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English-Russian Glossary of the

Microfinance Terms

2008 / June 2008

( )

CGAP

The Glossary was prepared by the Microfinance Centre (MFC) for Central and Eastern Europe and the New Independent States under the CGAP grant.

- , HOPE International , ,

, The terminology was translated by Andre Barkov, Ukraine & Russia Country Director, HOPE

International, consulted with Margarita Lalayan, Consultant, MFC and Rakhat Uraimova, Training and Consulting Manager, MFC

A

absorption accounting Equivalent: full-cost accounting.

accelerated depreciation

acceleration of maturity Equivalent: prematuring.

,

account

account balance , ,

account entry Equivalents: accounting entry, entry, journal entry.

accountancy Equivalent: accounting.

,

accountant

accounting

accounting and internal control system

accounting base

accounting entry Equivalents: account entry, journal entry, entry.

accounting period

accounting practice

accounting prescriptions

accounting standard

accounts payable (balance sheet liability account) ( , )

accounts receivable (balance sheet, asset account) ( , )

accrual accounting

accruals (accrual accounting)

, , e ( );

,

( . . , , )

, ,

, , .

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3

accrued depreciation (balance sheet, asset account)

Equivalent: accumulated depreciation.

( ) ( , )

accrued expense (accrual accounting, balance sheet, liability account)

( , , )

accrued income (accrual accounting, balance sheet, liability account)

Equivalent: accrued revenue.

( , , )

accrued interest ( )

accrued revenue (accrual accounting, balance sheet, liability account)

( , , )

accumulated depreciation (balance sheet, asset account)

Equivalent: accrued depreciation.

( , )

accumulated profit Equivalent: earned surplus.

,

accumulated reserves (balance sheet)

Equivalent: reserves.

( )

accumulating savings and credit association (ASCA) , -

acid-test ratio Equivalent: quick ratio.

« », (

)

acquisition cost Equivalent: historical cost.

,

active borrower , ( )

active client

active loan ( )

active savings account

actual amount

actual cost

actual loss

actuary (insurance) ( )

additional credit ,

adjustable rate ( , )

adjusted cost of capital ( )

adjusted income ( )

adjusted income statement ( )

adjusted interest rate ( )

adjusted operating profit ( )

adjusted return on assets (AROA) ( )

adjusted return on equity (AROE) ( )

adjusted trial balance Equivalent: post-closing trial balance.

adjusting account ,

adjusting entry

Equivalent: closing entry.

, ,

adjustment ,

administrative efficiency

administrative expense

administrative expense rate

advance account

advance deposit ,

advance deposit requirement

advance repayment Equivalents: payment in advance, prepayment, repayment in advance.

,

advances to employees (balance sheet, asset account) ( , )

adverse opinion (audit) ( )

adverse selection

age-accrued interest (accrual accounting) ( ) ( )

age the portfolio, to (verb) , ( )

aged portfolio Equivalents: aging of the portfolio, aging portfolio balance, portfolio aging.

, ,

aging categories (aging of loans) ( ) ( )

aging of delinquency , ,

aging of loans , ,

aging of the portfolio , , ,

aging portfolio balance

aging schedule ,

aging the portfolio

agreed-upon procedure (audit) ( )

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agricultural microfinance

,

allocate ( )

allocation of loan proceeds ( )

allocation of net income

allocation of profits Equivalent: appropriation of profits.

allocation of resources ( )

amortization (asset) – generic term ( ) –

amortization expense (income statement, expense account)

( , )

amortization of a loan ,

amortization schedule (of a loan)

Equivalents: repayment schedule, repayment plan (for a loan).

amortize a loan ( , , )

amortized principal (loan) ( )

amount outstanding , , ( .)

analysis grid ,

annual depreciation of donated funds for fixed assets

( ) ( )

annual general meeting ( )

annualization ( )

annualized interest rate ( )

annualized percentage rate (APR) An interest rate comprised of interest, commissions, and other costs that is expressed on an annualized basis.

,

, ,

,

annuity

apex (institution)

apex funds

applicable financial reporting framework Equivalents: standards for financial reporting, financial standards.

application for membership

application for withdrawal ( )

application of funds (financing plan) ( )

appraisal

appropriation of profits Equivalent: allocation of profits.

APR (annualized percentage rate) An interest rate comprised of interest, commissions, and other costs that is expressed in an annual value.

, , ,

area of risk

AROA (adjusted return on assets)

AROE (adjusted return on equity)

arrears Generic term for loans that have not been repaid on time; can be used for “late payments,” “overdue payments,” “past due payments,” and “delinquent payments.”

« » , .

« », « ».

arrears rate Equivalents: delinquency ratio, delinquency rate, past-due rate.

The arrears rate is calculated by dividing the amount of arrears (or late payments) by the average outstanding loan balance.

.

ASCA (accumulating savings and credit association) - , -

assessment

asset (balance sheet) ( )

asset account

asset and liability management

asset and liability matching

asset quality

asset utilization Equivalent: return on assets (ROA).

, ,

associated cost ,

assumption ,

auction ROSCA (rotating savings and credit association) A type of ROSCA.

(ROSCA - )

audit (accounting) ( )

audit committee

audit evidence

audit of the financial statement

audit report

audit risk

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audit trail ,

( –

, ).

audited financial statements ,

auditing standards

auditor

average cost of debt Equivalent: average cost of funds.

average cost of funds

average loan term /

average outstanding balance of loans ,

B

back office Also used as an adjective, such as “back-office operations.”

, , .

, « »

back-office transactions

bad debt Equivalents: defaulted loan, doubtful loan.

: , .

badwill ,

balance , ,

balance an account Equivalent: clear an account.

( )

balance brought forward Equivalent: opening balance.

,

balance carried forward Equivalent: closing balance.

,

balance on account

balance sheet

balanced accounts

balance sheet account

balance sheet item

balance sheet ratio

balancing subsidy

balloon loan

balloon payment Equivalent: single end-of-term payment.

,

bank and investment income

bank book

bank charges Equivalent: bank commissions and fees.

,

bank commissions and fees

bank current account

bank interest

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bank rate Equivalent: discount rate.

, .

bank reconciliation ,

bank reconciliation procedure

bank statement

bank supervision

bank supervisors

bankable ,

banking authorities

base cost Equivalent: baseline cost.

, , ,

base interest rate

baseline cost , , ,

baseline data

basic information

below-market interest rate

benchmark

benchmarking , .

beneficiary ,

benefits ; , ;

bias

bid ,

bill of exchange

board (management) ( , ) ( )

book value , -

bookkeeper

bookkeeping

borrower

borrower in default Equivalent: defaulter.

, , ( )

borrowing capacity Equivalent: debt capacity.

borrowing cost

borrowing requirement

branch Equivalent: branch office.

,

branch office ,

branchless banking , ,

, ,

branch-level staff ( )

break even (verb)

break-even analysis

break-even point

bridging credit Equivalent: bridging facility.

, :

bridging facility , :

budget request

budget variance

budgetary aid

budgetary surplus ,

budgeted amount This term is used when comparing a projected budget with an actual budget.

,

, .

buildings (balance sheet account, asset account) , ( , )

burial fund

business accounting

business development services Equivalent: enterprise development services.

( ), -

business operator

business plan -

business planning -

business risk Equivalent: operating risk.

- , ,

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C

calculation of reserve Equivalent: reserve calculation.

CAMEL Capital adequacy – Asset quality – Management – Earnings – Liquidity

An MFI evaluation system developed by ACCION International.

CAMEL ( - ,

, ( ), , )

, ( )

ACCION International.

cancelled debt

cannibalization

capacity building

capacity to reimburse Equivalents: capacity to repay, repayment ability, repayment capacity.

, ,

capacity to repay

capital adequacy ( )

capital asset Equivalents: permanent asset, fixed asset.

( )

capital cost allowance /

capital equipment Equivalent: capital goods.

capital expenditure

capital formation

capital gain

capital goods

capital grant Equivalent: donated equity.

capital lease

capital requirements

capital-adequacy ratio

Equivalents: working-capital ratio, current ratio.

( ) ,

capital-adequacy report ( )

capitalization

capitalization rate

capitalize

card-reading device

cash (balance sheet, asset account)

Equivalent: cash assets.

, , ( , )

cash account

cash accounting Equivalent: cash-basis accounting.

cash advance ,

cash and cash due from banks

cash and cash equivalents Equivalent: cash and near cash.

,

cash and near cash , , « - »

cash assets (balance sheet, asset account) , , ( , )

cash balance ,

cash book Equivalent: cash journal.

cash box ,

cash budget

cash control Equivalent: cash count.

( ),

cash count ( ),

cash credit , ( )

cash deficit

cash donation Equivalent: cash grant, cash subsidies.

cash due from banks Equivalent: cash in bank.

cash equivalent (balance sheet, asset account) ( , )

cash expense ,

cash flow

cash flow after investments

cash flow from operations Equivalents: funds provided from operating activities, operating cash flow.

cash grant Equivalents: cash donation, cash subsidies.

cash in bank Equivalent: cash due from banks.

cash in bank and near cash , « -»

cash in hand Equivalent: cash on hand.

,

cash in vault

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cash inflow

cash input

cash journal Equivalent: cash book.

cash management Equivalent: liquidity management.

,

cash on hand Equivalent: cash in hand.

,

cash outflow ,

cash payment

cash position

cash projection Equivalent: cash flow projection.

cash subsidies Equivalents: cash donation, cash grant.

cash suspense account

cash-basis accounting

cash-disbursements journal

cash flow analysis

cash flow patterns

cash flow projection Equivalent: cash projection.

( )

cash flow review

cash flow statement Equivalent: statement of change in financial position.

cashier

cash-receipt journal ( )

CD (certificate of deposit)

central bank

certificate of deposit (CD)

certify financial statements (audit) ( )

chains (ROSCA chains) (credit) ( ) (ROSCA)

change in equity position

change in working capital

character-based lending

chart of accounts

checking account Equivalent: current account.

checks and balances -

chief accountant

chief financial officer (CFO)Equivalents: financial officer, financial director.

chief operations officer (COO) , :

chit fund A type of rotating savings and credit association (ROSCA) found in India.

(chit fund)

,

.

cleaning the data (survey) , ( ) ( )

clear an account Equivalent: balance an account.

clearinghouse

client attrition Equivalents: desertion, client loss.

, ,

client exit survey ( ) ,

client impact tracking system

client loss ,

client outreach

client retention rate Equivalent: retention rate.

,

client screening

client-focused

closed question (survey) ( )

closing balance Equivalent: balance carried forward.

,

closing cost ( )

closing date (accounting) , ( )

closing entry Equivalent: adjusting entry.

, ,

cluster sampling (survey) ( )

collateral

collateral Equivalents: security, guarantee.

, , ,

collateral savings

collateral substitute

collection , ,

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collective guarantee Equivalents: group guarantee, peer-lending guarantee.

,

combined cost of funds

commercial borrowing Equivalent: commercial loan.

( ),

commercial funding

commercial loan

commercial paper

commercial terms Equivalent: market rate.

,

commission

commission an audit ,

commissions and fees

community banking –

community development

community participation

comparison group

compensating balance

compound factor Equivalent: compounding factor.

( )

compound interest

compound rate of growth

compounded interest rate

compounding factor ( )

comprehensive planning

compulsory savings Equivalents: obligatory savings, forced savings, mandatory savings.

,

concessional loan Equivalent: soft loan.

,

conservation principle Equivalent: conservatism.

,

conservatism

consolidate maturities

consolidated balance sheet

consolidated financial statement

consolidated income statement

consolidated loss

consolidated profit

constant currency terms

consumer credit

consumption smoothing

contingency fund Equivalent: contingency scheme.

contingency reserve

contingency savings Equivalent: precautionary savings.

, « »

contingency scheme ,

contribution margin ,

control (i.e., management control) ( , )

control environment ,

control group In an evaluation process, “control group” designates the group that is not receiving services, as opposed to the treatment group.

« » ,

.

control risk (audit) ( )

controller Equivalent: management controller.

, ,

COO (chief operations officer)

core expenditures

corporate body (legal)

Equivalent: corporation.

, , ( )

corporation (legal) , , ( )

cosigner , , , ,

cost accounting ,

cost allocation

cost center ,

cost containment

cost control

cost efficiency ,

cost estimate ,

cost of capital

cost of debt

cost of funds ,

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cost of operations ,

cost of portfolio administration

cost per $ lent

cost per loan made

cost ratio Equivalent: cost structure.

,

cost recovery

cost sharing ,

cost structure

cost-benefit analysis [ ], ",

cost-effective ,

cost-effectiveness ,

costing

cost-of-funds subsidy Equivalent: subsidy for cost of funds.

,

cost-volume-profit analysis " - - "

covariance risk A risk that exists when the majority of clients work in the same economic sector.

, ,

.

coverage rate Equivalent: coverage ratio.

coverage ratio

credit activity

credit availability

credit balance ( ) ,

credit bureau Equivalent: credit information bureau.

credit ceiling Equivalent: credit limit.

, ,

credit cooperative

credit delivery

credit facilities

credit history

credit information bureau ,

credit limit

credit line Equivalent: line of credit.

credit manager

credit officer Equivalent: loan officer.

, ,

credit policy

credit rating ,

credit rating Equivalent: rating.

,

credit rating agency

credit risk

credit scheme

credit scoring Equivalents: scoring, loan scoring.

Credit scoring is a statistical technique used by financial institutions to decide whether or not to extend credit.

,

.

credit to microenterprises

credit union Equivalents: savings and credit cooperative (SACCO), savings and credit union.

credit-delivery model

credit-in-kind

creditor

creditworthiness Equivalent: solvency.

,

creditworthy

critical path (PERT method) ( PERT - )

critical-path method

crop credit Equivalent: seasonal credit.

,

crop insurance

cross-tabulation table (statistical analysis) ( )

cross tabulation

crossover discount rate Equivalent: equalizing discount rate.

,

cross-sectional design

currency gap

currency matching

currency risk Equivalents: exchange risk, foreign-exchange risk.

currency-gap ratio

currency-gap risk

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current account Equivalent: checking account.

current asset

current collection rate Equivalent: current repayment rate.

current cost Equivalent: replacement cost.

current debt Equivalents: current liabilities, short-term debt, short-term liabilities.

,

current liabilities ,

current loan Equivalent: healthy loan.

,

current ratio Equivalents: working-capital ratio, capital-adequacy ratio.

,

current repayment rate

current terms, in (accounting) ( )

current value Equivalents: present value, current worth.

current worth

current year

customized system , ,

cutoff , ,

,

.

D

daily balancing

data

data coding

data collection

database

database software –

DCF (discounted cash flow) method

debit balance

debt ,

debt capacity Equivalent: borrowing capacity.

,

debt directing Equivalent: targeted lending.

debt financing ,

debt maturity

debt pardoning scheme

debt service

: .

debtor ,

debt-to-equity ratio

decapitalization ,

decision tree

declining balances

declining-balance method

1) (depreciation method)

2) A method of calculating interest on capital that remains due (known as the declining balance). (interest rate calculation)

1) ,

( )

2) ( )

dedicated fee ( )

deductible expense ,

default Equivalent: insolvency.

,

defaulted loan Equivalent: doubtful loan, bad debt.

defaulter Equivalent: borrower in default.

, ,

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deferred charge (balance sheet, asset account)

Equivalent: deferred expense.

, ( , )

deferred depreciation

deferred expense (balance sheet, asset account) ( , )

deferred income (balance sheet, liability account)

Equivalent: deferred revenue.

( , )

deferred interests (balance sheet) ( )

deferred revenue (balance sheet, liability account) ( , )

« deferred income ».

deficiency ,

deflate

deflation

deflator

delinquency ,

delinquency measurement

delinquency rate Equivalents: arrears rate, delinquency ratio, past-due rate.

The delinquency rate is calculated by dividing the amount of arrears (or late payments) by the average outstanding loan balance.

,

.

delinquency ratio ,

delinquency report

delinquent client Equivalent: late client.

,

delinquent client report ,

delinquent loan Equivalents: loan in arrears, overdue loan, past-due loan.

delinquent loan follow-up report

delinquent payment Equivalents: late payment, overdue payment, payment in arrears.

delinquency ratio ,

delivery mechanism ,

delivery of financial services Equivalent: provision of financial services.

demand deposit Equivalent: sight deposit.

deposit ,

deposit certificate

deposit collector ( )

deposit insurance

deposit rate

depositor

depreciable amount ,

depreciable life Equivalent: economic life.

depreciation (asset) – generic term ,

depreciation expense (income statement, expense account)

, ( , )

« ».

depth of outreach (of the services of an MFI)

Refers to the poverty level of MFI clients.

See also “outreach” and “scale of outreach.”

( )

.

« », « ».

DER (direct expense ratio) (cost allocation) ( / )

descriptive account number ,

desertion Equivalent: client loss, client attrition.

, , ( )

desertion rate Equivalent: dropout rate.

designated funds ( )

detailed balance sheet

detailed income statement

detection risk (audit) , ( )

direct administrative expense ratio (cost allocation) ( )

direct cost

direct costing (method) ( )

direct expense ratio (DER) (cost allocation) ( / )

direct targeting

directed conversation (survey) ( ) ( )

disburse a loan

disbursed loan Equivalent: loan disbursed.

disbursement

disclaimer of opinion (audit) ( )

disclosure (financial)

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discount ,

discount factor

discount rate Equivalent: bank rate.

,

discounted cash flow ( )

discounted cash flow (DCF) method

discussion guide ,

disposal of assets

dissavings

distribute costs among (accounting categories) …( , )

dividend per share

domain of impact Equivalent: impact area.

donated capital Equivalent: equity grant.

, ,

donated commodities or services

donated equity Equivalent: capital grant.

, ,

donations-and-grants ratio

donor

dormant savings account ( )

double-barreled question (survey) ( )

double-check (noun)

double-entry bookkeeping Equivalent: double-entry system.

,

double-entry system

doubtful loan Equivalents: defaulted loan, bad debt.

,

downscaling

, ,

dropout rate Equivalent: desertion rate.

dropouts ,

due to be repaid (in) Example: due to be repaid in 2003.

…

: 2003 .

E

earned income

earned surplus Equivalent: accumulated profit.

earning asset Equivalent: productive asset, performing asset.

, ,

earnings Equivalent: profits.

economic life Equivalent: depreciable life.

,

effective interest rate

efficiency

efficiency indicator

eligibility (for a loan)

eligibility conditions , ( )

empowerment ,

end-of-year balance

enforce a penalty

engagement letter -

engagement risk (audit) ( )

enterprise development services Equivalent: business development services.

( ), -

entry (accounting)

Equivalents: account entry, accounting entry, journal entry.

, ( )

equal payments of principal

equalizing discount rate Equivalent: crossover discount rate.

equilibrium income ,

equipment

equipment account ,

equipment depreciation

equipment leasing

equipment maintenance

equipment rental

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equity Equivalents: shareholder capital, shareholder equity, shareholder funds, stockholder equity, owner equity, owner’s equity.

,

equity account ,

equity capital

equity financing Equivalent: equity investment.

, ,

equity grant Equivalent: donated capital.

, ,

equity investment , ,

equity multiplier ,

equity plus medium-and long-term debt Equivalents: investment capital, invested capital.

ex post review

excess cash ( )

excess liquidity

excess of income over expenses Equivalents: net profit, net earnings.

,

exchange premium

exchange risk Equivalents: foreign-exchange risk, currency risk.

exchange-rate differential

excluding grants (accounting)

Example: Internal rate of return: 16% (excluding grants).

, ( )

: : 16 % ( ).

executive director Equivalent: managing director.

expenditure

expense ,

expense account (income statement) ( )

extend the term of a loan

external audit

external auditor ,

F

face value Equivalent: par value.

facilitator ,

fall short by ,

fee , ,

fee income ,

fee-based services

fiduciary risk (audit) ( )

field staff Equivalents: front-line staff, line staff.

,

field visit

financial analysis

financial assets

financial calculator

financial cooperative

financial cost

financial cost of lending funds ,

financial director Equivalents: chief financial officer, financial officer.

financial forecasting

financial indicator

financial intermediary

financial intermediation

financial leverage Equivalent: leverage.

,

financial management

financial modeling

financial officer

financial position

financial productivity

financial projection

financial ratio

financial regulation

financial risk

financial self-sufficiency

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financial spread

financial standards Equivalents: applicable financial reporting framework, standards for financial reporting.

financial statement audit

financial statement audit report

financial statements

financial structure

financial supervision

financial sustainability

financial viability

financial year Equivalent: fiscal year.

financing cost

financing-cost ratio

fiscal year ( )

fixed asset Equivalents: permanent asset, capital asset.

,

fixed interest

fixed-asset loan

fixed-charge coverage

fixed-term deposit Equivalents: term deposit, time deposit.

flat method Equivalent: flat-rate interest method.

flat rate , ,

flat-rate interest method

floating rate

flow item

flowchart

focus group -

focus-group discussion -

follow-up loan

food security

forced savings Equivalent: obligatory savings, compulsory savings, mandatory savings.

forced-sale value Equivalent: liquidation value.

, ( )

foreign currency

foreign-exchange cost

foreign-exchange exposure

foreign-exchange risk Equivalents: currency risk, exchange risk.

formal financial institution ,

formal MFI

frequency table

front name

front office Designates activities involving direct client contact. Also used as an adjective, such as “front-office activities.”

,

.

front-line staff Equivalents: field staff, line staff.

,

full-cost accounting Equivalent: absorption accounting.

fund accounting

funding liabilities , ,

fundraising ,

funds , ,

funds provided from operating activities Equivalent: cash flow from operations, operating cash flow.

funeral club

fungibility ,

fungible ,

future value

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G

GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) ( )

gain from currency adjustments

gap analysis , ( ) , ( )

gap ratio

gap report ,

gap risk ,

gender analysis

general journal (accounting)

Equivalent: journal.

, ( )

general ledger (accounting)

Equivalent: ledger.

( )

general price-level accounting Equivalent: price-level accounting.

general treasury fund

generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) ( )

generally accepted auditing standards

ghost loan Equivalent: phantom loan.

going-concern principle

goodwill , ( )

governance ,

grace period ,

graduated tax

grant Equivalent: subsidy.

grant income (income statement)

Equivalent: operating subsidy.

( )

grant income for financial services

gross cash flow (cash flow statement) ( )

gross financial margin Equivalent: gross financial result.

gross financial result

« gross financial margin ».

gross margin

group guarantee Equivalents: collective guarantee, peer-lending guarantee.

,

group-based lending

growth indicator

guarantee Equivalents: collateral, security.

guarantee funds

guarantor ,

guidance planning Equivalent: indicative planning.

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31

H

health insurance

healthy loan Equivalent: current loan.

,

hidden transaction cost

historical cost Equivalent: acquisition cost.

,

historical cost convention

historically valued assets

home bank Equivalent: piggy bank.

home loan

Honorarium

hot money ,

household

household budget ,

household economic portfolio

household economic security

household welfare

housing improvement

housing microfinance Equivalent: microfinance of housing.

I

IAS (international accounting standards) ( )

IASC (international accounting standards committee)

, ( )

identified financial reporting framework

idle cash

idle fund

impact

impact analysis

impact area Equivalent: domain of impact.

impact assessment Equivalent: impact survey.

impact indicator

impact proxy

impact survey

imprest account

imputed cost of capital ( )

in arrears (credits) , ( )

incentive (human resources)

Equivalent: staff incentive.

, ( )

incentive scheme

inclusive financial system

( ) , ,

income 1)

2)

income account ( )

income smoothing (noun)

Often used as an adjective, such as “income-smoothing” activities.

income statement Equivalent: profit-and-loss (P&L) account.

incorporation

incremental cost Equivalent: marginal cost.

incremental rate of return

in-depth individual interview

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33

indexing

indexing factor

indicative planning Equivalent: guidance planning.

indirect costs Equivalent: on-costs.

indirect targeting

individual contribution

individual lending

individual loan

induced cost

ineligible for a loan

inflation

inflation accounting

inflation adjustment

inflation index

inflow (accounting) ( )

informal credit

informal financial intermediary

informal insurance scheme

informal provider

infusion of borrowed funds

inherent risk (audit) ( )

, .

in-kind reimbursement Equivalent: payment in kind.

in-kind subsidy

in-service training

insider loan Equivalent: related-party loan.

, , ( )

insolvency Equivalent: default.

, ,

installment ,

institution building (noun)

Often used as an adjective, such as “institution-building” activities.

institutional assessment

institutional capacity building

institutional loans received ,

institutional status

institutional sustainability

insurance fund

insurance policy

insurance premium

intangible assets

integrated MFI Equivalent: multi-service MFI.”

This term refers to an MFI that offers financial services in addition to other services, such as enterprise development services, social services, etc.

,

, , ,

, . .

interest

interest after loan payment (declining- balance method)

( )

interest charged on declining balance (declining-interest balance method)

, (

)

interest charged on initial loan amount (flat-rate interest method)

, (

)

interest due ,

interest in arrears Equivalent: interest unpaid, unpaid interest.

interest income

interest loss provision (accrual accounting, income statement)

( ,

)

interest loss reserve (accrual accounting, balance sheet, asset account)

( ,

, )

interest on loans

interest on overdue payment Equivalent: moratorium interest, penalty interest.

,

interest on savings

interest payable (accrual accounting, balance sheet, liability account)

, ( ,

, )

interest payment

interest rate

interest rebate

interest receivable (accrual accounting, balance sheet, asset account)

, ( ,

, )

interest spread ( )

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35

interest unpaid Equivalent: unpaid interest, interest in arrears.

interest-bearing account ,

interest-bearing deposit , ,

interest-rate cap Equivalent: interest-rate ceiling.

interest-rate ceiling

interest-rate differential

interest-rate margin

interest-rate risk

interest-rate sensibility

internal audit

internal auditor

internal control

internal rate of return (IRR) ,

international accounting standards (IAS) ( ).

international accounting standards committee (IASC)

,

international standard on auditing (ISA) ( )

interviewer

inventory

inventory credit Equivalent: warehouse-receipt financing.

Inventory credit permits farmers to store their crops in a warehouse and use them as a guarantee against credit before they are sold.

, , .

inventory turnover

invested capital Equivalents: investment capital, equity plus medium-and long-term debt.

investment bank Equivalent: merchant bank.

investment budget

investment capital

investment funds

investment grant (balance sheet) ( )

investment income (income statement) , ( )

investment return Equivalents: investment yield; return on investment, ROI.

,

investment yield ,

investment-income rate

invoice - ,

IRR (internal rate of return) ,

ISA (international standard on auditing)

issue, to (share or bond) (verb) ( , )

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37

J

joint-liability group Equivalent: solidarity group.

,

journal (accounting)

Equivalent: general journal.

, ( )

journal entry Equivalents: account entry, accounting entry, entry.

,

journal voucher , ,

journalize

K

key interest rate ,

-

39

L

labor bank

LAN (local area network)

land (balance sheet) ( )

late borrower ,

late client Equivalent: delinquent client.

,

late fee on loans ,

late payment Equivalents: delinquent payment, payment in arrears, overdue payment.

leading question (survey) ( )

lease

leasehold amortization (income statement) ( ) ( )

leasehold improvements (balance sheet) ( )

leasing

ledger (accounting)

Equivalent: general ledger.

( )

legal entity (legal)

Equivalent: legal person.

( )

legal framework

legal reserves ( )

legal title Equivalent: title.

lender

lending funds

lending methodology Equivalent: method of lending.

,

lessee ,

lessor ,

leverage

leverage Equivalent: financial leverage.

,

leverage ratio

liabilities

liabilities and equity (balance sheet) ( )

liability account

licensed financial institution

life expectancy (equipment) ( )

life of a loan

limitation of scope (audit)

Equivalent: limitation on scope.

( )

limitation on scope (audit) ( )

limited-survey sample

line of credit Equivalent: credit line.

line staff Equivalents: field staff, front-line staff.

,

linked liabilities

liquid asset Equivalent: quick asset.

liquidation value Equivalent: forced-sale value.

liquidity

liquidity management Equivalent: cash management.

liquidity position

liquidity requirements

liquidity risk

liquidity shortage

liquidity squeeze

liquidity threshold

liquidityadequacy ratio Equivalent: current ratio.

( )

livelihood activities

livestock savings ( , )

loaded question (survey) ( )

loan

loan agreement Equivalent: loan contract.

loan application

loan application procedure

loan appraisal

loan assets

loan balance ,

loan capital Equivalent: loan-fund capital.

-

41

loan charges ,

loan collateral Equivalent: loan guarantee.

,

loan contract

loan cycle

loan disbursed Equivalent: disbursed loan.

loan disbursement

loan fee

loan guarantee ,

loan in arrears Synonyms: delinquent loan, past-due loan, overdue loan.

loan income

loan loss ,

loan maturing Equivalent: maturing loan.

loan officer Equivalent: credit officer.

, ,

loan portfolio

loan portfolio turnover ,

loan pricing

loan principal Equivalent: principal.

( )

loan processing

loan product

loan recovery

loan scoring Equivalents: credit scoring, scoring.

Loan scoring is a statistical technique used by financial institutions to decide whether or not to extend credit.

,

.

loan size

loan supervisor

loan term

loan use

loan write-off Equivalent: write-off.

loan write-off ratio Equivalent: write-off ratio.

loan-fund capital

loan-loss provision (income statement)

Equivalent: loan-loss provision expense, loss provision.

( ) ,

( ), [ , ], (

)

loan-loss provision expense (income statement)

( ) ,

( ), [ , ], (

)

loan-loss rate Equivalent: loan-loss ratio.

loan-loss ratio

loan-loss reserve (balance sheet, asset account) , ( ),

[ , ],

( , )

loan-loss reserve ratio

loan-officer productivity

loan-rescheduling ratio ,

loans outstanding Equivalent: outstanding loan portfolio, outstanding portfolio, portfolio outstanding.

,

loan-tracking management information system (MIS)

( )

loan-tracking system

local area network (LAN)

longitudinal study

long-range planning ,

long-term debt

long-term investment (balance sheet, asset account) ( , )

long-term liabilities (balance sheet, liability account) ( , )

loss

loss from currency adjustments

loss provision (income statement)

Equivalents: loan-loss provision, loan-loss provision expense.

( ) (

)

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43

lottery ROSCA (rotating savings and credit association) A type of ROSCA.

M

machinery (balance sheet, asset account) ( , )

maintenance and cleaning (income statement) ( )

management 1) ,

2)

management accounting

management auditor

management by objectives ,

management chart Equivalents: management report, performance chart.

,

management control ,

management indicator

management information

management information system (MIS) ( )

management letter (audit) ( )

management report

management representation letter (audit)

Equivalent: representation letter.

- ( )

management representations (audit) - ( )

manager , ,

managerial sustainability

managing director Equivalent: executive director.

,

mandatory savings Equivalents: obligatory savings, forced savings, compulsory savings.

margin

margin analysis

marginal cost Equivalent: incremental cost.

marginal-cost analysis

marginal-cost pricing

marginalization

markers of change

market interest rate

market penetration ,

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45

market rate Equivalent: commercial terms.

,

market research

market segment

market value

marketable securities ,

market-debt capital ,

market-driven approach , ,

marketing channel

marriage fund

master budget

matching funds

material amount

material misstatement (audit) ( )

materiality ,

materiality level (audit) ( )

matrix (management) , ( )

maturing loan Equivalent: loan maturing.

,

maturity Equivalent: maturity date.

maturity date

maturity mismatch Equivalent: term mismatch.

meals and incidentals (income statement) ( )

means test

mediating variable -

membership

merchant bank Equivalent: investment bank.

merry-go-round A type of rotating savings and credit association (ROSCA), particularly in Africa.

( ),

.

method of lending Equivalent: lending methodology.

,

MFI (microfinance institution) ( )

micro-borrower

microcredit

microenterprise services

microentrepreneur

microfinance

microfinance institution (MFI) ( )

microfinance of housing Equivalent: housing microfinance.

micro-insurance

microloan

micro-saver

migrant-worker remittances -

minimalist MFI The term refers to an MFI that offers only financial services.

« »

, .

minimum (savings) balance

minimum capital requirements

MIS (management information system) ( )

miscellaneous expenses ( )

miscellaneous income

mission drift ,

mission statement

mobile banking ,

monetary policy

money holder Equivalent: money-guard.

A term used for someone who safeguards the cash of another, often a relative or friend.

, , .

moneylender Equivalent: private lender.

monitoring ,

monitoring and evaluation

monitoring system

monthly payment

months to maturity Equivalent: term in months.

moral hazard

moratorium interest Equivalents: interest on overdue payment, penalty interest.

,

mortgage

mortgage bank ,

mortgage financing

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47

mortgage interest

mortgagor

multiple-choice question A question for which several pre-defined answers are suggested. A multiple-choice question can be answered by a unique response or by several responses.

, , .

multiple-response question A closed question for which several responses are possible.

, .

multipurpose institution ,

multi-service MFI

Equivalent: integrated MFI.

This term refers to an MFI that offers financial services in addition to other services, such as enterprise development services, social services, etc.

,

, , , ,

, . .

N

near cash

Non−interest-bearing accounts, the term of which is equal or less than three months.

,

, .

negative rate of interest

net book value

net cash flow Equivalent: net increase or decrease in cash.

net cash requirement

net cash revenue ,

net cash-debit balance

net earnings Equivalents: excess of income over expenses, net profit.

net financial margin (income statement)

Equivalent: net financial result.

net financial result (income statement)

net income from operations

net income or net loss

net income ratio

net increase or decrease in cash

net interest margin

net loans, outstanding balance of

net present value Equivalent: net present worth.

net present worth

net profit

net worth

nominal interest rate

nonbank financial institution

non-bankable ,

nonbudgeted expenses ,

non-cash expense

non-interest income

non-operating income

non-operating income and expenses

non-performing asset ( )

non-performing loan

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49

nonprofit organization

note payable ,

note receivable

note to financial statements

number of borrowers

O

obligatory savings Equivalents: forced savings, mandatory savings, compulsory savings.

occupancy expenses (income statement) ( )

office expenses (income statement) ( )

office materials Equivalent: office supplies.

,

office supplies ,

off-the-shelf software ( )

on-costs Equivalent: indirect costs.

ongoing savings

on-lend

on-time collection rate

on-time repayment

on-time repayment rate

open-ended approach (survey) ( )

open-ended question (survey) , ( )

opening balance Equivalent: balance brought forward.

operating budget

operating cash flow Equivalents: cash flow from operations, funds provided from operating activities.

operating cost Equivalents: operational cost, operating expense.

operating deficit

operating department

operating expense

operating income Equivalent: operational income.

operating loss

operating margin (income statement)

Equivalent: operating profit before depreciation and amortization.

, ( )

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51

operating profit

operating profit before depreciation and amortization (income statement)

,

( )

« ».

operating risk Equivalent: business risk.

operating self-sufficiency Equivalent: operational self-sufficiency.

operating subsidy (income statement)

Equivalent: grant income.

( )

operating surplus ( )

operating-cost ratio Equivalent: operating-expense ratio.

,

operating-expense ratio ,

operational cost

operational efficiency

operational income

operational review

operational sustainability

opinion (audit) ( )

opportunity cost

organization chart

organizational structure

origination fee (loan) ( )

outcome variable

outflow (accounting) ( )

outreach See also “depth of outreach” and “scale of outreach.”

« » « ».

outreach indicator

outreach of loan services

outsourcing

outstanding balance

outstanding balance of loan principal

outstanding loan portfolio Equivalents: outstanding portfolio, loans outstanding, portfolio outstanding.

outstanding loans

outstanding portfolio ,

overdraft facilities ,

overdue Equivalent: past due.

overdue loan Equivalents: delinquent loan, loan in arrears, past-due loan.

,

overdue payment Equivalents: delinquent payment, late payment, payment in arrears.

overhead (head office) ( )

overhead budget

overhead costs (head office) ( )

owner equity, owner’s equity Equivalents: equity, shareholder capital, shareholder equity, shareholder funds, stockholder equity.

, ,

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53

P

paid-in capital

pair-wise ranking A term used in partipatory rapid appraisal (PRA).

, - ( ).

par value Equivalent: face value.

parent company

participatory development

participatory rapid appraisal (PRA) Equivalent: participatory rapid assessment.

- , - ( ), -

( )

participatory rapid assessment (PRA) - , - ( ), -

( )

passbook ,

passbook savings

past due Equivalent: overdue.

past-due loan Equivalents: delinquent loan, loan in arrears, overdue loan.

,

past-due rate Equivalents: arrears rate, delinquency ratio, delinquency rate.

The past-due rate is calculated by dividing the amount of arrears (or late payments) by the average outstanding loan balance.

.

pawn, to (verb)

Equivalent : pawn loan.

( , ),

pawn loan ,

pawnbroker

pay off a loan ,

payable on demand

payables

payback period

payment Equivalents: repayment, reimbursement.

,

payment date

payment in advance Equivalents: advance repayment, repayment in advance, prepayment.

,

payment in arrears Equivalents: delinquent payment, late payment, payment overdue, overdue payment.

payment in kind Equivalent: in-kind reimbursement.

payment overdue

payment voucher

payroll

payroll tax expense

PEARLS system A system of 39 financial ratios used by the World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU) to evaluate MFIs.

PEARLS

39 , WOCCU (

).

peer pressure ,

peer review (solidarity group) , ( )

peer risk (solidarity group)

peer-lending guarantee Equivalents: collective guarantee, group guarantee.

,

peer-to-peer network , ( ,

)

penalty

penalty income

penalty interest Equivalents: interest on overdue payment, moratorium interest.

,

pending client (for a loan) ,

pending loan ,

penetration rate , ( )

performance chart Equivalents: management chart, management report.

performance incentive scheme

performance indicator

performance measurement

performance review ( )

performance standard

performing asset Equivalents: earning asset, productive asset.

( ) , ,

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55

performing loan ,

permanent asset Equivalents: capital asset, fixed asset.

personal guarantee

personnel efficiency

personnel expenses Equivalent: staff costs.

personnel-time ratio

PERT (program evaluation and review technique) - PERT ( )

petty cash

phantom loan Equivalent: ghost loan.

physical asset

piggy bank Equivalent: home bank.

pilot test , ,

pledge

pledging

point-of-sale device point-of-sale network

portfolio

portfolio aging Equivalent: aged portfolio, aging of the portfolio, aging portfolio balance.

,

portfolio at risk (PAR)

portfolio diversification

portfolio in arrears

portfolio income

portfolio outstanding Equivalents: loans outstanding, outstanding loan portfolio, outstanding portfolio.

portfolio quality

portfolio report

portfolio review

portfolio risk

portfolio turnover

portfolio yield Equivalent: yield on portfolio.

portfolio-at-risk rate (PAR rate)

position account

positive rate of interest

post an entry

post−−−−closing-trial balance Equivalent: adjusted trial balance.

postal savings bank

poverty level

poverty line

PRA, participatory rapid appraisal Equivalent: participatory rapid assessment.

- (- ( )

practitioner ( ) , ,

practitioner-led assessment , ,

precautionary savings Equivalent: contingency savings.

, « »

pre-coded response

pre-engagement stage (audit) ( )

preliminary savings Equivalent: prior savings.

prematured loan

prematuring Equivalent: acceleration of maturity.

prepaid expenses (balance sheet, asset account) , ( , )

prepayment Equivalents: advance repayment, payment in advance, repayment in advance.

present value Equivalent: current value, current worth.

present value of an annuity

price-level accounting Equivalent: general price-level accounting.

pricing , ,

pricing structure

primary research (market research) ( )

prime rate (prime interest rate) , -

principal Equivalent: loan principal.

( )

principal overdue

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57

principal, payment of

prior savings Equivalent: preliminary savings.

private development bank

private lender Equivalent: moneylender.

probing question (survey) , ( )

probing technique (survey) , ( )

pro-poor

proceeds , ,

product development

product-attribute ranking ( )

production credit

productive asset Equivalents: earning asset, performing asset.

productivity ,

productivity indicator

profit Equivalent: earnings.

profit center

profit margin ,

profit sharing ,

profitability ,

profitability ratio

profitable ,

profit-and-loss account Equivalent: income statement.

proforma financial statements -

program evaluation and review technique (PERT) ( )

promissory note , ,

property and equipment (balance sheet, asset account)

, ( , )

provision (income statement) ( )

provision of financial services Equivalent: delivery of financial services.

provision write-off

provisioning ( )

provisioning policy

proxy Equivalent: proxy indicator.

,

proxy indicator ,

prudential ratio ,

prudential standard

public development bank

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59

Q

qualified opinion (audit) ( )

qualitative research

quantitative research

quantitative survey

quick asset Equivalent: liquid asset.

quick ratio Equivalent: acid-test ratio.

(

)

quote an interest rate Equivalent: set an interest rate.

,

quoted interest rate Equivalents: stated interest rate, nominal rate.

,

R

raise funds ,

random linear method

random sampling

random-number table

random-sampling method

random-walk sampling

ranking ,

rating Equivalent: credit rating.

rating agency

ratio analysis

real effective interest rate

real interest rate

receipt book ,

receipt in advance

receivable ( , )

reciprocal lending

recognize (accounting) ( )

reconcile ,

reconciliation account

reconciliation item (accounting) , ( )

record an operation ,

recovery ,

recovery rate Equivalent: repayment rate.

recurrent costs Equivalents: recurrent expenses.

recurrent expenses

redeemable in cash

refinance a loan

refinanced loan

refinancing

regulated financial institution

regulated MFI

regulators

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61

reimbursement Equivalents: repayment, payment.

,

related-party loan Equivalent: insider loan.

, , ( )

remaining life

remittance

Generally refers to transfers from migrant workers to their home country.

, -

renewal of credit

rent seeking

repayment Equivalents: payment, reimbursement.

repayment ability Equivalents: capacity to reimburse, capacity to repay, repayment capacity.

, ,

repayment by installments ,

repayment capacity , ,

repayment conditions

repayment frequency

repayment in advance Equivalents: advance repayment, payment in advance, prepayment.

repayment plan (loan)

Equivalents: repayment schedule, amortization schedule.

( )

repayment rate Equivalent: recovery rate

repayment schedule

repayment stream

repeat loan

replacement cost Equivalent: current cost.

replacement value ,

reporting

reporting requirements

reporting system

repossessed collateral

representation letter (audit)

Equivalent: management representation letter.

- ( )

re-price To modify the interest rate on a loan.

reschedule

rescheduled loan ,

rescheduling of a loan

research objective

reserve calculation Equivalent: calculation of reserve.

reserve rate

reserves (balance sheet)

Equivalent: accumulated reserves.

, ( )

reserves for possible losses ( ), ,

[ , ],

reserves held in the central bank

residual value

respondent ,

restricted funds

restructure

restructured loan

retailer ,

retained earnings Equivalent: retained net surplus (deficit).

retained earnings statement

retained loss

retained net surplus (deficit) ( )

retention rate Equivalent: client retention rate.

,

return on assets (ROA) Equivalent: asset utilization.

return on equity (ROE)

return on investment (ROI) Equivalents: investment return, investment yield.

return on performing assets Equivalent: yield on performing assets.

return-on-business ratio (ROB)

returns to scale

revenues ,

reversal of amortization and provisions

reversal policy

reversing entries ,

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63

revolving credit ,

revolving loan fund ,

risk management

ROA (return on assets) Equivalent: asset utilization.

ROB (return on business ratio)

ROE (return on equity)

ROI (return on investment) Equivalents: investment return, investment yield.

ROSCA (rotating savings and credit association) ( )

ROSCA chain

ROSCA round

rotating savings and credit association (ROSCA) ( )

rounding mechanisms

running cost

rural bank

rural development bank

S

S&L (savings and loan association) -

SACCO (savings and credit cooperative) Equivalents: credit union, savings and credit union.

-

sale of assets ,

sale of equity investments

sale of investments

sample selection

sample size

sampling

sampling methodology

sampling risk

saver

saving at home

saving down A concept coined by Stuart Rutherford to designate an advance against future savings, i.e., a loan.

, « »

, .

saving through A concept coined by Stuart Rutherford.

,

.

saving up According to the “a priori savings” concept coined by Stuart Rutherford.

, « »

.

savings

savings account

savings and credit cooperative (SACCO) Equivalents: savings and credit union, credit union.

-

savings and credit union -

savings and loan association (S&L) -

savings bank

savings club

savings in cash

savings in hard assets

savings in kind

savings outreach

savings outstanding

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65

scale of outreach (of the services of an MFI)

Refers to the number of clients served by an MFI.

See also “depth of outreach.”

( )

, .

: « ».

scope of an audit ,

scoring Equivalents: credit scoring, loan scoring.

Scoring is a statistical technique used by financial institutions to decide whether or not to extend credit.

,

.

screened mutual fund

SDI (subsidy dependence index)

seasonal bias

seasonal credit Equivalent: crop credit.

seasonality analysis

secondary information

second-tier bank

secure a loan

secured debt

securitization

security Equivalents: collateral, guarantee.

, , ,

seed funding

self-help group ,

self-selection bias

self-sufficiency , ,

self-sufficiency indicators

semiformal institution

senior manager ,

sensibility analysis

service charge

servicing cost

set an interest rate Equivalent: quote an interest rate.

setup costs ,

setup options (software) ( )

shadow interest rate

shadow price

shadow price of funds

share

shared return fund

shareholder Equivalent: stockholder.

shareholder capital Equivalents: shareholder equity, shareholder funds, stockholder equity, owner equity, owner’s equity, equity.

shareholder equity

shareholder funds

shortfall

short-term debt Equivalents: current debt, current liabilities, short-term liabilities.

short-term investment

short-term liabilities

short-term paper ,

sight deposit Equivalent: demand deposit.

sight draft ( )

simple interest

simulation modeling

single end-of-term payment Equivalent: balloon payment.

single-answer question (survey) ( )

single-entry accounting ,

smart card - ,

social investors

social welfare

socially responsible mutual fund

social-welfare benefit

soft loan Equivalent: concessional loan.

,

solidarity group Equivalent: joint-liability group.

,

solidarity-group lending

solvency Equivalent: creditworthiness.

,

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67

sources and uses of cash Equivalent: statement of sources and uses of cash.

,

special-purpose audit

spread , ,

spread interest payments, to (verb)

staff costs Equivalent: personnel expenses.

staff count

staff development

staff incentive (human resources) ( )

staff retraining

stakeholder ,

standards for financial reporting Equivalents: financial standards, applicable financial reporting framework.

starting fiscal year ,

startup business , , ,

startup costs ,

stated interest rate Equivalents: quoted interest rate, nominal rate.

,

statement of account

statement of change in financial position Equivalent: cash flow statement.

statement of sources and uses of cash Equivalent: sources and uses of cash.

,

stock item

stockholder Equivalent: shareholder.

stockholder equity Equivalents: shareholder equity, shareholder capital, shareholder funds, owner equity, owner’s equity, equity.

straight-line depreciation (asset) ( )

strategic plan

strategic planning

structured questionnaire (survey) ( )

subledger (accounting) ( )

subsidized credit

subsidy Equivalent: grant.

,

subsidy adjustment

subsidy dependence index (SDI)

subsidy for cost of funds Equivalent: cost-of-funds subsidy.

subsidy-adjusted profitability ,

subsidy-independent

substantive procedure (audit) ( )

summarized financial statements

summary balance sheet

summary income statement

sum-of-years digit depreciation method (asset)

Equivalent: sum-of-the years digit depreciation method, sum-of-the-years digit method.

( )

sum-of-the-years digit depreciation method (asset) ( )

sum-of-the-years digit method (asset) ( )

supplier credit ,

supplier of financial intermediation services

surplus ,

survey interview ,

suspense account

sustainability

sustainable

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69

T

tangible asset

target capital structure

target group

target market

targeted lending

tax

tax allowance Equivalent: tax write-off.

tax audit

tax base

tax expenditures

tax incentive

tax liability

tax rate

tax system

tax write-off

taxable income

technical assistance

technical reserve (insurance) ( )

technical sustainability

teller , ,

teller transaction

« ».

term deposit Equivalents: fixed-term deposit, time deposit.

term in months Equivalent: months to maturity.

term loan

term mismatch Equivalent: maturity mismatch.

terms of a loan

terms of reference ,

test of control (audit) ( )

test of details (audit) ( )

test of statistical significance

time deposit

time series

time-series analysis

title (legal)

Equivalent: legal title.

, , ( )

trade credit

transaction (accounting) , ( )

transaction entry ,

transaction ledger

transaction report

transfer price

transparency

travel advances

travel and transportation expenses

treasury bill Equivalent: treasury note.

treasury note

treatment group In an evaluation process, “treatment group” is the group used to measure the effects of a microfinance program on the beneficiaries. It is opposed to the “control group.”

( , )

« »

.

« »

trend analysis

trial balance

true and fair view of the financial position (audit) ( )

trust fund ,

trust law

turned into cash

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71

U

unaccounted for ,

unadjusted trial balance ( )

unallocated

unbankable, unbanked ( )

uncalled capital

undepreciated book value

undercapitalized ,

unearned revenue

unit cost

unpaid interest Equivalents: interest in arrears, interest unpaid.

unqualified opinion (audit) - ( )

unqualified opinion with an emphasis of matter (audit)

- ( )

unrecovered loan ( / )

unrestricted funds

unsecured debt

unstructured questioning (survey) ( )

untapped market

up-front fee ,

up-front interest payment ,

up-front savings ,

upscaling , ,

, ,

useful life

usury law

utilities (expense account) ( s)

V

variable operating cost

variable-cost ratio

variance analysis

vehicle operating costs

venture capital ,

village bank

village banking

vision statement ,

voluntary deposit

voluntary savings ,

voucher ,

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73

W

wage bill

wage costs

WAN (wide area network)

warehouse receipt Occasionally used as a synonym of "warehouse receipt financing."

« »

warehouse-receipt financing Equivalent: inventory credit.

Inventory credit permits farmers to store their crops in a warehouse and use them as a guarantee against credit before they are sold.

, , .

warehousing

warm-up question (survey) ( )

warrant (finance) , ,

wasting asset

wealth ranking

weekly payment ,

weighted average cost of capital

wide area network (WAN)

withdrawal

work in construction Equivalent: work in progress.

,

work in progress ,

working capital ,

working-capital loan

working-capital ratio Equivalent: current ratio.

Synonym: capital-adequacy ratio.

,

work-in-process inventory ,

write off (verb)

write-off (noun)

Equivalent: loan write-off.

write-off ratio Equivalent: loan write-off ratio.

written-off loan

Y

year-end accounts ( )

yield curve ,

yield gap

yield on performing assets Equivalent: return on performing assets.

( )

yield on portfolio Equivalent: portfolio yield.

yield to maturity

yield-gap ratio