saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebispolitika 32 saqarTvelos samxedro gza. lineba unda iyos evraziuli kavSiri, romelic evrokavSiris alternativaa da ro-melic ukve funqcionirebs

dRevandel saqarTveloSi albaT ar moiZebneba ufro aqtualuri da problemuri

sakiTxi, vidre saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobaa. yvela problema, exeba es poli-

tikas, ekonomikas, kulturas Tu sulierebas, raRaciT ukavSirdeba qarTul-rusul

urTierTobebs da saqarTvelosa da qarTveli eris winaSe mdgar yvela siZneleSi

bevri rusul kvals xedavs. saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis Tema gansakuTre-

biT intensiurad bolo wlebSi ganixileba. Cveni sazogadoeba TiTqos or dapirisp-

irebul polusad gaiyo. erTni fiqroben, rom saqarTvelos ruseTze didi mteri

ar hyavs da Cveni yvela ubedurebis saTave swored ruseTia, meoreni ki (romelTa

raodenobam ukanasknel xans sagrZnoblad moimata, ufro sworad ki, saaSkaraoze

gamovidnen) miiCneven, rom mxolod ruseTs SeuZlia saqarTvelos problemebis ga-

daW ra da ruseTis gareSe Cvens qveyanas momavali ar aqvs.

modi, gverdze gadavdoT simpaTia-antipaTiis grZnobebi da emociebis gareSe

SevecadoT avxsnaT saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis xasiaTi, misi mizezebi da

Taviseburebebi.

zurab daviTaSvili

saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebis

mizezebi

politika

26

ra ganapirobebs saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebis xasiaTs?

sxvadasxva saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebis xasiaTi SeiZleba

mkveTrad gansxvavebuli iyos da icvlebodes megobruli kavSiridan da

aliansidan mtrul dapirispirebamde, romlis ukiduresi formac omia.

saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobis xasiaTi, Tavis mxriv, gamovlinebaa

im politikisa, romelsac qveynebi erTmaneTis mimarT atareben.

magram ra ganapirobebs saxelmwifos mier gatarebul politikas?

aq erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT saSinao da sagareo politika.

saSinao politikas gansazRvravs mmarTveli partiis msoflmxedve

loba da ideologia. rodesac mmarTveli partia icvleba, icvleba sa-

Sinao politikac da is SeiZleba diametrulad sawinaaRmdego iyos wina

mTavrobis politikisagan.

sagareo politikis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtori erovnuli in

teresebia. es gacilebiT myari da naklebad cvalebadi fenomenia da mo-

saxleobis didi umravlesobis interess gamoxatavs. amitom, umravles

SemTxvevaSi, mTavrobis Secvla sagareo politikis cvlilebas ar iwvevs.

SeiZleba Seicvalos sagareo-politikuri taqtika, meTodebi da forme-

bi, magram strategia da Sinaarsi igive rCeba. mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevaSi

SeiZleba moxdes sagareo politikuri kursis mkveTri cvlileba, magram

am SemTxvevaSi xelisufleba didxans ver SeinarCunebs Zalauflebas,

radgan aseT nabijze wasvla erovnuli interesebis winaaRmdeg wasvlas

niSnavs, rasac xalxi ar patiobs (ianukoviCis xelisuflebis damxoba

ukrainaSi amis naTeli dadasturebaa).

`rusi da qarTveli xalxis megobrobis TaRi~ – daidga saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze `geor-gievskis traqtatis~ 200 wlis iubilesTan dakav-SirebiT

27

erovnuli interesebi Zalian farTo da bevris momcveli cnebaa. igi mniSv-

nelovnad gansxvavdeba imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli qveynis interesebzea laparaki

da ra rols TamaSobs mocemuli qveyana saerTaSoriso asparezze. magram umTavresi,

e.w. sasicocxlo interesebi yvela qveyanas erTi aqvs. esenia: suvereniteti, teri

toriuli mTlianoba, usafrTxoeba, prestiJi, mosaxleobis materialuri uz

runvelyofa. es interesebi mudmivia da nebismieri saxelmwifo mzadaa ukiduresi

nabijic ki gadadgas maT dasacavad. patara, susti saxelmwifos erovnuli intere-

sebi, rogorc wesi, swored am sasicocxlo interesebis dacvisken aris mimarTuli

da maTi sagareo politikac am mizans emsaxureba.

saxelmwifoTa nawilis erovnuli interesebi regionuli liderobis miRwe

vas da mezobel qveynebze gavlenis gavrcelebas gulisxmobs, xolo e.w. ze

saxelmwifoebis erovnuli interesebi globaluri masStabisaa da maTi gavle

nis sferod mTeli dedamiwa moiazreba.

unda iTqvas, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mTeli istoria erovnul in-

tere sebs Soris brZolis istoriaa. saxelmwifoTa Soris mxolod maSin myardeba

megobruli urTierToba, roca adgili aqvs interesebis erTobas. kargi urTier-

Tobebi garantirebulia interesebis Tanxvedris pirobebSic. Tu saxelmwifoebis

erovnuli interesebi winaaRmdegobaSi ar arian erTmaneTTan, maSin aris mSvido-

biani, urTierTsargeblobaze damyarebuli, pragmatuli urTierTobebi. magram

interesebis SeuTavseblobis da, miT ufro, dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi, ur-

TierToba iRebs daZabul, mtrul formas, rac konfliqtamde da omamdec SeiZleba

mivides.

amgvarad, saxelmwifoebs Soris megobruli Tu mtruli urTierToba damoki-

debulia imaze, Tu rogor Seesabameba maTi erovnuli interesebi erTmaneTs. guSin-

deli mtrebi dRes SeiZleba megobrebi gaxdnen da piriqiT, megobrebi gadaemteron

erTmaneTs imisda mixedviT, daemTxva Tu daupirispirda maTi erovnuli interese-

bi. albaT es hqonda mxedvelobaSi XIX saukunis cnobil inglisel politikossa da

ruseTis saxelmwifo XVII saukuneSi

politika

28

diplomats, lord palmerstons Tavis cnobil sityvebSi: „ingliss ar hyavs mudmi

vi mtrebi da megobrebi. ingliss aqvs mudmivi interesebi“.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, roca or saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebis arsis

axsna da Taviseburebis garkveva gvsurs, am qveynebis erovnuli interesebis Sedare-

ba unda movaxdinoT da aqedan ganvsazRvroT urTierTobebis xasiaTi. am mizniT

SevecadoT SevadaroT ruseTisa da saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebi.

ruseTis erovnuli interesebi

mas Semdeg, rac moskovis samTavrom sxva rusuli samTavroebi SeierTa da cent-

ralizebuli ruseTis saxelmwifo Camoyalibda (XV-XVI ss.), ruseTi didi da mZlavri

saxelmwifoa da misi erovnuli interesebic mxolod sakuTriv ruseTiT ar

Semoifargleba. aseT viTarebas ramdenime faqtorma Seuwyo xeli.

ruseTis centralizebuli saxelmwifos Seqmna moxda im dros, roca osmaleb-

ma bolo mouRes bizantiis imperias da aiRes konstantinopoli. amasTanave, yvela

marTlmadidebluri saxelmwifo an uSualod Sevida osmaleTis imperiis Semadgen-

lobaSi, an misi vasali gaxda. ruseTi iyo erTaderTi marTlmadidebeli qveyana, ro-

melic damoukidebeli iyo da sul ufro da ufro afarToebda Tavis teritorias.

sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom ruseTi mdinare volgis Sua da qvemo wels mxolod XVI

saukunis Sua wlebSi daeufla (yazanisa da astraxanis saxanoebis aRebis Semdeg).

sul asiode wlis Semdeg ki, XVII saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis, mTeli uzarmazari cim-

biri da Soreuli aRmosavleTi misi kuTvnileba gaxda da warmoadgenda msoflios

udides saxelmwifos, romelic baltiis zRvidan wynar okeanemde iyo gadaWimuli.

aseT pirobebSi, ruseTis jer saeklesio, Sem-

deg ki saxelisuflo wreebSi Camoyalibda ruse-

Tis, rogorc qristianulmarTlmadidebluri

samyaros mxsnelis, ganmaTavisufleblis misiis

idea. ruseTs ekisreboda mesianuri roli. igi bi-

zantiis imperiis memkvidred, xolo moskovi – mes

ame romad cxaddeboda (romisa da konstantinepo-

lis Semdeg), im mocemulobiT, rom meoTxe romi

aRarasodes iqneboda. moskovis mTavarma ivane IV

mrisxa nem miiRo ruseTis mefis tituli (rusulad

царь, anu cezari, igive keisari, rac bizantiis im-

peratoris tituli iyo), xolo bizantiis gerbi

(orTaviani arwivi, romlis erTi Tavi dasavleTiT,

xolo meore aRmosavleTiT iyureba) ruseTis ger

bad gamoacxada. es niSnavda, rom ruseTi iyo bizan-

tiis memkvidre da pretenzia hqonda daebrunebina

osmaleTis dapyrobili teritoriebi da gaeTavi-

suflebina marTlmadidebeli Zmebi.ivane mrisxane, mxatvari andrei SiSkini, 2009

saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebis mizezebi

29

es mesianizmi, qristianobis mxsnelis da moZmeTa ganTavisuflebis misia, warmo-

adgenda ruseTis sagareo politikis ideologiur safuZvels. realurad am amaR-

lebuli da humanuri lozungis ukan idga gamokveTili geopolitikuri mizani –

konstantinopolis aReba da bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebis xelSi Cagdeba,

ri Tac uzrunvelyofili iqneboda xmelTaSua zRvaze gasvla. swored es iyo ruse-

Tis erovnuli interesi, rom am uzarmazar qveyanas, romelsac praqtikulad ar

hqonda gauyinavi navsadgurebi, miscemoda SesaZlebloba samxreTis Tbil zRvebze

ga suliyo. amgvarad, samxreTiT gafarToeba iqca ruseTis umniSvnelovanes miznad.

aq misi interesebi Seejaxa TurqeTis, sparseTis da, mogvianebiT, inglisis intere-

sebs. am interesebis dapirispireba iyo am qveynebs Soris urTierTobebis safuZve-

li.

amgvarad, ukve XVIII saukunidan (oficialurad 1721 wlidan) ruseTi imperiaa

da imperiuli interesebi aqvs, rac teritoriul gafarToebas da SemoerTebuli

teritoriebis SenarCunebas da Tavis gavlenis qveS yolas gulisxmobs. es gansazRv-

ravda ruseTis imperiis rols da adgils saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. mas hqonda Tavi-

si garkveuli gavlenis sferoebi, romlis gafarToebisTvisac ibrZoda da Tu ro-

melime sxva imperia misi gavlenis arealSi SemoiWreboda, konfliqtic gardauvali

iyo. gansakuTrebiT sastikad uswordeboda ruseTi im xalxebs, romlebic mis impe-

riaSi moxvdebodnen da ganTavisuflebaze fiqrs gabedavdnen. ukve dapyrobili da

imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sesuli xalxebis brZola damoukideblobisaTvis mkveT-

rad ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis erovnul interesebs (gavixsenoT, Tu ra sisastikiT

axSobda ruseTi ajanyebebs poloneTsa da saqarTveloSi, anda ramdenwliani sisx-

liani omi hqonda CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebis dasamorCileblad).

kidev ufro farTo da yovlismomcveli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris interesebi. Tu

ruseTis imperia mainc regionuli masStabis zesaxelmwifo iyo, sabWoTa imperias

pretenziebi mTel msoflioze hqonda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg Zireulad

Seicvala saerTaSoriso sistema: igi orpolusiani (bipolaruli) gaxda, sadac Za-

ruseTis gerbi bizantiis gerbi

politika

30

lis polusebad aSS da ssrk moiazrebodnen.

sabWoTa kavSiris interess warmoadgenda mTel msoflioSi socializms

gaemarjva da yvela qveyanaSi komunisturi reJimi damyarebuliyo. aSS-s ki komu-

nisturi eqspansiis SeCerebisa da demokratiis dacvis misia daekisra. amgvarad,

sabWoTa kavSirs (faqtobrivad ruseTs) ukve mTeli msoflios mSromelTa ganmaTa

visufleblisa da mxsnelis pretenziebi gauCnda. yvela socialisturi qveyana da

komunisturi partia usityvod unda damorCileboda ssrk-s da misi lideroba da

xelmZRvaneloba eRiarebinaT. aseTi warmodgena myarad iyo gamjdari ara marto

sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobaSi, aramed mTel rus xalxSi.

amitomac iyo, rom socializmis kraxi da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla ruseTSi

aRiqves, rogorc didi erovnuli tragedia. samxedro-politikuri da ekonomiku-

ri TvalsazrisiT msoflios meore saxelmwifo, romelic Tavs kacobriobis mesiad

moiazrebda, uecrad rigiT qveynad iqca da mTliani Sida produqtis moculobiT

saxelmwifoebis pirveli aTeulis miRma darCa. rogorc Cans, ruseTis mosaxleo-

bis umravlesobis azrs gamoxatavda putinis cnobili sityvebi: `sabWoTa kavSiris

daSla XX saukunis udidesi geopolitikuri katastrofaa“.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, gasagebia, rom dRes ruseTis mTavari

erovnuli interesi Zveli didebis aRdgena da zesaxelmwifos prestiJis dab

runebaa. zesaxelmwifod ki qveyana mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tu

misi gavlena sakuTar sazRvrebs scildeba da mezobel qveynebsac moicavs. aseTi


wiTeli moedani, mxatvari Teodore aleqseevi, 1801

31

qveynebi ruseTisTvis yofili sabWoTa respublikebia. baltiis qveynebi ruseTis-

Tvis ukve dakargulia, radgan isini evrokavSirisa da natos wevrebi gaxdnen. sxva

respublikebidan ki Tundac erTis gadasvla dasavlur samyaroSi niSnavs, rom mas

sxvebic mibaZaven da ruseTi zesaxelmwifosa da Zalis polusis statuss ve Rar

daibrunebs. amitom ruseTis sasicocxlo amocanaa ar dauSvas yofili sabWoTa

respublikebis (gansakuTrebiT ukrainis, moldovis da saqarTvelos) integracia

dasavleTTan da axali politikuri aliansi Seqmnas. dRes marTlmadidebeli Zmebis

xsnis an msoflios mSromelTa gaerTianebis idea aRar gamodgeba. maT nacvlad win

wamoiwia evrazianizmis koncefciam, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebis (pirvel

rigSi, slavur da Turqulenovan xalxTa) bunebriv erTobas emyareba. amis gamov-

ase warmoudgeniaT evraziuli kavSiris

gavrcelebis areali evrazianizmis

koncefciis avtorebs

politika

32

saqarTvelos samxedro gza

lineba unda iyos evraziuli kavSiri, romelic evrokavSiris alternativaa da ro-

melic ukve funqcionirebs evraziuli sabaJo kavSiris formiT (ruseTis, belaru-

sis, yazaxeTis da somxeTis SemadgenlobiT) da romelSic momavalSi yvela yofili

sabWoTa respublika unda Sevides. faqtobrivad es sabWoTa kavSiris (ufro sworad

ruseTis imperiis) axali, modernizebuli formiT aRdgenas niSnavs. nebismieri yo-

fili sabWoTa respublika, romelic amis winaaRmdeg wava, ruseTis mteria, radgan

rusuli geopolitikuri azrovneba eyrdnoba warmodgenas – „ruseTi an imperiaa,

an araferi“.

saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebi

saqarTvelo is qveyanaa, romelsac albaT yvelaze ufro Seesabameba napoleo-

nis sityvebi: „qveynis istorias misi geografia gansazRvravs“. mdebareobs ra ev-

ropisa da aziis damakavSirebel yelze, kavkasiaSi, da warmoadgens evraziis gzaj-

varedins, saqarTvelo iyo sazRvari qristianul da islamur civilizaciebs Soris

da rogorc qristianobis ukiduresi aRmosavleTi

bastioni, pirveli iRebda Tavis Tavze aziidan daZ-

ruli armiebis dartymebs. amis garda, igi yovelT-

vis warmoadgenda msoflios uZlieresi imperiebis

geopolitikuri interesebis sferos da maT Soris

brZolis asparezs. Sesabamisad, TiTqmis ar yofila

istoriaSi saukune (SeiZleba mxolod XII saukune

miviCnioT gamonaklisad), roca saqarTvelo an

romelime didi imperiis gavlenis sferoSi ar yo-

filiyo moqceuli, an am imperiebs Soris brZolis

areals ar warmoadgenda. aseTi istoriuli be-

dis gamo saqarTvelos mTavar mizans sakuTari

erovnuli TviTmyofadobis dacva da saxelmwi

foebriobis SenarCuneba warmoadgenda. am sasi-

cocxlo erovnuli interesis dasacavad uxdeboda

saqarTvelos mudmivi brZola Tavis Seudareblad

did da Zlier mowinaaRmdegeebTan, iseT msoflio

Tu regionul hegemonebTan, rogorebic iyvnen

aqamenianTa irani da romis imperia, parTia da sa-

sanianTa irani, bizantiis imperia da arabTa saxal-

ifo, seljukTa saxelmwifo da monRolTa ulusi,

Temur-lengis saxelmwifo da osmaleTis imperia,

sefianTa irani da ruseTis imperia da bolos –

sabWoTa kavSiri da ruseTis federacia.

am permanentul da uTanasworo omSi patara,

susti saxelmwifos gadarCena TiTqmis SeuZlebe-

lia da Tu saqarTvelom es SeZlo, amis mizezi ara

marto Tavganwiruli brZola, aramed sworad gan-

erekle IIm (1720-1798) iranidan da osmale-Tidan momdinare safrTxeebis Tavidan asaci-leblad sTxova ruseTis imperator ekateri-ne II-s, rom saqarTvelo Tavisi mfarvelobis qveS aeyvana.1783 wlis 24 ivliss georgievskis cixe-simagreSi (CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi) ga-form da `samegobro SeTanxmeba~ qarTl-kax-eTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris, romelsac `georgievskis traqtati~ ewoda. es SeTanxmeba iTvleba saqarTvelo-ruseTs So-ris urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis dasabamad.


33

sazRvruli strategia da dasax-

uli miznisadmi erTguleba iyo.

cxadia, nebismier saxelm wifos da,

pirvel rigSi, patara qveyanas unda

mkafiod hqondes gansazRvruli

Tavisi politikuri orientacia

da arCevani gaakeTos im ZalasTan

aliansze, romelTanac kavSi-

ri yvelaze metad Seesabameba mis

erovnul interesebs, misi idento-

bisa da saxelmwifoebriobis Senar-

Cunebas da ganmtkicebas.

am urTulesi dilemis winaSe

idga qarTveli xalxi mTeli Tavi-

si istoriis manZilze. mas arCevani

unda gaekeTebina or (an met) Zalas

Soris, imis sasargeblod, romelic ufro xelsayreli iyo misTvis da naklebad

daazaralebda (naklebi borotebis principi). rasakvirvelia, nebismieri arCevani

meore Zalis gaborotebas gamoiwvevda da qveyanac SeiZleba amisaTvis mkacrad das-

jiliyo, magram ufro xangrZlivvadian perspeqtivaSi es arCevani gamarTlebuli

unda yofiliyo.

SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo TiTqmis yovelTvis am gziT

midi oda da arCevans akeTebda im Zalis sasargeblod, romelic ufro progresuli,

civilizebuli da qveynis erovnuli interesebisaTvis Sesaferisi iyo. ase moiqc-

nen Cveni winaprebi, roca parTiasa da roms Soris arCevani romis sasargeblod gaa-

keTes anda iransa da bizantias Soris bizantiaze SeaCeres arCevani (aietisa da far-

tazis cnobili polemika gavixsenoT). roca bizantiis dacemis Semdeg saqarTvelo

evropas moswyda da samefo-samTavroebad daSlili iranma da osmaleTma gainawila,

rogorc vasaluri teritoriebi, qarTvel xalxs arCevanis saSualebac daekarga.

mxolod XVIII saukuneSi gaCnda SesaZlebloba axali orientaciis gansazRvrisa da

erekle II-m iranis proteqtoratis qveS yofnas ruseTis proteqtoratoba amjobi-

na. es udavod gamarTlebuli da progresuli nabiji iyo da Seesabameboda qarTve-

li xalxis erovnul interesebs, radgan ruseTi gacilebiT naklebi boroteba iyo,

vidre irani an osmaleTi (miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTma uxeSad daarRvia xel-

Sekrulebis pirobebi, saerTod gaauqma qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi da uSualod

SeierTa isini).

rogorc ruseTis imperiis, ise sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saqarTvelos winaSe kvlav dadga politikuri orientaciis sakiTxi. dRes es saqarTvelos erTerTi mTavari problemaa da gansazRvravs kidec Cveni qveynis faqtobriv mdgomareobas.

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos winaSe sagareo politikuri orientaciis sami alter-

nativaa: CrdiloeTi, neitraliteti, dasavleTi.

georgievskis traqtati, 1783

politika

34

CrdiloeTze orientacia faqtobrivad ruseTis satelitad qcevas gulisx-

mobs. am arCevanis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelom Tavi unda daanebos natosa da evro-

kavSirSi gawevrianebaze fiqrs da rusuli, postsabWoTa (evraziuli) sivrcis nawi-

li gaxdes, rac TiTqmis suverenitetis dakargvis tolfasia. bunebrivia, im qveynis

mosaxleobis umravlesoba, romelmac oraswliani lodinisa da brZolis Semdeg da-

moukidebloba aRidgina, saeWvoa Seelios Tavisuflebas da ruseTis orbitaze dab-

runeba moisurvos, miT ufro, rom es aSkarad istoriuli logikis sawinaaRmdego,

warsulSi dabrunebis tolfasi nabiji iqneba (adre Tu gvian TviTon ruseTs mou-

wevs dasavluri orientaciis arCeva). magram aseTi orientaciis momxreebi saqarT-

veloSi arian, romelTa gaaqtiureba bolo periodSi realobaa. isini TavianT arCe-

vans im argumentebiT asabuTeben, rom orasi wlis manZilze saqarTvelo ruseTis

nawili iyo da politikurad, ekonomikurad da kulturulad ise „gadaexlarTa“

mas, rom mis gareSe arseboba ukiduresad gauWirdeba. saqarTvelo yovelTvis ucxo

iqneba dasavleTisTvis da qarTuli ekonomika da kultura fexs ver moikidebs im

ucxo garemoSi (bolo xanebSi gansakuTrebiT usvamen xazs qarTvelebisa da rusebis

erTmorwmuneobas). garda amisa, mxolod ruseTs SeuZlia moagvaros saqarTvelos

teritoriuli mTlianobis problema. amdenad sxva, ararusuli orientacia saqarT-

velos SeiZleba katastrofad eqces da amaze arc unda ifiqros.

neitraliteti, erTi SexedviT, Zalze mimzidveli da misaRebi ideaa, radgan misi

ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, qveyanas mSvidobiani ganviTareba da ekonomikuri aR-

mavloba uzrunvelyofili unda hqondes. magram realobaSi saqme gacilebiT rTu-

ladaa. saqme isaa, rom neitralitetis gamocxadeba TavisTavad arafers niSnavs,

Tu es neitraliteti aRiarebuli da garantirebuli ar iqneba (istoriam araerTi

magaliTi icis, roca swored neitraliteti gamxdara qveyanaze Tavdasxmis xelSem-

wyobi faqtori). garantirebuli neitralitetis miRweva ki urTulesi amocanaa.

sakmarisia iTqvas, rom aseTi statusi mxolod erTaderT qveyanas – Sveicarias aqvs.

qveyanam rom aseTi statusi miiRos, is ramdenime pirobas unda akmayofilebdes:

• ar unda Sediodes arc erTi didi qveynis geopolitikur interesebSi,

• unda hqondes Zlieri ekonomika,

• SeeZlos sakuTari Tavis dacva,

• ar unda hqondes teritoriuli mTlianobis problema,

• misi sagareo politika ar unda iyos ideologizirebuli.

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelo TiTqmis verc erT pirobas ver akmayofilebs da

romc akmayofilebdes, Zneli saTqmelia ratom daudgebodnen msoflios wamy-

vani saxelmwifoebi mas garantad. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, XXI saukuneSi,

globalizaciis eraSi, roca mTeli msoflio erT, globalur sazogadoebad iqca,

neitraliteti ubralod anaqronizmia. ase rom, neitraliteti, rogorc politiku-

ri orientaciis forma, saqarTvelosTvis sruli utopiaa.


35

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, dasavleTze orientacia rCeba im gzad, rasac

unda mihyvebodes Cveni qveyana. faqtia, rom xuTas welze metia dasavluri samyaro

warmoadgens kacobriobis progresis da ganviTarebis erTaderT keras. istoriul-

ma avbediTobam saqarTvelo daaSora am samyaros da axla igi cdilobs daubrundes

mas. mxolod am gziT SeiZleba saqarTvelo gaxdes ganviTarebuli, demokratiuli,

ayvavebuli da usafrTxo saxelmwifo, evropuli ojaxis Rirseuli wevri, rac qarT-

veli xalxis absoluturi umravlesobis mizani da ocnebaa. cxadia, amis miRweva ad-

vili ar aris. ruseTis winaaRmdegobas rom Tavi davaneboT, saqarTvelos mTeli

rigi problemis gamo garTulebuli aqvs dasavleTTan integracia (susti ekonomi-

ka, teritoriuli mTlianobis problema, arasakmarisi demokratia, civilizaciu-

ri gansxvavebebi da sxv.), magram sxva alternativa praqtikulad ar aris. qarTveli

xalxis amocanaa yvelaferi gaakeTos, rom saqarTvelo gaxdes mimzidveli saxelm-

wifo dasavluri samyarosaTvis da evropa TviTon gaxdes dainteresebuli Tavis

ojaxis wevrad miiRos es patara qveyana, rogori winaaRmdegobac ar unda Sexvdes

mas ruseTis mxridan. es ar aris axlo momavlis perspeqtiva, magram isic faqtia,

rom dasavluri orientaciidan gadaxveva didi xniT (Tu samudamod ara) Seaferxebs

saqarTvelos progress.

1921 wlis TebervalSi Tbiliss momdgar sabWoTa ruseTis me-11 armias ko-jor-tabaxmelasTan medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies qarTvelma iunkereb-ma – qarTul iunkerTa skolaSi moswavle 20-23 wlis axalgazrdebma. es iyo gmirobisa da Tavganwirvis saocari magaliTi, Tumca am suliskveTe-bam sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo, iunkerebis umetesoba brZolis velze daeca, saqarTvelos aneqsiis mowinaaRmdegeni damarcxdnen da 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlidan saqarTvelo iqca erT-erT sabWoTa socialistur res-publikad. qarTvel iunkerebTan erTad daiRupa 20 wlis mowyalebis da maro mayaSvili.

25 Tebervali, 1921 weli

Tovda da Tbiliss ebura Talxi,dumda sioni da dumda xalxi,ZilRviZrad iyo qalaqi Cemi,saSinelebas kvlav sWedda grdem-li _isev golgoTa, sisxli da cremli!mSobelo dedav, isev gagyides,isev wamebis jvari agkides,ar Segibrales, kvlav ar dagindes!

Tovda da Tbiliss ebura Talxi,dumda sioni da dumda xalxi.dacxra kojori da tabaxmela,mxolodRa Tovli cvioda nela,efineboda gmirebis gvamebs_gangmirul mkerdebs, dalewil mklavebs,da uZrav iyo Tebervlis Rame…. . .Tovls daefara krwanisis veli,_wiTeli droSiT, moReril yeliT,TeTr cxenze mjdomi, nabijiT neliTSemodioda sikvdili celiT! Tovda da Tbiliss ebura Talxi,dumda sioni da dumda xalxi...

kolau nadiraZe

politika

36

arCevanis dilema: saiT unda wavides saqarTvelo?

rogorc davinaxeT saqarTvelos da ruseTis

erovnuli interesebi diametrulad upirispirdeba

erTmaneTs. Tu saqarTvelos sasicocxlo intere-

sia, moxdes misi integracia evropul da evroatlan-

tikur struqturebSi, rom erTxel da samudamod

uzrunvelyos sakuTari usafrTxoeba, ekonomikuri

winsvla da progresi, ruseTis mTavari mizani impe-

riad darCena da postsabWoTa qveynebze sruli kont-

rolia.

saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebis mTeli is-

toria imis dadasturebaa, Tu rogor cdilobda

ruseTi ganemtkicebina sakuTari kontroli saqarT-

veloze. amas is axerxebda rogorc Zalis gamoyenebiT

da represiebiT, ise qarTuli elitis mimarT moqnili

politikis gatarebiT da privilegiebis miniWebiT

(ruseTis imperiis periodSi es Tavad-aznaurobas

exeboda, sabWoTa periodSi ki – inteligencias). amis

garda, ruseTi saqarTveloze zemoqmedebis mZlavr

berketebs flobda eTnikuri umciresobebis saxiT.

rogorc ki saqarTveloSi erovnuli damoukideblo-

bis perspeqtiva Cndeboda, maSinve Tavs wamoyofda

ruseTidan inspirirebuli separatizmi eTnikuri

umciresobis mxridan, rac ruseTs aZlevda saSuale-

bas mediatoris sababiT Careuliyo konfliqtSi da

movlenebi Tavis sasargeblod waremarTa (ase iyo

rogorc 1918-1921, ise 1989-1993 wlebSi).

msgavs politikas awarmoebda da awarmoebs ruseTi yvela yofil sabWoTa res-

publikis da gansakuTrebiT ki imaT mimarT, romlebmac miznad evropasTan integra-

cia daisaxes. amis magaliTia ukraina da moldova, sadac yirimis, donbasis da dnes-

trispireTis separatistebis mxardaWeras ruseTis mxridan erTi mizani aqvs – ar

dauSvas am qveynebis mowyveta rusuli orbitidan, radgan icis, rom evropa Tavis

wevrad ar miiRebs Sida konfliqtebSi gaxveul saxelmwifos.

es mTavari mizani hqonda ruseTs saqarTvelos mimarT, roca 2008 wels cxinva-

lis konfliqtisa da ruseT-saqarTvelos omis inspirireba moaxdina. afxazeTisa da

samxreT oseTis okupaciiT ruseTi borkavda saqarTvelos swrafvas dasavleTisken

im gaTvliT, rom evropasTan integracia saqarTvelos daakargvinebda afxazeTisa

da cxinvalis regionis dabrunebis imeds. magram mas Semdeg, rac 2008 wels ruseT-

ma aRiara afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukidebloba, es iluziac gaqra. am

nabijiT ruseTma droSi gawela saqarTvelos evroatlantikuri da evropuli in-

sergo orjonikiZe (1886-1837) – qarTve-li komunisti, romelic meTaurobda bolSe-vikebis SemoWras saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi da saqarTvelos socialistur respublikad gardaqmnas. misi saxe da ko-jor-tabaxmelis tragedia asaxa kolau na-diraZem Tavis cnobil leqsSi `25 Tebervali, 1921 weli~. am antibolSevikuri leqsis gamo-qveyneba 1985 wels Zalian Tamami nabiji iyo da mexiviT gavarda imdroindeli sazogadoebis `mowmendil caze~.


37

tegraciis procesi, magram saqarTveloze zemoqmedebis berketebi dakarga, miT

ufro, rom diplomatiuri urTierTobebi gawyda da ekonomikuri kavSirebi mini-

mumamde davida. Tumca ruseTis mmarTvel wreebSi imedovnebdnen, rom yvelaferi

male mogvardeboda – qarTvelebi dakarguli teritoriebis dasabruneblad arc

partizanul oms daiwyebdnen da arc ruseTze „gabutvis“ poziciaze darCebodnen

didxans – adre Tu gvian isev ruseTisken Semobrundebodnen, rom teritoriuli

mTlianobis problema moegvarebinaT.

bolo wlebSi es tendencia marTlac SeimCneva. ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaaq-

tiurebiT (rusuli kompaniebis Semosvla, qarTuli Rvinis da citrusebis ruseTSi

gatana, regularuli saaviacio reisebis aRdgena) ruseTi ibrunebs saqarT veloze

zemoqmedebis garkveul berketebs. ufro mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTveloSi

aSkarad gaaqtiurdnen is politikuri partiebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

Tu cnobadi saxeebi, romlebic pirdapir acxadeben, rom saqarTvelom uari unda

Tqvas natosa da evrokavSirisken swrafvaze, dauyovnebliv aRadginos diploma-

tiuri urTierTobebi ruseTTan da daiwyos pirdapiri molaparakebebi afxazeTisa

da samxreT oseTis sakiTxis mosagvareblad. maTi azriT, mxolod am gziT SeiZleba

aRd ges qveynis teritoriuli mTlianoba.

ruseTis pozicia naTelia – saqarTvelom uari unda Tqvas evropasTan integra-

ciaze, daubrundes rusul sivrces, Sevides dsT-Si, Seeguos axal realobas, e.i.

scno s afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukidebloba (faqtobrivad ki, ruseTis

mier maTi aneqsia) da daamyaros maTTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobebi. yovelive

amis sanacvlod saqarTvelos savaraudod hpirdebian, rom axal problemebs ar

Seuqmnian da axali separatizmis safrTxe ar daemuqreba. Tumca bismarkis sityve-

bis perifrazi rom gavakeToT, ruseTis dapirebas mxolod im qaRaldis furclis

fasi aqvs, romelzec es dapirebaa dawerili.

amgvarad, imis Tqma, rom ruseTTan ritorikis Secvla, masTan pirdapiri molapar-

akeba da megobruli urTierTobebis damyareba mas guls moulbobs da afxazeTsa da

samxreT oseTs Tavisi nebiT daabrunebs, sruli iluziaa. ruseTi amas veRar izams,

qarTvelebisgan daclili soxumi afxazeTis omis bolos, 1993 wlis seqtemberi

politika

38

Zalianac rom undodes, radgan es momakvdinebeli dartyma iqneba mis prestiJ ze,

mis winaaRmdeg aamxedrebs mTel CrdiloeT kavkasias da ara Tu imperiis aRdgena,

sakuTari teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCuneba gauxdeba saeWvo. ase rom, saqarT-

velos SerCeba evropaze uaris Tqma da ruseTis sivrceSi dabruneba afxazeTisa da

samxreT oseTis gareSe.

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena mxolod didi geopolitiku-

ri cvlilebebis Sedegad aris mosalodneli (rogorc es 80-90-ian wlebSi moxda) da

saqarTvelo iq unda iyos, sadac istoriuli logikaa.

evropuli orientaciis rusuli orientaciiT Secvla saqarTvelos terito

riuli mTlianobis aRdgenas kidev ufro dagvaSorebs.

rasakvirvelia, arCevani, Tu saiT unda wavides saqarTvelo, xalxma unda gaake-

Tos. marTalia, es arCevani ukve gakeTebulia, magram bevri fiqrobs, rom mas Sem-

deg bevri ram Seicvala, „evropam ar gaamarTla“ da Cveni gza isev Cven „mSobliur,

erTmorwmune ruseTisken“ aris. SeiZleba afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni veRar da-

vibrunoT, magram samagierod Cveni Rvino da mandarini, mineraluri wylebi da vaS-

li daubrkoleblad gava ruseTSi, xalxic Tavisuflad imoZravebs da rusi turis-

tebiT isev gaivseba Cveni kurortebi. rac mTavaria, aRar gveqneba SeiaraRebuli

konfliqtebisa Tu ruseTis mxridan Tavdasxmis SiSi da mSvidoba da usafrTxoebac

garantirebuli iqneba. cxadia, aseT azrebs Tavisi logika da safuZveli aqvs da ve-

ravin gaamtyunebs mosaxleobis am nawils imaSi, Tu ratom urCevniaT maT evropul

demokratias rusuli usafrTxoeba. magram aqve, albaT, mainc upriania gavixsenoT

benjamin franklinis cnobili gamoTqma: „is, vinc Tanaxmaa gacvalos Tavisuf

lebis Tundac mcire nawili usafrTxoebaze, ar imsaxurebs arc Tavisuflebas,

arc usafrTxoebas“.


gori, 2008 wlis agvistos omi

39

Documents

saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebispolitika 32 saqarTvelos samxedro gza. lineba unda iyos evraziuli kavSiri, romelic evrokavSiris alternativaa da ro-melic ukve funqcionirebs