TRNG I HC QUY NHN
KHOA SINH-K THUT NNG NGHIP
GIO TRNH
SINH L NGI V
NG VT
Ngi bin son: Nguyn im
Quy Nhn 2009
1
MC LC
Chng 0. Chng m u....................................................4
0.1. V tr, i tng, phng php nghin cu......................4
0.2. Tm quan trng ca sinh l hc........................................6
0.3. Lch s pht trin ca sinh l hc....................................7
Chng 1. Sinh l mu...................................................................10
1.1. Chc nng ca mu.........................................................10
1.2. Thnh phn v tnh cht vt l ca mu..........................11
1.3. Huyt tng.....................................................................12
1.4. Hng cu - S phn nh nhm mu v phng php
truyn mu................................................................... 16
1.5. Bch cu v s min dch............................................... 23
1.6. Tiu cu v s ng mu................................................ 41
1.7. iu ha mu trong c th............................................ .44
Chng 2. Sinh l tun hon mu ............................................46
2.1. ngha ca s tun hon mu S tun hon mu................. 46
2.2. Sinh l ca tim.............................................................. .48
2.3. Sinh l tun hon mu.................................................54
2.4. iu ha hot ng tim mch.........................................57
Chng 3. Sinh l h hp..........................................................60
3.1. Khi nim chung.......................................................69
3.2. Cc dng h hp chnh ng vt................................61
3.3. C ch h hp ngi v th..................................65
3.4. iu ha h hp........................................................78
3.5. H hp trong vn ng...............................................81
Chng 4. Sinh l tiu ha.....................................................83
4.1. Khi nim chung v thc n v cc hnh thc tiu ha. ...83
4.2. Cc giai on tiu ha thc n trong ng tiu ha...... .85
4.3. S hp thu cc cht .................................................101
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4.4. nh hng ca vn ng ti s tiu ho......................105
Chng 5. Trao i cht v nng lng ................................106
5.1. ngha sinh hc ca trao i cht v nng lng........106
5.2. S trao i cc cht ......................................................106
5.3. S trao i nng lng..................................................123
5.4. Khu phn thc n cho ngi v ng vt...................133
5.5. iu ha chuyn ha nng lng..................................136
Chng 6. S iu ha thn nhit ..........................................139
6.1. Thn nhit v vai tr ca n..........................................139
6.2. C ch iu tit thn nhit.............................................144
6.3. Vai tr ca thn kinh v th dch trong s iu nhit147
Chng 7. Sinh l bi tit ........................................................149
7.1. Khi nim chung v bi tit...........................................149
7.2. Cu to n v thn (neuphron) ca ngi v th ........150
7.3. S to thnh nc tiu thn........................................153
7.4. S iu ha hot ng ca thn.....................................161
7.5. S thi nc tiu............................................................162
7.6. Mt s dng bi tit khc..............................................163
Chng 8. Sinh l ni tit .......................................................166
8.1. i cng v h ni tit v hormon..............................167
8.2. C ch iu ha bi tit hormon...................................172
8.3. Tc dng sinh l ca hormon mt s tuyn ch yu....174
Chng 9. Sinh l sinh sn v pht trin...............................188
9.1. Khi nim chung v s sinh sn....................................188
9.2. Sinh l sinh dc c v ci............................................200
9.3. Th thai - Mang thai - .............................215
9.4. Cc thi l tng trng v pht trin-
Vn gi v sng lu....................................................222
9.5. Mt s ng dng kin thc sinh sn..............................229
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Chng 10. Sinh l hng phn ..............................................242
10.1. Khi nim chung.........................................................242
10.2. Cc dng in sinh hc...............................................244
10.3. S dn truyn hng phn ...........................................259
Chng 11. Sinh l vn ng c ............................................275
11.1. ngha sinh hc ca s vn ng..............................275
11.2. Sinh l c vn.............................................................276
11.3. Sinh l c trn.............................................................292
Chng 12. Sinh l h thn kinh trung ng........................296
12.1 S tin ho ca h thn kinh........................................296
12.2. Nhng c im ca sinap trong trung ng..............298
12.3. Nguyn tc hot ng ca h thn kinh......................301
12.4. Chc nng ca cc phn thn kinh trung ng...........302
Chng 13. Sinh l thu nhn kch thch.................................314
13.1. Khi nim chung.........................................................314
13.2. C ch thu nhn kch thch ........................................316
13.3. Sinh l mt s th quan chnh.....................................320
Chng 14. Sinh l hot ng thn kinh cp cao..................341
14.1. Gii phu chc nng v no........................................341
14.2. Cc th nghim v chc nng i no.........................341
14.3. S phn vng chc nng trn v no..........................342
14.4. Hin tng in trong v bn cu no........................346
14.5. S nhn thc ti v no..............................................347
14.6. Cc quy lut hot ng thn kinh cp cao v no .. 349
14.7. Phn x - Cc dng phn x........................................362
14.8. Nhng c im trong hot ng thn kinh cp cao ngi.... ...371
Ti liu tham kho389
4
Chng 0
CHNG M U
0.1. V tr v phng php nghin cu
0.1.1. Khi nim
Sinh l hc Ngi v ng vt l mn khoa hc nghin cu cc biu hin ca
s sng trn c th Ngi v ng vt, trong mi quan h vi mi trng. Trong c
th sng, s hot ng ca cc c quan, b phn u lin h vi nhau rt cht ch v
chu nh hng tc ng ca mi trng bn trong v bn ngoi. Ring i vi con
ngi, khi nghin cu hot ng sinh l cn phi t trong hon cnh x hi m c th
l hot ng lao ng x hi ca con ngi.
Nhim v ca sinh l hc l m t cc hin tng, gii thch c ch, pht hin
qui lut iu khin s sng ca ngi v ng vt. T cc nghin cu trn a ra cc
bin php nhm ngn nga, chy cha cc bin lon, hoc tc ng ln cc chc nng
theo hng c li cho con ngi.
0.1.2. V tr ca Sinh l hc
- Sinh l hc l mt b phn cu thnh ca Sinh vt hc. Mun nm c cc
chc nng sinh l trc ht cn nm vng cu to gii phu cng nh T chc hc,
Phi thai hc, t c c s nhm phn tch tt cc chc nng sinh l.
- Sinh l hc l c s cho Y hc, nh ng gp quan trng nn Sinh l hc l
mt trong nhng mn hc sm c pht trin hon thin.
- Sinh l hc gip chng ta hiu c cc hot ng bnh thng ca c quan,
h c quan trong c th. Trn c s mi c iu kin t chc cc hnh thc, bin
php lao ng c nng sut cao, t chc n ung sinh hot lnh mnh c khoa hc,
chng cc thi quen, h tc lc hu, c cc bin php phng v cha bnh tt .
- Sinh l hc l c s cho cc bin php k thut trong chn nui v ngh c
nhm gip to ra nng sut cao v cht lng tt.
- Sinh l hc l c s ca vic t chc v sinh trng hc, v sinh c nhn v
cng ng, th dc th thao c khoa hc.
- Sinh l hc l c s t a ra cc bin php tuyn truyn vn ng thc
hin tt cng tc gio dc dn s v k hoch ho gia nh, chng cc bnh x hi
nguy him nh HIV/SADI,
- Sinh l hc cn l c s ca cc ngnh khoa hc gio dc v khoa hc s phm khc.
- Mun nm chc Sinh l hc, cn phi nm chc cc ngnh Ton, L, Ho,...
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0.1.3. Phng php nghin cu Sinh l hc
0.1.3.1. Quan im trong nghin cu sinh l
0.1.3.1.1. Quan im Phng Ty (Trng phi Serinhtn)
Cho rng trong c th, mi mt t bo l mt n v c lp, chng hot ng
khng ph thuc vo nhau. Quan im ny cn cho rng trong c th ngi v ng
vt c hai con ng iu ho hot ng, l iu ho bng thn kinh v iu ho
bng th dch (ho hc), chng hot ng c lp vi nhau.
0.1.3.1.2. Quan im Phng ng (Trng phi Pavlov)
Cho rng c th ngi v ng vt l mt chnh th thng nht v thng nht
vi hon cnh, s hot ng bnh thng ca c quan hay b phn no u ph
thuc cht ch vo s hot ng bnh thng ca c quan hay b phn khc trong c
th v chu nh hng trc tip ca s bin i mi trng sng.
0.1.3.2. Phng php nghin cu
T hai quan im trn dn ti hai phng php nghin cu:
0.1.3.2.1. Phng php phn tch
y l phng php nghin cu qu trnh sinh l trn mt c th tch ri khi
hon cnh, hoc mt trong nhng b phn tch ri khi c th. V d: Khi nghin cu
hot ng ca tim ch trong phng th nghim bng cch tch tim ra khi c th, dng
cc loi kch thch (in hay ho cht) tc ng v ghi li bng cc dng c o
lng, t kt qu rt ra quy lut hot ng ca c tim ch, t suy ra quy lut
hot ng ca tim cc ng vt khc khi c kch thch tng t,
0.1.3.2.2. Phng php phn tch tng hp
L phng php tin hnh vi nhng th nghim trng din trn c th
bnh thng v trong hon cnh bnh thng
