giorgi beJitaSvili qarTuli samxedro-politikuri emigracia ...tesau.edu.ge/failebi/xarisxi uzrunvelyofa/samecniero kvleviti... · generlebis, oficrebis, iunkrebis Tavgadasavlebi, sabrZolo

iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis

Telavis saxelmwifo universiteti

xelnaweris uflebiT

giorgi beJitaSvili

qarTuli samxedro-politikuri emigraciaevropaSi (1921-1953 w.w.)

07.00.01 _ saqarTvelos istoria

istoriis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis

mosapoveblad warmodgenili disertaciis

m a c n e

Telavi _ 2012

3

sadisertacio naSromis zogadi daxasiaTeba

problemis aqtualoba. gasuli XX-saukunis pirvelma

aTwle ulma ukiduresad daZaba kacobriobis ganviTarebis

saerTaSoriso istoriuli viTareba. gasuli saukunis pirveli

naxevari mZime movlenebiT aisaxa saqarTvelos sazogadoe-

briv-politikur cxovrebaze. saqarTvelo moeqca maSindeli

samyaros udidesi da Zlieri saxelmwifoebis germaniis, ing-

lisis, ruseTis, osmaleTis (TurqeTi) samxedro-politikuri

interesebis garemoSi. TiToeul maTgans, TiToeul saxelmwi-

fos, Tavisi miznebi da miswrafebebi amoZravebda. es qveynebi

Tavisi maSindeli xelisuflebis meoxebiT cdilobdnen

diplomatiuri, politikuri Tu aSkara samxedro ZalebiT,

gabatonebuliyvnen evropaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da kavka-

siaSi. maTTvis xelsayreli iyo saqarTvelos geopolitikuri

da samxedro-strategiuli mdebareobis gamoyeneba.

ase aRmoCnda saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi,

mimdinare movlenebSi sxvadasxva formiT Cabmuli. am urTier-

TobaTa Seswavla, movlenebis mecnieruli analizi da Sesa-

bamisi daskvnebis Camoyalibeba warmoadgens istoriuli mec-

nierebisTvis urTules, saWiro, aqtualur problemas.

problemis sirTulidan gamomdinareobs misi Seswavlis aq-

tualoba. migvaCnia, rom XX-saukunis 20-50-iani wlebi saqarT-

velosTvis iyo uaRresad daZabuli, tragizmiT gamorCeuli,

saSinao da sagareo politikur-ekonomikuri Tu samxedro

urTierTobis dargSi.

aseTi aqtualuri problemis, calkeuli sakiTxebis, ganvi-

Tarebuli istoriuli movlenebis kvleva, maTi mecnieruli

analizi Tanamedrove viTarebaSi, erT-erTi da ara erTader-

Ti aqtualuri problemaa. aseTi aqtualuri problemis mec-

nierul analizsa da misi gamocdilebis gamoyenebas udidesi

mniSvneloba aqvs Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifos mSen-

eblobisTvis.

sakvlevi problema exeba XX-saukunis 20_50-iani wlebis

saqarTvelos da mis mezobel saxelmwifoebSi ganviTarebuli

istoriuli procesebis Seswavlas. SevecadeT gagverkvia, evro-

pis didi qveynebis politikuri xelisuflebis damokidebule-

ba saqarTveloSi Seqmnil viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT, gansa-

kuTrebuli aqtualobiT gamoirCeoda saqarTvelos, ruseTis,

safrangeTis, germaniis msoflmxedvelobrivi ideologiuri

naSromi Sesrulebulia iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis

Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa

fakultetis saqarTvelos istoriis kaTedraze.

samecniero xelmZRvaneli:

elguja mamukelaSviliistoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.

Semfaseblebi:

elver kupataZeistoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.

mamuka gogitiZeistoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.

disertaciis dacva Sedgeba 2012 wlis 23 Tebervals 12 saa-

Tze. iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis saxelmwifo

universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis sadis-

ertacio sabWos sxdomaze.

misamarTi _ 2200, q. Telavi, qarTuli universitetis q. #1.

disertaciis gacnoba SeiZleba iakob gogebaSvilis saxel-

obis Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekaSi.

sadisertacio macne universitetis veb-gverdze ganTavsda

2012 wlis 23 Tebervals.

sadisertacio sabWos swavluli mdivani

filologiis doqtori, profesori

n. koWloSvili

4 5

gansxvavebuloba rac kidev ufro aqtualurs xdis sakvlev

problemas.

sadisertacio naSromis problema: sakvlev problemaze

dakvirvebam, misma samecniero aqtualobam, ganapiroba CvenT-

vis metad saintereso sadisertacio naSromis problema _

saqarTvelos pirveli damoukidebeli respublikis saSinao

da sagareo politikuri kursis gansazRvra-Sefaseba.

sadisertacio naSromis problema ganekuTvneba pirveli

msoflio omis (1914-1918) wlebis Semdgom saqarTveloSi da

mis mezoblad ganviTarebuli istoriuli procesebis Seswav-

las. saqarTveloSi damyarda demokratiuli respublikisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli mmarTveloba (1918 wlis 26 maisi saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis gamocxadebis dRe). vfiqrobT, saqarTvelos

xelisuflebaSi aRmoCnda arc Tu Zlieri politikuri nebis

adamianTa jgufi, rasac Sedegad mohyva SemdgomSi qveynisTvis

rTuli da mtkivneuli movlenebi, ramac garkveuli gavlena

moaxdina qarTul sazogadoebaze.

vfiqrobT, sadisertacio naSromis problema ganekuTvneba

qarTuli samxedro-politikuri emigraciis mZime cxovrebas

evropis qveynebSi. gansakuTrebiT urTulesi aRmoCnda emi-

grantTa politikuri urTierTobis mowesrigeba dasavleTSi

Camoyalibebul da gavrcelebul faSistur ideologiasTan.

es iyo urTulesi gza saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisaTvis

brZolaSi, sruliad gansxvavebuli axali istoriuli viTare-

ba qveynisTvis.

kvlevis problema exmianeba Tanamedrove saqarTvelos

socialur-politikur da ekonomikur mdgomareobas, raSic

gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia XXI-saukunis 10-iani wlebis

qveynis SigniT mimdinare reformebs da saerTaSoriso arenaze

qveynebTan sruliad axal urTierTobebs. yovelive es emyare-

ba mdidari istoriuli gamocdilebis praqtikul gamoyenebas,

rac iZleva safuZvels saqarTvelos socialuri viTarebis

momavali gaumjobesebisaTvis.

migvaCnia, sadisertacio naSromis problema ara marto

sainteresoa samecniero kvleva-ZiebisaTvis, aramed is uaR-

resad aqtualur istoriul problemaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba.

aseTi aqtualuri problema qarTuli istoriuli mecniere-

bisTvis gamorCeuli dakvirvebis safuZvels warmoadgens, is

didi SemecnebiTi Rirebulebis amsaxvelia, riTac SeiZleba

ganisazRvros saqarTvelos mniSvneloba, gasuli XX-saukunis

20-50-iani wlebis msoflio istoriul movlenebSi.

sakvlevi problemis aqtualoba: sadisertacio sakvlevi

problema aqtualuria imiTac, rom mas gamorCeuli adgili

ukavia XX-saukunis 20-50-iani wlebis zogadsakacobrio mov-

lenebSi, qarTulma emigraciam evropul samyaroSi Tavisi

damokidebuleba, uaRresad aqtiurad gamoxata cxovrebis

TiTqmis yvela dargSi, romelTa kvleva qarTuli istoriuli

mecnierebis ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens. Tanamedrove vi-

TarebaSi qarTuli istoriuli mecnieruli azri aqtiurad,

didi interesiT da dakvirvebiT ikvlevs qarTuli emigraciis

ZiriTad sakiTxebs, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs sadiserta-

cio naSromis problemis aqtualobas.

qarTuli emigraciis saqmianobis istoria evropis qveynebSi

aqtualuria ara mxolod sadReisod, aramed samomavlodac,

maTma bevrma STamomavalma Tavisi Rirseuli kvali datova

niWierebiTa da gamocdilebiT, rac safuZvels iZleva gagr-

Zeldes samomavlod aseTi aqtualuri istoriuli problemis

mecnieruli Seswavla.

sadisertacio sakvlevi Tema: sakvlevi problemis aqtua-

lobam gansazRvra Cveni daintereseba qarTuli emigraciis

istoriisadmi. problemis ZiriTad sakiTxebze dakvirveb-

is Sedegad gamoikveTa kvlevisTvis saWiro mimarTuleba _

saqarTvelos pirveli damoukidebeli respublikis saSinao

da sagareo politikuri kursis gansazRvra-Sefaseba qarTu-

li politikuri emigraciis mizezebi da maTi gansaxleba ev-

ropis qveynebSi, maTi politikuri da praqtikuli saqmianoba,

maTi msoflmxedveloba da sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebi,

maTi socialuri done da samecniero-kulturuli viTareba,

maTi adgili da roli evropis qveynebis cxovrebaSi. aseTi

sakiTxebis Seswavlis aucileblobam gansazRvra Cveni sadi-

sertacio sakvlevi Tema: _ „qarTuli samxedro-politikuri

emigracia evropaSi“. (1921-1953 w.w.).

vfiqrobT, qarTul istoriografiaSi aseTi saxiT, kerZod

samxedro-politikuri emigraciis saxiT, evropis qveynebSi

wasuli emigrantebis cxovreba-saqmianobis Seswavla, calke

sakvlevi Temis saxiT, sruliad samarTlianad emyareba Tana-

medrove pirobebSi istoriuli mecnierebis winaSe wamoWril

axal amocanebs.

sakvlevi Temis aqtualoba: sadisertacio naSromis prob-

lemis aqtualobam ganapiroba Cveni daintereseba sakvlevi

6 7

Temis: _ „qarTuli samxedro-politikuri emigracia evropaSi,

(1921-1953 w.w.)~. SerCeva da Seswavla.

vfiqrobT, Cvens mier sadisertacio sakvlev Temad SerCeu-

li masala uaRresad aqtualuria Tanamedrove saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebriobisTvis, aseTi istoriuli gamocdilebis

gaziareba-gamoyeneba, mniSvnelovania Zlieri politikuri

xelisuflebisa da qveynis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Semdgomi

srulyofisTvis.

sadisertacio saklevi Temis mecnieruli siaxle: naSromis

mecnierul siaxles warmoadgens is, rom qarTuli samxedro-

politikuri emigraciis evropis qveynebSi warmoebuli saqmi-

anobis istoria sruliad pirvelad aris kompleqsurad Ses-

wavlili da gaanalizebuli qarTul istoriografiaSi.

sadisertacio Temis kvlevisas davrwmundiT, rom calke

unda Segveswavla poloneTSi qarTuli samxedro emigraciis

generlebis, oficrebis, iunkrebis Tavgadasavlebi, sabrZolo

saqmianobis istoria.

siaxlea isic, rom kompleqsurad Seiswavleba evropis

qveynebSi qarTuli emigrantebis mier Seqmnili sazogadoe-

brivi organizaciebis, maTi komitetebis msoflmxedveloba,

miznebi, calkeul politikur warmomadgenelTa saqmianoba.

axlad Semogvaqvs qronologia 1921-1953 w.w.

siaxlea isic, rom sruliad damoukideblad SeviswavleT

antisabWoTa emigrantuli gamocemebis Sinaarsi da mniS-

vneloba.

siaxlea isic, rom ZiriTadad gavaanalizeT saqarTvelos

xelisuflebis, misi kontrdazvervis masalebi emigrantebis

saqmianobis Sesaxeb.

kvlevis mizani: sadisertacio naSromis kvlevis ZiriTad

mizans warmoadgens XX-saukunis 20-50-iani wlebis saqarT-

velos saSinao da sagareo politikuri, socialur-ekonomi-

kuri problemebis Seswavla.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba davuTmeT XX-saukunis 20-iani

wlebis saqarTvelos mZime mdgomareobis gaanalizebas, rom

Camoyalibda pirveli qarTuli demokratiuli respublika,

rasac safuZveli daudo 1918 wlis 26 maisis RonisZiebam da

ramac gansazRvra sruliad axali midgoma qveynis momavali

ganviTarebisTvis: umniSvnelovanesi istoriuli movlena gax-

da _ demokratiuli konstituciis miReba; am konstitucias

arsebobis mcire periodi hqonda. 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals man

moqmedeba Sewyvita. aseT viTarebaSi aucilebeli iyo saqarT-

velos demokratiuli respublikis saerTaSoriso urTierTo-

bebis mowesrigeba; azerbaijanTan, somxeTTan, ruseTTan, ger-

maniasTan, safrangeTTan, inglisTan, osmaleTTan.

Cvens mizans Seadgens saarqivo masalebis safuZvelze da

arsebuli gamocemis kritikuli analizis mixedviT, ganvix-

iloT XX-saukunis 20-iani wlebidan dawyebuli urTulesi

periodi saqarTvelos istoriaSi.

migvaCnia, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi Zneli da aucile-

belia saqarTvelos istoriis XX-saukunis 20-50-iani wleb-

is movlenebis mizanmimarTuli, mecnieruli analizi, gansa-

kuTrebiT evropis qveynebSi qarTuli samxedro-politikuri

emigraciis saqmianobis SefasebisTvis.

miznad davisaxeT qarTuli samxedro-politikuri emigraci-

is problemis miukerZoebeli kvleva, adre aRiarebuli Sexed-

ulebebis, koncefciebis, SemoTavazebuli Rirebulebebis ax-

leburi gaazreba Tanamedrove moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

amasTanave, Cvens mizans Seadgenda, problemis ZiriTadi

sakiTxebis ganmazogadebeli monacemebi Camogveyalibebina

calke monografiuli gamokvlevis saxiT: miznad davisaxeT

isic, rom sanimuSod, ufro vrclad gangvexila, gasuli sau-

kunis 40-iani wlebis saerTaSoriso, zogadsakacobrio movle-

nebSi qarTuli samxedro-politikuri emigraciis adgili da

mniSvneloba.

sadisertacio naSromis istoriografia da wyaroTmcodneo-

biTi baza: XX-saukunis 20-50-iani wlebis saqarTvelos social-

ur-ekonomikuri da sazogadoebriv-kulturuli viTarebis,

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, qarTuli samxedro-politi-

kuri emigraciis adgilisa da rolis, saerTod am rTuli

wlebis moraluri simZimis arsi metnaklebi sisruliT aris

warmodgenili qarTul Tu ucxour samecniero literaturaSi,

monografiebSi, calkeul gamokvlevebSi, periodul gamoce-

mebSi, statiebSi, am epoqis sakavSiro da respublikur Jur-

nal-gazeTebSi, es yovelive qmnis problemis istoriografiul

sivrces, rasac mivuZRveniT naSromis meore Tavi.

Cveni sakvlevi naSromis calkeuli sakiTxebi ganxilulia

sxvadasxva kuTxiT saqarTveloSi gamocemul monografieb-

Si, mogonebebSi: s. janaSias da n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT

gamocemul wignSi _ „saqarTvelos istoria“ (1980); „saqarT-

velos istoria“, t. II. (1962); m. naTmelaZis statia emigrantu-

8 9

li literaturis Sesaxeb farTod aris warmodgenili, XIX-s

meore naxevrisa da XX-saukunis 20-iani wlebis movlenebis

msvleloba.

gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa: g. sulaZis naSromi „qarTu-

li antisabWoTa emigracia da specsamsaxurebi“ (2010); a. sur-

gulaZisa da p. surgulaZis wigni _ „saqarTvelos istoria,

sakiTxavi wigni“: n. javaxiSvilis _ „qarTveli mxedrebi polo-

neTis droSis qveS“ (1998); e. kupataZe qarTuli erovnuli divi-

ziebi did samamulo omSi. Tb. 2011. v. beniZis _ „saqarTvelos

social-politikuri mdgomareoba da saxelmwifoebiriobisaT-

vis brZola 1920-1925 w.w. _ Tb. 1999 (cvlilebebi emigrantuli

mTavrobisa da politpartiebis brZolis taqtikaSi); S. muru-

siZis _ „qarTuli emigraciis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis kvlevis problemebi“; c. CxartiSvili „poloneT-

saqarTvelos urTierTobis zogierTi sakiTxebi“ (axali da

uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi“, “2008); m. qebaZe _ „poloneTi

qarTvelebis meore samSoblo“, el. mamukelaSvili _ „Cvenebi“

(2009): misive _ „qarTuli samxedro emigracia evropaSi“, _ el.

mamukelaSvili _ qarTveli emigrantebi vermaxtis samsaxurSi“.

r. karazini _ „qarTveli oficrebi poloneTis jarSi“ (1965

w. cnobebi XVI-XVII saukuneebis istoriisaTvis“): SeviswavleT

qarTul periodul gamocemebSi gamoqveynebuli masalebi; um-

etesad gaz. „komunistidan“ _ „gamofxizlebis xmebi Jorda-

nia-ramiSvilis banakidan“; „parizSi myof qarTvel muSa men-

Sevikebis deklaracia“; aseve gamoviyeneT arsebuli cnobebi

germaniaSi, berlinSi, Camoyalibebuli faSisturi organiza-

ciebis saqmianobaze, maT monawileobaze meore msoflio omSi,

kavkasiis frontze mimdinare saomar operaciebSi (1942/1943 w.w.);

gavaanalizeT antisabWoTa emigrantuli gamocemebis Sinaarsi

(„Tavisuflebis tribuna“, „guSagi“, „TeTri giorgi“, „samxedro

furceli“, „momavali“, „axali saqarTvelo“, „kavkasioni“, „sam-

SoblosaTvis“).

aseve, g. SaraZe „ucxoeTis cis qveS“, tb. 1993 w. „merani“;

„saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi

aqtebis krebuli“ #1990; t. cxovrebaZe, „qarTuli politi-

kuri emigracia da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxi“.

1921-1924 w. Tb. 1996.

gamoviyeneT qarTuli generalitetis saqmianobis amsaxveli

mdidari masala m. gogitiZis rusulenovani gamocemidan _

„Военная элита Кавказа (Генералы и адмиралы из Грузии). Тб. 2007.

mimovixileT Jurnal „axali poloneTis“ specialuri no-

meri qarTul enaze gamocemuli 2001 wels, a. voJniakis wer-

iliT, „qarTuli emigraciis sazogadoebebi da organizaciebi

poloneTSi“.

aseve parizSi, 1937-1939 wlebSi arsebuli patriotuli or-

ganizaciis _ „saqarTvelos faSisturi darazmuloba“ _ ma-

salebi.

gamoviyeneT l. berias moxsenebebis Sinaarsi da Sefase-

bebi „qarTuli emigraciis politikuri komitetebis samxedro

saqmianobis“ Taobaze, aseve sabWoTa sagareo dazvervis mo-

nacemebi _ „qarTuli nacionaluri komitetis“ sainiciativo

jgufisa da mis saqmianobaze, maT urTierTobaze 1944 wels

hitleris iniciativiT Seqmnil e.w. _ „ruseTis erebis gan-

Tavisuflebis komitetTan“. masalebi qarTuli emigrantuli

legionebis Seqmnis saidumlo gankargulebis moTxovnebze.

istoriuli movlenebis SefasebisTvis gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba hqonda emigranti generlebis mogonebebs _ g.

kvinitaZe „Cemi mogonebebi“, t. I-II, Tb., 1999; S. maRlakeliZe _

„qarTvelebi germaniis droSis qveS“.

gamoviyeneT saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo isto-

riuli arqivi, harvardis koleqcia kol. 75, yuTi 4, saqaR. 3.

saqme 7; f. 2514; f. 259; ЦАМО СССР. 224; ф.74456; ф. 202; ф. 48-A; ф. 209; ф. 69; ф. 1089; ф. 351; ф. 242; ф. 414; ф. 406; ф. 34.

mniSvnelovani masalebi gamoviyeneT saqarTvelos Sinagan

saqmeTa saministros sainformacio-analitikuri departamen-

tis saarqivo sammarTvelos fondebidan: f. 6; saqme 23789-61,

saarq. 24289, yuTi 36, saqme 25494, saarqivo 29474, t. 2, yuTi 71;

saqme 23690-61, saarq. 24214, yuTi 28, saqme 1334, saarqivo 3304, t.

2, yuTi 2, saqme _ 21323, 2212, 23135, 22385, 24214, 29474, 22250.

sadisertacio naSromis meTodologiuri baza: Cveni naS-

romis msoflmxedvelobriv-meTodologiur safuZvels war-

moadgens XX-saukunis urTulesi istoriuli movlenebis

obieqturi Seswavla, gageba, faqtebisa da procesebisadmi

Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebrivi midgoma, rac srulad uzrun-

velyofs gasuli saukunis gabatonebuli ideologiis Sefase-

baTa gadasinjvas, kritikul analizs da istoriul Sefase-

baTa axlebur gaazrebas.

sakvlevi naSromis meTodad gamoviyeneT kritikul-anali-

tikuri meTodi, mizez-Sedegobriobis sayovelTao kavSiris

istorizmis principebi, analizisa da sinTezis meTodi,

10 11

sistemuri Tanamimdevruli kvlevis meTodi da maTze dayrd-

nobiT ki istorizmisa da logikurobis aucilebeli dacvis

principi.

naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba: sadisertacio naS-

romis praqtikuli mniSvneloba mdgomareobs SemdegSi: a)

sakvlevi problemisa da Temis irgvliv samecniero lit-

eraturaSi SemoTavazebuli daskvnebi gamoyenebuli iqne-

ba momaval kvlevebSi; b) Cveni koncefciebi aucileblad

yuradsaRebia uaxlesi drois istoriuli movlenebis Ses-

wavlis procesSi; g) misi gamoyeneba SeuZliaT saqarTvelos

istoriiT dainteresebulT; d) Cveni kvlevis procesSi mokv-

leuli obieqturi masala didad Seuwyobs xels saqarT-

velos uaxlesi istoriis problemaze momuSave mklevarebs;

e) gansakuTrebuli praqtikuli Rirebulebisaa warsuli is-

toriuli gamocdilebis gamoyeneba Tanamedrove pirobebSi

qveynebis, saxelmwifoebis, xalxTa Semdgomi srulyofili

Tanadgomisa da urTierTobisTvis.

sakvlevi Temis qronologiuri CarCo _ moicavs XX-sauku-

nis 20-50-iani wlebis movlenebis mimdinareobas msoflioSi

da masTan erTad saqarTveloSi.

migvaCnia, XX-saukunis 20-40-iani wlebis saqarTvelos cxovre-

baSi momxdari tragikuli movlenebi, didad aris ganpirobe-

buli evropis qveynebsa da ruseTSi arsebuli rTuli samx-

edro-politikuri viTarebiT. es periodi saqarTvelo-ruseTis

urTierTobis urTulesi periodia, mis gaanalizeba-Seswavlas

garkveuli qronologiuri Tanmimdevroba sWirdeba.

saerTod uaxlesi drois istoriaSi da kerZod qarTul

istoriografiaSi pirvelad SemovitaneT sruliad axali

qronologiuri gaangariSeba, romelic obieqturad emyareba

procesebis msvlelobas da samarTlianad imsaxurebs aRi-

arebas.

naSromis aprobacia: sadisertacio naSromisTvis gaTval-

iswinebuli sakvlevi problemisa da Temis ZiriTadi sakiTx-

ebis Seswavla-gaanalizebis Sedegebi, daskvnebi, koncefciebi,

rekomendaciebi, sistematurad ganixileboda samecniero ses-

iebze, konferenciebze, kaTedraTa gaerTianebul sxdomebze.

kvlevis Sedegebi ganixileboda ZiriTadad Telavis saxelm-

wifo universitetis profesor-maswavlebelTa, doqtorantTa,

magistrantTa da bakalavrTa gaerTianebul Teoriul kon-

ferenciebze. wardgenil moxsenebaTa Sinaarsi, statiebis sax-

iT, gamoicemoda calke Sromebad.

sadisertacio naSromis ZiriTadi Teoriuli ganzogadebebi

drodadro qveyndeboda saqarTvelos, somxeTis, azerbaijanis

samecniero aRiarebul gamocemebSi, JurnalebSi. maT Soris

baqosa da erevnis saxelmwifo universitetebis gamocemebSi.

naSromis moculoba da struqtura: sadisertacio naSromi

Sedgeba Sesavalis, xuTi Tavisa da daskvnebisgan. naSromis

moculoba 192 gverdia, darTuli aqvs gamoyenebuli saerTo

literaturisa da saarqivo masalebis nusxa.

kvlevis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi gaanalizebulia calke Tav-

ebis SinaarsSi, darTuli aqvs daskvnebi Tavebis bolos, 13

paragrafSi gadmocemulia dakvirvebis Sedegebi.

sadisertacio naSromis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi: naSromis Ses-

aval nawilSi gadmocemulia sakvlevi problemis istoriuli

Rirebuleba, misi aqtualoba, mecnieruli siaxle, gansaz-

Rvrulia kvlevis ZiriTadi mizani, ganzogadoebulia kvlevis

meTodologia, principebi, gaTvaliswinebulia Tanamedrove

meTodologiuri safuZvlebi, mimoxilulia problemis isto-

riografiuli da wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza, Camoyalibebulia

mecnieruli siaxle, miRebuli daskvnebi da koncefciebi.

Tavi I. qarTuli samxedro-politikuri

emigraciis (1921-1953) mizezebi

§.1 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saSinao vi-

Tareba.

ruseTSi 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdgom TviTmpy-

robeluri reJimis damxobam, imperiis SemadgenlobaSi moqceul

ara rus xalxs erovnuli Tavisuflebis imedi da miswrafebebi

gauZliera. poloneTSi, fineTSi, ukrainaSi amoqmeddnen pro-

gresulad moazrovne Zalebi da damoukidebeli saxelmwifoe-

brivi mowyobis sakiTxi daayenes. aseTive damokidebuleba gam-

oikveTa saqarTveloSic. es Zalebi iziarebdnen im azrs, rom

ZiriTad amocanas, im droisaTvis, warmoadgenda ara erovnuli

TviTgamorkveva, aramed revoluciis monapovarTa SenarCune-

ba ruseTSi, rac SesaZlebeli iyo mTeli qveynis revoluci-

ur ZalTa mTlianobiT. cxadia, aseTi midgoma sruliadac ar

gamoxatavda xalxTa interesebs, rac male dadasturda 1917

wlis 25 oqtombers droebiTi mTavrobis damxobiT.

jer kidev 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg gaaq-

tiurda TviTgamorkvevisken miswrafeba mravalerovan am-

12 13

ierkavkasiaSi. am droisaTvis momwifebuli iyo saqarTvelos

erovnuli sabWos Seqmnis sakiTxi. amave wlis 19 noembers sax-

azino TeatrSi Seikriba qarTuli sazogadoebis didi nawili,

324 delegati. Sekreba gaxsna akaki Cxenkelma. man xazi gausva

erovnul-saxelmwifoebriobisken miswrafebas. aq „erovnuli

sabWos“ Seqmna iyo umniSvnelovanesi mimarTuleba saqarT-

velos damoukideblobis Semzadebis gzaze.

Zalian male, saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos gaweuli hqonda

praqtikuli samzadisi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo damoukide-

blobis gamocxadebisTvis. 1918 wlis 26 maiss, amierkavkasiis

seimis daSlis dResve, gaimarTa mTavrobis sxdoma, romelic

gaxsna noe Jordaniam. man Tavis sityvaSi aRniSna: _ „qarTveli

eris dRevandeli mdgomareoba aucileblad moiTxovs, rom

saqarTvelom sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia Seqmnas,

misi saSualebiT gareSe Zalis mier dapyrobis Tavi gadairCi-

nos da damoukidebeli ganviTarebis mtkice safuZveli aagos1“.

sabWom miiRo da gamoaqveyna erovnuli yrilobis deklaracia.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis deklaracias xeli moaw-

era asze metma adamianma, romelic ucvlelad daamtkica dam-

fuZnebelma krebam 1919 wels, Tebervlis TveSi.

ase Camoyalibda pirveli qarTuli demokratiuli respubli-

ka, rasac safuZveli daudo 1918 wlis 26 maisis RonisZiebam.

§ 2. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo urT-

ierTobebi

pirveli msoflio omis Sedegad saerTaSoriso viTareba

uaRresad rTuli da daZabuli iyo. jer kidev naTlad ar iyo

gansazRvruli saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebis momavali, saqarT-

velos CrdiloeTiT mZvinvarebda samoqalaqo omi, romelsac

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCunebisTvis udidesi

mniSvneloba hqonda. saWiro iyo mkveTrad gamokveTili sa-

gareo politikuri kursis Camoyalibeba da misi praqtikuli

ganxorcieleba, rac uaRresad didi istoriuli mniSvnelo-

bis movlena iyo.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo politi-

kuri kursi zogadad aseTi saxiT warmodgeba:

a) saqarTvelos parlamentma da mTavrobam, qveynis sagareo

politikis safuZvlad, sruli neitraliteti gamoacxades;

b) erT-erT ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgenda urTierTobis

mogvareba mezobel qveynebTan (azerbaijanTan da somxeTTan).

rTuli iyo sazRvrebis mowesrigebis sakiTxis mogvareba.

g) saqarTvelos 1918 wels orientacia aRebuli hqonda ger-

maniaze, romelic irwmuneboda, aucileblad icnobda saqarT-

velos damoukideblobas da daexmareboda, magram es imedebi

gacruvda.

d) 1918 wlis noemberSi, germaniaSi revoluciam daamxo

kaizeruli reJimi. gauqmda brest-litovskis xelSekruleba.

istoriis sarbielze gamoCndnen inglisi da TurqeTi, maT

Tavisi interesebi hqondaT amierkavkasiaSi.

e) male amierkavkasia inglisis gavlenis qveS moeqca, baqo-

sa da baTumSi inglisis armiis nawilebi Sevidnen.

v) saqarTvelos sagareo politika, qveynis bedi, ZiriTadad

inglis-safrangeTze damokidebuli gaxda.

z) saqarTvelos xelisuflebisaTvis saswrafod mosagvare-

beli gaxda konfliqti somxeTTan. somxeTis SeiaraRebulma

razmebma Tavisi mTavrobis miTiTebiT daikaves sanaianis da

alaverdis teritoria. es iyo somxeTis mTavrobis ukanono

moqmedeba.

T) saqarTvelos xelisuflebisTvis mosagvarebeli gaxda:

1. 1919 wlis 12 ianvars baTumSi Sevida ingliselTa jari. am-

ierkavkasiis inglisurma warmomadgenlobam baTumi Tavis sa-

kuTrebad gamoacxada; 2. CrdiloeTiT denikinis gavlenis qveS

iyo yubanis e.w. respublika, is saqarTvelos esazRvreboda

soWis raioniT. denikini ar cnobda saqarTvelos damoukide-

blobas, mas ruseTis ganuyofel nawilad miiCnevda; 3. rTuli

viTareba Seiqmna saqarTvelos samxreTSi, mas sami dampyro-

beli gamouCnda _ TurqeTi, ruseTi (denikinis sardloba),

inglisis warmomadgenloba.

i) saqarTvelos xelisuflebas unda gamoeyenebina yvela-

nairi diplomatiuri SesaZlebloba, rom aRekveTa TurqeTis,

denikinisa da mis zurgs amofarebuli inglisis, kavkasiis

mxedrobis sardlobis dapyrobiTi gegmebi.

k) saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebis

sazrunavs, sagareo urTierTobaSi, warmoadgenda misi cnoba

ucxo qveynebisa da saxelmwifoebis mier. es ki unda gadaw-

yvetiliyo parizis sazavo konferenciaze. saqarTvelos del-

egaciam (n. CxeiZe, i. wereTeli, z. avaliSvili) konferencias

warudgina memorandumi, riTac moiTxovda mokavSireTa sab-

Wosagan damoukideblobis oficialur aRiarebas, magram es

mcdeloba warumatebeli aRmoCnda.

l) saqarTvelos sagareo viTareba kidev ufro garTulda

14 15

1920 wlis damdegidan. denikinis armia gandevnes kavkasiidan

da aprilis bolos wiTeli armiis nawilebi baqoSi Sevidnen.

azerbaijanSi damyarda sabWoTa xelisufleba. es ki niSani

iyo saqarTvelosTvisac.

m) aseT viTarebaSi saqarTvelos mTavrobas saimedod moeCve-

na ruseTTan samSvidobo da samokavSireo xelSekrulebis

dadeba. 1920 wlis 7 maiss, ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris daido

xelSekruleba, riTac ruseTma scno saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

fos damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba, magram aseTi viTare-

ba male Seicvala. 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals wiTeli armiis

nawilebi TbilisSi Sevidnen.

n) saqarTvelos demokratiulma mTavrobam imave dReebSi

gadawyvita saswrafod wasuliyo emigraciaSi. 1921 wlis 18

marts, mTavrobam damfuZnebeli krebis erTi nawilis Tanx-

lebiT datova saqarTvelo da evropaSi, parizSi gaemgzavra.

§3. evropaSi qarTuli samxedro emigraciis mizezebi:

XX-saukunis 20-iani wlebi urTulesi periodi iyo saqarT-

velosTvis, demokratiuli saqarTvelos mTavrobis damxobis

Semdeg qveyanaSi mTeli Zalaufleba saqarTvelos sabWoTa

respublikis _ „revoluciuri komitetebis“ xelSi gadavida.

saqarTvelos revkomi (revoluciuri komiteti, Camoyalibda

ruseTis komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis) kavkasiis bi-

uros mier 1921 wlis 16 Tebervals. mis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen:

filipe maxaraZe, mamia oraxelaSvili, Salva eliava, aleqsan-

dre gegeWkori, a. nazareTiani, besarion kvirkvelia. es orga-

no ganuxrelad anxorcielebda ruseTis, kremlis interesebs.

iqmnebodnen aseve sagubernio saqalaqo da samazro revko-

mebi, romlebic qarTvel xalxs mouwodebdnen morCilebi-

sken. revkomebis Zalaufleba ukandaxevas ufro warmoadgenda

mmarTvelobis sistemaSi, rasac qarTveli xalxi ver Seegua.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba kon-

stantinepolis gavliT 1921 wlis aprilSi parizSi Cavida, Cas-

vlisTanave Seudgnen saqmianobas, raTa daxmarebisTvis ganew-

yoT evropis qveynebis xelisufalni inglisSi, safrangeTSi,

italiaSi da sxv. aprilSive daegzavnaT memorandumi, sadac

aRwerili iyo sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos mimarT

dadebuli xelSekrulebis faqtebi. evropis did saxelm-

wifoTa mTavrobebis wevrebTan oficialur SexvedrebSi,

qarTvelebi moiTxovdnen, rom es mTavrobebi Careuliyvnen

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi, raTa ruseTs gaeyvana

Tavisi jarebi saqarTvelos teritoriidan, magram es mcde-

loba arc Tu warmatebuli iyo.

Tavi II. evropaSi qarTuli samxedro-politikuri

emigraciis istoriografiuli mimoxilva

qarTul istoriografiaSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli re-

spublikis politikuri xelisuflebis emigracias evropaSi,

ZiriTadad safrangeTSi, ara erTi politikosi da mecnieri

Sexebia. Cveni yuradReba gansakuTrebiT miipyro uaxloes pe-

riodSi g. sulaZis mier gamocemulma naSromma: _ „qarTuli

antisabWoTa emigracia da specsamsaxurebi“.

g. sulaZis sakmaod vrceli gamokvleva emyareba mdidar

saarqivo pirvelwyaroebs, romlebic dRemde ucnobi iyo far-

To sazogadoebisTvis. naSromSi TiTqmis sruliad zedmiw-

evniT aris gadmocemuli qarTvel politikur warmomadgenel-

Ta biografia, individualuri Tvisebebi, maTi urTierToba

erTmaneTTan da evropuli samyaros gamoCenil politikur-

saxelmwifo moRvaweebTan. evropis qveynebis xelisufle-

basTan qarTvel politikosTa damokidebuleba gansakuTrebiT

gaZlierda XX-saukunis 30-iani wlebis Sua periodidan 50-

iani wlebis dasasrulamde: safrangeTTan, germaniasTan,

inglisTan, italiasTan. es damokidebuleba gamoikveTa am

qveynebSi da maSindel evropaSi mimdinare istoriul proces-

ebTan uSualo monawileobaSi, rasac maT sakuTari erovnuli

interesebis Sesruleba karnaxobda. migvaCnia, qarTul poli-

tikur emigraciasTan mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli qarTuli

samxedro emigraciis ZiriTadi Semadgenloba poloneTsa da

safrangeTSi. qarTuli emigrantuli generalitetis, oficre-

bisa da iunkerebis moqmedebebi didad iyo ganpirobebuli

evropis saxelmwifoTa samxedro Zlierebis mxardaWeraze.

qarTul istoriografiaSi gansakuTrebuli mecnieruli

mniSvnelobis gamokvlevas warmoadgens prof. niko javaxiSvi-

lis naSromi _ „qarTveli mxedrebi poloneTis droSis qveS“.

Tb. 1998 w. sadac vrclad da sarwmuno wyaroebis kritiku-

li analizis safuZvelze siRrmiseulad aris warmodgeni-

li poloneT-saqarTvelos samxedro urTierTobis amsaxveli

masala. amave problemis calkeul sakiTxebs ganixilaven

qarTveli istorikos-mkvlevarebli: zedgeniZe g. „qarTveli

diplomati bogdan gurjicki“ (Jurnal „mnaTobi“, #12, 1965);

beniZe v. „saqarTvelos social-politikuri mdgomareoba da

16 17

saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis brZola 1920-1925 w.w.“ _ Tb. 1999

(cvlilebebi emigrantuli mTavrobisa da politpartiebis

brZolis taqtikaSi); maisuraZe S. _ „qarTuli emigraciis

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis kvlevis probleme-

bi“: CxartiSvili c. poloneT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis

zogierTi sakiTxebi“ (wignSi axali da uaxlesi istoriis

sakiTxebi, Tb. 2008) da sxv.

gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba saqarTvelos XX-saukunis

20-iani wlebis movlenebisadmi igrZnoba 1991 wels iv. javax-

iSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis,

saqarTvelos axalgazrda istorikosTa asociaciis mxriv, a.

surgulaZisa da p. surgulaZis avtorobiT gamocemul wignSi

_ „saqarTvelos istoria“, sakiTxavi wigni 1783-1990. is asaxavs

Cveni qveynis warsuls bolo-ori saukunis manZilze. wignSi,

avtorTa TqmiT, „obieqturad, adrindeli stereotipebis sa-

pirispirod ganxilulia is faqtebi da movlenebi, romlebic

gansazRvravdnen saqarTvelos social-ekonomikur da poli-

tikur-kulturul ganviTarebas me-19 da me-20 saukuneebSi“.

axla gabedulad mimdinareobs istoriul mecnierebaSi Zveli

stereotipebis msxvreva; TiToeuli xalxis istoriuli war-

sulis Sefaseba, obieqturad, zneobriv principebze dayrd-

nobiT xdeba. magram avtorebi Zalian mcire adgils uTmoben

qarTuli emigraciis sakiTxebs.

meore paragrafSi erT-erT pirvel sakiTxad aris „saqarT-

velos emigrantuli mTavroba da evropa“. masSi aRniSnulia,

rom saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi konstantine-

polis gavliT Cavidnen parizSi _ n. Jordania, e. gegeWkori,

k. CxeiZe, a. Cxenkeli, i. wereTeli da sxvebi. evropis did

saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebis wevrebTan oficialur Sexvedreb-

Si moiTxovdnen, rom es mTavrobebi Careuliyvnen saqarT-

velos saqmeebSi da iZulebuli gaexadaT sabWoTa ruseTi,

gaeyvana jarebi saqarTvelos teritoriidan. cxadia aseTi

damokidebuleba da Sefaseba qarTuli emigraciisadmi sakma-

risi ar aris, is dabejiTebiT kvlevas saWiroebs.

III. TavSi ganxilulia _ qarTuli samxedro-politikuri

emigraciis urTierToba evropis qveynebTan.

§ 1. qarTuli antisabWoTa emigrantuli gamocemebi

qarTuli politikuri emigraciis ZiriTadi warmomadgen-

loba evropaSi umetesad safrangeTSi ganTavsda. emigrantTa

miswrafeba ucvleli rCeboda, es iyo miukerZoebeli swrafva

Tavisi samSoblos, saqarTvelos ukeTesi momavlisTvis, brZo-

lis yvela saSualebiT.

qarTvel emigrantTa miznis ganxorcielebisTvis, udide-

si mniSvneloba hqonda maTi gegmebis, miswrafebebis, ideebis

gavrcelebas ara marto evropaSi wasulTaTvis, aramed mTli-

anad qarTuli emigrantuli sazogadoebisaTvis.

1924 wlidan gamoicemoda sxvadasxva dasaxelebis Jurnal-

gazeTebi: „Tavisuflebis tribuna“ _ (1978) „guSagi“ _ (1994).

„TeTri giorgi“, „samxedro furceli“, „momavali“, „axali

saqarTvelo“, „kavkasioni“, „samSoblosaTvis“. TiToeul maT-

gans TavisTavadi istoria da daniSnuleba hqonda.

XX-saukunis 20-ian wlebSi (1924 wlis 24 oqtombers) sa-

frangeTSi, parizSi dafuZnda qarTvelTa patriotuli ax-

algazrduli organizacia „TeTri giorgi“, general leo

kereseliZis winamZRolobiT. am organizaciam daiwyo Tavisi

gazeTis „TeTri giorgis“ gamocema. misi pirveli nomeri gam-

ovida parizSi 1926 wlis 25 agvistos.

gazeT „TeTri giorgis“ 1930 wlis agvistodan (#31), 1934

wlis ianvar-Tebervlamde (#72-73), redaqtorobda mixako wer-

eTeli, xolo 74-75 nomrebs xels awerda saredaqcio kolegia,

1935 wlis aprilidan (#86) ki gazeTs viqtor nozaZe Caudga

saTaveSi. male is CamoaSores gazeTis xelmZRvanelobas da

daubrunes leo kereseliZes. misi TanamSromlebi iyvnen: kal.

salia, mix. wereTeli, sim. bereJiani, s. ciciSvili, v. cicqiS-

vili, l. kereseliZe, S. soxaZe, b. giorgaZe, ir. oTxmezuri,

a. ximSiaSvili, gen al. erisTavi (redaqtorobda damatebas

„samxedro furceli“) koki dadiani, vl. emuxvari, dim. Wi-

abriSvili d. kldiaSvili, S. amirejibi, g. jayeli, r. gabaS-

vili, g. mxeiZe da sxv.

gazeT „TeTri giorgis“ paralelurad, 1934 wlidan parizSi

gamosvla daiwyo amave organizaciis (qarTuli patriotuli

organizacia) meore gazeTma _ „momaval“-ma. romelsac xelmZ-

Rvanelobda al. manvelaSvili. SemorCenilia am gazeTis mx-

olod sami nomeri: 1934 w., agvisto, #4; 1933 w. aprili, #8;

1938w., #10-11.

1924 wlis noemberSi grigol veSapelis redaqtorobiT,

parizSi daibeWda gazeT „axali saqarTvelos“ pirveli no-

meri. es iyo orkvireuli gamocema. is sabWoTa mxareze idga,

qarTvel emigrantTa samSobloSi dabrunebis ideas qadagebda.

18 19

is ori wlis ganmavlobaSi parizsa da berlinSi gamodioda.

spiridon kediam parizSi daarsa qarTulenovani Jurnali

_ „samSoblosaTvis“. es gamocema ara erovnul-demokratiuli

partiis, aramed zogadad _ „erovnul politikur organod“

iwodeboda, is spiridon kedias redaqtorobiT gamodioda

TveSi erTxel, 1925 wlis maisidan. gazeTis pirveli nomeri

saqarTveloSic Semovida farulad.

safrangeTSi, parizSi, gamodioda Jurnali „kavkasioni“,

romelSic qveyndeboda mdidari da saintereso werilebi

qarTvel mxatvarTa Semoqmedebaze, maT azrovnebaze (d. kaka-

baZe, elene axvlediani, mixeil bilaniSvili).

qarTuli istoriografiisTvis mniSvnelovania is, rom „Te-

Tri giorgis“ berlinis organizaciasac hqonia Tavisi saku-

Tari organo _ „TeTri giorgi“ (berlinis gamocema), rac im

ucilobel sinamdviles gvidasturebs, rom germaniaSic sak-

maod mravlad iyo qarTvel emigrantTa Semadgenloba.

metad sainteresoa isic, rom „TeTri giorgis“ organizaci-

is arseboba dasturdeba XX-saukunis 50-ian wlebSi parizSi.

1950-ian wlebSi parizSi k. salias redaqtorobiT qarTul

enaze gamovida Jurnali „bedi qarTlisa“. JurnalSi ZiriTa-

dad patriotuli Sinaarsis werilebi, qronikaluri masalebi

qveyndeboda.

aseve „TeTri giorgis“ sulier Tanamdgomad SeiZleba miviC-

nioT germaniaSi, qalaq miunxenSi gaioz maRlakeliZis inicia-

tiviT 1954 wlis 26 ianvars daarsebuli „qarTvel mxedarTa

darazmuloba ucxoeTSi“.

mesame Tavis meore paragrafSi gadmoveciT emigrantuli

politikuri komitetebis Seqmnis pirobebi, partiaTa damok-

idebuleba, komitetebis wevrTa Semadgenloba, politikuri

komitetebis miznebi, msoflmxedveloba, maTi urTierTdamok-

idebuleba evropis qveynebSi arsebul rusul da kavkasiur

komitetebTan. jer kidev 1924 wels q. stambolSi Seiqmna _

„kavkasiis ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti“, xeli moaweres: mix-

ako wereTelma, daviT vaCnaZem, aleqsandre asaTianma; azerbai-

janelTagan _ xosro sulTanzadem, abdula ali emir-janma,

Seix islam-zadem; CrdiloeT kavkasielTagan _ gasan gireim,

jabagim (CeCeni), alixan kantemirma (osi), haitek natomovma

(Cerqezi). 1925 wels uari ganacxades somxebma.

arsebobda organizacia „kavkasia“, romelSic Sedioda gen-

erali g. kvinikaZe. es organizacia cdilobda dakavSireboda

ruseTis emigrantul antisabWoTa organizacias „Русский обще воинский союз“ (rusuli saerTo samxedro kavSiri). qarTvel

emigrantebs hqondaT e.w. „qarTuli erovnuli centri“; anti-

sabWoTa yaidis emigrantuli organizacia „qarTlosi“, arse-

bobda „saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis komiteti“; 1941 wlis

bolosTvis q. berlinSi dafuZnda „qarTuli nacionaluri

komitetis“ sainiciativo jgufi. am komitets saTaveSi Caud-

ga organizacia „TeTri giorgis“ erT-erTi damaarsebeli _

mixako wereTeli. Semdeg am organizaciis bazaze (1943 w. 25

oqtombers), Seiqmna axali mravalmxrivi funqciiT aRWurvili

organizacia _ „qarTuli sakavSiro “(samokavSireo) Stabi.

misi samxedro Stabi Caibara g. gablianma; erTian kavkasiur

komitets ki saTaveSi Caudga caitcleri: parizSi Camoyali-

bda politikuri gaerTianeba „erToba“, xelmZRvanelebi gaxd-

nen mix. kedia da evg. gegeWkori; germanelTa TvalSi ndobiT

sargeblobda organizacia „TeTri giorgi“, faSisturi yaid-

is organizacia; mis xelmZRvanel organos warmoadgenda e.w.

„direqtoria“: arsebobda „qarTvel emigrantTa biuro“. misi

daniSnuleba iyo _ brZola sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg; Se-

qmnili iyo antisabWoTa organizaciebi: „rusuli komiteti“,

„ruseTis erebis ganTavisuflebis komiteti“.

mesame Tavis mesame paragrafSi gaSuqebulia qarTuli emig-

rantuli legionebis Seqmnis istoriuli pirobebi: Cveni Ziri-

Tadi informacia efuZneba 1948 wlis saarqivo dokumentebs:

1. „saqarTvelos nacionaluri legionis“ formireba ger-

manelebma daiwyes 1942 w. gazafxulze q. varSavis axlos,

vesolasa da zelonkaSi. (aq Tavmoyrili iyvnen qarTveli

tyveebi).

2. meore batalioni Camoyalibda vesolaSi. 1942 wels ficis

dadebis Semdeg, gaemgzavra CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, krasno-

daris raionSi;

3. mesame aTaskacianma batalionma (#21/198) Camoyalibeba dai-

wyo 1942 wlis seqtemberSi. poltavis olqis q. xenkovoSi:

4. meoTxe batalioni Camoyalibda poltavis olqis q. gad-

iaCSi;

5. 795-e batalioni moqmedebda q. Serburgis (safrangeTi)

raionSi.

6. 798-e batalioni 1943 wlis dasawyisSi daiSala.

7. 797-e batalionis meTauri iyo leitenanti SalikaSvili

(granvilSi);

20 21

8. 798-e ganlagebuli iyo morbigiaSi: meTauri iyo baqraZe;

9. 799-e batalioni moqmedebda klermon-feranis raionSi;

10. batalioni (#11/193) 1944 wels imyofeboda CrdiloeT ital-

iaSi.

11. erT-erTi batalioni 1944 wlis zafxulSi dislocirebu-

li iyo q. aTenSi;

12. specialuri daniSnulebis batalioni „bergman“-i („mTis

kaci“) Seiqmna 1942w.

13. „bergmanis“ _ I aseuls meTaurobda S. oqropiriZe;

14. „bergmanis“ II aseuls xelmZRvanelobda bekmurad lianoki;

15. „bergmanis“ III aseuls qesom alesqerovi;

16. „bergmanis“ IV aseuls cucqiriZe;

17. „bergmanis“ aseuls sarqis gaxverdiani. yvela isini sab-

WoTa armiis yofili mosamsaxureebi iyvnen.

male bergmans SeuerTes sadazvervo-diversiuli danayofe-

bi „Tamar-I“, „Tamar-II“. „bergmani“ 1942 wlis agvistoSi Cavida

piatigorskSi da Cairicxa germaniis 44-e saarmio korpusis

SemadgenlobaSi, ibrZoda mozdokis raionSi, sabWoTa jar-

ebis winaaRmdeg.

18. qarTvelTa monawileobiT Camoyalibda germanuli dan-

ayofi _ „brandenburgis divizia“ _ 1942 wels. Sedgeboda 3

ZiriTadi batalionisgan.

dRemde naTlad ar aris Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebrivi

azri germanuli droSis qveS mebrZoli _ batalionebis, Tu

danayofebis, qarTvel jariskacTa raodenobaze, oficerTa

Semadgenlobaze da SemdgomSi maTi bedis Sesaxeb.

sadisertacio naSromis IV TavSi ganxilulia qarTvel emi-

grantTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli msoflmxedveloba. es

nawili warmodgenilia sami paragrafiT.

pirvel paragrafSi „TeTri giorgi“ da qarTuli erovnuli

moZraoba _ ganxilulia parizSi 1924 wels daarsebuli moZ-

raoba „qarTuli patriotulobis“ mier gamocemul `momaval-

Si,~ sadac Seadgines debuleba 10 mcnebis saxiT: saqarTvelo

aris eri; saqarTvelo aris saxelmwifo, qarTvelebisgan Sem-

dgari; „momavali“ uaryofs politikur partiebs; „momavali“

ecdeba daamkvidros istoriuli tradiciebi; ganamtkicos

erSi suliereba, „momavali“ dgas yovelive partiis gareSe;

„momavals“ ganzraxuli aqvs erovnuli interesebis dacva;

saqarTvelo religiaa „momavlisaTvis“; „momavali“ aris Tav-

isufali, uwmindesi Seficva, utyuari patriotizmiT aRWur-

vili da saqarTvelo samlocvelo didebaa misTvis.

meore paragrafSi, sadac ganxilulia „saqarTvelos mTav-

roba emigraciaSi (1918-1921)“ _ mivuTiTebT, rom saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam 1918-1920 wlebSi metnak-

lebad gadaWra qveynis saSinao problemebi, sagareo urTier-

Tobis sakiTxi _ damoukideblobis saerTaSoriso aRiarebis

TvalsazrisiT misTvis Zneli aRmoCnda. amave dros rTuli

gamodga „rusuli faqtoris“ gadalaxva.

1921 wlis 25 Tebervali gaxda saqarTvelos damoukidebeli

saxelmwifos dacemis dRe. ramac ganapiroba qveynidan mTav-

robis wasvla emigraciaSi, evropaSi, ZiriTadad safrangeTsa

da poloneTSi.

mesame paragrafi eZRvneba „qarTuli emigraciis Semoq-

medebiT gzas“, gaanalizebulia sp. kedias, grigol veSape-

lis, n. Jordanias saqmianoba politikur-samecniero dargSi.

1924 wels g. veSapelis redaqtorobiT daibeWda gaz. „axali

saqarTvelos“ pirveli nomeri: sp. kediam parizSi qarTuleno-

vani Jurnali daaarsa, romelsac erqva „samSoblosaTvis“.

gansakuTrebiT mravalmxrivi iyo k. saliasa da n. salias

publicisturi, literaturuli da samecniero SemoqmedebiTi

moRvaweobis asparezi.

naSromis mexuTe TavSi _ „qarTuli samxedro emigracia

evropaSi da kavkasiisaTvis brZola 1942-1943 w.w.“ _ ganix-

ileba XX-saukunis urTules saomar operaciebSi qarTveli

generlebis, oficrebis, iunkrebis, jariskacebis monawileo-

bis sakiTxebi.

pirvel paragrafSi ganxilulia masalebi 1918-1921 wlebis

saqarTvelos generalitetis Sesaxeb, gadmocemulia saarqi-

vo fondebis ZiriTadi sabuTebi. generlebis, maRalCinosani

oficrebis raodenobisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. daaxloebiT

50-generali emsaxureboda maSindel saqarTvelos.

qarTul politikur emigracias evropaSi gahyva samxedro

emigraciis warmomadgenloba. es iyo qarTuli emigraciis me-

ore Sto, romelic poloneTSi Cavida. es iyo istoriuli

movlena saqarTvelos XX-saukunis cxovrebaSi. qarTvel samx-

edroTa ZiriTadi birTvi poloneTis xelisuflebis mxardaW-

eras eloda.

meore paragrafSi mivuTiTebT, rom poloneTSi qarTvel

samxedro emigrantTa ricxvi iunkrebis CaTvliT 300-mde aRw-

evda. pirvel wlebSi, poloneTis armiaSi qarTvel emigrant-

22 23

Tagan aravin yofila sakontraqto xelSekrulebiT miwveuli,

mxolod Semdeg, meore msoflio omis wlebSi, moxerxda maTi

dasaqmeba.

mesame paragrafSi _ „faSizmi evropaSi da qarTuli samx-

edro emigrantebi“, gamaxvilebulia yuradReba XX-saukunis

40-iani wlebis movlenebSi qarTveli samxedro emigrantebis

monawileobis sakiTxebze. dReisTvis, 2011 wlis oqtombri-

saTvis, saqarTvelos samecniero wreebSi, saubroben qarTvel

samxedro emigrantTa damsaxurebaze _ erTni maT gmirebad mi-

iCneven; meoreni _ ganmaTavisufleblebad; mesameni _ barikade-

bis iqiT mdgom qarTvelebad; meoTxeni _ gabneulebad; Cven

vfiqrobT _ yvela isini qarTvelebi iyvnen da saqarTvelosT-

vis Tavisi meTodebiT iRwvodnen.

meoTxe paragrafSi _ „kavkasiisTvis brZola (1942-1943) da

samxedro emigrantebi“ ganxilulia faSisturi germaniis

dapyrobiTi gegma kavkasiaSi _ „edelvaisi“, misi miznebi, sao-

mari operaciebi da Sedegebi. Seqmnili iyo 7-batalioni qarT-

velTa mier: 1 _ S. maRlakeliZis saxelobis; II. g. saakaZis, III

– d. aRmaSeneblis, IV _ Tamar mefis, V _ mefe erekles, VI _

S. rusTaveli, VII _ i. WavWavaZis saxelobisa;

faSizmis ideologiisa da faSisturi jarebis damarcxebam

saerTod da kerZod kavkasiaSi, gansazRvra qarTuli samx-

edro emigraciis bedi. maT Tavisi istoria Seqmnes. es saqarT-

velos istoriaa.

saerTo daskvnebi1. qarTuli samxedro-politikuri emigraciis evropis qveyneb-

Si gasvlis erT-erTi mizezi gaxda saqarTvelos pirveli

respublikis xelisuflebis saSinao politikuri, ekono-

mikuri da socialuri mdgomareobis mouwesrigebloba.

2. gansakuTrebuli ZiriTadi mizezi gaxda _ 1921 wlisaTvis,

ruseTis sagareo politikisadmi damokidebuleba. wiTeli

jaris XI armiis saomari operacia saqarTveloSi da 1924

wlis iunkrebis ajanyeba rusuli reJimis winaaRmdeg.

3. qarTuli emigracia ucxoeTSi, evropaSi ori mimarTulebiT

Camoyalibda: 1. politikuri (samTavrobo) emigracia; 2.

samxedro (generaliteti da iunkrebi) emigrantuli Sto.

4. qarTuli politikuri (samTavrobo) emigraciis warmo-

madgenloba ganTavsda safrangeTSi, parizsa da mis max-

loblad, sadac agrZelebda saqarTvelos ganTavisu-

flebisaTvis saqmianobas. Tavisi ideologiis ZiriTad

mimarTulebad Camoyalibebuli hqonda evropis qveynebis

daxmarebis imedi da praqtikuli mxardaWeris miRwevisaT-

vis iyenebda didi qveynebis mTavrobebTan mWidro diplo-

matiur urTierTobas.

5. qarTuli samxedro (generaliteti da iunkrebi) emigran-

tuli Sto ganlagda ZiriTadad poloneTSi. qarTvel

samxedroTa umravlesoba wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar iyo

poloneTis xelisuflebis mier. mxolod XX-saukunis 30-

iani wlebidan daiwyo maTi sakontraqto-saxelSekrulebo

saqmianoba, samxedro specialobis mixedviT, rasac xeli

Seuwyo poloneTis xelisuflebaSi mosulma marSalma

pilsudskim.

6. politikuri ideologiis safuZvelze qarTuli samxedro

emigrantuli Stos bevri warmomadgeneli Cadga evropaSi,

axlad gamoCenili faSisturi reJimis samsaxurSi da aq-

tiuri monawileoba miiRo meore msoflio omis, did sa-

mamulo omSi, kavkasiisTvis warmoebuli brZolebis dros

(1942-1943 w.w.).

7. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobisa da

xelisuflebis mier ver mowesrigda qveynis saerTaSori-

so mdgomareoba, rogorc axlo mezoblebTan, ise evropis

qveynebSi.

8. sagareo urTierTobis dargSi, mezobel azerbaijanTan da

somxeTTan, rTuli iyo sazRvrebis teritoriuli mowes-

rigebis sakiTxis mogvareba.

9. 1918 wlisTvis saqarTvelos Tavisi orientacia aRebuli

hqonda germaniaze da eloda misgan mxardaWeras. es im-

edebi gacruvda.

10. istoriis sarbielze gamoCndnen inglisi da TurqeTi Tav-

isi interesebiT, kavkasiis qveynebisa da kerZod saqarT-

velos mimarT.

11. male amierkavkasia inglisis gavlenaSi moeqca. baqosa

da baTumSi inglisis armiis nawilebi Sevidnen. saqarT-

velos sagareo politika, qveynis bedi ZiriTadad inglis-

safrangeTze damokidebuli gaxda.

12. saqarTvelos xelisuflebas unda moegvarebina diploma-

tiuri gziT TurqeTis, denikinisa da mis zurgs amofareb-

uli inglisis _ kavkasiis mxedrobis dapyrobiTi gegmebi.

13. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebis

24 25

mcdeloba, mieRwia evropis qveynebis mier aRiarebas, waru-

matebeli aRmoCnda.

14. sruli marcxi ganicada emigrantuli politikuri xelisu-

flebis warmomadgenlebisa da samxedro emigrantuli

Stos mier wamowyebulma moZraobam, faSisturi germaniis

SeiaraRebul Zalebze dayrdnobiT, masSi aSkara saomari

monawileobiT, saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis mcdarma

msoflmxedvelobrivma warmodgenebma.

15. XX-saukunis 40-iani wlebis evropaSi Seqmnilma mkacrma vi-

Tarebam ganmsazRvreli uaryofiTi roli Seasrula qarTu-

li samxedro-politikuri emigraciis Semdgom bedze.

16. qarTuli samxedro-politikuri emigraciis warmomadgen-

lebis ZiriTadi Semadgenloba veRar eRirsa samSobloSi,

saqarTveloSi dabrunebas.

17. qarTuli samxedro emigraciis Semadgenlobidan warmom-

dgari, didi wodebis _ general kolonkelis matarebeli

gaxda, amerikis SeiaraReul ZalebSi, maRali Tanamdebo-

bis pirovneba _ jon (malxaz) SalikaSvili.

18. qarTuli samxedro-politikuri emigraciis saqmianobis

Sesaxeb, misi istoriuli misiis Sefasebisas gvxvdeba

mosazreba _ miuxedavad imisa, rom isini ibrZodnen sab-

WoTa saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, „idgnen brZolis barikade-

bis meore mxares, maT Tavisi rwmena hqondaT da isini

mainc qarTvelebi iyvnen“.

vfiqrobT, aseTi Sefaseba garkveul winaaRmdegobas Sei-

cavs, pirvel rigSi imitom, rom sruliad miuRebeli da

mcdari aRmoCnda ucxo SeiaraRebul Zalebze dayrdno-

biT sakuTari qveynis e.w. ganTavisuflebis emigrantuli

idea; meore is, rom maSindelma faSisturma propagandam

garkveuli zemoqmedeba moaxdina da mcdari warmodgena

Camouyaliba emigrant qarTvelobas. Caayena isini Tavis

samsaxurSi; mesame is, rom emigrantebi evropis qveynebSi

gamudmebiT cdilobdnen sakuTari sicocxlis gadarCenaze

da iyenebdnen yvela SesaZleblobas amisTvis. yovelive es

aiZulebda maT, iaraRiT xelSi, Camdgariyvnen faSizmis

samsaxurSi.

19. qarTuli samxedro-politikuri emigraciis ideologiuri

msoflmxedveloba, mcdeloba SeZlebisdarad gamoeyenebina

evropis didi qveynebis Tanadgoma, marcxiT dasrulda. iseve,

rogorc faSisturi ideologia da saomari moqmedebebi.

20. qarTuli-samxedro politikuri emigracia evropaSi

TiTqmis 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi agrZelebda moRvaweobas.

mxolod XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, rodesac qarTuli

politikuri cxovrebidan wavida ori pirovneba, noe Jor-

dania, romelic gardaicvala parizSi (1953) da ioseb

stalini _ moskovSi, amave wels, TiTqos amiT dasrulda

mravalwliani dapirispireba.

disertaciis ZiriTadi debulebebi gamoqveynebulia avtoris mier Semdeg publikaciebSi:

1. poloneTSi qarTuli samxedro emigraciis istoriis zo-

gierTi aspeqti. i. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis da

eTnologiis instituti, kreb. „axali da uaxlesi isto-

riis sakiTxebi“, #1 (7), Tb., gamomc. „universali“, 2010.

2. qarTuli samxedro emigraciis istoriisaTvis poloneT-

Si. _ profesor-maswavlebelTa, doqtorantTa da magis-

trantTa gaerTianebuli konferenciis masalebi. #1. Tb.

gamomc. „universali“, 2010.

3. qarTveli maRalCinosani oficrebi emigranciaSi. _ pro-

fesor-maswavlebelTa, doqtorantTa da magistrantTa

gaerTianebuli konferenciis masalebi, #1. Tb., gamomc.

„universali“, 2010.

4. saqarTvelos „borCalos mxaris, samxedro generlebi da

gamoCenili Svilebi“. _ krebulSi „istoria da misi prob-

lemebi“ _ q. baqos saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcem-

loba. baqo, 2010.

5. somexi generlebi saqarTvelodan. _ q. erevnis saxelm-

wifo universiteti _ „istoria da xelovneba“. 2010.

6. „edelvaisis aRsasruli~. prof. el. mamukelaSvilTan Ta-

naavtorobiT, monografia. Tb. gamomc. „sveti“. 2011.

7. qarTuli antisabWoTa emigrantuli gamocemebi. _ profe-

or-maswavlebelTa, doqtorantTa da magistrantTa gaer-

Tianebuli konferenciis masalebi. #2. Telavi. 2011.

8. qarTuli samxedro politikuri emigracia evropaSi. _

profesor-maswavlebelTa, doqtorantTa da magistrant-

Ta gaerTianebuli konferenciis masalebi, #2. Telavi,

2011.

26 27

IAKOB GOGEBASHVILI TELAVI STATE UNIVERSITYCOPYRIGHT RESERVED

GIORGI BEZHITASHVILI

GEORGIAN MILITARY-POLITICAL IMMIGRATIONTO EUROPE (1921-1953)

History of Georgia – 07.00.01

HERALD

Thesis presented for aspiring Doctor’s Academic Degree of History

Telavi – 2012

Theses has been prepared at Chair of History of Georgia under Iakob Gogabshvili Telavi State University Faculty of Humanitarian Sciences

Research LeaderElguja MamukelashviliDoctor of History, Professor

Appraisers Elver KupatadzeDoctor of History, Professor

Mamuka GogitidzeDoctor of History, Professor

Defense of the Thesis will be held on February 23, 2012 at 12.00 at Session of Thesis Defense Board under Iakob Gegabshvili Telavi State University Faculty of Humanitarian Sciences

Location : N1 Georgian University Str., 2200, Telavi

The Thesis personal review is free in the library of Iakob Gogabshvili Telavi State University

The Thesis Herald will be placed on website on February 23, 2012

Scientifi c Secretary of thesis Defense BoardDoctor of Philology, Professor

N. Kochloshvili

28 29

GENERAL PERFORMANCE OF THESIS

Relevance of the Problem: the fi rst decade of the last century extremely strained historical situation of mankind development. The fi rst half of the last century heavily affected Georgian public and political life with hard developments. Georgia was turned out to be in surrounding of military-political interests of the great and mighty states like Germany, England, Russia and Ottomans (Turkey). Each of above mentioned states are motivated by personal aims and aspirations. These states with support of their power were trying to dominate in Europe, Middle East and Caucasus with diplomatic, political and certain military forces. It was profi table for them to use Georgia’s geopolitical and military strategic situation.

Therefore, Georgia was engaged into current developments of international relationships with various forms. Study of such relationships, the scientifi c analysis of developments and setting up the corresponding statements represent intricate, necessary and urgent problem for history scientists.

Urgency of study results from complication of the problem. We consider that 25-50 years of XX century was extremely strained for Georgia, distinguished by tragic element in domestic and foreign either political-economic or military spheres.

Study of such urgent problems, separate issues, developed historic events, their scientifi c analysis in modern situation is one and the foremost urgent problem. The scientifi c analysis of such urgent problem and application of its experience have the great importance for building of modern Georgian state.

The problem to study concerns deliberation of historic processes unleashed in Georgia and its neighboring states in 20-50 years of XX century. We made an attempt to elucidate the attitude of political powers of big states of Europe concerning situation created in Georgia those times. Distinctions in ideological viewpoints of Georgia, Russia, France, Germany were especially relevant and this makes the study problem more important.

The Problem of the Thesis: scrutiny of the study problem, its scientifi c relevance justifi ed the thesis task to be interesting for us – defi nition – evaluation of domestic and foreign political course of the fi rst independent republic of Georgia.

The thesis aims to study historic processes developed in Georgia and neighboring states after fi rst World War (1914-1918). The governance featuring democratic republic was established in Georgia. (May 26, 1918 is the date of announcement of independence of Georgia). We consider that the state power involved not so strong team of political will that entailed by intricate and painful developments for state of Georgia and affected Georgian society in certain way.

We reckon that the essence of the thesis destines hard life of Georgian military-political immigration in European states. Especially complicated turned to be arrangements of political relations of immigrants with fascist ideology created and spread in the west states. It was heavy way to struggle for freedom, completely differed new historic situation for the state.

The research item refers social, political and economic situation of modern Georgia in which the special place occupies the current reforms of fi rst decade of XXI century and new relations with international community. All these is supported by practical usage of rich historic experience making grounds for further improvement of social environment of Georgia.

We consider that the thesis issue is interesting not only for scientifi c research but also belongs to urgent historic problems. Such urgent problem represents bases for distinguished insight. It refl ects great cognitive evaluation, whereby signifi cance of Georgia may be defi ned within the world developments of XX century in 20-50-ies,

Urgency of the Problem Case Study: the thesis study problem is relevant owing to the distinguished place it occupies in 20-50-ies of XX-century developments. Georgian immigration in European world expressed its attitude towards any trends of life in rather active way. In modern environment Georgian scientifi c opinion studies main issues of Georgian immigration that justifi es the urgency of the present thesis.

History of activities of Georgian immigration in European states is urgent not only for present time but for future as well. Their successors left honorable traces of skills and experience that lays foundation for continuation of scientifi c study of this urgent historical problem.

The Thesis Study Topic: urgency of the problem defi ned our interest towards history of Georgian immigration. As a result of consideration of main issues of the problem were revealed necessary trends for study - defi nition-evaluation of domestic and foreign political course of fi rst independent Republic of Georgia, reasons for Georgian political immigration and their resettlement to Europe, their political and practical activities, their viewpoints and public communities, their social level and scientifi c cultural situation, their place and role within the states of Europe. Necessity to study such issues defi nes the topic of our thesis: “Georgian Military-Political Immigration to Europe”. (1921-1953).

We think that study of active life of immigrants fl ed to Europe in this way, in particular of military-political immigration, represented by separate topic in Georgian historiography is fairly based upon new tasks set before history science in modern conditions.

Urgency of the Topic to Study: urgency of the problem mentioned in the

30 31

thesis conditioned our interest for selection of subject: “Georgian Military-Political Immigration to Europe”. (1921-1953) and its research.

We suppose that the material chosen for study is rather relevant for modern statehood of Georgia in order to share and use this historic experience. It is also important for further improvement of strong political power and the state military forces.

Scientifi c Innovation for Thesis Topic – the scientifi c update of the thesis is represented by the fact that the history of activities performed by Georgian military-political immigration in Europe have been studied and analyzed in Georgian historiography in complex for the fi rst time.

While studying the subject we got assured that we should have studied separately the adventures and history of fi ghting activities of generals, cadets and offi cers of Georgian military immigration within Poland state.

The novelty is represented also by exploration of activities of public organizations created by Georgian immigrants in Europe, insights and objectives of their committees and separate political representatives. The chronology update of 1921-1953 is introduced.

Study of content of anti-soviet immigration editions and their signifi cance is also innovation.

We have also analyzed main materials of intelligence service of Georgian authorities about activities of the immigrants. And this is also the novelty.

Goal of Study: the main goal of this thesis study represents investigation of domestic and foreign political, social-economic problems of Georgia in 20-50-ies of XX century.

The special focus is made to deliberation of heavy situation in Georgia in 20-ies of XX century when the fi rst democratic republic of Georgia was established on the grounds of events of May 26, 1918 that defi ned completely new approach to further development of the state: the top historical event – approval of democratic constitution; this constitution was in effect for a short period of time. On February 25, 1921 validity of this constitution was interrupted. In such situation it was necessary to arrange international relations of Democratic Republic of Georgia with England, France, Germany, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, Ottomans.

Our aim is to review the intricate period of history of Georgia beginning from 20-ies of XX century based on critical analysis of existed publications and archive materials..

We consider that in contemporary conditions is very diffi cult and necessary to analyze in committed and scientifi c manner events of 20-50-ies of XX century in Georgia especially for evaluation of the activities of Georgian military-political immigrants.

We stated the task to study impartially military – political immigration problem, innovative comprehension of opinions, conceptions, offered evaluations recognized earlier taking into account modern requirements. Furthermore we aimed to create the data generalizing main issues of the problem represented by separate monographic research: our objective was to deliberate in more extensive manner the place and importance of Georgian military-political immigration in general events of 40-ies of the last century.

Historiography and Source Study Base of the Thesis: the social-economic and cultural situation of Georgia in 20-50–ies of XX century, the essence of moral heft of Georgian military political immigration more or less are represented in Georgian and foreign scientifi c literature, monographs, separate articles, periodicals, in newspapers and magazines. All of these create historiography space to which we dedicated the second chapter of the thesis.

The separate issues of our thesis study were reviewed in monographs, memories of various aspects published in Georgia: the book published under editorial of S. Janashia and N. Berdzenishvili – “History of Georgia” (1980); “History of Georgia”, T.II (1962); the article by M. Natmeladze on immigrants literature widely present the events proceedings in 20-ies of XX century.

Especially important are following: the article by G. Suladze “Georgian Anti-Soviet Immigration and Intelligence

Service” (2010); the book of A. Surguladze and P. Surguladze – “History of Georgia, the book for reading”;

N. Javakhishvili – Georgian military men under the banner of Poland” (1998). E. Kupatadze – Georgian National Divisions in Second World War, Tbilisi,

2011; V. Benidze – “Georgian Social Political Situation and Struggle for Statehood,

1920-1925, Tbilisi, 1999 (changes in immigrants government and political parties fi ghting tactics;

Sh. Murusidze – “Problems Study of national-liberation movement of Georgian Immigration”;

Ts. Chkhartishvili – “Some Issues on Poland-Georgia relations (new and newest issues of history, 2008);

M. Kebadze – “Poland – second motherland for Georgians”El. Mamukelashvili – “Our people” (2009), “Georgian Military Immigration

to Europe”“Georgian Immigrants in Wehrmacht Service”.R. Karamzin – “Georgian Offi cers in Army of Poland” (1965 information XVI-

XVII c. history) ;the materials published in Georgian periodicals have been studied; most

32 33

of them were taken from newspaper “Communist” – “Recovery Voices from Zhordania-Ramishvili Camp”; “Declaration of Georgian Mensheviks working in Paris”; we also used information existed in Germany, Berlin on activities of established fascist organizations, about their participation in the Second World War, in military operations in Caucasus (1942/1943);

We have analyzed the content of anti-soviet publications by immigrants; (“Liberation Tribune”, “Guard”, “Military Paper”, “Future”, “New Georgia”, “Kavkasioni”, “For Motherland”).

As well, “Under Foreign Sky” by G. Sharadze, Tbilisi, 1993, Magazine “Merani”; “Collection of Legal Acts of Democratic Republic of Georgia”, 1990 ; “Georgian Political Immigration and Independence Issue of Georgia”, 1921-1924, Tbilisi, 1996.

We have used the rich material of Georgian Generals activities from Russian edition of M. Gogitidze – “Military Elite of Caucasus (Generals and Admirals from Georgia), Tbilisi, 2007.

We made review of special edition of magazine “New Poland” published in Georgian language in 2001 with letter of A. Vozhniak “Georgian Immigration Communities and Organizations in Poland”

Materials of patriotic organization existed in 1937-1939 years in Paris – “Fascist Arrangement of Georgia”.

We have used L. Beria reports and evaluations on “Military Activities of Political Activities of Georgian Immigration”; data of soviet intelligence service “Georgian National Committee” initiative team and its activities, their relations with “Liberation Committee of Russian Nations” created by initiative of Hitler in 1944. Materials on requirements of secret decrees for creation of Georgian immigrant legions.

For evaluation of historic events the special importance had the memories of immigrant Generals – “My memories” by G. Kvinitadze, T. 1-2, Tbilisi, 1999; “Georgian under Georgian Banner” by Sh. Maglakelidze.

We have applied Central State Historic Archive of Georgia, Harvard Collection, 75, box 4, fi le 3, case 7; p. 2514; p. 259; ЦАМО, СССРб 224, f. 74456; f. 202; f. 48-a; f.209; f.69; f. 1089; f. 351; f. 242; f. 414; f. 406; f. 34.

The important material have been got from funds of Archive Board of Information Analytical Department under Ministry of Internal Affairs: f.6, case 23789-61, 24289, box 36, Case 25494, arch. 1334, T.2, box 71, Case 23690-61, arch. 24214, box 28, case 1334, arch. 3304, T.2, box 2, Case – 21323, 2212, 23135, 22385, 24214, 29474, 22250

Methodological Base of Thesis: world outlook- methodological base of our thesis impartial study, of XX c. historical events, understanding, modern

state approach to facts and processes, which will completely provide review of evaluations of the last century dominated ideology, critical analysis and innovated comprehension of historic evaluations.

While studying we used critical analytical method, historicism principles of overall unity of causality, method of analysis and synthesis, method of synthesis consequent research and thereafter provided by grounds we observed the principal of historicism and logicality.

Practical signifi cance of thesis: the practical signifi cance is represented by: a) the statements made around this topic and used in this thesis will be applied in future studies; b) our conceptions deserve attention for future while studying process; c) anyone, interested in history of Georgia may refer our research; d) impartial material obtained by us while studying process may promote explorers of newest history of Georgia; e) especially practical value attributes to usage of past historic experience during modern conditions for further perfect support and inter-relationships between nations.

Chronological Frame of StudyTopic covers proceeding of 20-50-ies of XX c. in Georgia and worldwide.

We consider that tragic events which took place in Georgia in 20-50-ies of XX c are considerably conditioned by the complicated military-political period in Russia and European states. This is the most intricate period of Georgia-Russian relationships. Deliberation and analysis of this period need certain chronological sequence.

Generally in history of modern times and in particular of historiography of Georgia for the fi rst time we introduced new chronological estimation which is supported by proceeding of processes and fairly deserves acknowledgement.

Thesis Approbation: analysis study results, statements, conceptions, references within main issues of the theme problems stipulated in the Thesis were regularly reviewed at scientifi c sessions, conferences and united sittings of the Chairs.

The study results were under consideration of the united theoretic conferences held Telavi State University with participation of professor-lecturers, Doctor’s Degree, and Master’s Degree seekers. The content of submitted reports represented by articles were published separately.

Main theoretic generalization of the Thesis from time to time were published in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan within recognized publications and magazines, including publications in Armenia and Azerbaijan.

Thesis Volume and Structure: the Thesis is composed of introduction, fi ve chapters and conclusions. It involves 192 pages, encloses the List of used literature and archive material.

The study main issues have been analyzed separately within chapters, enclosing

34 35

statements at the end of Chapters, Paragraph 13 deliberates oversight results.Thesis Main Topic: the thesis introduction part includes the thesis historic

value, its relevance, scientifi c update, with defi nition of the main goal. Research methodology, principles have been generalized with stipulation of modern methodological grounds. There have been reviewed historiography and the source study base of the problem and created scientifi c innovation, statements and conceptions.

CHAPTER 1. Reasons of Georgian Military-Political Immigration (1921-1953)

$. 1 Domestic Situation of Democratic Republic of Georgia Following revolution of Russia in 1917 overthrowing autocracy power nations

included in Empire got obsessed by hope and aspiration to begin national liberation movement. In Poland, Finland, Ukraine started activation of progressively thinking forces were pushed forward the issues to establish independent states. Such attitude was revealed in Georgia as well. These forces shared opinion that the main task for those times were not only national self-determination but also retention of the revolution achievements in Russia that was possible together with overall forces of the state. Certainly such approach did/not express the interests of people that was ascertained very soon by overthrown of temporary government in October 25, 1917.

As early as after revolution of February, 1917 aspirations for self-determination were activated in multi-national area of Trans-Caucasus. For that time issue of creation of national council was shaped.

On November, 1917 of the same year the most part of Georgian Society got together in public offi ce of the theatre including 324 delegates. The meeting opened by Akaki Chkhenkeli. He emphasized signifi cance of aspiration towards national-statehood. Here, creation of national council was the most important trend on way to preparation of independence of Georgia.

Very soon, National Council of Georgia implemented practical preparation for announcement of independence of Georgian state. On May 26, 1918 on date of dismissal of Trans-Caucasus Seim was held the Government Session, which was opened by Noe Zhordania. In his speech he said: - “Present situation of Georgian nation requires to create the state organization of Georgia and with the help of such organization to escape oppression from the side of external power and to build robust foundation for independent development”. The Council accepted and published Declaration of National Convention.

The Declaration on Independence of Georgia was signed by more than hundred persons. It was approved by constituent Assembly in February, 1919.

In this way was created the fi rst Georgian Democratic Republic on foundation of May 26, 1918 events.

$.2 Foreign Relations of Democratic Republic of GeorgiaAftermath of fi rst World War was intricate and tense. There was not defi ned

future development of the states, in North Civil War was raging, retention of Georgia’s statehood was rather important task. Creation of clear foreign political course and its practical implementation was of foremost importance. It was highly signifi cant event.

Foreign political course of Democratic Republic of Georgia was represented in following way:

The Parliament of Georgia and the Government announced complete neutrality a) as the foreign policy foundation;One of the main task was settlement of relations with neighboring states b) (Azerbaijan, Armenia). It was diffi cult to settle issue of boundaries defi nition.In 1918 Georgia had got orientation towards Germany, which assured that c) it would recognize independence of Georgia and would help people, but the hopes were frustrated;In November, 1918 in Germany was overthrown Keiser regime, Brest-d) Litovski Treaty was rescinded. There were emerged England and Turkey with their interests towards Trans-CaucasusVery soon Trans-Caucasus area got infl uence of England. English army units e) entered in Baku and Batumi.Foreign policy of Georgia, the state fate got into dependence from England f) and France;Georgian power should have rapidly settle the confl ict with Armenia.. Armed g) forces of Armenia according to their Government Order occupied Sanayan and Alaverdi territory. This was illegal action of the government of Armenia.Georgian authorities should make settlements:h) On January 12, 1919 in Batumi entered English army. English representatives 1. in Trans-Caucasus declared Batumi in their ownership;So-called Kuban republic was under Denikin power. It was situated to the 2. North direction from Georgia in Sochi area. Denikin did not recognize independence of Georgia. He considered it as integral part of Russia;To the South of Georgia was complicated situation. There appeared three 3. conquerors - Turkey, Russia (Denikin power), Representation of England.The authorities of Georgia should have used any kind of diplomatic activities i) to eradicate Turkey and Denikin plans and behind its back hidden English and Caucasus troop military aspirations.

36 37

Recognitionj) of Georgia worldwide, by foreign states as independent state was the foremost concern of authorities of Democratic Republic of Georgia. It should be solved at Paris Truce Conference. Delegation of Georgia (N. Chkeidze, I. Tsereteli, Z. Avalishvili) submitted to the Conference Memorandum, in which was made request to recognize

independence of Georgia offi cially by allies. These attempts failed.Foreign affairs of Georgia got complicated from the beginning of 1920. k) Denikin army was driven away from Caucasus and at the end of April Red Army units entered Baku. In Azerbaijan was established soviet power. It was omen for Georgia;In such situation Government of Georgia imagined conclusion of Peace l) Treaty with Russia as hopeful step. On May 7, 1920 the Treaty was signed between Georgia and Russia with recognition of freedom and independence of Georgia by Russia. But the situation has been changed. In February 25, 1921 Red Army units entered Georgia.Democratic Government of Georgia made decision to leave Georgia and they m) went abroad in immigration. On March 18, 1921 The Government went to Europe, Paris accompanied by some members of the constituent assembly.

$.3 Reasons for Georgian Military Immigration to Europe20-ies of XX c. was the most diffi cult period for Georgia. After overturn of

Georgian democratic state the whole power was caught by Georgian Soviet Republic – “Revolutionary Committees”. Revolutionary Committee of Georgia was created by Communist Party of Russia (Bolsheviks), Caucasus Bureau on February 16, 1921 by following membership: Philipe Makharadze, Shalve Eliava, Alexandre Gegechkori, A. Nazaretiani, Bessarion Kvirkvelia. This body steadily fulfi lled interests of Kremlin. There were established also provinces governors, revolutionary committees of cities. Power of revolutionary committees may be drawn back only in governing system, that Georgian people could hardly cope with.

Government of Democratic Republic of Georgia arrived in Paris through Constantinople in April, 1921. As soon as they arrived they started their actions in order to infl uence authorities of European states in England, France, Italy and etc. to help. The Memorandum where was described how Russia signed Treaty with Georgia with details was sent and disseminated in April. During offi cial meetings with governments of European states Georgian representatives were making requests to interfere into Georgia-Russian relationships and to make Russia to withdraw its troops from their territory, though these attempt were not successful.

CHAPTER II. Historiography Review of Georgian Military Political Immigration to Europe.

In Georgian historiography not a few policy-makers and scientists concerned immigration of political authorities of democratic Georgia to Europe, mainly to France. Our attention was drawn by the article published by G. Suladze while the newest period: - “Georgian Anti-Soviet Immigration and Special Services”.

Rather extensive research by G. Suladze relies on rich archive primary sources which have been unknown for wide public. In the article is presented biography of Georgian political representatives quite perfectly, individual features, their relations with each other and with distinguished political fi gures of Europe. Attitude of Georgian policy-makers to the authorities of European states was especially strengthened from 30-ies middle period to the end of 50-ies of XX c. with France, Germany, England, Italy.

This attitude was distinct in these states along with direct participation within current historic processes in Europe those times that was dictated by national interests.

We consider that with political immigration of Georgia was closely connected with Georgian military immigration of Poland and France. Actions of Georgian immigrant generals, offi cers and cadets were conditioned by support of military strength of European states.

The special important scientifi c research in Georgian historiography is represented by the Article – “Georgian Warriors under Banner of Poland” by Niko Javakhishvili, Tbilisi, 1998 in which is profoundly presented material refl ected Poland-Georgia Military relations supported by confi dent sources. The separate issues of this problem were reviewed by Georgian historians scientists: “Georgian Diplomat Bogdan Gurjitski” by G. Zedginidze (Magazine “Mnatobi”, №12, 1965):;”Social-Political Situation of Georgia and Fighting for Statehood in 1920-1925” by V. Benidze – Tbilisi, 1999 (changes in tactics of fi ghting of immigration government and political parties); “Study Problems of National-Liberation Movement of Georgian Immigration” by Sh. Maisuradze; “Some Issues of Georgia-Poland Relations” by Ts. Chkhartishvili (there are the newest issues of history, Tbilisi, 2008) and etc.

Different approach to the events of 20-ies of XX c. is exposed by Association of Young Historians of Georgia under Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University in the book – “History of Georgia” edited by P. Surguladze and A. Surguladze, reading book of years 1783-1990. The book refl ects past of our country while last century. Authors says that “the facts and events which defi nes Georgian social-economic and political-cultural development described impartially on the opposite to earlier stereotypes.

38 39

At present time the old stereotypes are breaking; evaluation of historic past of nations is carried out on base of moral principles. Though authors allocate small place to the issues of Georgian immigration.

In the second paragraph one of the fi rst issues is”Immigration Government of Georgia and Europe”. It notes that representatives of Government of Georgia – N. Zhordania, E. Gegechkori, K. Chkheidze, A. Chkhenkeli, I. Tsereteli and others arrived in Paris through Constantinople. While offi cial meetings with representatives of Europe states they required from them to interfere in affairs of Georgia and to force Russia to withdraw its army from Georgian territory. Certainly such attitude and evaluation of Georgian immigration is not enough. This issue should be thoroughly studied.

III. CHAPTER – Relations of Georgian-Political Immigration with European States

The core representation of political immigration of Georgia is settled in France. Their aspiration was kept unchanged. This was impartial striving to struggle by any means for better future of Georgia.

For implementation of their aim, representatives of Georgian immigration should spread their ideas and plans not only throughout Europe immigration but also for all society immigrated anywhere. It was the most important task

Since 1924 have been published magazines and newspapers of various titles: “Liberation Tribune” – 1978; “Guard” – 1994; “White George”, “Military Page”, Future”, “New Georgia”, “Kavkasioni”, “For Motherland”. All of them had their special assignment and own history.

In 20-ies of XX c. (October 24, 1924), in Paris was founded Georgian Patriotic Young Peoples Organization “White George” by leadership of General Leo Kereselidze. This organization started publishing the newspaper “White George”. Its fi rst edition was published in Paris on August 25, 1926.

Mikhako Tsereteli was editor of “White George” from August, 1930 (№31) till January-February, 1934 (№72-73), though the following 74-75 numbers were signed by whole editorial team. From April,1935 (№86) the newspaper was edited by Viktor Nozadze. Then he was dismissed and position was conveyed to Leo Kereselidze. His colleagues were: K. Salia, M. Tsereteli, S. Berejin, S. Tsitsishvili, V. Tsitskishvili, L. Kereselidze, Sh Sokhadze, B. Giorgadze, I. Otkhmezuri, A. Nishniashvili, General Al. Eristavi (edited application “Military Page”) Koki Dadiani, V. Emukhvari, D. Chiabrishvili, D. Kldiashvili, Sh. Amirejibi, G. Jakeli, R. Gabashvili, G. Mkheidze and others.

Concomitantly with “White George” newspaper in 1934, in Paris started publication of second newspaper – “Future” by the same organization (Georgian

Patriotic Organization). It was headed by A. Manvelashvili. Only three editions of this newspaper are left: August, 1934 - №4; April, 1933 - №8; 1938 №10-11.

From November, 1924 in Paris was printed newspaper “New Georgia, fi rst fl imsy edited by Grigol Veshapeli. This was bi-weekly edition. It had pro-Soviet, propagated idea to return to motherland. While two years the newspaper was published in Paris and Berlin.

Spiridon Kedia founded Georgian language magazine – “For Motherland” in Paris. This edition was called – national political body – but not national democratic party. It was published by Spiridon Kedia from May 1925. The fi rst edition fl imsy entered Georgia secretly.

In France, Paris was published magazine “Kavkasioni” with rich and interesting material about Georgian artists creative life, their conceptions (D. Kakabadze, Elene Akhvlediani, Mikheil Bilanishvili).

For Georgian historiography is important that “White George” Berlin organization had its own body – “White George” (Berlin edition), that justifi es sincere truth that there were large number of Georgian immigration in Germany.

It was also interesting that existence of “White George” organization is proved to be in Paris in 50-ies of XX c. In 1950 in Paris under editorial of K. Salia was published magazine “Fate of Kartli”. The magazine contained mainly patriotic letters, chronic materials.

We also consider that foundation of”Georgian Warriors Readiness Abroad” in January 26, 1954 by initiative of Gaioz Maglakelidze in Munich, Germany was spiritual support for “White George”.

Second paragraph of third Chapter refers conditions of creation of Immigration Political Committee, party relations, membership of the Committee, aims of political committees, world outlook, relationships with Committees of Caucasus with European states. In 1924 was established – “Caucasus Liberation Committee” signed by: Mikhako Tsereteli, David Vachnadze, Alexandre Asatiani from Azerbaijan – Khosro Sultanzade, Abdula Ali Emiz-jan, Sheikh Islam Zade; North Caucasus – Gasan Gireim Jabigi (Chechen), Alihan Kantemir (Ossetian), Haitek Natomov (Cherkes). In 1925 Armenians refused to sign.

There was also organization “Kavkasia” which involved General G. Kvinikadze. This Organization tried to contact Russian Immigration Anti-Soviet Organization “Russian Union” (Russian common military union). Georgian immigrant had so called “Georgian National Center”; anti – soviet immigrants organization “Kartlosi” and existed “Georgian Liberation Committee”; at the end of 1941 in Berlin was founded “Georgian National Committee” initiative team. This Committee was headed by organization White George“ leader – Mikhako Tsereteli.

40 41

Then on the foundation of this organization (October 25, 1943) was established new multi – sided organization – “Georgian Union” headquarters. Its military headquarters was headed by G. Gabliani. Overall Caucasus Committee was led by Tsaitler: in Paris was created political union: “Ertoba” (Union). The leaders were Mikheil Kedia, Evgeni Gegechkori. Organisation “White George” took advantage of Germans trust and credibility, fascist kind organization. The leading body was represented by so-called “Directorial”. There was existed “Bureau of Georgian Immigrant”. Its assignment was – fi ghting against Soviet Union; anti-soviet organizations “Russian Committee”, “Liberation Committee of Russian Nations” – were also founded.

In Third Paragraph of third chapter are elucidatedHistoric conditions of creation of Georgian immigration legions: our main

information is supported by Archive documents of year 1948:Formation of “Georgian National Legion” started by Germans in spring of 1. 1942 near Warsaw, in Vesola and Zelonka (here were gathered Georgian captures).Second Battalion was established in Vesola in 1942. After swear rite they 2. went to North Caucasus, Krasnodar Region;Third Battalion including thousand person (№21/198) started organization in 3. September, 1942 in Khenkovo, Poltava Region;Fourth Battalion was established in Gadianch, Poltava Region;4. 795 battalion took actions in Cherbourg, (France)5. 798 battalion was dismissed at the beginning of 1943;6. Leader of 797 battalion was Lieutenant Shalikashvili (in Ganville);7. 798 battalion was placed in Morbisia: led by Bakradze;8. 799 battalion took actions in Khermon-feran region;9. Battalion №11/193, in 1944 stayed in North Italy;10. One of the battalions was dislocated to Athens, in 1944;11. Task force battalion “Bergman” (“mountain man”) was created in 1942;12. “Bergman” – I-troop (one hundred) was led by Sh. Okropiridze13. “Bergman” – II-troop (one hundred) was led by Bermurad Lianok14. “Bergman” – III-troop (one hundred) was led by Keso Aleskerov15. “Bergman” – IV-troop (one hundred) was led by Tsutskiridze16. “Bergman” – troop (one hundred) was led by Sarkiz Gakhvezdiani, 17.

All they were former Soviet military men.Very soon Intelligence-Diversion service “Tamar-1”, “Tamar-2” were joined

with “Bergman”. In 1942, August entered Piatigorsk and joined 44 – Army unit, fi ghting in Mozdok region against soviet troops.

With participation of Georgians was established German unit – 18. “Brandenburg Division” in 1942. It involved core battalions.

Till present time has not been shaped up public opinion concerning number of Georgian military men in battalions under German banner and offi cers and their further fate,

In IV Chapter of Thesis – world outlook national liberation immigrant is under review. This part is represented by three paragraphs.

First Paragraph “White George” and Georgian Liberation movement are deliberated in Paris in 1924 in “Momavali” (Future) published by movement “Georgian Patriotic Feature” where was refl ected commitment represented by 10 commandments: Georgia is a nation; Georgia is a state composed by Georgians; “Momavali” denies political parties; “Momavali” will try to enroot historic traditions to strengthen spirituality, “Momavali” is staying a side any party; “Momavali” intends to observe national interests; Georgia is religion for “Momavali”, “Momavali” is free; holy swear, equipped by credible patriotism and Georgia is a player holy place for it.

Second Paragraph reviews – “Georgian Government in Immigration (1918-1921)” – we note that government of Georgian Immigration in 1918-1920 years more or less solved domestic problems of the state in issues of foreign relations, in views of recognition of independence it turned to be diffi cult. At the same time the “Russian factor” was diffi cult to overcome.

February 25, 1921 became the date of fall of independent state of Georgia. This was the reason for fl eeing abroad, mainly to France and Poland.

Third Paragraph dedicates – to “Creative way of Georgian Immigration, activities of S. Kedia, G. Veshapeli, N. Zhordania in political-scientifi c sphere have been analyzed. In 1924 underrevision of G. Veshapeli was published fi rst fl imsy of the newspaper “New Georgia”. S. Kedia founded Georgian Language magazine “For motherland”.

Especially multi-sided were Publicist, Literatory and scientifi c creative activities.

In Firth chapter of Thesis – “Georgian Military Immigration in Europe and struggle for Caucasus in 1942-1943” – issues on participation Georgian Generals, offi cers, cadets, military men in the most complicated military operations of XX century have been deliberated.

First paragraph contains information materials noting Generals of Georgia in 1918-1921. The key documents of Archive funds are obtained. They describe pursuits and affairs of Generals and high-ranking offi cers and their number. Those times approximately 50 Generals took service in Georgia.

Representatives of Georgian military immigration followed Georgian Political

42 43

Immigration to Europe. This was second stage of Georgian immigration, which arrived to Europe, Poland. This was Historic event in life of XX century Georgia. The core number of military men was waiting for support from Poland authorities.

Second paragraph – made a note, that number of Georgian military immigrants in Poland including cadets achieved approximately 300. During fi rst years were none of Georgian immigrants invited, only while years of war they were employed.

In the third Paragraph – “Fascism in Europe and Georgian Military Immigrants” the attention is emphasized over issues of participation of Georgian Military Immigrants in events took place in 40-ies of XX c. At present time, by October, 2011 in Georgian scientifi c circles were held talks about merits of Georgian military immigrants, some people called them heroes others mentioned them as liberty seekers; others said that they are Georgians staying behind barricades; some people considered them as behind barricades; some people considered them as being dispersed. We think – all of them were Georgians and all of them suffered for destiny of Georgia.

Fourth Paragraph – “Caucasus struggle (1942-43) and military immigrants” reviews fascist Germany oppression plan in Caucasus – “Edelweiss”, its aims and operations with results. 7 – battalion was formed by Georgians: 1 – Shota Maglakelidze; II – G. Saakadze; III - D. Agmashenebeli; IV – Queen Tamar; V – King Erekle; VI – Shota Rustaveli; VII – Ilia Chavchavadze.

Defeat of fascism ideology and fascist army generally and in particular in Caucasus defi ned fate of Georgian Military Immigration. They have composed their history. It was history of Georgia.

General StatementsOne of the reasons that made Georgian Military – political immigration to 1. leave Georgia for Europe became disorder in domestic, political, economic and social situation of fi rst Republic of Georgia.The special key reason became – attitude to Russian foreign policy by year 2. 1921. War actions of Red Army XI in Georgia and mutiny of cadets in 1924 against Russia’s regime.Georgian immigration to foreign states was formed with two trends: 3. a). Political (government) immigration; b). Military (Generals, Cadets) immigration branch.Representation of Georgian Political Immigration found location in France, 4. Paris and nearby, where it kept carrying out activities for liberation of Georgia. The main trend of its ideology was hope to receive assistance from Europe

and for achieving of practical support used close diplomatic relations with government of big states.Georgian Military (Generals, Cadets) immigration branch mainly located in 5. Poland. Majority of Georgian military offi cials started contract activities in 30-ies of XX c., according to military specialty promoted by marshal Pilsudski who came to power.Based on political ideology Georgian Military Immigration branch many 6. representatives settled in Europe, engaged in fascist regime and took active part in struggles of Second World War, in particular for Caucasus. (1942-1943)Government of Georgian Democratic Republic couldn’t arrange international 7. relations either with close neighbors or European states.As for foreign relations it was diffi cult to settle issue of territorial arrangement 8. with neighboring Azerbaijan and Armenia.By 1918 Georgia was oriented towards Germany and expected its support. 9. Such hopes failed.On stage of history appeared England and Turkey with their interests towards 10. Caucasus area, in particular Georgia.Very soon Trans-Caucasus turned to be under infl uence of England. In Baku 11. and Batumi arrived military troops of England. Georgia’s foreign policy, destiny became dependant of England and France.Georgian power should make settlement for arrangement relations with 12. Turkey, Denikin and England which had certain plans concerning Georgia.Attempts of authorities of Georgian Democratic Republic to achieve 13. recognition of European States failed.Complete failure experienced movement started by representatives 14. immigration political and military authorities supported by arms forces of fascist Germany where they had taken part owing to their wrong outlook.The heavy situation created in Europe in 40-is of XX c. played negative role 15. over further state of Georgian Military-political immigration.The core staff represented by Georgian Military political immigration had no 16. opportunity to return to Georgia.High rank person John (Malkhaz) Shalikashvili engaged in U.S. Armed forces 17. was descendant of Georgian Military Immigration.While evaluation of historic mission and activities of military political 18. immigration of Georgia we fi nd opinion – despite their struggle against Soviet Georgia, “they were staying on the opposite side of barricades, they had their belief and they were still Georgians”We think that such evaluation contains contradictions, fi rst of all because so-19.

44

called liberation idea of own state relying on foreign arms forces turned to be inadmissible and wrong; the second is that the fascist propaganda made certain impact and created wrong imagination for immigrated Georgians, they were employed in their service; the third – immigrants in various states used to try to save their own lives and they used any opportunities to do it. All these forced them to stand at service of fascist military service.Ideological outlook of Georgian military-political immigration, attempts 20. by any means to obtain support of European states have failed like fascist ideology and war actions.Georgian Military-Political immigration in Europe while almost 50 years 21. continued activities. Only in 50-ies of XXc., when two political fi gures left political life – Noe Zhordania, died in Paris (1953) and Josef Stalin in Moscow in the same year – many years of contradictions were over.

Main Statements of Thesis were published by Author in Following Publication:

Some aspects of history of Georgian Military immigration. I. Javakhishvili 1. History and Ethnology Institute, col. “Issues of New and Newest History”, №1(7) Tbilisi, Publ. “Universal”, 2010.To History of Georgian Military Immigration in Poland. Materials of united 2. Conference of Professors-Lecturers, Doctors and Masters - №1., Tbilisi Publ. “Universal”, 2010Georgian High-Ranking Offi cers in immigration. materials of United 3. Conference of Professors--Lecturers, Doctors and Masters - №1., Tbilisi Publ. “Universal”, 2010Georgian “Borchalo region military Generals and distinguished children” – 4. Collections “History and its Problems” – Baku State University Publ., Baku 2010Armenian Generals from Georgia – Erevan State University – “History and 5. Arts”, 2010.“End of Edelvais”, co-author E. Mamukelashvili, Monographs, Tbilisi, Publ. 6. “Sveti”, 2011.Georgian anti-soviet immigrant editions. Materials of United Conference of 7. Professors-Lecturers, Doctors and Masters - №2., Telavi, 2011Georgian Military Political Immigration to Europe Materials of United 8. Conference of Professors-Lecturers, Doctors and Masters - №2, 2011

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