EX

PE

RT

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INIO

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104

eqspertis azri

104

grigol juluxiZe

rusuli propaganda - miznebi,

narativebi da aqtorebi

eqspertis azri

grigol juluxiZe

rusuli propaganda - miznebi, narativebi da aqtorebi

2018

104

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÔÒÀÔÄÂÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÏÁÀÈÀ ÊÅËÄÅÉÓ ×ÏÍÃÉGEORGIAN FOUNDATION FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

publikacia daibeWda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos finansuri mxardaWeriT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvnis avtorebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saelCos Tvalsazriss.

teqnikuri redaqtori: artem meliq-nubarovi

saavtoro uflebebi daculia da ekuTvnis saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis fonds. werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe publikaciis arc erTi nawili ar SeiZleba gadaibeWdos aranairi, maT Soris eleqtronuli an meqanikuri, formiT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da daskvnebi ekuTvnis avtors/ebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis

fondis Tvalsazriss.

© saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis fondi 2018 weli

ISSN 1512-4835 ISBN 978-9941-8-0371-0

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abstraqti

Tanamedrove rusuli propaganda dRiTidRe ufro aq tu aluri da rTulad gasaneitralebeli fenomeni xdeba. kremlis dezinformaciuli cikli ara mxolod romelime konkretuli geografiuli sivrcis an regionuli aliansis, aramed, zogadad, demokratiuli reJimebis winaaRmdeg mimar-Tuli gamowvevaa.

am mosazrebas araerTi rezolucia Tu angariSi amya-rebs. rusuli propagandis simwvaveze ukve xmamaRla laparako-ben rogorc akademiur da kvleviT, ise politikur wreebSic.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis nacionaluri dazvervis direqtoris ofisis 2017 wlis angariSis Tanaxmad, kiberTav-dasxmebis, cru informaciisa da aralegaluri dafinansebis meSveobiT ruseTi mudmivad cdilobs zegavlena moaxdinos germaniis, safrangeTis, italiis, holandiis, espaneTisa da avstriis politikur procesebze (Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 2017). 2016 wels rusul propagandas specialuri rezolucia miuZRvna evroparlamentma da xazgasmiT aRniS-na, rom kremlis mizans evrokavSiris erTianobis rRveva da strategiul partniorebTan (aSS, kanada) urTierTobebis ga-fuWeba warmoadgens (EU Parliament Report, 2016). garda amisa, ruseTis federaluri samsaxurebis pirdapir zewolaze ila-pa raka germaniis usafrTxoebis biuros ufrosma hans-georg maasenmac (Eddy, 2016). CexeTis usafrTxoebis samsaxuris 2015 wlis moxsenebis Tanaxmad, ruseTis federaciis amocana Cexur sazogadoebaSi politikuri nihilizmis gazrda da demokra-tiuli principebis diskreditaciaa (Bezpečnostní Informační Služba, 2015).

erTi sityviT, kremlis propaganda sayovelTao gamowvevaa, romlis identificireba Zalian rTulia. amis um-Tavresi mizezia sakiTxis Sesaxeb dabali sazogadoebrivi cno-biereba da efeqtiani kvlevisaTvis bazis ararseboba (rasac Tavisi obieqturi mizezebic aqvs, radgan msgavsi saxis pro-paganda 2014 wlidan Cndeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi). Tuki dasavluri saxelmwifoebis SemTxvevaSi Zalian swrafi da dinamikuri tempebiT mimdinareobs propagandis, rogorc kvleviTi disciplinis aTviseba, saqarTveloSi am mxriv akade-miur-kvleviT sferoSi seriozuli sicarielea.

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Cveni publikaciis mizani swored Tanamedrove rusuli pro pagandis xelweris, aqtorebisa da zogadi narativis aRwe-raa.

rusuli propagandis miznebi

rusul propagandaze saubrisas, upirveles yovlisa, ori umniSvnelovanesi faqti unda gamovyoT:

1. vladimir putinis mier gamoqveynebuli programa, saxel-wodebiT „ruseTi da cvalebadi samyaro“;

2. ruseTis generaluri Stabis xelmZRvanel valeri gera-simovis axali samxedro doqtrina.

putini Tavis statiaSi „ruseTi da cvalebadi samya-ro“ laparakobs rusul „rbil Zalaze“ da amas araferi aqvs saerTo iozef nais klasikur definiciasTan. amerikeli mec-nieri „rbil Zalas“ strategiuli miznebis miRwevis meqaniz-mad gani xilavda, mimzidvelobisa da warmatebuli modelis Seqmnis gziT (Nye, 2004). putinTan `rbil Zalas~ absoluturad sxva ganmarteba aqvs: „sagareo-politikuri miznebis miRwe-vis meqanizmi, Zalis gamoyenebis, intervenciisa da agresi-uli kampaniis gareSe“ (Путин, 2012). amave werilSi ruseTis prezidenti sazRvargareT mcxovreb rus TanamemamuleebTan daaxloebis aucileblobis strategiul mniSvnelobazec amax-vilebs yurad Rebas. garda amisa, putini sxvadasxva globa-lur gamowvevas ganixilavs da aRniSnavs, rom: „Tanamed rove msoflio wesrigi da stabiluroba warmoudgenelia Zlieri ruseTis gareSe“. igi arastabilurobis mTavar komponenteb-sac gamoyofs, romelTagan erT-erTi arasamTavrobo orga-ni zaciebia. misi TqmiT, calkeuli arasamTavrobo organi za-ciebi separatizmisa da eqstremizmis wyaroeba, romelTac qveynebisTvis mxolod da mxolod destabilizacia moaqvT („arabuli gazafxulis“ magaliTze).

„rbili Zalis“ Tema ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa uwyeba-Sic aqtualuria. amaze sergei lavrovis 2008 wlis gancxade-bac met yvelebs. man Tqva, rom es meqanizmi sazRvargareT mcxovrebi Tanamemamuleebis reintegraciisa da rusuli gav-lenis eqsportis saukeTeso saSualebaa (Vojtíšková and Novotný, 2016, 21). Sedegad, TiTqmis yvela rusuli saerTaSoriso fon-

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di Tu kvleviTi organizacia sagareo saqmeTa saministros sagranto konkursebis beneficiaria.

meore da aranakleb mniSvnelovani faqti general gera-simovis gancxadeba iyo, romelmac daufaravad aRniSna, rom 21-e saukuneSi politikuri miznebis miRweva arasamxedro, in-formaciuli gziTaa SesaZlebeli (Meister, 2016, 3). es inici a-tiva rusuli „hibriduli“ omis umniSvnelovanesi nawili gax-da. gerasimovis TqmiT, Tanamedrove ruseTs imave iaraRiT Se uZlia gaaneitralos dasavleTidan momavali safrTxeebi, ri Tac Tavad evropelebi da amerikelebi cvlidnen politi-kur sistemebs saqarTveloSi, ukrainasa da CrdiloeT afri-kaSi (Galeotti, 2014).

„gerasimovis doqtrina“ erTgvari gagrZelebaa rusu-li propagandis erT-erTi mTavari ideologis _ igor panari-nis mosazrebebisa. moskovis universitetis profesori Tavis narkvevSi „meore msoflio informaciuli omi“ yuradRebas informaciuli teqnologiebis efeqtur gamoyenebaze amaxvi-lebs da sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli msoflio wesrigis cvlilebas mimdinare aswleulis 20-iani wlebisaTvis varaudobs. panarinis TqmiT, pirveli msoflio informaciuli omi 1943-1991 wlebSi mimdinareobda da es isto riuli cikli sabWoTa kavSiris marcxiTa da didi brita-neTis triumfiT dasrulda. igi miiCnevs, rom „civi omis“ das-rulebis Semdeg dasavleTSi bevri araferi Secvlila, xolo meore msoflio informaciuli omis amocanas warmoadgens pu-tinis moSoreba da ruseTis 25 nawilad daSla. (Панарин, 2012).

„meore msoflio informaciul omSi“ panarini ise-Ti elementebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobaze saubrobs, rogoricaa: sazogadoebrivi stereotipebis Seqmna, xalxiT manevrireba, informaciiT manipulacia da dezinformacia (Darczewska, 2014, 15). magram kremlis mTavari ideologi aris rusi mecnieri aleqsandr dugini (Vojtíšková and Novotný, 2016), romelsac miaCnia, rom liberaluri demokratiis principebi da, zogadad, liberalizmi pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba „rusul ideas“ (msoflmxedvelobas). dugini aviTarebs e.w. „rusuli samyaros“ cnebas, romelic rusuli kulturis, enis, isto-riis, e.w. „marTlmadidebluri moralisa“ da politikuri interesebis nazavia. igi am politikuri xedvis realizaciis perspeqtivas evraziul sivrceSi xedavs (kairodan pekinamde

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gadaWimul geopolitikur arealSi). duginiseuli postlibe-raluri da neokonservatiuli evraziuli kavSiris konsoli-dacia antiamerikanizmis ideis irgvliv moxdeba da iseTi „dasavluri tendenciebisgan“ iqneba izolirebuli, rogori-caa: lgbt qorwineba, terorizmi, masobrivi migracia da a.S. garda amisa, dugini Tavis wignSi „meoTxe politikuri Teo-ria“ faSizms, komunizmsa da liberalizms akritikebs, ro-gorc „vadagasul“ da ojaxur-religiuri Rirebulebebisa-Tvis saSiS ideologiebs (Дугин, 2009).

duginis politikuri xedva didi popularobiT sargeb-lobs rogorc kremlSi, ise rusul eklesiaSi (Judah, 2013). mos-kovis sapatriarqos mixedviT, putini RvTisgan mironcxebuli mmarTvelia, romelic RmerTma mouvlina samyaros. am mo-sazrebas araerTi sasuliero piri iziarebs, maT Soris, mama dimit ri corionovi, mRvdeli, romelic putinis qmedebebs imiT amarTlebs, rom igi RvTis nebiT moqmedebs (Samadashvili, 2015).

zogadad, religiuri indoqtrinaciis Tema Zalian mniSv nelovania ruseTSi. 2004 wels dumis deputatma kons-tantin kosaCovma ganacxada: „ruseTs ar SeuZlia postsabWo-Ta sivrceSi sakuTari aqtiuri politika daasabuTos maSin, rodesac dasavleTi amas demokratiis „baneriT“ akeTebs. Cve-ni qmedebebi ki ise fasdeba, rogorc mxolod ruseTis viwro interesebze orientirebuli. es patriotulia, Tumca ara-konkurentunariani“ (Косачев, 2004). 2004 wlis Semdeg bevri ram Seicvala ruseTSi da, Sesabamisad, kremlmac Tavis „ba-nerze“ daiwyo muSaoba, romlis meSveobiTac sazRvargareT sakuTar interesebs „asabuTebs“. axal ideologiur midgoma-Si erT-erTi mTavari instrumenti marTlmadideblobaa. xSi-ria SemTxvevebi, rodesac ruseTis sapatriarqo religiuri sakiTxebis instrumentalizaciiT politikuri dividendebis miRebas cdilobs.

kremli religiuri erTobiT manipulirebas sxvadasxva marTlmadidebel saxelmwifoSi cdilobs (rumineTi, bulgar-eTi, serbeTi, saberZneTi). „marTlmadidebel xalxTa erTo bis saerTaSoriso fondis“ (Международный Фонд Единства Право­слав ных Народов) meSveobiT ruseTi sxvadasxva forumsa da kon ferencias afinansebs, romelTa mizanic marTlmadide bel

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saxelmwifoTa gaerTianeba da dasavluri samyaros kriti kaa (rogorc marTlmadidebeli eklesiisadmi antagonisturad ganwyobili sazogadoebis).

ruseTs sxvadasxva qveynis mimarT sxvadasxva midgo-ma aqvs. safrangeTSi antiamerikanizmisa da antisemitizmis gaRvi vebaa mizani. italiaSi biznesTanamSromlobaze keTdeba aqcenti. magaliTad, nacionaluri energokompania ENI „gaz-porimisgan“ yidulobs bunebriv airs da SigadaSig „kremlis“ mxardamWer konferenciebs afinansebs. slavur saxelmwifoebSi (CexeTi, slovakeTi, poloneTi) rusuli propagandis sayrdeni panslavizmia. baltiispireTSi mTavari iaraRi rusulenovani mosaxleobaa, xolo avstriasa da SveicariaSi _ adgi lobrivi sazogadoebebis neitraluri poziciebi (Vojtíšková and Novotný, 2016, 25-26).

„gerasimovis doqtrinis“ mixedviT SeiZleba rusuli propagandis ZiriTadi miznebis gamokveTa:- TavdacviTi _ „feradi revoluciebis“/„arabuli gazaf-

xulis“ Tavidan acileba da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis indoqt rinacia;

- TavdasxmiTi _ dasavlur sazogadoebaze zemoqmedeba ru-suli interesebis dacva-gatarebisTvis (Samadashvili, 2015).

rac Seexeba ufro konkretul miznebs:

- evrokavSirsa da strategiul partniorebs Soris (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, kanada) urTierTobebis gafuWeba;

- evrokavSirsa da natos struqturebSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesis paralizeba;

- calkeul sazogadoebebSi iseTi miTebis Seqmna, rogori-caa: „lgbt qorwinebis dakanoneba aucilebeli gaxdeba“; „mzardma migraciam masobriv kriminalur-seqsualur Za-ladobas Seuwyo xeli“; „amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi omis dawyebas apirebs da farad aRmosavleT da centralur ev-ropas gamoiyenebs“.

- iseTi mcdari mosazrebis gavrceleba, rogoricaa: „post-sabWoTa sivrce ruseTis „bunebrivi“ da legitimuri gav-lenis sferoa~;

- eklesiis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da fondebis gamoyenebiT aRmosavleT partniorobis saxelmwifoebis

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darwmuneba, rom „dasavleTTan integracia mxolod da mxo lod avnebs tradiciebs“;

- ukrainis warmoCena agresorad da faSistur reJimad;

- evropuli sazogadoebebis darwmuneba aRmosavleT partni-orobis saxelmwifoTa „moumwifeblobaSi“ („maTi evrokav-SirTan daaxloeba mxolod da mxolod tvirTi iqneba ev-ropelebisTvis“);

- daumarcxebeli ruseTis imijis popularizacia, romelsac verc erTi sanqcia Tu SezRudva verafers daaklebs (Meis­ter, 2016), (Samadashvili, 2015).

rusuli propagandis aqtorebi

aranakleb mniSvnelovania im aqtorebis identifici-reba, vinc rusuli propagandis gavlenas avrcelebs. kremli mraval sxvadasxva elements iyenebs, rogoricaa arasamTavro-bo organizaciebi, fondebi, analitikuri centrebi, kvleviTi dawesebulebebi, eqspertTa klubebi, televiziebi, sainfor-macio saSualebebi, internetagentebi da socialur mediaSi momuSave pirebi, kerZod:

- Фонд Русский Mир („fondi rusuli samyaro“), daarsda 2007 wels, ganaTlebisa da sagareo saqmeTa saministroebis TanamSromlobiT. wliuri biujeti _ €5,12 milioni. umTav-resi mizani _ rusuli enisa da kulturis popularizacia. organizacia aTeulobiT kvleviT da saganmanaTleblo centrs gankargavs msoflio masStabiT. mis erT-erT funq-cias „perspeqtiuli“ axalgazrdebis SerCeva da samomavlo saqmianobisTvis momzadeba warmoadgens;

- Россотрудничество („rossotrudniCestvo“) _ damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi sazRvargareT mcxovreb TanamemamuleTa mxardaWeris federaluri saagento. daarsda 2008 wels, prezident medvedevis gankargule-biT. misi mTavari mizani ruseTis politikur-ekonomikuri miznebis gatarebaa. operirebs msoflios 73 qveyanaSi. organizaciis oficialuri biujetia €40 milioni, Tumca 2020 wlisTvis €115 milionamde unda gaizardos;

- Фонд Горчакова („gorCakovis fondi“), daarsda 2010 wels, prezident medvedevis gankargulebiT. umTavresi mizani

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_ ruseTis sagareo-politikuri interesebis mxardaWera. fondis biujeti _ €660 000;

- Фонд Поддержки и Защиты Прав Cоотечественников, Проживающих за Pубежом („sazRvargareT mcxovreb Taname-mamuleTa mxardaWerisa da dacvis fondi“), 2011 wels daaarsa ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministrom da „ros-sotrudniCestvom“. misi umTavresi mizania baltiispireT-Si mcxovreb TanamemamuleTa interesebis dacva. fondis wliuri biujetia €9.1 milioni;

- Фонд Cотрудничества с Pусскоязычной Зарубежной Прессой („sazRvargareT moqmedi rusulenovan presasTan urTier-Tobis fondi“), 2014 wels daaarsa samTavrobo komisiam. organizaciis mizans warmoadgens ucxoeTSi rusuli pozi-ciis gacnoba.

erTi SexedviT, ruseTis popularizaciisaTvis Seqm-nili organizaciebis biujeti naklebad masStaburad gamoiy-ureba sxva dasavlur saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebTan Seda-rebiT. magaliTad, 2014-2015 wlebSi „britaneTis sabWos“ dafinanseba iyo €210 milioni, xolo misi germanuli analogis _ „goeTes institutisa“ _ €213 milioni. aRsaniSnavia, rom rusuli fondebis SemTxvevaSi mTavari problema gasaidum-loebuli dafinansebis meTodologiaa da Sesabamisad, Zalian rTulia SemowirulobaTa zusti aRricxva, radgan aseTi or-ganizaciebi Suamavlebis meSveobiT, e.w. „havalas sistemiT“, finansdebian (Samadashvili, 2015).

garda saerTaSoriso fondebisa, kremli sakuTari politikis legitimaciisaTvis sxvadasxva analitikur cent-rsa da kvleviT organizacias iyenebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad:

- Валдай („valdais sadiskusio klubi“) _ 2004 wels daaar-ses ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa da usafrTxoebis sabWoebma. organizaciis mizani _ kvleviTi saqmianoba da weliwadSi erTxel masStaburi konferenciis organizeba. am forums stumrobs Zalian bevri cnobili adamiani, romlebic „krem-lis“ mxardamWer gancxadebebsa da Sefasebebs akeTeben;

- Российский Cовет по Mеждународным Делам („ruseTis saer-TaSoriso saqmeTa sabWo“) _ dafuZnda prezident medvede-vis gankargulebiT 2010 wels. am akademiur-diplomatiuri kvleviTi centris mizans rusul da ucxour analitikur

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centrebs Soris TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba warmoadgens. garda amisa, organizacia xSirad aqveynebs „kremlis“ mxar-damWer saerTaSoriso kvlevebs;

- Русский Институт Cтратегических Исследований („strategiul kvlevaTa rusuli instituti“) _ daarsda 1992 wels, xolo 2009 wlis saprezidento dekretis Semdeg federaluri samecniero dawesebulebis statusi SeiZina. organizaciis mizans „kremlis“ mxardamWeri kvlevebis publikacia war-moadgens;

- Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques („saerTaSori-so urTierTobaTa da strategiis instituti“) _ dasavleT evropaSi ruseTis interesebis gamtarebeli erT-erTi mowinave kvleviTi centri. operirebs safrangeTSi. aris „ruski miris“ sagranto konkursebis beneficiari;

- Institut Français des Relations Internationales („saerTaSoriso ur-Ti erTobaTa franguli instituti“) _ „ruski miris“ sag-ranto konkursebis beneficiari. „kremlis“ erT-erTi mTa-vari dasayrdeni analitikuri centri dasavleT evropaSi;

- Institut de le Démocratie et de la Coopération („demokratiisa da TanamSromlobis instituti“) _ dafuZnda 2008 wels pariz-Si. 2015 wlamde ofisi hqonda niu-iorkSic. organizaciis mizans aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis kvleva da iq ruse-Tis rolis dadgena warmoadgens. aris ruseTis federal-uri fondebis sagranto programebis beneficiari;

- Dialog der Zivilisationen („civilizaciaTa dialogis institu-ti“) _ berlinSi dafuZnebuli kvleviTi centri, romelic ruseTis mxardaWeris publikaciebsa da kvlevebs aqvey-nebs. aris rusuli federaluri sagranto programebis beneficiari;

- Eurasian Observatory for Democracy and Elections („demokratiisa da arCevnebis evraziuli sadamkvirveblo misia“), romlis mizania falsificirebuli arCevnebis legitimacia (ru-seTSi, afxazeTis, samxreT oseTis, dnestrispireTisa da yirimis e.w. „respublikebSi“)(Samadashvili, 2015).

rusuli propagandis kidev erTi da albaT umTavresi umTavresi instrumenti aris sakabelo televizia RT (manamde _ Russia Today). es aris sainformacio arxi, romelic meore adgil-

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zea (BBC News­is Semdeg) yurebis TvalsazrisiT da pirvelia, romelmac internetSi miliardze meti naxva moagrova (Sama­dashvili, 2015). „Russia Today“ BBC­sa da „al-jaziras“ rusuli ana-logia. es aris axali ambebi inglisur enaze (24/7), romelic mauwyeblobs arabul da espanur enebzec da mTel msoflios yvela sastumrosa da mosacdels swvdeba. arxi Seiqmna prezi-dentis gankargulebiT da misi biujeti weliwadSi 300 milion dolarze metia. arxis misia Semdegnairad aris gansazRvruli: „mTel msoflioSi gadaicemodes mimdinare politikur mov-lenebze rusuli Tvalsazrisi“ (pomerancevi, 2017, 57). RT-is Tavdapirveli saxeli iyo Russia Today, Tumca tendenciuro-bis gasaqrobad mxolod RT datoves. telekompaniis audito-ria 700 milionia. mauwyeblobs 100-ze met qveyanaSi (Reichardt, 2016, 16-17). aseve aRsaniSnavia sainformacio internetpor-tali Sputnik­i, romelic 25 enaze mauwyeblobs.

cxrili 1

satelevizio-sainformacio saSualebebi socialur mediaSi

wyaro: amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis dazvervis erovnuli sabWos direq-

toris 2017 wlis angariSi.

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rusuli propagandis aranakleb mniSvnelovani elemen-tia e.w. „kiberarmia“, romlis mizani mowinaaRmdegis sainfor-macio wyaroebis CaxSoba da paralizebaa. „kiberarmiis“ ofi-cialuri „naTloba“ 2008 wlis rusul-qarTuli omi iyo (Foxall, 2016). „kiberarmia“ aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda amerikis SeerTe-bu li Statebis saprezidento arCevnebis wina periodSic (Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 2017). garda amisa, SigadaSig xdeboda hakeruli Tavdasxmebi sxvadasxva evropul saxelmwi-foTa samTavrobo uwyebebze. erT-erTi yvelaze rezonansuli SemTxveva iyo italiis sagareo saqmeTa saministros monacem-Ta bazis mwyobridan gamoyvanis mcdeloba (Bulfon, 2017). aseve aRsaniSnavia internetagentebis sistemac _ adamianebi, rom-lebic internetsivrceSi rusuli propagandisaTvis saWiro informacias avrceleben da gansxvavebuli azris mqone sxva internetmomxmareblebs miwasTan asworeben. magaliTisaTvis gamodgeba maqs sedonis kvleva, romlis Tanaxmadac: „saSua-lod, „troli“ 50 statias aqveynebs dReSi. TiToeuli maT-gani 6 feisbuqangariSs marTavs da 24 saaTSi minimum 3 posts aqveynebs. tviteris SemTxvevaSi „troli“ saSualod 10 pro-fils flobs da valdebulia 5-dan 10-mde posti gamoaqvey-nos“ (Pomerantsev and Weiss, 2015).

kremli wamyvani dasavluri gamocemebis meSveobiTac avrcelebs Tavis narativs. pomerancevisa da uaisis Tanax-mad, ruseTi 23 qveyanaSi 16 enaze moqmed gamocemebs afinan-sebs. aseT gazeTebs Sorisaa: „telegrafi“, „niu-iork Taimsi“, „uol strit jornali“ da a.S. (Pomerantsev and Weiss, 2015, 18). aRsaniSnavia aseve PR­saagentoebi, romlebic kremlis lobi-rebas piradi kontaqtebisa da zewolis sxvadasxva meqanizmiT axerxeben. erTi -erTi maTgania „Ketchum“.

yvela ganxiluli SemTxvevis paralelurad ruseTi politikuri da ekonomikuri zegavlenis mopovebas cdilobs calkeuli saxelmwifoebis Sida da gare procesebze. mTavari mizani demokratiis ndobis Seryeva da sazogadoebrivi nihi-lizmis zrdaa. ekonomikuri zemoqmedeba mravalmiliardian sainvesticio xelSekrulebebs, korufciul garigebebsa da energoSeTanxmebebs moicavs. rac Seexeba zemoqmedebis poli-tikur mxares, aRniSnuli mimarTuleba ultramemarjvene, ultramemarcxene an evroskeptikosi politikuri jgufebis dafinanseba-waxalisebas gulisxmobs (Conley, 2016).

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bibliografia

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