk; kw;Wk; J}a;ik mjpf mstpy Njitg;gLfpwJ?
A efuj;jpw;F fopT ePf;fk; kw;Wk; J}a;ik mjpf mstpy; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
,. A efuj;jpy; cs;s Nehapid vt;thW fl;Lg;gLj;Jtha;?
Kiwahd fopT ePu; Nkyhz;ik nra;tjd; %yk; jplf; fopTfis KiwahfifahStjd; %yk; A efuj;jpy; Nkw;$wpa Neha;fs; guthky; fl;LgLj;jyhk;.
6. xU fpuhkj;jpy; 2008-2009 Mk; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l njhw;W Neha;fspd; tpguk;tiuglkhf nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid $u;e;J Nehf;fp fPo;fz;ltw;wpw;Ftpilaspf;fTk;.
m. ngUk;ghyhd kf;fis jhf;fpa Neha;fs; ahit?
ngUk;ghyhd kf;fis jhf;fpa Neha;fs; nlq;F fha;r;ry; kw;Wk; rpf;Fd; Fd;ah MFk;. Rkhu; 50% kf;fs; ,t;tpU Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
M. vt;thW ,e;j Neha;fs; guTfpd;wd?
,t;tpU Neha;fSk; nfhRf;fs; kdpjid fbg;ghd; %yk; guTfpwJ. nlq;Ffha;r;ry; kw;Wk; rpf;Fd; Fd;ahthy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpjid fbj;j nfhRf;fs Neha;jhf;fg;glhjtu;fis fbf;Fk; NghJ ,e;j Neha; guTfpwJ.
,. kw;w ,U Neha;fis fl;LgLj;Jk; VNjDk; %d;W Kiwfis vOJf.
fhyuhit fl;LgLj;Jjy;:1. khR mile;j ePiu Fbf;ff; $lhJPA
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2. nfhjpf;f itj;J ePiu Fbg;gJ ey;yJ.3. fhyuhtpw;F jLg;g+rp NghLtjd; %yk; fl;LgLj;jyhk;.4. kdpj kw;Wk; tpyq;F fopTfs; fye;j ePiu gUff;$lhJ.5. nghJ kf;fSf;F fhyuh gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
vypf; fha;r;riyf; fl;LgLj;Jjy;:1. Neha; gug;gpahd vypfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;.2. jpl fopTfis Kiwahf ifahSjy;.3. ,dg; ngUf;f ,lq;fisf; Fiwj;jy;.4. nghJ kf;fSf;F tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
7. khwpAs;s jpUk;gg; ngw ,aYk; kw;Wk; jpUk;gg; ngw ,ayhj tsq;fis rupahf nghUj;Jf.
tsq;fs; A B C jpU ;gg;ngWk; k;tsq;fs;
#upa xsp Mw;wy;
fhw;W i`l;u[d;
jpUk;g ngw ,ayhj tsq;fs;
fup ,aw;if thA ngl;Nuhypak;
8. nghUe;jhjij ePf;Ff:
m. capup My;f ̀hy;> gr;ir Bry;> capup <ju;> ngl;Nuhypak;M. fhyuh> ilgha;L> nrhwp rpuq;F> rPjNgjp
nghUe;jhjJ: m. capup <ju; M. nrhwp rpuq;F
9. jpUk;g ngw ,ayhj tsk; vd;gJ xU ,aw;if tsk; ,jid kdpj Efu;tpd;Ntfj;ij tpl kpf Ntfkhf ,aw;if epfo;tpdhy; khw;wyhk;.
Nkw;fz;l $w;iw gbj;J jtwhdjh my;yJ rupahdjh vd;gij cWjp nra;.jtwhf ,Ue;jhy; rupahd $w;wpidf; $W.
Nkw;fz;l $w;W jtW.
,aw;if tsq;fs; vd;gJ GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f tsq;fs; ,t;tsk; ,aw;if Kiwfspy; kdpjd; EfUk; Ntfj;ij tpl GJg;gpf;f jf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
10. Mw;wy; Nrkpf;f cjTk; rhjdq;fis fPo;fz;ltw;wpypUe;J Nju;;e;njLf;fTk;.
1.xspUk; gy;Gfs; 2.jhkpu kpd; ml;il 3.#upa ePu; #Nlw;wp 4.kpd; ePu;; #Nlw;wp5.lq;];ld; tpsf;Ffs; 6. kpd;dZ kpd; ml;il.
tpil: 1. xspUk; gy;Gfs; 2. #upa ePu; #Nlw;wp 3. kpd;dZ kpd; ml;il.
11. i`l;u[d; xU ey;;y khw;W vupnghUs; Vd; fhuzk; $W.
(m) ngl;Nuhypag; nghUs;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ntg;g Mw;wiy tpl i`l;u[d;%yk; fpilf;fpwJ.PA
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(M) mjpf msT vspjhf cUthf;fyhk;.
(,) kpd; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhypa vup nghUisf;fhl;bYk; nghUshjhuePjpahfTk; khRglhj #o;epiyiaAk; cUthf;FfpwJ.
12. ePiu mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Neha;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it rupahfnghUj;jTk;.
ePu; mbg;gil Neha;fs; A B C 1 ePupdhy; gutf;$ba Neha;fs; fhyuh ghu;itFiwghL cz;zp Neha;fs;
2 ePu; njhlu;Gila Neha;fs; nrhwp rpuq;F Ngd; tapw;Wg;Nghf;F
3 ePiu Kiwahf gad;gLj;jhik J}f;f tpahjp ilgha;L nlq;F
1. fhyuh> ilgha;L> tapw;Wg;Nghf;F2. J}f;ftpahjp> ghu;it FiwghL> nlq;F3. nrhwp rpuq;F> Ngd;> cz;zp Neha;fs;.
ghlk;:9 fiury;fs; gphpT - m
1. xU cz;ikf;fiury; vd;gJ fiunghUs; fiug;ghdhy; Md xUgbj;jhdf;fiury;.rhf;gP];Jfs;fs; jz;zPhpy; fye;j fiury; gygbj;jhd fiuryhFk;.,J cz;ikf;fiuryh?
tpil: ,y;iy.
2. “ePiuf;fiug;ghdhff; nfhz;l fiury; ePh;j;jf;fiury; MFk;.” fhh;gd;il-ry;igilf;fiug;ghdhff; nfhz;l fiury;....................................MFk;.
(ePh;j;jf;fiury;/ePhpypf;fiury;)
3. “cg;gpd; fiujpwd; 100fpuhk; jz;zPhpy; 36fpuhk; MFk;”. 20fpuhk; cg;G ePhpy;fiuf;fgh;gl;lhy; njtpl;baepiyia mila ,d;Dk; vj;jid fpuhk; cg;GNjitg;gLk;?
tpil: 16 fpuhk;
4. ,uz;L jputq;fs; xd;wpnyhd;W fiuAkhdhy; mj;jputq;fs;.....................vdg;gLk;.
(,uz;lwf;fyg;git/,uz;lwf;fythjit)
5. #hpa xsp cd;tFg;gpd; [d;dy; topahf tUk;NghJ mjd; ghij njhptjd;fhuzk; xspapd;..........................
(gpujpgypg;ghy;/rpjwyhy ;)6. xU fiurypd; Jfs;fs; kP Ez;Nzhf;fp topNa njhptjdhy; mf;fiury;....... vdg;gLk;.
(cz;ikf;fiury;/$o;kf;fiury ;)PADA
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7. ,Ukbf;fiurypy; cs;s cWg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if................................
(xd;W/,uz;L)
8. Mo;fly; Kj;Jf;Fspg;gth;fs; Rthrpf;fg;gad;gLj;Jk; thAf;fyit
( P̀ ypak;-Mf;]p[d;/Mf;]p[d;-iel;u[d;)
9. Gtpapd; kzw;gug;G xU Fwpg;gpl;l mstpw;F Nky; iel;u[id jd;Dsnfhs;sKbahj epiy ................... vdg;gLk;.
(njtpl;baepiy / njtpl;lhjepiy)gph pT:M
1.Ntjpg;nghUs; fiujpwd;(25c ntg;gepiy)
Nacl 36fp
NaBr 95fp
NaI 184fp
Nkw;fz;l ml;ltizapypUe;J ePtph; czUk; cz;ikfis vOJf.
1. fiunghUspd; jd;ik fiujpwidg; ghjpf;fpwJ.2. Jfs;fspd; cUtsT fiujpwdpy; Kf;fpag;gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.3. Ntjpg;nghUs; Jfs;fSf;fpilNaahd fth;r;rptpir fiujpwDld;njhlh;GilaJ.
2. njtpl;ba fiurYf;Fk; njtpl;lhj fiurYf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfisfPo;f;nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fwpg;Gfs; %yk; vOJf.
m.16fpNacl100fp ePhpy; M.36fpNacl100fpePhpy;(Fwpg;G: Nacl-d;fiujpwd; 36fp) njtpl;ba fiury; njtpl;lhjf;fiury;
1. 36fp Nacl 100fpePhpy; 16fp Nacl 100fpePhpy;
2. fiujpwDf;Fr;rkkhd
fiunghUisf;nfhz;l epiyahd
fiury;
Fiwe;jmsT fiunghUisf;nfhz;l
fiury;
3. NkYk;fiug;nghUisf;
fiuf;f,ayhJ
njtpl;Lk;epiymilAk;tiu
NkYk;fiug;nghUisf; fiuf;fyhk;.
4. NkYk;fiug;nghUisf;fiuj;jhy;
mj;njtpl;ba epiyia milAk;.
njtpl;ba epiyia mila NkYk;
20fp Naclia fiuf;fyhk;.
3.cz;ikf;fiury; $o;kf;fiury; kw;Wk; njhq;fy;fspd; gz;Gfis xg;gpLf.PADA
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cz;ikf;fiury; $o;kf;fiury; njhq;fy;
1. Jfs;cUtsT1A-10A 10A-1000A 1000Af;FNky;
2. xspGFk;jd;ikf;
nfhz;lJ.
gFjpasT
xspGFk;jd;ikf;nfhz;lJ.
xspGfh
jd;ikf;nfhz;lJ
3. Ez;Nzhf;fp%yKk;
fhz,ayhJ.
Ez;Nzhf;fpahy; kl;Lk;
fhz,aYk;.
ntWk;fz;zhy;
fhz,aYk;.
4 xUgbj;jhdit gy gbj;jhdit gy gbj;jhdit
5 vspjpy;guTk;. nkJthf guTk; guTk;jd;ikmw;wJ
6 Xspr;rpjwy; epfohJ Xspr;rpjwy; epfOk; Xspr;rpjwy; epfohJ
4. rh;f;fiuia ePhpy; fiuj;J njtpl;ba fiuriy cUthf;fpa gpd; Nkw;nfhz;L.rh;f;fiuiaf; fiuf;fKbAkh?cd; vz;zj;ij jUf.
1. njtpl;barh;f;fiuf; fiurYld; NkYk; rh;f;fiuiar;Nrh;j;jhy; fiuahj rh;f;fiumbapy; jq;FfpwJ.
2. mjhtJ xU njtpl;bafiurYld; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; fiunghUs; fiufpwJ.Mdhy;mjw;F rkkhd fiunghUs; fiurypypUe;J ntspNawp mbapy; jq;FfpwJ.
5. 20fp rikay; cg;ig 50fp ePhpy; fiuj;jpUe;jhy; mf;fiury; nrwptpd; rjtPjepiwiaf; fzf;fpLf.
fiunghUspd;epiw
fiury; nrwptpd; rjtPj epiw:................................................................................................X100 fiunghUspd;epiwXfiug;ghdpd;epiw
= 20x100 20+50 = 28.57%
10 . mZf;fSk; %yf;$WfSk;1. fPo;fz;l cjhuzq;fspypUe;J INrhNlhg;> INrhghu;fis milahsk; fhz;f.
m. 4018 Ar > 35
17 Cl > 4020 Ca > 37
17 Cl
INrhNlhg;: 3517 Cl > 37
17 Cl
INrhghu; : 4018 Ar , 40
20 CaPADA
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2. iel;u[dpd; %yf;$W epiw 28> mjd; mZepiw 14> iel;u[dpd; mZf;fl;Lvz;izf;fhz;f.
%yf;$W epiw
mZf;fl;L vz; ;=..............................................mZ epiw28
= ....... 14
mZf;fl;L vz; = 23. Mf;]p[dpd; fpuhk; %yf;$W epiw 32fp mjd; mlu;j;jp 1.429fp f.nr.kP mf;]p[dpd;
fpuhk; %yf;$W gUkid fz;lwpf.
fpuhk; Nkhyhu; epiwfpuhk; Nkhyhu; gUkd;:= .................................................................
thAtpd; mlu;j;jp STP apy; 32
= ................. 1.429
Mf;]p[dpd; fpuhk; %yf;$W gUkd; = 22.4 ypl;lu;4. Cl vd;gJ FNshupd; mZitAk; Cl2 vd;gJ Fnshupd; %yf;$iwAk; Fwpg;git
vdpy; mZf;fSf;Fk;> %yf;$WfSf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfis ml;ltizapLf.
mZ %yf;$W 1 Ntjptpidapy; <LgLk; xU
jdpkj;jpd; kpfr;rpwpa Jfs; XU jdpkk; my;yJ Nru;kj;jpd; kpfr;rpwa Jfs;
2. gpizg;Gwhj;Jfs; gpizg;Gw;w Jfs; 3 jdpj;Njh> Nru;e;Njh fhzg;gLk; jdpj;J fhzg;gLk;
5. i`l;uh[dpd; mZepiw 1fpuhk; Mf;]p[d; mZepiw 16 fpuhk; vdpy; ePu;pd; fpuhk;%yf;$W epiwiaf; fhz;f.
ePupd; %yf;$W tha;g;ghL H2OePupd; fpuhk; %yf;$W epiw 2(H) + 1(O)
= 2(1) + 1(16)= 2 + 16= 18fpuhk;.
6. xU Nkhy; msTs;s ve;j Ntjpg;nghUSk; 6.023 X1023 Jfs;fisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;3.0115 X 1023 Jfs;fis nfhz;l CO
2 tpd; Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia
fzf;fpLf
mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if =................................................................mNthnfl;Nuh vz;PADA
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3.0115X1023=.......................................
6.023X10230.5 Nkhy;fs;
7. 27.95fpuhk; epiwAs;s ,Uk;gpd; Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia fzf;fpLf.
nghUspd; epiwNkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if = ......................................
mZepiw 27.95
= ..............55.9
= 0.5 Nkhy;8. 1.51 X 1023 %yf;$Wfisf; nfhz;l CO2 tpd; Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia fhz;f.
%yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;ifNkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if = .....................................................................................
6.023X10231.51 X 1023
=.........................................6.023 X 1023
= 0.25 Nkhy;
ghlk; - 11Ntjptpidfs;
1. Zn + 2HCI ZnCl2 + H2 Nkw;$hpa tpid ve;j tif tpidiar; rhh;e;jJ?m) $Lif tpid M) ,ul;;il ,lg;ngah;r;rp tpid ,) ,lg;ngah;r;rpt pi d <) rpijTWjy; tpid.
2. nrk;gOg;G epwKs;s X vd;w jdpkj;ijf; fhw;Wld; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ Y vd;wfUg;Gepw Nrh;kj;ijj; jUfpwJ. X kw;Wk; Y vd;gJ............ (CU, CuO / Pb, PbO)
3. xU khztd; pH jhisf; nfhz;L J}a ePhpd; pHI Nrhjpj;jhd;> pH jhs; gr;irepwj;ijf; fhl;baJ. vYkpr;ir gor;rhiw ePhpDs; tpl;lgpd; fhfpjk;................ epwkhfkhwpaJ. (gr;ir / rptg;G / kQ;rs;)
4. Ntjp vhpkiy vd;gJ.......................................($Lif / rpijTWjy; tpid)5. nyl; iel;Nul; gbfq;fis mjpf msT ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; nghOJ mJ NO2
thAitf; nfhLf;fpwJ kw;Wk; me;j thAtpd; epwk; ........................... (nrk;gOg;G).
6. rpy;th; iel;Nul; kw;Wk; Nrhbak; FNshiuL ePh;f;fiur;ry;fisf; fyf;Fk; NghJ...................................... tPo;gbT cldbahff; fpilf;fpwJ. (nts;is / kQ;rs;)
7. mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl; fiurypYs;s mYkpdpa cNyhfj;ij Jj;jehfk; ,lg;ngah;r;rpPADA
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nra;fpwJ. (Jj;jehfk; mYkpdpaj;ij tpl tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fJ mYkpdpak;Jj;jehfj;ijtpl tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fJ)
8. gw;rpijitj; jLf;f ehk; jpdKk; gy; Jyf;f Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf gad;gLj;jg;gLk;gw;gir fhuj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
9. mrpl;bf; mkpyj;jpy; tpdpfh; cs;sJ. japhpy; cs;s mkpyk;..................................................(yhf;bf; mkpyk; / lhh;lhhpf; mkpyk;)
10. pH = log10 [H+] xU fiurypd; i` l;uh[d; madpr; nrwpT 0.0019 vdpy; mjd; pHkjpg;G..................................(3/11/14)
II.1. (i) Rz;zhk;Gf; fy;iyr; #LgLj;Jk; NghJ(ii) nkf;dPrpaehlhitf; fhw;wpy; vhpf;Fk; NghJ ve;j tifahd Ntjptpidfs; epfOk;?(i) rpijTWjy; tpid (CaCo3 CaO+ CO2)(ii) Mf;]p[Ndw;w tpid (mg + O2 2mgO)
2. ed;F njhpe;j rpy nghUs;fspd; pH kjpg;G fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nghUs; pH kjpg;G ,uj;jk; 7.4 rikay; Nrhlh 8.2 tpdpfh; 2.5 tPl;L cgNahf mk;Nkhdpah
12
ml;ltizia gFg;gha;T nra;J fPNo cs;s Nfs;tpfSf;F tpilaspf;fTk;.
(m) ve;jg; nghUl;fs; mkpyj; jd;ikAilait? tpdpfh;(M) ve;j nghUl;fs; fhuj;jd;ik cilait?
,uj;jk;. rikay; Nrhlh> tPl;L cgNahf mk;Nkhdpah
3. ,Uk;G Mzpia jhkpu ry;Ngl; fiurypDs; itf;Fk;NghJ jhkpu ry;Ngl; Vd;epwk; khWfpwJ. Cd; gjpYf;fhd tpsf;fj;ijj; juTk;.
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu ,t;tpidapy; ,Uk;G> fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;bYs;s fhg;giu ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;fpwJ. fhuzk;: Fe, Cu ia tpl tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fJ.
4. xU fiurypd; i ̀l;uhf;]py; madpapd; nrwpT 1 x 10-8 M vdpy; mjd; pH kjpg;Gvd;d?
pOH=-log10[OH-] = -log10(1x10-8) =8
pH+pOH=14pH=14-8=6
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5. rk ePsKs;s nkf;dPrpa ehlhitr; Nrhjidf; Foha; A kw;Wk; B apy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;. Nrhjidf; Foha; A y; i ̀l;NuhFNshhpf; mkpyj;ijAk;> Nrhjidf;Foha;By; mrpl;bf; mkpyj;ijAk; Nrh;f;fTk;. ,uz;L mkpyq;fspd; msTk; nrwpTk;rkkhf cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; ve;j Nrhjidf; Fohapy; tpid mjpf tPhpaj;Jld;eilngWfpwJ? Vd;?
• Nrhjidf; Foha; (A)y; tpid mjpf tPhpaj;Jld; eilngWk;.
• fhuzk; : HCl - typik kpF mkpyk;: tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fJ.
CH3COOH – typik Fiwe;j mkpyk;: tpidj;jpwd; FiwT
6. FSf;Nfhi] ehtpy; itf;Fk;NghJ rpy;nyd;w czh;T cz;lhff; fhuzk;...................
(ntg;gk; nfhs;tpid / ntg;gk; ckpo;tpid)
7. ek; clypd; tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf mkpyk;m) i ̀l;NuhFNshhpf; mkpyk; M) fe;jf mkpyk;,) mrpl;bf; mkpyk; <) ghh;kpf; mkpyk;
8. cNyhfq;fs; ePh;j;j mkpyq;fSld; tpidGhpAk;NghJ ntspg;gLk; thA.m) C12 M) SO2 ,) NO
2<) H2
9. nts;spf;nfhYrpd; epwk; kq;Ftjw;fhd fhuzk; Vd;?
nts;spAk; fhw;wpYs;s i ̀l;u[d; ry;igLk; tpidGhpe;J rpy;th;ry;igL (Ag2S) cUthtJ.
10. mkpyk;> fhuk; NtWgLj;Jf.
t. vz; mkpyk; fhuk;
1. Gspg;G Ritailtd frg;G Ritailad 2. ePhpy; H+ madpfs; khw;Wgit ePhpy; OH- madpfs; jUgit 3. ePy ypl;kir rptg;ghf khw;Wgit rptg;G ypl;kir ePykhf khw;Wgit
4. gpdhg;jyPDld; epwkw;wJ gpdhg;jyPDld; ,s;Qrptg;G
epwKilaJ
5. nkj;jpy; MuQ;Rld; rptg;G epwKilaJ
nkj;jpy; MuQ;Rld; kQ;rs; epwKilaJ
6. pH kjpg;G 7ia tplf; FiwT pH kjpg;G 7ia tpl mjpfk;
fzf;Ffs; :
11. xU fiurypd; i ̀l;u[d; madpfs; nrwpT 0.001 M vdpy; mf;fiurypd; pHkjpg;igf; fz;Lgpbf;fTk;.
pH = -log10 [H+]
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= -log10(0.001) = -log10 (10-3)= -(-3)log10
10 = 3 pH=312. xU fiurypd; i ̀l;uhf;i]L madpapd; nrwpT 1x10-5M fiurypd; pH kjpg;igf;
fz;Lgpb.
pH = -log10 [OH-]= —log10(10-5) = -(-5)
pOH = 5pH + pOH = 14pH = 14 – pOH
= 14-5=9 pH=9
ghlk;-12 jdpkq;fspd; Mth;j;jd tifg;ghL1. etPd jdpk thpir ml;ltizapy; njhlh;fSk;> njhFjpfSk; cs;sd. thpirfSk;.njhFjpfSk; KiwNa
1. fpilkl;lj; njhlh;fs;> nrq;Fj;J thpirfs; (njhFjpfs ;)2. nrq;Fj;J thpirfs; (njhFjpfs;)> fpilkl;lj; njhlh;fs;.
2. %d;whtJthpirapy; 8 jdpkq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; vj;jid mNyhfq;fs; cs;sd?6(B, C, N, O, F, Ne)
3. midj;Jf; fhpkr;Nrh;kq;fSf;Fk; mbg;gilahd jdpkk;......................njhFjpapy; cs;sJ.
1. 14tJ njhFjpapy;2. 15tJ njhFjpapy;
4. jhJtpypUe;J cNyhfkhdJ yhgfukhd Kiwapy; gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ.mYkpdpakhdJ ghf;i]l;bypUe;J gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J..........................vdmiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
1. jhJ / jdpkk;5. jq;fk; vd;w jdpkk; Nrh;kkhff; fpilg;gJ ,y;iy. ,J fhw;W my;yJ ePUld;
tpidGhpe;J ,y;iy. ,J..............................epiyapy; cs;sJ.
1.jdpj;j epiy / Nrh;e;j epiy6. cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; : fhg;gh; ghj;jpuq;fisj; J}a;ikg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy vdpy; gr;ir
epw gbkk; Njhd;WfpwJ. fhuzk; : ,e;jg; gbkj;jpw;fhd fhuzk; fhu jhkpufhh;gNdl;
tpil: 1. cWjpg;ggLj;Jjy;> fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rhp2.cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; rhp> fhuzk; rhpay;y
7. ry;̀ igL jhJit mlh;g;gpf;fg; gad;gLk; Kiw..............................1. Eiu kpjg;G Kiw / Gtp <h;g;G Kiw
8. ,Uk;G cNyhfg;gug;gpd; kPJ cNyhfj;ijg; G+Rtjhy; Jug;gpbj;jypy; ,Ue;JPADA
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jLf;fyhk;. ,e;j ,Uk;gpd; kPJ Jj;jehfj; Jfis nky;ypajhfg; G+rpdhy;mjw;F..... ....vd;W ngah;.
1. Jj;jehf Kyhk; G+Rjy; 2. tz;zg;G+r;R mbj;jy; 3. vjph;Kid ghJfhj;jy;
9. ve;j cNyhfk; ghjurj;Jld; Nrh;e;jhYk; mjw;F ,urf;fyit vd;W ngah;.gw;Fopfis milf;fg; gad;gLk; ,urf; fyit................................
1. Ag, Sn, ,urf;fyit 2. Cu, Sn, ,urf;fyit10. cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; : njh;ikl; gw;w itg;ghdpy; mYkpdaj;Jld; Fe2O3 gad;gLfpwJ.
fhuzk; : mYkpdpaj;J}s; xU typikahd xLf;Fk; fhuzp.
fhuzk; : cWjpg;gLj;Jjiy tpsf;Fk; tifapy; rhpahf cs;sjh?Mk; vnddpy;> mYkpdpak; Fe2O3 ia Fe
ahf xLf;FfpwJ.
Fe2O3 + 2Al 2Fe + Al2O3
gFjp-M
1. ,Uk;G JUg;gpbg;gJ thiy tbePhpy; elf;Fkh? cd; gjpYf;fhd fhuzk; $Wf.
elf;Fk; Vnddpy;> ,e;epfo;Tf;F ePh ;> Mf;]p[d;> rpy Ntisfspy; CO2kl;LNkNghJkhdJ.
2. mYkpdpa Mf;i]il fhp nfhz;L xLf;Fk; Kiwapy; mYkpdpa cNyhfj;ijVd; ngw KbahJ?
• mYkpdpak; xU rpwe;j Mf;]p[ndhLf;fp• fhh;gid (fhp) tpl mYkpdpak; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fJ.
3. ,Uk;G> mlh; HCl kw;Wk; mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpidGhpfpwJ. Mdhy; mlh; HNO3
cld; tpidGhptJ ,y;iy. rhpahd fhuzj;Jld; cd; tpilia vOJf.
• mlh; HNO3 cld; tpidGhpAk; NghJ ,Uk;G Mf;i]L glyk; cUthtjhy;• ,Uk;G jd; tpidj;jpwid ,of;fpwJ.
4. mYkpdpa cNyhff; fyit> thD}h;jpapd; ghfq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; $wTk;.
• mYkpdpa cNyhff; fyit ,NyrhdJ.• typikahdJ.• mhpg;igj; jLg;gJ.
5. X vd;w nts;sp Nghd;w ntz;ik epw cNyhfk; Mf;]p[Dld; Nrh;e;J Y iaj;jUfpwJ. ,Nj Y vd;w Nrh;kkhdJ X ePuhtpAld; tpidGhpAk; NghJ i`l;u[idntspapl;L fpilf;fpwJ. X kw;Wk Y iaf; fz;Lgpb.
(X) : mYkpdpak; 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3(Y) : mYkpdh 2Al + 3H2O Al2O3 + 3H2
6. mYkpdpak;> ghf;i]l; jhJtpypUe;J gphpj;njLf;fg;glf; fhuzk; $Wf.• ,J yhgfukhdJ kw;Wk; vspa KiwPA
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7. tpkhdf; fl;likg;gpy; ba+uYkpd; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjd; Nehf;fk; vd;d?• ba+uYkpd; ,NyrhdJ • typikahdJ • mhpg;igj; jLg;gJ
8. nrQ;#l;L epiyapy; mYkpdpak; ePuhtpAld; tpidGhpAk; NghJ ntspg;gLk; thA......(Mf;]p[d; / i` l;u[d;)
9. fdpkk;> jhJ NtWgLj;Jf.
fdpkk; jhJ cNyhfj;jpd; rjtPjk; FiwT cNyhfj;jpd; rjtPjk; mjpfk; cNyhfj;ij vspjhfg; gphpf;f ,ayhJ cNyhfj;ij vspjhfg; gphpf;f ,aYk; vy;yh fdpkq;fSk; jhJf;fsy;; (c.k;) fspkz; vy;yh jhJf;fSk; fdpkq;fNs (c.k;) ghf;i]l;
ghlk; : 13 fhh;gDk; mjd; Nrh;kq;fSk;gFjp-m
1. cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;: fhpkr; Nrh;kq;fspy; cs;s gpizg;Gfs; rfg; gpizg;Gj;jd;ik cilait.
fhuzk; : rfg;gpizg;ghdJ mZtpy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; gq;fplg;gLtjhy;cz;lhfpwJ. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhuzk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F NghJkhdjhf cs;sjh?
t pil : Mk;.. NghJkhdJ cs;sJ. Vnddpy; mZf;fSf;fpilNavyf;l;uhd;fs; rkkhf gfph;e;J nfhs;sg;gLtjhy; rfg;gpizg;G Njhd;WfpwJ.NkYk; fhh;gd; ehd;F gpizg;ig VW;gLj;Jk; jdpj;jd;ikiag; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.
2 . cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;: ituk; vd;gJ fhh;gdpd; fbdkhd GwNtw;Wik tbtk; MFk;.
fhuzk; : ituj;jpYs;s fhh;gd; ehd;Kfp tbtk; MFk;. tbtk; cilaJ.nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s cWjpg;gLj;JjYf;F fhuzk; rhpahf cs;sjh?
tpil : ,y;iy. ituj;jpYs;s xt;nthU fhh;gd; mZTk; kw;w ehd;Ffhh;gd; mZf;fSld; gpizg;gw;W> fbd Kg;ghpkhd mikg;ig cUthf;FfpwJ.NkYk; ituj;jpd; gbf $l;likg;gpy; FWf;Fg; gpizg;G %yf;$WfSf;fpilapy;epyTtjhy; ituk; kpfTk; fbdj;jdikiag; ngWfpwJ.
3 . cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; : Ra rfg;gpizg;gpd; fhuzkhf kpf mjpf msT fhh;gd;Nrh;kq;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
fhuzk; : fhu;gd; Nrh;kq;fs; GwNtw;Wik tbtj;jpd; gz;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sd.,e;jf; fhuzk; cWjpg;gLj;JjYf;Fg; NghJkhdjhf cs;sjh?
tpil: Mk;.. fhh;gd; mZtpd; Ra rfg;gpizg;Gj; jd;ikapd; fhuzkhfvz;zw;w fhh;gd; Nrh;kq;fs; cUthfpd;wd. ,g;gz;gpd; mbg;gilapy; GwNtw;Wiktbtq;fisAk; fhh;gd; Nrh;kq;fs; cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. ,t;tbtq;fs; midj;Jk;tbtj;jpdhy; NtWg;gl;lhYk; xNu khjphpahd Ntjpg; gz;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
4. gf;kpdp];lh; Gy;yhhpd;................................d; GwNtw;Wik tbtk;.PADA
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(iel;u[d;> fhh;gd;> ry;/gh;)
5. fpuhigl; mNyhfkhf ,Ue;jhYk; kpd;rhuj;ijf; flj;JfpwJ. ,J...................d; fhuzkhfflj;JfpwJ.
(jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd;fs;> gpizg;G vyf;l;uhd;fs;)
6. kPj;Njdpd; tha;g;ghL CH4 .
mjidj; njhlUk; mLj;j C2H6 <j;Njd;. ,it,uz;bw;FKs;s nghJthd NtWghL.......................................... (CH2/C2H2)7. my;ifd; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s Kjy; Nrh;kj;jpd; IUPAC ngah;.........(<j;jPd; / <j;ijd ;)8. fPl;Nlhd; njhFjp kw;Wk; My;lbi`L njhFjpapy; ve;j tpidnrhy; njhFjp,Wjpapy; cs;sJ>?
-CHO vd;w My;bi`L tpidnray; njhFjpNa fhpaZj; njhlhpd;,Wjpapy; cs;sJ.
9. Nrhjidf; Fohapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;ss X vd;w jplg;nghUis mrpl;bf; mkpyj;Jld;Nrh;j;J #LgLj;Jk; NghJ Y vd;w epwkw;w. kzkw;w thA ntsptUfpwJ. ,e;j thARz;zhk;G ePiu ghy; Nghy khw;WfpwJ. X kw;Wk; Y-If; fz;Lgpb. (ngah; my;yJtha;g;ghL)
X = Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; (Na2 CO3)Y = fhh;gd;il Mf;i]L (CO2).
10. cWjpg;gLj;Jjy ; : vj;jdhy; jd; ,ay;ig ,oj;jyhy; mJ Fbg;gjw;F Vw;wJmy;y.
fhuzk; : nkj;jdhy; Nrh;g;gjhy; vj;jdhy; Fbg;gjw;F Vw;wJ my;y. jd; ,ay;ig,of;fpwJ. Nkw;$wpa fhuzk; cWjpg;gLj;jYf;fhd rhpahd tpsf;fkh vd;gijrhpg;ghh;f;fTk;.
tpil : Mk;. 95% vj;jdhYld; 5% nkj;jdhiyr; Nrh;ggjhy; jd;,ay;ig ,of;fpwJ. nkj;jdhy; rpwpjsT gUfpdhYk; kuzk; Vw;gLk;. nkj;jdhy;fy;yPuypy ; Mf;]p[Ndw;w kile ;J /ghh ;khy ;bi`lhf khWk ;> ,JGnuhl;Nlhgpshrj;ij ciwaitj;JtpLk; vj;jdhYld; nkj;jdhiyf; fyg;gjhy;vj;jdhy; ,ay;gpof;Fk;.
11. my;Nfdpd; nghJ %yf;$W tha;g;ghL.............................................m) CnH2n +2 M) CnH2n
12. vj;jdhypd; khw;WU...............................................m) mrpl;bf; mkpyk;> M)ilnkj;jpy; <jh;> ,)ilvj;jpy; <jh;> <)
ghh;khy;bi`L
13. ngl;Nuhy; kw;Wk; vj;jdhy; fye;j fyitapd; ngah;....................................,ay;Gjd;ik ,oe;j My;f`hy; / Mw;wy; My;f`hy;
14. fpuh/igl;bd; kpUJthd jd;ikf;Ff; fhuzkhd tpir vJ?
thz;lh;thy;]; tpirPADA
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gFjp-M
1. C4H10 vd;w %yf;$W tha;g;ghL nfhz;l midj;J khw;wpaq;fisAk; vOjp
mjw;Fhpa IUPAC ngahpLf.1. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
n- gpA+l;Nld; (nghJg;nghah;)gpA+l;Nld; (IUPAC) ngah;
2. CH3 CH-CH3CH3
INrhgpA+l;Nld; (nghJg; ngah;)2-nkj;jpy; GNuhg;Ngd; (IUPAC) ngah;
2. ituk; fhh;gdpd; GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fSs; xd;whFk;. mjd; fbdj;jd;ikf;fhdfhuzj;ijf; $Wf.
ituj;jpYs;s xt;nthU fhh;gd; mZTk; kw;w ehd;F fhh;gd; mZf;fSld;gpizg;gw;W fbd Kg;ghpkhz mikg;ig cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. NkYk; ,jd;gbff ; fl ;likg ;g py ; tYthd FWf ;Fg ;g pizg ;Gk ; fhzg ;gLf pwJ.,f;fhuzq;fshy; ituk; kpfTk; fbdkhdjhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3. CWfha; gjg;gLj;jYf;Fg; gad;gLk; A vd;w fhpkr Nrh;kj;jpd; %yf;$W tha;g;ghLC2H4O2 ,r;Nrh;kk; vj;jdhYld; tpidGhpe;J ,dpa kzKila Nrh;kk; B Ij;jUfpwJ.
m. Nrh;kk; A kw;Wk; BIf; fz;Lgpb.M. ,k;Kiwapd; nganuOjp> mjd; Ntjpr; rkd;ghl;il vOJf.
tpil:
m. C2H4O2 – vd;gJ mrpl;bf; mkpyk; (A) CH3COOHmrpl;bf; mkpyk; vj;jdhYld; tpidGhpe;J ,dpa kzKila vj;jpy;mrpl;Nll; vd;w Nrh;kj;ijj; jUfpwJ.
CH3COOH + C2H2OH----CH3COOC2H5+H2Ovj;jpy; mrpl;Nll; v];lh;
CH3COOC2H5 = vj;jpy; mrpl;Nll; v];lh; (B)m. Nrh;kk; A = CH3COOH mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
Nrh;kk; B = CH3COOC2H5 vj;jpy; mrpl;Nll; v];lh;
M. ,k;Kiw v];luhjy; tpid vdg;gLk;.rkd;ghL mlh; H2SO4CH3COOH + C2H5OH ----------------- CH3COOC2H5+H20
4. C2H60 vd;w %yf;$W tha;g;ghLila A vd;w fhpkr; Nrh;kk; fhuk; fye;j KMnO4
Kd;dpiyapy; Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; mile;J mNj fhh;gd; vz;zpf;ifiaAila Bvd;w mkpyj;ijj; jUfpwJ. Nrhkk; A MdJ kUj;Jtkidfspy; fhaq;fisf;Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ. Nrh;kk; A kw;Wk; B iaf; fz;Lgpb. A ia B- Mfkhw;Wk; Ntjpr; rkd;ghl;il jUf.PA
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tpil : C2H6O vd;w %yf;$W tha;g;ghL nfhz;l fhpkr; Nrh;kk; C2H5OHvj;jdhy; A = vj;jdhy; (C2H5OH)
fhuk; fye;j KMnO4
C2H5OH CH3COOHB = mrpl;bf; mkpyk; (CH3COOH)Nrh;kk; A = vj;jdhy; C2H5OHNrh;kk; B = mrpl;bf; mkpyk; CH3COOH
fhuk;fye;j KMnO4C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH Mf;]p[Ndw;wk;
5. GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
xj;j Ntjpg;gz;Gk; NtWg;gl;l ,aw;gpay; gz;GfisAk; nfhz;l xUjdpkj;jpd; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Njhw;wq;fNs GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh) ituk;> fpuh/igl; Mfpait fhh;gdpd; GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fshFk;.
6. tpid nray; njhFjp vd;gJ ahJ?
xU Nrh;kj;jpd; rpwg;Gg; gz;GfSf;Ff; fhuzkhd Xh; mZ my;yJmZf;fslq;fpa njhFjpNa mr;Nrh ;kj;jpd; tpidnray; njhFjpahFk;.xU fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpd; Ntjpg;ggz;Gfs; midj;Jk; tpidnray; njhFjpahy;eph ;zapf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(v.fh) My;f`hy - OHMy;bi`L - CHOfPl;Nlhd; - COfhh;ghf;]pypf; mkpyk; - COOH
7. khw;wpak; vd;why; vd;d?
xNu %yf;$W tha;g;ghLk;> ntt;NtW fl;likg;Gk;> ntt;NtW gz;GfSk;nfhz;l ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw ;gl ;l Nrhkq;fNs khw;w pamikg;GfshFk;.
(v.f.) C2H6O vd;w %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l vj;jdhYk;> ilnkj;jpy;<jiuAk; cUthf;fyhk;.
vj;jdhy; ilnkj;jpy; <jh;C2H5OH CH3-O-CH3 H H H H I I I IH-C—C-O-H H-C—C-O-H I I I I H H H H
8. nehjpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
xU fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpy; nkJthf Ntjptpid epfo;e;J rpwpa %yf;$Wfs;cUthtNj nehjpj;jy; vdg;gLk;.PA
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15. tpirAk; ,af;f tpjpfSk;I.1. xU nghUspd; KLf;fj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk;
m. rkd; nra;ag;gl;l tpirM. rkd; nra;ag;glhj tpir,. epiykpd; tpir
2. ce;j khWghl;L tPjj;jpw;Fr; rkkhd ,aw;gpay; msTm. ,lg;ngau;r;rp M. KLf;fk;,. tpir <. fzj;jhf;F tpir
3. Xa;T epiyapYs;s fdkhd nghUspd; ce;jk;.m. kpf mjpfk; M. kpff; FiwT,. Rop <. Kbtpyp
4. Gtpg;gug;gpy; 50 fp.fp epiwAs;s kdpjdpd; vilm. 50N M. 35N,. 380N <. 490 N
5. capup njhopy;El;g Crp kUe;Jfisf; Fspur; nra;Ak; Fspup njhopy; El;gmikg;Gfs;
m. `Pypak; M. iel;u[d;,. mk;Nkhdpah <. FNshupd;
Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf
6. epa+l;ld; Kjy; tpjpia —— vd;fpNwhk; (epiyk tpjp> ce;j moptpd;ik tpjp)
7. <u;g;gpay; khwpypapd; myF——————— (Nm2 kg-2 , Nmkg-2)8. nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; <u;g;gpay; tpirapd; msT ............(vil> epiw)9. re;jpuhad; 1.......................gazj;jpw;fhd xU fyd; MFk;. (nrt;tha;> epyT)10. Fspup njhopy; El;gj;jpy;> jput i`l;u[d; ngUkstpy; ............. vupnghUshfg;
gad;gLj;jgLfpwJ. (uhf;nfl;by ;> tpz;ntsp epiyaj;jpy;)
II. 1.fPo;fhZk; $w;Wfspy; xU nghUspd; epiwNahL njhlu;gpy;yhj $w;iw vOJf.m. ,J xU mbg;gil msTM. ,J ,aw;gpay; juhR nfhz;L msf;fg;gLfpwJ,. ,J tpy; juhR nfhz;L msf;fg;gLfpwJ
2. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf:
m. tpir = epiw X KLf;fk; vdpy; ce;jk; = epiw X jpir Ntfk;M. jput i`l;u[d; uhf;nfl;by; gad;gLfpwJ. vdpy; tYkpf;f fhe;jGyk; MRIglk; gbj;jypy; gad;gLfpwJ.
3. re;jpuhad; 1 jpl;lj;NjhL njhlu;Gila rpy epWtdq;fspd; ngau;fs; fPNonfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; rpy ngau;fs; mNjhL njhlu;gpy;yhjitnjhlu;gpy;yhj epWtdq;fspd; ngau;fisg; gl;baypLf.PA
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(,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Ma;T ikak;> ghgh mZ Muha;r;rp ikak;> ehfh tpz;ntspikak;> INuhg;gpa tpz;ntsp $l;likg;G epWtdk;> cyf Rfhjhu ikak;>vz;nza; vupthAf; fofk;)
tpil:ghgh mZ Muha;r;rp ikak;cyf Rfhjhu ikak;vz;nza; vupthAf; fofk;
4. fPo;fhZk; $w;Wfspy; jtWfs; VJkpUg;gpd; rup nra;f:m. xU epa+l;ld; tpir vd;gJ xU fpuhk; epiwAs;s nghUspy; 1 kP/tp KLf;fj;ijVw;gLj;Jk; tpirapd; msitf;Fwpf;Fk;xU epa+l;ld; tpir vd;gJ xU fpNyh fpuhk; epiwAs;s nghUspy; 1 kP/tp2KLf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; tpirapd; msitf;Fwpf;Fk;.
5. Fspup njhopy;El;gj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd gad; Fspup vupnghUs; MFk;. Fspup vupnghUs;vd;gjd; nghUis czu;j;Jf.Fspup;j; njhopy; El;gj;jpy; gad;gLk; vupnghUs; Fspu; vupnghUs; MFk;. jputiel;u[d;> jput ̀ Pypak; Nghd;wit gy Fspup gad;ghLfspy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
6. ,lQ;Ropj;jpUg;Gjpwid Neu;f;FwpapYk ; tyQ;Ropj;jpUg;Gjpwid vjpu;f;FwpapYk ;Fwpg;gpLtJ kuG.
7. 10fp.fp epiwAs;s nghUspd; kPJ xU khwhj tpir 4 tpdhbfSf;Fr; nray;gLfpwJ.nghUspd; jpirNtfk; 2 kP/tp ypUe;J 8 kP/tp Mf khWfpwJ vdpy; tpirapd;kjpg;igf; fhz;f.
m=10kgu=2m/sv=8m/st=4s
m(v-u)F = ———————
t = 10(8-2) ———— 4 = 10x 6 ——— 4 = 15N
8. xU nghUspd; epiw 5 fpNyhfpuhk; vdpy; Gtpapy; mjd; vil ahJ?m =5kgg= 9.8 m/svil = m x g= 5 x 9.8= 49NPADA
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ghlk;:16, kpd;Ndhl;ltpaYk;,Mw;wYk;1 . 20Xk;kpd;jilAs;s fk;gpapy; 0.2Akpd;Ndhl;lk; cUthf;fj; Njitg;gLk;
kpd;doj;jNtWghL
m. 100V M. 4V ,.0.01V <.40 V f2. ,U kpd;tpsf;Ffspd; kpd;jilfspd; tpfpjk; 1:2 mitnjhluhf xURw;wpy;
,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd vdpy; mit vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy;fspd; tpfpjk;
m. 1:2 M. 2:1 ,.1:4 <. 1:1
3. fpNyhthl;kzp vd;gJ...............d; myF MFk;.
m.kpd;dOj;jNtWghL M.kpd;jpwd; ,. kpd;dhw;wy; <. kpd;Dhl;lk;
4. xj;j epge;jidfspy...........gug;G kw;w gug;Gfistpl mjpf ntg;gj;ij cl;fth;fpwJ
m. ntz;ik M.nrhunrhug;ghd ,. fUik <. kQ;rs;
5. ,aw;if fjphpaf;fj;jdpkj;jpd; mZ vz;.................m. 82Itplmjpfk; M.82Itpl FiwT,.tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy <.Fiwe;jJ 92
6. kpd;Dhl;lj;jpd; SI myF.......................($Yk ;/Xk;)
7. kpd;Rw;wpy; mk;kPl;liu ..................y; kl;Lk; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.(gf;f ,izg;gpy; , njhlhpizg;gpy;)
8. ekJ ehl;by; tPl;L cgNahf nghUs;fSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd;msT........................
(220V, /310V),uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs; :
1. fPo;fhZk; $w;Wfspy; Xk;tpjpNahL njhlh;gpy;yhjtw;iw vOJf>m. kpd;Ndhl;lk; / kpd;dOj;jNtWghL;:khwpyp.M. kpd;dOj;jNtWghL/ kpd;Ndhl;lk;:khwpyp,. kpd;Ndhl;lk;: kpd;jilX kpd;dOj;jNtWghL
2. m. kpd;dOj;jNtWghL:Nthy;l;kPl;lh; vdpy; kpd;Ndhl;lk ;: mk;kPl;lh;M. ePh;kpd;epiyak;:kuGrhh;Mw;wy; vdpy; #hpa Mw;wy;: kuGrhuhMw;wy;
3. kuG rhuh Mw;wy; %yq;fspd; ngah;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.Mdhy; mtw;Ws; rpyjtW.jtwhdtw;iw gl;baypLf.
(fhw;W Mw;wy; #hpa Mw;wy; ePh;kpd;Mw;wy; mZf;fU Mw;wy; miy c; Gtpmdy;-Mw;wy;)
tpil: #hpa Mw;wy; mZf;fU Mw;wy;PADA
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4. fPo;fhZk; $w;Wfspy; cs;s jtWfis rhpnra;f.
(m).rpwe;j Mw;wy;%yk; vd;gJ Xh; myF epiwf;F Fiwe;j msT Ntiynra;af;$baJ.
(M) cgNahfpf;ff;$ba tbtpy; cs;s Mw;wiy kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ehk;gad;gLj;jyhk;.
tpil (m).rpwe;j Mw;wy; %yk; vd;gJ Xh; myF epiwf;F mjpfmsT Ntiynra;af;$baJ.
(M).cgNahfpf;ff;$ba tbtpy; cs;s Mw;wiy kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ehk;gad;gLj;jKbahJ.
5. vspikahd FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp xU kpd;Rw;wpd; gy;NtW cWg;Gfspis,izj;Jg; ngwg;gLk; glk; kpd;Rw;Wg;glk; vdg;gLk;. gy;NtW cWg;Gfs; vd;gijvt;thW Ghpe;J nfhs;syhk;?
6. fPo;fhZk; tiug;glk; V kw;Wk; I d; njhlh;ig fhl;LfpwJ. glj;jpypUe;Jkpd;dOj;j NtWghL 0.8Vkw;Wk; 1.2V cs;sNghJ V/I d; kjpg;G vd;dthf,Uf;Fk;?
V=0.8VI=0.33AR=V/IPADA
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R=0.8/0.33=2.4ohmV=1.2VI=0.5AR=V/I=1.2/0.5=2.4ohm.vdNtV/I vd;gJ xU khwpyp.
7. fhkhf;fjph;fs; ,aw;if fjphpaf;fj;jdpkq;fshy; ntspaplg;gLk; Mgj;jhdfjph;tPr;rhFk;.
(m).,aw;if fjphpaf;fj; jdpkq;fs; ntsptpLk; NtW fjph;tPr;Rfs; ahit? My;ghf;fjph;fs; , gPl;lh fjph;fs;(M).fPo;fhZk; $w;Wfis NkNy nrhy;Yk; fjph;tPr;RfNshL ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
My;ghf;fjph;fs; : epA+l;uhd;fisg; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.gPl;lhfjph;fs; : vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.fhkhf;fjph;fs; : kpd;fhe;j fjph;tPr;Rfs; , mjpfCLUTjpwd; nfhz;lit
8. 1.5Vkpd;dpaf;Ftpir nfhz;l ,U kpd;fyd;fs; 5Xk; 10Xk; 15 Xk; kpd;jilfs;kw;Wk; rhtp ,tw;iw njhluhf nfhz;l xU kpd;Rw;Wg;glj;jpid tiuf.
1.5+ -
K
1.5
5 X«
+ -
10 X« 15 X«
9. kpd;cUfp ———— ———— ———— nfhz;l cNyhff;fyitahy; Md fk;gpMFk;.,J mjpf kpd;jiliaAk; Fiwe;j cUF epiyiaAk; nfhz;lJ.
tpil : 37% <ak; 63% nts;sPak;
10. milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nrhw;fspy; chpadtw;iwj; Njh;e;njLj;JfPo;fhZk; ml;ltizia epug;Gf.
(Jj;jehfk;, jhkpuk; , fhh;gd; , fhhpak; , fhhpailMf;irL, mYkpdpak;)
Neh;kpd;tha; Nldpay;kpd;fyd; jhkpuk;
vjph;kpd;tha; nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyd; Jj;jehfk;
ghlk;-17 kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; fhe;j tpisTk; xspapaYk;gFjp-m
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1. Mbapd; cUthFk; cUg;ngOf;fk; 1/3 vdpy; me;j Mbapd; tif.(Fop> Ftp> rkjsk;)
2. xU fk;gpr; RUNshL njhlh;Gila fhe;jghak; khWk; Nghnjy;yhk; mr;Rw;wpy;kpd;dpaf;F tpir cz;lhFk; epfo;T....................................
(kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;ly;> kpd;Ndhl;lk; cUthjy;> kpd;dOj;jk; cUthjy;> kpd;Ndhl;lk;khw;wg;gLjy;)
3. cNyhff; flj;jpapy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; mjidr; Rw;wp.......................I cUthf;Fk;(ntg;gk;> xsp> fhe;jg;Gyk;> ve;jputpir)
4. ghh;itg;Gyk; nghUksthf miktJ...............................(rkjsh Mbapy;> Fop Mbapy;> Ftp Mbapy;)
5. 10 nr.kP. Ftpaj;J}uKs;s Ftp nyd;rpypUe;J 25 nr.kP. njhiytpy;nghUs;itf;fg;gLfpwJ. gpk;gj;jpd; njhiyT.......................................
(50 nr.kP.> 16.66 nr.kP.> 66.6 nr.kP.> 10 nr.kP.)
6. kpd;Ndhl;ll typik mjpfhpf;f> fhe;jg;Gyj;jpd; typik..................................(m) FiwAk;> (M) mjpfhpf;Fk;
7. /gpskpq; ,lf;if tpjpapy; Rl;L tpuy; vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ?(m) flj;jp ,aq;Fk; jpir (M) kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpir(,) fhe;jg;Gyj;jpd; jpir
8. kpd;dhw;wiy ve;jpu Mw;wyhf khw;wf; $ba fUtp.........................................(m) kpd; ,aw;wp>(M) kpd;Nkhl;lhh;>(,) xyp ngUf;fp> (<) thndhypg; ngl;b
9. J}z;L kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpiria....................................tpjp vLj;Jiuf;Fk;.(m) /gpskpq; ,lf;if tpjp> (M) gpskpq; tyf;if tpjp
10. xsp tpyfYf;F mbg;gilf; fhuzk;....................................(m) xspapd; jpir NtfkhWghL> (M) nghUspd; epiw>
11. nyd;rpd; jpwdpd; myF(m) epA+l;ld; kPl;lh;> (M) gh];fy;> (,) ilahg;lh;
12. Mb ikak; kw;Wk; tisT ikak; Mfpatw;wpd ; topNa nry;Yk;Neh;NfhL.....................vdg;gLk;.
(m) Mb mr;R> (M) Kjd;ik mr;R
13. gpk;gj;jpd; cauj;jpw;Fk;> nghUspd; cauj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s jfT...................(m) Ftpaj;J}uk;> (M) cUg;ngUf;fk;
14. tpz;kPd;fs; kpd;Djy;..................fhuzkhf Vwg;gLfpwJ.(m) tspkz;ly xsptpyfy;> (M) tspkz;ly xsp vjpnuhspg;G
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gFjp-M
II.1. gpd;tUk; $w;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lj; jpirkhw;wpf;F nghUe;JtJ.m. fhy;tdhkPl;lh; mjd; miytpyh epiyf;F jpir khw;wpiag; gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;Sk;.M. kpd;khw;wp kpd;dOj;jj;ij cah;j;Jtjw;F jpir khw;wpiag; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk;.
,. kpd;Ndhl;lj; jpiria khw;wj; jpir khw;wpiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;.
2. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;gTk;.
m) Nkhl;lhh; : epiyf;fhe;jk;> thzpg hPjpahd Nkhl;lhh;..................(kpd; fhe;jk;)M) Ftpaj; njhiyT: kPl;lh;> jpwd;.....................(ilahg;lh;)
3. gpd;tUk; thf;fpaj;jpy; gpiofspUg;gpd; jpUj;jTk;.
m) fhe;jg;Gyk; vz;kjpg;G kl;Lk; nfhz;l msT. (fhe;jg;Gyk; vz;kjpg;Gk;>jpirAk; nfhz;l msthFk;.)(M) fhe;j tpirf;NfhLfs; fhe;jj; tlKidapy; njhlq;fp njd;Kidapy;KbAk;.
4. flj;jpnahd;wpd; topNa xU jpirapy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;NghJ fhe;j Crpapd;tlKid fpof;F Nehf;fp tpyfy; milfpwJ. kpd;Ndhl;lk; vjph; jpirapy; ghAk;nghOJ Nkw;F Nehf;fp tpyfyilfpwJ. ,jdpd;W eP mwptijf; $W.
kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; flj;jpapy;> kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpir khw;wg;gl;lhy; tpirapd;jpirAk; khw;wkilfpwJ vd;gij mwpayhk;.
5. gpd;tUk; fjph; tiuglk; Fopahbapy; gpk;gk; Njhd;Wtijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
m. mjpYs;s jtiwf; fz;L> rhpahd fjph; tiuglk; tiuaTk;.M. cd; jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd tpsf;fk; juTk;.
tpil: m)
M) nghUs;: C-apy; cs;s NghJ cs;s epiyiag; glk; Fwpf;fpwJ.
xU nghUspd; gpk;gj;ij ehk; gpbf;f Ntz;Lnkdpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;Lfjph;fs; mtrpak;. Mdhy; glj;jpy; F-d; topNa nry;yf;$ba fjph;kl;LNkfhl ;lg ;gl ;Ls;sJ. nghUspypUe ;J Kjd;ik mr;Rf ;F ,izahfr ;
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nry;yf;$ba fjph; fhl;lg;gltpy;iy.
NkYk; fjph ;g ;glj ;jpy; vjpnuhspj;j fjph ; fhl;lg;gltpy;iy. ,jdhy;gpk;gj;ij gpbg;gJk;> mjd; epiyia mwptJk; ,ayhJ.
6. Nghf;Ftuj;jf; fl;Lg;ghl;L tpsf;Ffspy;.........................epw tpsf;Fgad;gLj;jg;gLtjd; fhuzk; mjd;...............................miy ePsk;.
(rptg;G / mjpfkhd)
7. milg;Gf;Fs; rhpahd nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L ml;ltizia epug;Gf.
Fop Mb gy;ypd; nghpa gpk;gk;
Ftp Mb gpd;Gwk; cs;s tz;bapd;
Neuhd gpk;gk;
(Ftp Mb> rkjsf; Ftp Mb> Fop Mb> rkjs Mb> Ftp nyd;R> Fop nyd;R)
8. fPo;fz;ltw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; fz;zpd; ghfq;fis vOJf.
m. fz; ghh;itiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; ,Uz;l jirg; glyk;................ (Ihp];)M. fz;zpy; nghUspd; gpk;gk; cz;lhFk; gug;G...................... (tpopj;jpiu)
9. ikNahgpah vd;gJ fz;zpy; xsp tpyfypy; Vw;gLk; fpl;lg;ghh;itf; FiwghLMFk;. ,e;j FiwAs;sth;hfs; mUfpYs;s nghUisj; njspthfg; ghh;f;fyhk;.Rhpahd jpwDs;s Fopnyd;R nfhz;L ,f;Fiwiar; rhpnra;ayhk;.
m. ,Nj tifahd NtW ,uz;L tiff; FiwghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.M. mtw;iwr; rhp nra;Ak; tpjj;ij czh;j;Jf.
tpil:
m.1. J}ug;ghh;it> 2. tpop Vw;gikT jpwd; FiwghL.
M.1. i`gh;nkl;Nuhgpah vd;gJ J}ug;ghh;it vdg;gLk;.
,f;FiwAilNahh; njhiytpy; cs;s nghUisj; njspthfg; ghh ;f ;f,aYk;. mz;ikapYs;s nghU;sfisj; njspthfg; ghh;f;f ,ayhJ.
,f;Fiwg;ghl;ilg; Nghf;fj; jFe;j jpwDila Ftp nyd;ir %f;Ff;fz;zhbahf mzpayhk;.
2 . tpop Vw;gikT jpwd; FiwghL:
tajhFk; NghJ fz;zpd; ,irTgLjpwd; FiwfpwJ. gyUf ;Fmz;ikg;Gs;sp gbg;gbahf tpyfpr ; nry;Yk;. ,j;jifnahh ; rhpahdfz;zhb cjtpa pd ;w p mUfpYs ;s nghUs ;fisj; njspthfTk ;trjpahfTk; ghh;g;gJ rpukk;.
,f;FiwghL gpu];igNahgpah vdg;gLk;. Gbg;gbahf tpopnyd;rpd;
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tidAk; jd;ik FiwtJ kw;Wk; rpypahpj ; jirfs; gytPdkiltJNghd;witNa ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;.
,f;Fiwg;ghl;bid ePf;f ,U Ftpaf; fz;zhbfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
10. m) fpo;fz;l glj;jpy; ve;j fhe;j Crp fhe;jg; Gyj;jpd; jpiria rhpahf; fhl;LfpwJ.
tpil: (a) fhe;j Crp rhpahd jpiriaf; fhl;LfpwJ.
M)thdpay; Ma;thsh; xUtUf;F thdk; Cjhtpw;Fg; gjpyhf ,Uz;Lfhzg;gLfpwJ. fhuzk; jUf.
tpil: tpz;ntspapy; fhw;W kz;yk; ,y;iy. NkYk; J}R Nghd;w khRfSk;,y ;iy.Mjyhy; #hpa xspf ;fjph ;fs ; fhw ;W %yf ;$WfshYk; >J}RfshYk; xspr ;r pjwy; miltjpy ;iy.,jdhy; thdk; ,Uz;Lfhzg;gLfpwJ.
11. nghUj;Jf:
1. fhe;jg;Gyk; m. ‡gpskpq; tyf;if tpjp2. J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;f tpir M. Mk;gpah; Rw;W tpjp3. fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lk; nry;Yk; flj;jpapd; ,. nl];yh kPJ Vw;gLk; tpir4. kpd;dhw;wiy ve;jpu Mw;wyhf <. ‡gpskpq; ,lf;if tpjp khw;wf; $baJ. c. kpd;Nkhl;lhh;
tpil: 1-,> 2-m> 3-<> 4-c
13. xU Fopnyd;rpd; Ftpaj;J}uk; 15 nr.kP. nyd;rpypUe;J 10 nr.kP. njhiytpy;gpk;gk; cz;lhf nghUs; nyd;rpypUe;J vt;tsT njhiytpy; itf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
nfhLf;fg;gl;lit : V= -10 cm f=-15 cmjPh;T : 1 1 1
— =— -—u v f
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1 1 1 -3+2 -1— = — + — = ——— = ——u -10 15 30 30u = -30 cm nyd;rpypUe;J nghUspd; njhiyT 30 nr.kP.
14. 15 nr.kP. Ftpaj;J}uKs;s FopahbapypUe;J 30 nr.kP. njhiytpy; nghUisitf;Fk;NghJ nyd;rpypUe;J 10 nr.kP. njhiytpy; Neuhd khagpk;gk; fpilf;fpwJvdpy; cUg;nghUf;fj; jpwd; fhz;f.
nfhLf;fg;gl;lil : u=-30 cm v=-10cmjPh;T : cUg;ngUf;fk; M = v -10 1
— —— — u -30 3M=0.33
15. Fopnyd;rpd; Ftpaj;njhiyT 2 kP. vdpy;> nfhLf;fg;gl;lit: f=-2mjPh ;T: 1 1
P = — = —= -0.5f -2
nyd;rpd; jpwd; P=-0.5 ilahg;lh;
caphpay; - Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;1. kdpj ghpzhkk; fle;j 15 kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wq;fisf;
nfhz;ljhf cs;sJ.
(m).tsh;r;rp ghpzhkj;ij Mz;L rhh;e;J Kiwg;gLj;Jf.(M)Muk;g fhy Fiffs; vg;NghJ Njhd;wpaJ.(,)Muk;g fhy N`hkpdpl;Lfs; tho;T Fwpj;J Fwpg;G vOJf.
2. nkz;lypd; xU gz;G fyg;Gr; Nrhjidia tpthp.
3 (m) kuGg;nghwpapay; vd;why; vd;d?(M) kuGg;nghwpapay; njhopy; El;gj;ij tpthp.(,) kuGg;nghwpapay; ed;ikfis $W.
4. caph;njhopy; El;gtpaypd; gad;ghLfis tpthp.
5. fyh Foe;ij ngw;Ws;shh;.(m)gpwe;j Foe;ijf;F Kjy; MW khjq;fSf;F toq;f Ntz;ba Neha;j;jLg;G+rpml;ltizia vOJf.(M).,j;jLg;G+rpfs; %yk; ve;nje;j Neha;fis jLj;jpl ,aYk;?
6. cq;fs; gFjpapy; kNyhpah gutp cs;sJ.(m).,jidf;fl;Lg;gLj;j cd; gFjpapd; chpa mYtyh;fSf;F jFe;j MNyhrid toq;Ff.PA
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(M).kNyhpahtpd; rhpahd Neha; mwpFwpfis Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf.
7. mf;Nlhgh; 15 iffOTk; ehshf nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.(m).cd; ez;gDf;F if fOTjypd; ed;ikfis $W.(M).xU ehspy; ve;nje;j Neuq;fspy; if fOTjy; nra;tha;?
8. ghf;bhpahtpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fis $Wf.(m)mwpFwpfs; (M)guTk; tpjk; (,)fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfis tpthp.
9. kNyhpah xl;Lz;zpapd; tho;f;if Row;rpia glj;Jld; tpthp.
10. fdp cUthFk; epfo;r;rpia $W(m),e;epfo;r;rpapid RUf;fkhf tpthp(M),e;epfo;tpid Fwpf;Fk; glj;jpidtiue;J ghfq;fis Fwp..
11. G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspy; eilg;ngWk; ghypdg;ngUf;f Kiwapy; <LgLk; ,uz;L epfo;Tfistpthp.
12. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtutpijapd; mikg;ig tpthp.
13. jpus;fdp $l;Lf;fdp jFe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; xg;gpLf.
14. m.fPo;f;fz;l nghUl;fis tifg;gLj;Jf.
fl;il> fhfpjk>; gpsh];bf;> Gw;fs;
M. cd;Dila tifg;ghl;bw;fhd tpsf;fj;ij tpsf;Ff.
15. (m).cq;fSila gFjpapy; ePh;j;jl;Lg;ghl;bdhy; kf;fs;mtjpAWfpwhh;fs;.vdNt ePh;j;jl;Lg;ghl;bid jtph;f;f vd;ndd;d Kiwfis ifahStPh;fs;?
. (M).kioePh; Nrfhpg;G Kiwapid tpsf;Ff.
16. Gif,Gif vq;F Nehf;fpDk; Gifkz;lyk; ,r ;#oy; cly;eyj;jpw ;FVw;wjh vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhah?fhp vhpg;gjpdhy; Vw;gLk; jPik gaf;Fk;nray;fis gl;baypLf.
17. (m)gRikNtjpapay; vd;why; vd;d?(M)gRikNtjpapay; Nehf;fj;ijf; $W.(,)gRikNtjpapaypd; nfhs;iffs; ahit?
18. Fsk; xU #o;epiy kz;lyk; tpthp.
Ntjpapay; : Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;1. etPd mZf;nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfis tpthpf;f.
2. mtfhl;Nuh tpjpg;gb %yf;$W epiwf;Fk; Mtpmlh;j;jpf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;ig tUtpf;f.
3. mtfhl;Nuh tpjpapd; gad;fis Fwpg;gpLf.PADA
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4. fopTg;ghfpypUe;J vj;jdhy; jahhpj;jiy tpthp.
5. My;f`hy; gUFtjhy; Vw;gLk; jPatpisTfs; ahit?6. fhh;gdpd; GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fis tpsf;Ff.7. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ml;ltizapy; cs;s Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis jFe;j %yf;$W
tha;g;ghl;lhy; epug;gTk;.
t.vz; my;Nfd; my;fPd; my;ifd;
1. C2H6 <j;Njd;
------------ <j;jPd;
C2H2 <j;ijd;
2. ---------- GNuhg;Ngd;
C3H6 GNuhg;gPd;
--------------- GNuhg;igd;
3. C4H10 gpA+l;Nld;
C4H8 gpa+l;Bd;
------------ gpA+l;ild;
8. gbthpirahdJ i`l;Nuhfhh;gd;fspd; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fk; jd;ikAilaJ.,f;$w;iw gbthpirapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; %yk; tpsf;Ff.
9. gpd;tUtdtw;wpd; nghJg;nghah; kw;Wk; IUPAC ngah;fis vOJf.
m) CH3CH2CHO M) CH3COCH3
,) CH3CHCH3 <) CH3COOH c) HCHO I OH
10.ml;ltizapy; cs;s Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf.
t.vz;. %yf;$W tha;g;ghL nghJg;ngah; IUPAC ngah;
1. CH3-CH-CH3
I OH
---------------------- 2- Gnuhg;gdhy;
2. CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO n-gpA+l;buhy;bi`L
--------------------
3. ------------------------ vj;jpy; nkj;jpy; fPl;Nlhd; gpA+l;lNdhd;
4. HCOOH ghh;gpf; mkpyk; --------------------
5. CH3-CH-CH2-OH
I CH3
----------------------- 2- nkj;jpy;
1-Guh];gdhy;
,aw;gpay;: Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;1. ce;jkhwhf;Nfhl;ghl;il $wp epWTf.
2. epyTg;gazj;jpw;fhd re;jpuhad; 1 d; rhjidfis tpsf;Ff.3. epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; ,af;ftpjpia$wp tpirf;fhd rkd;ghl;il tUtp.4. epA+l;ldpd; <h;g;G tpjpiaf;$wp mjw;fhd rkd;ghl;il tUtp.5. epiw vil NtWg;gLj;Jf.6. ghh;itf;FiwghLfisAk; mjid rhpnra;Ak; KiwfisAk; tpsf;Ff.
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7. Kg;gl;lfj;jpd; topNa xsptpyfy; eilngWtij tpthp.8. AC kpd;,aw;wpapd; jj;Jtk; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;gLk; tpjk; Mfpatw;iw tpthp.9. kpd;Nkhl;lhhpd; jj;Jtk; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;gLk; tpjk; Mfpatw;iw tpthp.
* kw;Wk; Gj;jf tpdhf;fs;1. i. fPo;fz;l ghfq;fisg; glj;jpy; Fwpf;fTk;.
m. gLfjph;> M. tpyFfjph; ,. kPs;fjph;> <. tpyF Nfhzk;c. jpir khw;wf; Nfhzk; C. tpLNfhzk;.
ii. ituj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; 2.42 xspapd; jpir Ntfj;ijg; nghWj;J,r;nrhw;nwhlhpd; nghUs; ahJ?
m. NkNy cs;s glj;ij kPz;Lk; tiuf.M. ,g;glk; Fwpg;gpLtJ...............................,. glj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;fTk;.<. ,r;rhjdk; vj;jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ.c.,r;rhjdj;jpy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpirfhZk; topia czh;j;Jf.
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