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mama avTandil giorgobianimama avTandil giorgobianimama avTandil giorgobianimama avTandil giorgobianimama avTandil giorgobiani
f u s t e b if u s t e b if u s t e b if u s t e b if u s t e b i
qarTuli samxedro-saeklesioqarTuli samxedro-saeklesioqarTuli samxedro-saeklesioqarTuli samxedro-saeklesioqarTuli samxedro-saeklesio
raindTa ordeniraindTa ordeniraindTa ordeniraindTa ordeniraindTa ordeni
(dakarguli tradiciebis ZiebaSi)(dakarguli tradiciebis ZiebaSi)(dakarguli tradiciebis ZiebaSi)(dakarguli tradiciebis ZiebaSi)(dakarguli tradiciebis ZiebaSi)
TbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisi
2010 w.2010 w.2010 w.2010 w.2010 w.
2
wigni eZRvneba zemo sazanosa da futieTiswigni eZRvneba zemo sazanosa da futieTiswigni eZRvneba zemo sazanosa da futieTiswigni eZRvneba zemo sazanosa da futieTiswigni eZRvneba zemo sazanosa da futieTissaeklesio ajanyebis bolo da tragikulisaeklesio ajanyebis bolo da tragikulisaeklesio ajanyebis bolo da tragikulisaeklesio ajanyebis bolo da tragikulisaeklesio ajanyebis bolo da tragikuli
brZolebis 190-e wlisTavsbrZolebis 190-e wlisTavsbrZolebis 190-e wlisTavsbrZolebis 190-e wlisTavsbrZolebis 190-e wlisTavs
futieTi fustis raindTa uZvelesi mTavari forposti iyo dasavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. futielebis meomar toms xSirad axsenebs bibliis
Zveli aRTqma. futi _ bibliuri noes SviliSvili iyo TumalTan da
mosxTan erTad. protoqarTvelTa saxeli, futieli, Zveli aRTqmis garda
gvxvdeba Zvel egvi ptur, xeTur da bolos Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi, es
ukanaskneli maT moixseniebs fu(s)telebis saxeliT. isini qristianebi
arian wm. andria pirvelwodebulis droidan. kolxeTSi argonavtebis
Semosvlis epoqaSi, roca gabatonebuli iyo mzis Tayvaniscema, am religiis
kanonikiT, futieTi, sixamTis ,,naeklesiaviT~, kolxTa qveynis umTavres
sakulto centrs warmoadgenda. aq iyo umaRlesi qalRvTaebis futis
(fasianes) taZari, sadac mTavari qurumi iyo TviT mzis Svilis _ mefe
aietis, grZneuli qaliSvili medea, visi daxmrebiTac berZnebma moitaces
meliToneobis codnis wigni efuti anu ,,oqros sawmisi~.
fu(s)telTa Teogeografiuli mxare raWa-leCxum-svaneTi qristianobis
gavrcelebis Semdgomac inarCunebs Zvel funqcias da gareSe mtrebis
Semosevebis dros saeklesio-samonastro qonebis dacva-gadarCenaze zrunavs
dasavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi gaxizvniT.
1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebis dros fu(s)tis raindTa
gmiruli TavganwirviT svaneTSi gaixizna 280 jorkidebuli saeklesio
ganZi.
1820 wlis 30 maiss sof. zemo sazanoSi (ist. skande) ganZis
gadatanas Seewira 700 fusti raindi. xolo 1820 wlis 3 ivniss sof.
futieTSi _ 2000 fusti raindi.
fustis raindTa nakvalevi ,,Tamar mefis gzis~ saxeliTac iwodeba
xalxSi. igi iwyeba zemo imereTSi, sof. zemo sazanoSi, gaivlis saCxeres da
mTavrdeba svaneTSi, mestia-ecerSi.
gaecaniT da imogzaureT samxedro - saeklesio raindTa, fustelTa,
arqaul da daviwyebul samyaroSi.
3
S e s a v a l iS e s a v a l iS e s a v a l iS e s a v a l iS e s a v a l i
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi rusulma imperiam gadmolaxa
kavkasionis mTavari qedi da misma sazRvrebma amierkavkasiaSi
gadmoinacvla. ruseTis Semosvlas da gabatonebas saqarTveloSi
sxvadasxvagvarad afaseben dRemde. ra Tqma unda, ruseTTan
saqarTvelos daaxloebaSi iyo dadebiTi momentebic, romelTa
ugulebelyofa ar SeiZleba, magram amas aqvs sxva uaryofiTi
mxareebic, romelTa swori gaazreba da warmoCena aucilebelia
Cveni erovnuli saxelmwifos srulfasovani aRdgenisa da
ganviTarebisaTvis. miT umetes, rom ruseTisken Cveni ltolvis
erT-erT umTavres faqtorad miCneulia ,,erTmorwmuneoba~. ruseTis
imperiis dampyrobluri da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
TviTgadarCenis interesebis konfliqtma dasawyisSive iCina Tavi.
es konfliqti aisaxa im mravalricxovan ajanyebebsa Tu
SeTqmulebebSi, romlebic TiTqmis orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi
periodulad iCenda Tavs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareebSi. Cvens
mizans ar warmoadgens am movlenebis dawvrilebiT ganxilva, Cven
SevexebiT mxolod imas, rac exeba qarTuli eklesiis
damoukideblobis mospobas ruseTis imperiis mier.
samwuxarod, ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos
dapyrobisTanave iCina Tavi iman, rasac manamade verc erTi
dampyrobeli ver axerxebda. imperiam daundoblad daiwyo qarTuli
saxelmwifos damoukideblobis manamde xelSeuxebeli burjis,
qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis ganadgureba. ruseTma gaauqma
qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefalia, daiwyo eparqiaTa
gamsxvileba, sasuliero pirTa didi nawili daiTxova, eklesia-
monastrebis umravlesoba daxura, amasTan xeli mihyo saeklesio
qonebis urcxvad Zarcvas, iseT Zarcvas, romlis msgavss TviT
mahmadiani dampyroblebic ar kadrulobdnen. yvelaze damRupveli
ki is iyo, rom Zirfesvianad amoiRo erovnul, marTlmadideblur
4
cnobierebaze agebuli mravalsaukunovani saRvTismetyvelo,
Teosofiuri saeklesio swavleba. riTac imperiam sabolood gangmira
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis damoukidebeli sulieri sxeuli,
romelic ruseTis modernizebulma sabWoTa imperiam memkvidreobiT
miiRo, magram isev sarkofagSi datova. sabWoTa uSiSroebis
organoebi flobdnen eklesiaze zemoqmedebis yvela sadaves. sabWoTa
imperiam memkvidreobiT miRebuli qarTveli eris sulieri genocidis
damRupveli movlena aramc Tu Searbila, kidev ufro gaamkacra.
eklesiis dakompleqteba zneobrivad, moralurad da sulierad
daavadebuli sasuliero pirebiT uSiSroebis samsaxurebis umTavres
sazrunavs warmoadgenda. saRvTismetyvelo Teosofiuri bazis gareSe
darCenili eklesia oraswlovanma reJimma ritualebis dawesebulebad
Camoayaliba. arsebobis aseTi forma sruliad miuRebeli da ucxo
iyo rogorc qarTuli erovnuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis,
ise qarTveli xalxisTvisac. uaxlesi istoriis periodSi qarTuli
eklesia, romelic sulieri genocidis oraswlovani daavadebiT
iyo Sepyrobili, ver aRmoCnda saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli
movlenebis, eris interesebis Tanaziari. aseTi mavne memkvidreobisagan
Tavis daRwevis erovnuli programa moiTxovs Semdegs:
1) unda vcnoT da vaRiaroT 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyeba
da fustis samxedro-saeklesio gmiruli, mravalaTaswlovani
tradicia.
2)qarTul eklesiaSi unda aRdges saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
Camoyalibebuli erovnuli marTlmadidebluri saRvTismetyvelo,
Teosofiuri swavleba.
3) Seswavlili da gamomzeurebuli unda iqnes xalxuri
marTlmadidebluri tradiciebi, gansakuTrebiT ki svanuri
qristianuli fenomeni.
5
sur.1.sur.1.sur.1.sur.1.sur.1. svanurma yofam dRemde moitana fustis samxedro-saeklesio tradicia. am fotoze, romelic eqvTimeTayaiSvilma gadaiRo, warmodgenili arian kala-gulas
taZris SeiaraRebuli mcvelebi.
am sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis erovnuli programis aRsrulebis
mizans wlebis ganmavlobaSi emsaxureba sof. futieTSi arsebuli
saprezidento daTvaliereba _ festivalis laureati, fustelTa
skola _ muzeumi.
sur.2. sur.2. sur.2. sur.2. sur.2. fustelTa skola-muzeumSi daculia, fustisaTaswlovani tradiciis amsaxveli masalebi da 1819-
1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebis gmirTa memoriali.
6
miuxedavad warmoudgenlad didi devnisa, SeWirvebisa da
winaaRmdegobebisa, fustelTa skola _ muzeumi mTel Tavis
SesaZleblobebs axmars qarTveli eris cnobierebaSi orasi wlis
win amoZirkvuli erovnuli marTlmadidebluri Rirebulebebis
aRdgenas, romelTa Soris uZvirfases margalitad brwyinavs fustoba
(iakob axuSvili, qarTuli gvar-saxelebi t.VII, Tb. 2007w., gv.719-720).
2009 wlis 20 ivliss, saparlamento gamosvlis dros,
saqarTvelos prezidentma, batonma mixeil saakaSvilma, amxila
,,yalbi marTlmadidebloba~ _ rogorc rusuli imperiis gadmonaSTi,
oraswlovani erovnul-ganmaTvisuflebeli moZraobis istoriaSi.
batoni prezidenti pirvelia, vinc qarTveli eris oraswlovani
sulieri genocidis urCxuls Seurigebeli brZola gamoucxada;
riTac mogviwoda da gagviZRva saxelmwifs sulieri
damoukideblobis aRdgenisaken, aseT viTarebaSi eris cnobierebaSi
fustobis tradiciis aRdgenas udidesi da fasdaudebeli
mniSvneloba aqvs erovnuli marTlmadidebluri ideologiis
CamoyalibebaSi da aRdgenaSi.
sur.3.sur.3.sur.3.sur.3.sur.3. 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebisa dafustobis tradiciis gamomzeureba aucilebelia orasi
wlis win amoZirkvuli erovnuli eklesiis aRsadgenad.
7
fustebifustebifustebifustebifustebi
vecadoT, TviT am terminis warmoSobisa da arsis Sesaxeb
SemovitanoT naTeli.
jer kidev cnobilma norvegielma enaTmecnierma ,
qarTvelologma da kavkasiologma, profesorma hans foqtma
(1903_1986) mecnieruli gamokvlevebis safuZvelze berZnuli
,,fazisi~ Seusatyvisa megrul ,,futs~. Semdgom es aRmoCena
gaiziares sxva mecnierebmac, maT Soris qarTvelma mkvlevarebmac:
s. janaSiam (Sromebi, t.III, gv. 131_135;) g. meliqiSvilma (#1 gv.8-
9); r. gordezianma ,,argonavtebi~, gamomcemloba ,,logosi~ Tb.
1999w. gv.100) o. lorTqifaniZem ,,argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi~
gamomcemloba ,,sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb. 1986 w., gv. 104), axalgazrda
qarTvelma mkvlevarma gia kvaSilavam festosis TiTqmis oTxi
aTasi wlis winandeli diskos B_21-e naxat-niSani gaSifra, rogorc
RvTaeba ,,futi~ (fazisis akademiis Sromebi, Jurnali ,,cotneideli~
t.II gv.76-82).
sur.4. sur.4. sur.4. sur.4. sur.4. mkvlevar gia kvaSilavas mier wakiTxuli
festoris diskos B-21 ujra. aRniSnuli naxat-niSani
aRniSnavs RvTaeba futs.
8
vinaidan kolxebs fasianelebsac uwodebs Zveli berZnuli
wyaroebi, dgindeba, rom Zveli berZnebis mier aRwerili qalRmerT
fasianes (nana-kibales) kolxur metyvelebaSi unda rqmeoda futi.
amas isic adasturebs, rom megrul metyvelebaSi dRemde qalaq
foTs megrelebi futs uwodeben (s. janaSia. Sromebi t.III gv. 31-
135). miT umetes, rom am fuZidan aRmocenebuli toponimebi
istoriul kolxeTSi, pontodan kavkasiis qedamde, yvelgan gvxvdeba.
Wanur-lazurSi: ofute-ezo; imereTSi: sofeli fuTi, futuri Wala;
futura; sofel ubisaSi _ futuri tye; sofel kvereTSi _
futuri koJi; sofel cxomareTSi _ futuri qedi; guriaSi sofel
leseSi _ futuri Rele; leCxumSi: sofeli ofitara (saq. ssr
toponimika. Tb. 1987w. t.I). svaneTSi TiTqmis yvela sofelSia
fu(s)tis salocavi (T. mibCuani. dasavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa
eTnogenezisis, gansaxlebisa da kulturis istoriidan, Tb., 1989w.);
raWaSi _ sofeli futieTi (e. gabliani, Zveli da axali svaneTi,
Tb., 1925w.); aWaraSi _ sofeli furtio, Suaxevis raionSi furtio
_ mTa sxalTis maxloblad. (saq. ssr geografiuli saxelebis
orTografiuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1982w.). dasavleT saqarTvelos
barSi farTod ixmareboda RvTis wignis (berZ. biblia) aRmniSvneli
termini _ efuti (k. gamsaxurdia, ,,didostat konstantines marjvena~,
Tb., 1990w. gv.384). kolxTa ZirZvel samkvidroSi, afxazeTSic,
daafiqsira s. yauxCiSvilma fustis arseboba (misiamanTa tomi
Tsu, Sromebi., t. I, 1936w.). istoriuli kolxeTis farglebs
gareT, qarTlSic, aris dadasturebuli msgavsi toponimebi. mag.
sofeli futrevi, sofeli fitareTi (masalebi saq. istoriuli
geografiisa da toponimikisaTvis, wigni I, Tb. 1964 w.). ierusalimSi
V-VI saukuneebis erT-erTi saflavis warweraze ikiTxeba: ,,ese
samarxi ioane furtaveli episkoposisa qarTvelisa~. k. gamsaxurdiam
xevsureTSic daafiqsira xatis msaxuris aRmniSvneli termini
fulti (k. gamsaxurdia, ,,didostat konstantines marjvena~, Tb.,
1990w., gv.388).
9
Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi (I_VII s.s.) moixseniebian kolxi
mTielebi fu(s)telebi, romelnic wminda andria pirvelwodebuls
mouqcevia qristianobaze (s. yauxCiSvili, ,,georgika~, t. VI, Tb.,
1941 w., gv. 43).
sur.5.sur.5.sur.5.sur.5.sur.5. Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi fustebis (raWa-leCxum-svaneTis) mxareSi qristianobis gamavrceleblad wminda
mociqul andria pirvelwodebuls asaxeleben.
fu(s)tas cixeSi iyo maqsime aRmsareblis TanamoRvawe wminda
anastasi apokrisiadi (s. yauxCiSvili ,,georgika~, t. VI, Tb., 1941w.,
gv.43) es fu(s)tas cixe unda iyos mogvianebiT, XI saukunidan,
cnobili kvaracixe. sadac mogvianebiT berZnuli kirie, kvirie
(ufali) Caenacvla kolxur uflis aRmniSvnel sityvas fu(s)ts.
miT umetes, rom am cixis maxloblad mdebareobs sofel sxvavis
sasoflo sabWoSi Semavali sofeli futieTi. (gaz. ,,raeo~ #6
(41-42)_1998 w. gv. 18-19 da sxva).
10
sur.6.sur.6.sur.6.sur.6.sur.6. antikur wyaroebSi moxsenebuli fustas cixe,sadac wminda maqsime aRmsareblis TanamoRvawe anastasi
apokrisiadi iyo, mogvianebiT naxsenebi kvaracixe unda iyos.
udavod, kolxuri qalRmerTis aRmniSvnelia eTnomimi
fu(s)telni, romelic mogvianebiT berZnulis gavleniT Ta_kiried
(Takveri) Camoyalibda. (gazeTi ,,Cakrulo~ #3, 2003 wel, gv. 5-
6. ,,qiziyi da raWa~). am SemTxvevaSi igive moxda, rac kvarcixis
toponimSi. mxolod uflis aRmniSvnel berZnul termins kiries
daemata ,,Ta~ _ mdedri RvTaebis aRmniSvneli simbolo. Ta, Ti
rom mdedrobiTobis niSania, amas istorikosi ivane javaxiSvilic
aRniSnavs (,,qarTveli eris istoria~, t. I, Tb., 1960 w., gv. 80). aq
Tavs iCens is faqti, rom mze mdedr RvTaebad iTvleboda, amas
kolxTa sataZro olqi, Takveric, asaxavs.
sur. 7.sur. 7.sur. 7.sur. 7.sur. 7. kolxeTsa da iberiaSi, astralurireligiis kanonikis mixedviT daarsebuli taZrebis
(saxate) mamulebi.
11
ase rom, berZnul wyaroebSi naxsenebi fu(s)telebi gansax-
lebuli unda yofiliyvnen dasavleT saqarTvelos didi kavkasionis
mTianeTSi, dRevandeli kodoris xeobidan zemo imereTamde, es
fu(s)tas mxare moicavda mTlianad raWa-leCxum-svaneTis teri-
torias. warmarTul xanaSi mzisa da mTvaris Tayvaniscema upirveles
rangSi hyavdaT ayvanili qarTvelTa winaprebs, am mzis da mTvaris
warmarTul taZrebs, ra Tqma unda, fustelebi icavdnen, magram
raRac periodSi, rogorc igrZnoba, raWa-leCxumi (Takveri) mzis
qalRvTaebis sataZro olqad Camoyalibda, xolo svaneTi mTvaris
mamri RvTaebis suvenis sataZro olqad. is, rom mze da mTvare
mdedri da mamri RvTaebebi iyo qarTvelTa winaprebisaTvis, kargad
Cans kolxTa am uZveles leqsSi, romelic samegreloSia Cawerili:
mzea dedaCemi,
mTvare mamaCemi,
da wvril-wvrili varskvlavebi,
da-Zmebia Cemi.
warmarTobis epoqaSi taZarTa mcvelebis funqciis matarebelni
dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis mkvidrni, igive raWa-leCxum-
svaneTis anu Takver-suvaneTisa, igive fu(s)telni, am sarwmunoebriv
statuss Semdgom qristianobis xanaSic inarCuneben, Tu rodidan,
amas Semdgom SevexebiT. axla kvlav mivubrundeT fu(s)tis terminis
warmoSobis sakiTxs. fuTi, futi-nisli kvamls, Rrubels, xeSi
sicarieles aRniSnavs gurul da imerul dialeqtebSi (i.
gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria, i. qavTraZe ,,qarTuli dialeqtologia~,
tI. 1961w.) Rrublis, kvamlis, nislis sveti, Zvel da axal aRTqmaSi
Ceulebriv, uflis anu fustis gamocxadebis simboloa (mag.,
,,gamosvla~ 14-19, 20, 34-5). qristianuli moZRvrebac (mag., wminda
andria kriteli) futs anu nisls, Rrubels RvTismSoblis
simbolod miiCnevs. agreTve xis futuros mkvidri futkaric
RvTis mwerad iyo miCneuli Zvel xalxebSi (,,rekmnehf lhtdytuj
12
tubgnf~ moskovi, 1976w, gv.74). mkvlevari daviT kldiaSvili 325w-
s Catarebuli pirveli saeklesio krebis monawile stratofiles
Sesaxeb wers: ,,am krebis SemorCenili laTinuri nusxis mixedviT
igi aris futioneli, xolo siriuli nusxis mixedviT de-fut-
unta.~ (gaz. ,,kviraZali #9, 2006w, gv. 4, ,,fustebi _ qarTuli
siwmindeebis mcvelebi~). amiT erTxel kidev mtkicdeba is, rom
kolxebis winare eTnotoponimi futielebia. amrigad, Zveli berZnebis
mier aRweril qalRmerT fasianes (nana/rea-kiballe), erqva futi,
saidanac miRebulia efuti (berZ. biblia) diofute, furtio, fulti,
ofitare, fitareTi, fusti, misi kerpebi idga da pativs scemdnen
yvela kolxur dasaxlebul punqtSi da ojaxSi. ezo karmidamo,
sadac qalRmerT futis (fasianes) Tayvanismcemlebi cxovrobdnen,
ara marto Tavis samkvidrod, aramed am RvTaebis sameufodac
miiCnevdnen. amitom kolxTa uZvelesi Sto, Wan-lazebi ezos ofutes,
diofutesac uwodeben. svanurad dio gogos aRniSnavs, amitom
SeiZleba dio-fute gogoRvTaebas, anu qalRvTaebasac niSnavdes.
mecnieruli daskvnebiT, fasiane mzis RvTaebad aris aRiarebuli
(,,saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi~, t. I, Tb., 1970 w., gv. 677-
680). aqedan gamomdinare, igive arsi aqvs, bunebrivia, futis kolxur
RvTaebasac. CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosazRvre tomebi, kolx mTielebs,
raWvelebs da svanebs dRemde ,,ebzes~, (s. rexviaSvili, gaz. ,,raeo~,
#3, 2008 w., gv. 19 ,,qarTvel da Crdilokavkasiel mTielTa
Zmobis tradiciebi~). rogorc ivane javaxiSvilma daadgina, am
termins isini ukavSireben mzisa da, saerTod, mnaTobTa dasaxelebas
(iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria~, t. I, Tb., 1960 w., gv
128-129). aqedan unda vivaraudoT, rom astralur RvTaebaTa
Tayvanismcemel kolxebs anu futebs maTi mezoblebi amis gamo
dRemde ,,ebzeebs~ uwodeben. agreTve amis gamo Zveli wyaroebi
kolx fasianelebs futielebadac moixsenieben. rogorc
mecnierulad mtkicdeba, protoqarTvelTa saxeli futieli
(fasianeli), efuTSi, anu bibliis Zvel aRTqmaSi, moxseniebuli
13
noes SviliSvilis, eTnarq futis saxelidan unda modiodes (dabadeba
10-6). Zvel egvi ptur wyaroebSi moixseneba fu(n)tis, anu
,,RmerTebis qveyana~, saidanac egviptelebs brinjao SemohqondaT.
(,,rekmnehf lhtdytuj tubgnf~, moskovi, 1976w, gv. 92).
sur. 8.sur. 8.sur. 8.sur. 8.sur. 8. es Zvelegvipturi kalendari ikiTxeba marjvnidanmarcxniv. mis dasawyisSia kurdReli, romelic amomavalimzis simboloa mzis religiaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom svanu-rad kurdRels ‘mraWav~ ewodeba, rac mzis am uZvelesi
religiis gadmonaSTi unda iyos.
Zvel aRTqmaSi moxseniebuli noes STamomavlebi Tubali da
mosxi mkvlevarebs qarTvelTa eTnarqebad miaCniaT (episkoposi
anania jafariZe, ,,qarTvelTa winaprebis istoria adamidan iesomde~,
gv.31-55) iqve maT gverdiT moxsiniebul futebze ki mecnierebi
dRemde duman (esaia 66-19). saxel fu(s)ts icnobs ara marto
zemoT xsenebuli wyaroebidan, aramed g. meliqiSvilis gamokvleviT,
xeTuri samyaroc (g. meliqiSvili, vdn #1, 1965w., st. 8-9)
14
amrigad, termini fu(s)ti, romelic dRemde Semoinaxa dasavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTma, unda momdinareobdes qarTvelTa uZvelesi
winaprebis mzis qalRvTaebis kultidan _ futidan. igi kavSirSia
bibliuri noes SviliSvilis eTnarq futTanac, romelmac saTave
daudo uZveles droSi religiuri codnis matarebel da Semnaxvel
protoqarTvelTa, qurumTa Stos futielebs, imave fu(s)telebs.
am ukanasknelTa monaTvla qristianul mrwamsze ukavSirdeba wminda
andria pirvelwodebulis mRvaweobas. maTi warmomadgeneli unda
yofiliyo 325 wels pirvel saeklesio krebaze damswre episkoposi
stratofile, romelic laTinuri da siriuli werilobiTi Zeglebis
mixedviT ixsenieba rogorc futioneli. TiTqmis oTxi aTasi wlis
winandeli festosis diskoze warmodgenilia mzis RvTaebis, futis,
aRmniSvneli naxat-niSani. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTis yofaSi dRemde arsebobs fu(s)tis sruli qristianuli
kanonikiT nagebi taZrebi, romelebic sameba-sulTmofenobis arss
asaxavs. am naxat-niSanze, romelic Sesrulebulia oTxi aTasi
wlis win, gamoxatulia samkuTxedic, romelic qristianul kanonikaSi
samebis niSania. faqtia isic, rom istoriuli kolxeTis dRevandeli
mkvidrebi RvTis wigns, anu biblias, efuts uwodeben.
fu(s)tis samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi kulturis saxiT
kolxeTis kavkasionis mTianeTSi Cven saqme gvaqvs uZvelesi winare
qristianuli sarwmunoebrivi kulturis qristianul kulturasTan
Tvisobrivad Serwymisa da ganviTarebis unikalur movlenasTan,
romelic asaxavs sarwmunoebrivi istoriuli ciklis ganviTarebas
uZvelesi xanidan dRemde da romelmac Tavis wiaRSi Semoinaxa
erovnuli qristianuli kulturis dacvisa da gadarCenis
srulyofili, mravalaTaswlovani samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi
kultura.
15
fustelTa TeogeografiulifustelTa TeogeografiulifustelTa TeogeografiulifustelTa TeogeografiulifustelTa Teogeografiuliareali _ kolxeTis didiareali _ kolxeTis didiareali _ kolxeTis didiareali _ kolxeTis didiareali _ kolxeTis didi
kavkasionis mTianeTikavkasionis mTianeTikavkasionis mTianeTikavkasionis mTianeTikavkasionis mTianeTi
Teodosi gangrelisa da epifane konstantinopolelis cnobiT,
fu(s)telebi saxloben kolxeTis CrdiloeTiT didi kavkasionis
mTianeTSi. isini andria pirvelwodebuls mouqcevia qristianobaze,
(,,georgika~, t.VI, Tb., 1941w., gv.43).
rogorc cnobilia, istoriuli procesebis zegavleniT xalxTa
gansaxlebis areali cvlilebebs ganicdis, magram im funqcialuri
arsiT, romelic saerTo qarTuli saxelmwifos winaSe hqonda
kolxeTis didi kavkasionis mTianeTis mosaxleobas, fu(s)telTa
Teogeografiuli arealis gansazRvra emTxveva raWa-leCxum-svaneTis
teritorias. bunebrivma garemom, romliTac daajildova es mxare
RmerTma, marTlac, brwyinvale SesaZleblobebs iZleoda erovnuli
sulieri kulturuli faseulobebis saimedod gadamalvisaTvis.
kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi, romelic iSviaT bunebriv
zRudes warmoadgens, raWa-svaneTis teritoriaze arsad ar Camodis
maradiuli Tovlis xazs qvemoT. arc erTi gadasasvleli 3000
metrze dabali ar aris. mwvervalTa simaRle 5000 metrs
uaxlovdeba da zogan kidevac aWarbebs. uxvi naleqis gamo kavksionis
es monakveTi yvelaze mZlavri da uwyveti myinvarTa wyebiT aris
warmodgenili. aq gadasvla mxolod zafxulSia SesaZlebeli da
isic didi alpinisturi _ teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis mqone
adamianebisaTvis. maRali gverdiTi kavkasionis qedebi TiTqmis
SeuRwevads xdida am Teogeografiul areals. egrisis, kodoris,
svaneTis, leCxumis, Soda-kedelas, dvaleTis da raWis qedebis
sistema unikalur Teogeografiul sacavs warmoadgenda. rogorc
Cans, es regioni uZvelesi droidan asrulebda religiur
faseulobaTa sacavis rols. mecnierebs dadgenili aqvT, rom
warmarTobis drosac saqarTvelo erTiani warmrTuli religiis
16
mimdevari iyo. ,,qarTvelnic, rogorc noes SviliSvilTagan
warmomdgarni, ar iyvnen moklebulni kerpT msaxurebas. Zvelis
droidgan igini dasaxldnen araratis da kavkasionis mTebs Sua,
daiwyes meurneoba, muSakoba da Tayvanis cema mravalTa RmerTTa.~
(m. janaSvili ,,saqarTvelos saeklesio istoria~, tfilisi, 1886
w., gv. 12). ,,argonavtebis~ epoqis kolxeTi mzis anu futis
qalRvTaebas ganadidebda. (ap. rodoseli, ,,argonavtika~, Tb., 1975
w.). argonavtTa Semosvlas Zv. w. aR-is XIV saukunes ukavSireben
mkvlevarebi (a. uruSaZe ,,Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi~,
Tb., 1964 w.). kolxi medeas Ralatma maT saSualeba misca fustTa
dacvis qveS myofi efuti anu ,,oqros sawmisi~ moepovebinaT.
Zv.w. aR-is I saukunis bolos straboni iberiaSi mTvaris
kultis upirvelesobaze gvaZlevs cnobas. (iv. javaxiSvili,
,,qarTveli eris istoria~, t. I, 1960 w., gv. 50-52). Zvel samyaroSi
mzisa da mTvaris Tayvanismcemlebs Soris pirvelobis gamo xSirad
iyo Sexla-Semoxla da am mxriv arc Cveni qveyana iqneboda
gamonaklisi. amis aSkara kvali ikveTeba fustelTa Teogeografiul
arealSic. Tumca aq isic aris yuradsaRebi, rom es mxare Tavisze
dakisrebul funqcias _ sakulto obieqtebis dacvas _ maSinac
pirnaTlad asrulebda. istoriulad fu(s)telebi saqarTvelos
istoriul sinamdvileSi imave funqcias asruleben, rasac Zveli
aRTqmaSi aRwerili levianebi. isini icavdnen sakulto taZrebs
warmarTobis dros, xolo qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg eklesia-
monastrebs (gaz. ,,mrevli~, #7, 2001w., ,,fustebi~; Jurnali ,,lazares
aRdgineba~, #XVI, gv.15-18).
Zvel xalxebSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo Teotoponomis da
eTnotoponimis damTxveva. xalxi im RvTaebis saxeliT gamoxatavda
Tavis erovnul dasaxelebas, romel RvTaebasac aRiarebda. mzis
RvTaeba futis Tayvanismcemel protoqarTvelebs futielebad
ixsenebs Zveli aRTqma: ,,quSis qveyana gamagrebda da usazRvro
egvifte, futi da libielni giWerdnen mxars~ (naum winaswar-
17
metyveli 3-9); ,,sparsi, ludi da futi iyvnen Sens laSqarSi _
omis kacebi; fars da muzarads SenTan kidebdnen, isini giqmnidnen
didebas~ (ezekieli, 27-10); ,,amxedrdiT cxenebze, gaqandiT etlebo,
dae gamovidnen quSi da futi, faris mpyrobelni da lidielebi
mSvildis momzidvelni~ (ieremia 46-9). rogorc mtkicdeba, Zveli
aRTqmis mixedviT, levianebic futielTagan iReben siwmindeTa
dacvis madls. vinaidan leviani aronis Ze eliazari Txoulobs
futielis erT-erT asuls, saidanac uflebamosilebiT gvevlinebian
levianTa mamamTavarni TavianTi sagvareulobis mixedviT: ,,iTxova
eliazarma, aaronis Zem, colad futielis erT-erTi asuli da
uSva qalma finxasi. eseni arian levianTa mamamTavarni Tav-Tavis
sagvareulobis mixedviT.~ (,,gamosvla~ 6-25). Zveli aRTqmis mixedviT,
col-qmroba SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod erTi Stos Camomavlebs
Soris. rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi fu(s)telTa danaTesavebis
mTavari motivi is iyo, rom levianebs sruluflebiani funqcia
SeeZinaT siwmindeTa dacvis saqmeSi. mxolod amis Semdeg iReben
levianebi uflis samsaxurSi Cadgomis madls. ,,gamoyavi levianebi
israelTagan, raTa Cemi iyvnen levianebi~ (ricxvni, 8-14). ,,Caabare
levianebs mowmobis savane mTeli misi mowyobilobiT, yvelafriTurT,
rac mas ekuTvnis. mas moemsaxuron da savanis irgvliv daibanakon~
(ricxvni 1-50). aqve unda gavixsenoT vaxuSti batoniSvilis
versia svaneTis etimologiis Sesaxeb. igi svaneTs, swored, savanesTn
aigivebs. vaxuSti pirdapir ESeniSnavs svaneTis sofel eceris
Sesaxeb, rom am sofels evaleboda saqarTvelos umTavresi sulieri
centris, mcxeTis sveticxovlis dacva (v. batoniSvili ,,aRwerai
samefosi saqarTvelosi~).aqve unda gavixsenoT erTi Zveli termini
,,arian qarTli~. am termins mecnierebi dRes imiT xsnian, rom
arian-sparseTis Zveli dasaxleba aris da es niSnavs ,,sparseTis
_ saqarTveloso.~ arada, sulxan-sabas leqsikoni pirdapir gveubneba:
,,arili~ _ dasalagebeli siwmindeTao~ (leqsikoni, Tb. 1991 w. gv.
64). lomis karieli _ ierusalimis mTavar sawmindarsac ewodeboda.
18
guriaSi aris wminda giorgis mTa, romelsac ,,lomis karieli~
ewodeba, romelic warsulSi fu(s)telTa erT-erTi forposti
unda yofiliyo guria-aWaris mxareSi.
amrigad, sxvadasxva religiebis arsebobis pirobebSi fu(s)tis
ZiriTadma funqciam uZvelesi droidan dRemde moaRwia. Zveli
aRTqmis zemoT moxsenebuli futielebi 4000-ze meti wlis win
igulisxmebian. dRes es cocxlad mxolod kolxeTis kavkasionis
mTianeTSi dasturdeba (Jurnali ,,cotneideli~, t.II, Tbilisi-
fazisi, 2005-2008 w.w., gv.58-64).
fustelTa Teografiuli arealis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
istoriul obieqts warmoadgens xvamlis mTa. xvamlis mTis
miudgomel kldeebSi gamokveTili iyo samalavebi, sadac saerTo
saxelmwifoebrivi saSiSroebis dros xdeboda ganZis da sxva
Zvirfaseulobis gadamalva.
sur. 9.sur. 9.sur. 9.sur. 9.sur. 9. aseTi tipis koSki wm. giorgis arss asaxavda.
19
sur. 10.sur. 10.sur. 10.sur. 10.sur. 10. xvamlis mTa warmoadgenda fustelTadacvis obieqts, vinaidan iq iyo saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos ganZTsacavi.
xvamlis mTis wverze dRemde dgas patara bazilikuri wminda
giorgis saxelobis eklesia, sadac yoveli suliwmindis mofenis
wina dRes, an sulTaobas _ micvalebulTa moxsenebis am mniSvnelovan
Jams, aRiniSneba xvamlobis dResaswauli _ sadac mTeli raWa-
leCxumi da svaneTi iyrida Tavs.
es dResaswauli gamoZaxilia fustelTa uZvelesi tradiciisa,
sadac maT pativsacemad, imarTeboda didi saxalxo dReoba; am
dReobaze rogorc wminda meomarTa xsovnas ekadreba, Zvel droSi
imarTeboda samxedro TamaSebi da Sejibri.
svaneTis soflebisTvis, dRes SemorCenili tradiciiT, fustoba
_ aRniSnavda im dros, roca xdeboda rotacia, anu meomarTa erTi
wyebis meoreTi Secvla. rogorc ukve zemoTac iTqva, svanur
20
sur. 11.sur. 11.sur. 11.sur. 11.sur. 11. xvamlis wminda giorgi dRemde
warmoadgens, fustelTa mosaxseniebel taZars.
qristianul yofaSi fu(s)ti sameba-suliwmindismofenobis
arsiT damkvidrda qristianobis Semosvlis Semdeg. rotaciis ganrigi
iTvaliswinebda sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis cikls da mTebSi
gzebze usafrTxo gadaadgilebis dros. amitom svaneTis qvemo
soflebSi fustobas aRniSnavdnen gazafxulis bolos, zafxulis
dasawyisSi, amis mere rotaciis grafiki nel nela micocavda
zemo soflebisaken da rogorc wesi, yvelaze gvian aRiniSneboda
umaRles dasaxlebul soflebSi. am Zveli sarotacio grafikis
mixedviT, igi yvelaze bolos sof. uSgulSi agvistos pirvel
kviras aRiniSneba. fustobis sarotacio dReebis garda, fustis,
anu samebis taZarSi aRiniSneboda misi ZiriTadi dResaaswaulic
_ suliwmindis mofena da sameboba. magaliTad, sainteresoa isic,
rom uSgulis fustis (samebis) taZarSi dRemde aRiniSneba Rvinobis
(oqtomberi) Tvis yovel pirvel orSabaTs Rvinoba doStiS (Rvinis
21
dResaswauli), sadac Zvelad TeTri mozvriTa da cxenebze
akidebuli RviniT savse calebiT uSgulis fustis (samebis) taZars
stumrobdnen raWvelebi. TiTqmis orasi wlis win Sewyvetili es
tradicia kvlav ganaxlda am bolo wlebSi, Tumca cxenebis nacvlad
avtomobilebiTa da cxenze akidebuli xaris tyavisagan Sekerili
saRvine calebis nacvlad, plastmasis WurWliT. ras vizamT, aseTia
epoqis koreqtivebi.
sur.12.sur.12.sur.12.sur.12.sur.12. uSgulis fustis (samebis) taZarSi Rvinis
dResaswaulze (Rvinoba doSTiSis) momavali quTaisis
,,fustTa~ axalgazrduli sazogadoebis wevrebi.
ar aris dasamali is, rom eris konsolidaciis uebari
saSualeba fustobis uZvelesi tradiciis gaxsenebaSic mdgomareobs.
magram arc imaze unda davxuWoT Tvalebi, rom qarTveli eris
jansaRi gziT svlasac hyavs Tavisi faruli mtrebi, romelebic
fusts anu samebas qilikiT ,,pusta-pustad~ aRiqvamen.
22
fu(s)tebi ucxourfu(s)tebi ucxourfu(s)tebi ucxourfu(s)tebi ucxourfu(s)tebi ucxourwerilobiT wyaroebSiwerilobiT wyaroebSiwerilobiT wyaroebSiwerilobiT wyaroebSiwerilobiT wyaroebSi
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, fu(s)tebis xseneba gvxvdeba Zvel
berZnul wyaroebSi I-VII s.s.-Si. es wyaroebi axseneben ,,fustas
mxares~, ,,fustas xalxs~, ,,fustas cixes~. mkvlevari goCa
guguSvilis azriT: ,,fusti didi RvTaebaa svanurSi, didi RmerTi,
wmindas sinonimia. kavkasiis xalxTagan mxolod svaneTSia
SemorCenili da dRemde arsebobs fustas saxelobis eklesiebi~.
(Jurn. ,,ornati~, nikorwmindis eparqiis gamocema, #1, 2003 w.,
gv.60). aseve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom RvTismSoblis, anu svanurad
lamarias, taZrebi mxolod svaneTSia; aseve jgragi (sv. wm. giorgi),
Taringazal, rac svanurad mTavarangelozs aRniSnavs, da svanuri
fusti, rac qarTulSi Seesabameba samebas, anu umaRles dogmats
qristianuli sarwmunoebisa. termini fusteli gamoxatavs saeklesio
siwmindeTa damcveli raindis arssac. avtori amasTan iZleva
istoriuli realobis amsaxvel cnobasac: ,,adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
informaciiT, Tanamedrove raWis da svaneTis mTianeTis garkveul
nawils erqva swored fusta, fusteTi, iq mcxovreb xalxs ki
fustelebi. raWaSi mdebare Tanamedrove sofel futieTs didi
xnis istoria aqvs, aq aRmoCenilia qristes Sobamde Zv. w. I
aTaswleulis brinjaos balTa. mravali ucxoeli mogzauri da
mkvlevari saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis mis Sesaxeb, mag., germaneli
giuldenStedti, grafinia uvarova da sxva~. (Jurnali ,,ornanti~,
nikorwmindis eparqiis gamocema, #1, 2003 w., gv.60). amrigad
berZnul wyaroebSi moxsenebuli fusta, eWvs gareSea, asaxavs
dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis, raWa-leCxum-svaneTis, mkvidrTa
funqciur datvirTvas, romelic fustelis SinaarsSi ido da
gamoixateboda saeklesio siwmindeTa dacvis funqciaSi. vinc Rrmad
Cawvdeba da gaicnobs sof. futieTis istoriul funqcias, amaSi
igi TvalnaTliv darwmundeba.
23
sur. 13.sur. 13.sur. 13.sur. 13.sur. 13. ase gamoiyurebodnen sofel futieTis
mkvidrni XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi.
sur.14.sur.14.sur.14.sur.14.sur.14. fustelTa nostalgia Zveli didebis gaxse-nebiT
gamoixateba sof. futieTis dRevandel mkvidrebSi.
24
sur.15.sur.15.sur.15.sur.15.sur.15. aseTi iyo fustelTa mTavari forpostis
sof. futieTis mkvidrTa tradiciuli samosi.
25
berZnulis garda, Cven vxvdebiT Zv. w. XVI s. Zvel egviptur
papirusSi moxsenebul fu(n)tis, anu ,,RmerTebis qveyanas~, saidanac
egvi ptelebsAbrinjao SemohqondaT. ucxoel mecnierTa varaudiT,
es qveyana dRevandel somalSi unda yofiliyo. (,,rekmnehf
lhtdytuj tubgnf~, moskovi 1976 w., gv. 92; Zveli aRmosavleTis
xelovneba, v. afanasieva, e. lukoniani, n. pomerenceva Tb. 1986w.
gv.356). sad iyo fu(n)tis, futis, fu(s)tis anu ,,RmerTebis
qveyana~? kolxeTis didi kavkasionis mTianeTi anu fustelTa
mxare umdidresia brinjaos samTo-metalurgiuli kerebiT. am
mxriv gamorCeulia rionis zemo weli, sadac aRmoCenilia 100-
mde maRaro da metalurgiuli kera brinjaos warmoebisaTvis.
(saqarTvelos istoriiis narkvevebi, Tb. 1970 w., gv. 278-282).
mecnierTa daskvniT, aqauri grandiozuli masStabis samTomado
kera produqcias awvdida: balkaneTis, egeosisa da maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis qveynebs, maT Soris egviptesac. garda amisa arsebobs
Zv.w. XXs. Zvelegvi pturi papirusi, romelic daculia
sankt_peterburgis ermitaJis sacavSi. masSi moTxrobilia
,,xomaldis daRupvas gadarCenili kacis ambavi~ (,,rekmnehf
lhtdytuj tubgnf~, moskovi, 1976 w., gv.102). am papirusSic
moTxrobilia kolxeTis kavkasionis mTianeTSi arsebuli brinjaos
maRaroebSi faraonis moxelis mogzauroba. amrigad, Zvelegvi pturi
wyaroebi jer kidev ,,argonavtebis~ gamoCenamde ramodenime saukuniT
adre ixseneben fu(n)tis anu ,,RmerTebis qveyanas~. romelic
fiqsirdeba fustelTa Teogeografiul arealSi _ kolxeTis didi
kavkasionis mTianeTSi.
26
sur. 16.sur. 16.sur. 16.sur. 16.sur. 16. Zv.w. aR-is XX saukunis papirusSiaRwerilia futis qveyanasa da egviptes Soris
urTierTobis faqti.
maT Semdeg kolxeTs estumrnen berZeni ,,argonavtebi~. maT
mier ,,oqros sawmisis~ motacebis berZnul istoriebSi fu(s)tebi
arian moxseniebuli, tavrebis saxeliT. (a. uruSaZe ,,Zveli kolxeTi
argonavtebis TqmulebebSi~, Tb., 1964w., gv.392). vinaidan mzis
RvTaebaTa taZrebSi mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi qurumTa ritualebi
mimdinareobda, maTi samxedro dacva mxolod RamiT iyo aucilebeli
(l. WilaSvili, ,,nekresis uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebi da qarTuli
damwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi~, Tb., 2004w., gv.73). Ramis samxedro
darajs sulxan-sabas leqsikonis mixedviT tala ewodeba.
(,,leqsikoni~ Tb., 1991w., t.I, gv.197). aqedan gamomdinare, berZenTa
27
mier dasaxelebuli Ramis samxedro dacva _ tavrebi, talebi anu
igive fu(s)tebi unda yofiliyvnen. es sarwmunoa, rdgan rogorc
vxedavT, am periodamde gacilebiT adre fu(s)tebs ixsenebs zemoT
ukve naxsenebi Zvelegvipturi da xeTuri wyaroebi. argonavtebis
poemaSive gvxvdeba aseTi faqti: kunZul kretas mcvelia spilenZis
goliaTi talosi. (ap. rodoseli, ,,argonavtika~,Tb. 1975w.,
gv.201-202).
fu(s)telTa samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi saidumlo ordenis
Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis XVII saukunis mogzauri italieli
don qristoforo de kasteli. romelic wers, rom dasavleT
saqarTvelos CrdiloeT mxares (fustelTa Teogeografiuli
areali): ,,mravali eklesiaa, romelic mdidaria wmida uamravi
relikviebiT. im dros, roca qristianebi oms awarmoebdnen
mahmadianebTan, mTebSi wamoiRes relikviebi, raTa ar gaenadgurebinaT
isini~ (b. giorgaZe, ,,don qristoforo de kasteli. cnobebi da
albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~, Tb., 1977w.) sainteresoa, rom
fu(s)telTa saidumlo ordens kasteli ,,ianis~, ,,ioanis~ uwodebs.
rogorc Cans, da asec unda yofiliyo, kastelis, rogorc ucxoels,
bolomde ar gaumxiles fustis samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi ordenis
yvela saidumlo. magram kastelma, albaT, SeamCnia am odrenis
wevrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gvarTa daboloebani, romelic svanur
gvarebs dRemde aqvT. riTac man gaakeTa daskvna ,,ianis~ da ,,ioanis~
saeklesio siwmindeTa mcvel kastaze, romelic sinamdvileSi fustis
tradicias emsaxureboda. kasteli imasac gvamcnobs, rom ,,maTi
iaraRia Subi, xmali, mSvild-isari da sxva. marjvena xelSi xmali
uWiravT, marcxenaSi vercxlis jvari, romlis didi Tayvanismcemelni
arian~ (gv.156).
28
sur. 17.sur. 17.sur. 17.sur. 17.sur. 17. italieli mogzauris, kastelis, albomSidafiqsirebulia fustis samxedro-saeklesio
raindis tipaJi.
kasteli fustelTa mxares aseTi terminiTac aRniSnavs:
,,mosjete Cimenesjerad wodebuli~ (gv. 154).
gaecnen ra aRmosavleT qristianul tradiciebs, evropelma
jvarosnebma 1119 wels ierusalimSi, im adgilas, sadac solomonis
taZari idga, daaarses tamplierTa ordeni (tamplieri _ frang.
metaZreebi), romlis mizani iyo eklesia-monastrebisa da momlocvel-
Ta dacva (akaki gelovani, ,,religiur terminTa leqsikoni~, Tb.,
1990w., gv.182). rogorc Cans evropelma raindebma mTlianad gadai-
Res fustelTa mravalaTaswlovani gamocdilebis amsaxveli
ritualebic.
raindad kurTxevis kandidati Rames aTevda samrekloSi,
eswreboda wirvas diliT, ziarebis Semdgom mas episkoposi welze
29
Semoartyamda satitule maxvils, romelsac evropaSi fustaki
ewodeboda (ala iastrebickaia, ,,XI_XIII s.s. dasavleTi evropa~
Tb., 1981 w., gv. 128). aRsaniSnavia, rom vadajvrian maxvils, romelsac
evropa fustakiT icnobda, saqarTvelos mTaSi franguls uwodebdnen.
sur. 18.sur. 18.sur. 18.sur. 18.sur. 18. evropel tamplierTa ordenis daarseba
fustelTa tradiciasTan amJRavnebs kavSirs.
amrigad, Zveli aRTqmis, Zveli egviptis, xeTebis, Zvel
berZenTa werilobiTi Zeglebi fustis samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi
tradiciis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan da damajerebel cnobebs gvawvdian.
amasTan evropel tamplierTa ordenis SeqmnaSic ikveTeba
aRmosavleTis qristianuli Sedevris, fustobis gavlena.
30
futieTi _ fustelTafutieTi _ fustelTafutieTi _ fustelTafutieTi _ fustelTafutieTi _ fustelTa
garnizoni, romelic icavdagarnizoni, romelic icavdagarnizoni, romelic icavdagarnizoni, romelic icavdagarnizoni, romelic icavda
uZvelesi kolxeTis umTavresuZvelesi kolxeTis umTavresuZvelesi kolxeTis umTavresuZvelesi kolxeTis umTavresuZvelesi kolxeTis umTavres
sakulto centrssakulto centrssakulto centrssakulto centrssakulto centrs
qristianobis Semosvlamde qarTvelTa winaprebi astraluri
religiis: mzis, mTvaris, varskvlavTa Tayvanismcemelni iyvnen.
arqeologiuri da Zveli werilobiTi wyaroebi mtkiced adastureben
Cveni winaprebis astraluri religiis mimdevrobas.
apolon rodoselis ,,argonavtika~ erT-erTi Zvirfasi wyaroa
imisa, rom im droSi kolxeTSi mzis Tayvaniscemis kulti batonobda.
(ap.rodoseli, argonavtika. Tb. 1975 w.) TviT mefe aietic mzis
qalRvTaebis futis (fasianes) Svilad iTvleboda. xolo misi
grZneuli qaliSvili medea, kolxTa umTavresi mzis anu futis
umaRlesi qurumi iyo.
astraluri religiis mTavari Tavisebureba is iyo, rom
qveynis ukiduresi aRmosavluri provincia cxaddeboda mzis RvTaebis
sameufod. amis damamtkicebel cnobas gvawvdis berZeni mogzauri
straboni, roca aRwers I saukunis warmarTul iberias. strabonis
cnobiT, iberiis mTavari sataZro olqi iyo iberiasa da albaneTs
Soris arsebuli yvelaze aRmosavluri provincia kambeCovani anu
qiziyi. (strabonis geografia. XI, IV, VIIs. yauxCiSvilis gamocema,
Tb., 1975w., gv.134-135).
mzis TayvanismcemelTa meore umTavresi kanoniT, sataZro
olqis zustad Sua nawilSi igeboda qveynis umTavresi sakulto
taZari. Tu davakvirdebiT qiziyis geografiul maxasiaTeblebs
amaSi advilad davrwmundebiT. qiziyis aRmosavleTi mijna,
31
xornabujis anu WoeTis cixea, xolo dasavluri mijna Wotoris
uReltexili. zustad am or geografiul wertilTa SemaerTebeli
monakveTis SuaSi mdebareobs bude, anu dRevandeli bodbe. aqve
unda gaviTvaliswinoT pirvel qristian moRvaweTa wesCveulebac.
isini yovelTvis cdilobdnen, pirvel rigSi eRvawaT qveynis umTavres
sakulto centrSi. Tu centrSi daangrevdnen warmarTobas,
periferiebSi is ukve iolad iZleoda. aseTi swori strategiis
gamoa, rom wminda nino bodbeSia (Zvel budeSi) gansvenebuli (iv.
SaiSmelaSvili, ,,qiziyi~ Tb., 1973w.) da ara, vTqvaT, mcxeTaSi,
romelic iyo qveynis politikuri da administraciuli centri,
romlis Sesaxebac memeatiane ambobs: ,,sadac mefeni mefoben da
RmerTni _ RmerTobeno.~
bunebrivia, msgavsi religiuri kanoniT cxovrobda aietis,
anu ,,argonavtebis~, epoqis kolxeTic. ris gamoc kolxeTis sataZro
olqi iyo Takveri, anu raWa-leCxumi, romlis Sesaxeb zemoTac
gvqonda saubari. Takveris ukiduresi aRmosavleTis geografiuli
wertilia mdinare jojoris saTaveSi mdebare mwvervali mzekara
xolo ukiduresi dasavleTisa _ cageris (cagaris) maxloblad
mdebare jonoulis saTaveSi mdebare mwvervali cekuri (svanurad:
cis kari), am or ukidures wertils Sua mdebareobs sof. futieTi
(ar dagvaviwydes, futi _ mzis qalRvTaeba da protoqarTvelTa
Zveli dasaxelebac), romlis pirdapir, xixamTis masivze, dRemde
aris SemorCenili uZvelesi mzis (futis) taZris naSTebi, romelsac
xalxi: xixamTis ,,naeklesiavs~ uwodebs. am adgils, sadac es
uZvelesi, warmarTuli mzis taZris nangrevebia, yafaric ewodeba,
yafari, sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, aRmarTuls niSnavs. (leqsikoni,
Tb., 1991w., t.II). rac Seexeba xixamTas, isic mzis TayvaniscemasTan
32
aris dakavSirebuli. sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, xirxali ewodeba
gamyof zRudes or mosazRvre obieqts Soris. am SemTxvevaSi,
mzis TayvanismcemelTa kanonikiT, cis gumbaTis aRmavali da
daRmavali kamarebis gamyofs. cis gumbaTze mzis birTvis
gadaadgilebas, mzis TayvanismcemelTa warmodgeniT, funagoria
(skarabei) axdenda, romelic jer aRma miagorebda mzis gavarvarebul
birTvs, xirxalamde, Semdeg ki _ daRma.
Zvel egvipteSi gabatonebuli mzis kosmogenuri debulebebi
kavSirs amJRavnebs raWa-leCxumis uZveles, mzis religiis
debulebebTan. Zvel egvipteSi arsebobda mzis religiis mTavari
sakulto qalaqi oni. (dabadeba 41-45,50; 46-20). germane
gobejiSvilis mier warmoebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros
raWaSi aRmoCenilia ramdenime aTeulamde egvipturdamwerlobebiani
funagorias (skarabeis) figurebi. (g. gobejiSvili, ,,arqeologiuri
gaTxrebi sabWoTaA saqarTveloSi~, Tb., 1952w., gv.104). arqeologi
g. gobejiSvili wers: ,,romeli gziT moxvda CvenSi egvipturi
nivTebi _ xmeleTis Tu sazRvao gziT? ufro safiqrebelia, rom
am ukanaskneliT~. es aRmoCenebi dakavSirebulia im soflis
dasaxelebasTan, romlis saxeli emTxveva Zvelegvipturi miwis
RmerTis Rebis saxels. dilis amomaval mzes egvi pteSi _ amoni
ewodeboda, SuadRis mzes, romelic funagorias xirxalze ahyavda
_ ra, xolo saRamos Camaval mzes _ atoni. berZnebi kolxeTis
mTebis im mkvidrebs, romelic rionis zemo dinebaSi cxovrobdnen,
amarantebadac. (amon-ra-aton) moixsenieben. (ap. rodoseli,
,,argonavtika~, Tb., 1975w., gv.91,208). aSkaraa es saxelwodeba
kavSirs amJRavnebs Zvelegvi ptur mzis Teologiur debulebasTan.
amitomac, rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, aq mdebare fu(n)tis, brinjaos
33
madniT mdidar kolxTa sataZro olqs, egvi ptelebi ,,RmerTebis
qveyanasac~ uwodeben. argonavtebis epoqis kolxeTSi mzis mTavari
sakulto centris arsebobas xixamTis masivze da mis maxloblad
sof. futieTis arsebobas mzis TayvanismcemelTa Teologiuri
kanonebi gansazRvravs. mzis TayvanismcemelTa es Teologiuri
debulebebi onis qurumTa mier iqmneboda da maTi usityvod
miReba mzis anu futis RvTaebis TayvanismcemelTa mier aucilebeli
iyo. rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, berZnebis mier ,,oqros sawmisis~
motaceba swored xixamTa-futieTis mzis umTavresi taZridan
moxda. is tavrebi, romlebic berZnul werilobiT wyaroebSi arian
moxsenebuli, warmoadgenen fustelebs, romlebic am sakulto
centrSi, futieTSi saxlobdnen da warmoadgendnen garnizons,
romelsac kolxTa am mTavari sakulto centris dacva evaleboda.
berZnul wyaroebSi kolxTa sulier dedaqalaqad ixseneba si-
bari-si. xixamTis mzis taZris naSTebi amJamad mdebareobs futieTTan
teritoriulad yvelaze ufro axlo mdebare sofelTan, romelsac
bari ewodeba. sityva bari, sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, mzis uSreti
energiis aRmniSvnelia da ara geografiuli terminia barisa, amasve
gamoxatavs sityva baraqa, rac uSret energias, anu ulev sikeTes
ukavSirdeba. mze ki, mzis TayvanismcemelTa warmodgeniT, swored
rom, uSreti da ulevi, baraqiani energiis gansaxiereba iyo.
amgvarad, dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis Teogeografiuli
toponimebi xixamTa, futieTi, bari, mravalZali, warmoadgens uZvelesi,
argonavtebis droindel kolxeTis mzis religis sakulto centrs,
saidanac argovantebma moitaces ,,oqros sawmisi~, anu brinjaos
teqnologiis codnis wigni. efuti, futieTi, fu(s)tieTi ki is
dasaxlebuli punqtia, romelsac am sakulto taZris RamiT samxedro
dacva evaleboda, anu sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT rom vTqvaT, talebis
Tu tavrebis funqcias asrulebda.
34
bavrayi _ fustis raindTabavrayi _ fustis raindTabavrayi _ fustis raindTabavrayi _ fustis raindTabavrayi _ fustis raindTa
sawinamZRvro droSebisawinamZRvro droSebisawinamZRvro droSebisawinamZRvro droSebisawinamZRvro droSebi
rogorc cnobilia, Zveli msoflios xalxebi droSebs da
emblemebs uZvelesi droidan iyenebdnen. Zveli aRTqmidan (ricxvni,
2-34) cnobilia droSebis arsebobis faqtebi. Zvel xalxebSi
droSa udidesi pativiscemiT sargeblobda da RvTaebriobis
matarebeli iyo. magaliTad, Zveli egvi ptelebi RmerTs droSis
saxis ieroglifiT aRniSnavdnen.
warsulSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebs qristianobasTan
sxvadasxva damokidebuleba hqondaT. samwuxarod, gabatonebuli
iyo azri, rom mTa qristianobis moZule da uarmyofeli iyo.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis es maxasiaTebeli zogad
formulad Camoyalibda mecnierul azrovnebaSic, ris gamoc es
mcdari Sexeduleba kolxeTis didi kavkasionis Teogeografiul
arealizec gavrcelda. arada, am zonaSi mdebare saqarTvelos
yvelaze maRalmTiani kuTxe, svaneTi iyo is mxare, romelmac
pirvelive saukunidan gaicno qristianoba, mtkiced Seisisxlxorca
igi da bolomde misi erTguli darCa. rusuli imperiis batonobis
dros, oraswlovani sulieri genocidis pirobebSi mxolod svaneTma
gadaarCina erovnuli marTlmadidebluri Rirebulebebi da
cnobiereba.
amitom svanuri qristianuli fenomenis Seswavlas da
gamomzeurebas dRes fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebriobis sulieri sikvdilis mdgomareobidan gamoyvanis
saqmeSi.
fustel raindTa umTavresi sabrZolo-sawinamZRvro droSa
,,lemi~ inaxeboda zemo svaneTSi, mestiis Temis sofel setis
wminda giorgis eklesiaSi. mis grZel tars Camocmuli hqonda
oqroTi movarayebuli vercxlis Subi. Subis erT mxares TaviT
fexebamde gamosaxulia latalis wminda iona da uRviris
35
mTavarangelozi, xolo meore mxares _ TaviT fexebamde setis
wminda didmowame giorgi. amasTanave masze aris cxrametstriqoniani
asomTavruli warwera, romelSic moxsenebulia ,,lemi~ da ,,bednieri
svaneTis erToblivi xevi~. TviTon droSa Sekerilia yviTeli
(Calisferi) abreSumis qsovilisagan, misi forma zoomorfulia,
cxovelis saerTo sigrZe, kudis CaTvliT, 2 metri da 24 santimetria.
Tavze dakerebuli aqvs yurebi, Sublze vercxlisferi ori jvari,
aseTive jvrebi aqvs torebzec. piri, yba, kbilebi da ena vercxlisgan
iyo damzadebuli. piri daRebuli hqonda da Sig Casmuli iyo
vercxlis wiTlad SeRebili ena da kbilebi. roca droSa uZravadaa,
igi bunze uformo naWrad kidia, moZraobis dros ki haeriT ivseba,
ibereba da lomis moyvanilobas iRebs. gadmocemiT irkveva, rom
Zvelad droSa ise iyo mowyobili, rom moZraobisa da qaris
dabervis Sedegad lomi Rrialis xmasac gamoscemda. es
SesaZlebelia, vinaidan romaeli istorikosis, arianes (II saukune)
cnobiT, skviTebsac hqoniaT iseTi droSebi, romlebic frialis
dros xmebs gamoscemdnen, riTac mowinaaRmdeges Tavzars scemdnen
da cxenebs ufrTxobdnen.
mkvlevarebis nawili miiCnevs, rom amgvari droSa
barbarosebisagan gadmoiRes svanebma, kerZod CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
mcxovrebi sarmatebisagan. (salome gurCiani, gaz. ,,svaneTi~, #4(12)-
1998w., gv.4, ,,lom~-svanTa zoomorfuli droSa~). droSis dafuZnebis
aseTi versia gulubryviloa. droSa iyo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobis gamovlineba da
ase martivi mibaZviT misi gadmoReba ar xdeboda, miT umetes, rom
,,lemi~ gajerebulia qristianuli niuansebiT, rac CrdiloeT
kavkasiidan mis Semotanas gamoricxavs. aq isic aris gasaTvalis-
winebeli, rom Zvel droSi, emblemebis Seqmnas safuZvlad yovelTvis
mtkice sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsi edo. amgvar mcdar mosazrebas
ganapirobebs kidev erTi samwuxaro faqti, romelic zemoT vaxseneT:
vinaidan svanebi mTis xalxia, isinic sxva mTielebis msgavsad
36
aucileblad warmarTebi unda iyvnen da ar iTvaliswineben swored
yvelaze niSandoblivs _ svanur qristianul fenomens.
bibliis teqstebidan cnobilia, rom israelis erT-erT Stos,
beniaminelebs, cisferi lomis gamosaxulebiani droSa hqondaT.
lomis gamosaxulebiani droSebi xSiri iyo sxvadasxva xalxebSi,
maT Soris evropaSic. am SemTxvevaSi Cven unda gaviTvaliswinoT
qarTvelTa gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba sarwmunoebis mimarT.
prokofi kesareli jer kidev VI saukuneSi werda: ,,CemTvis cnobil
erTa Soris yvelaze erTguli qristianebi iberielebi ariano~.
droSa ,,lemis~, anu lomis, warmoSobis umTavres safuZvlad
unda vivaraudoT is istoriuli funqcia, romelic dasavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTs qarTuli erTiani saxelmwifos winaSe hqonda
fustobis saxiT, rac mdgomareobda gareSe mtris Semosevis dros
saeklesio-samonastro kompleqsebis dacvaSi. amis gamo raWa-
leCxum-svaneTi unda ganvixiloT rogorc fustelTa Teogeog-
rafiuli areali da sarwmunoebrivi kulturis didi erovnuli
muzeumi.
sur. 19. sur. 19. sur. 19. sur. 19. sur. 19. droSa ,,lemi~ qristian fustelTa
sawinamZRvro bavrayi.
37
unda aRvniSnoT, rom lomi, rogorc cnobilia, qristianul
msoflmxedvelobaSi Semdegi datvirTvis matarebeli iyo: rogorc
arqimandrit rafaelis (karelini) erT-erT qadagebaSi vkiTxulobT,
ierusalimSi idga samsxverplo, romelsac ,,mogizgize loms~, anu
arils ,,RvTis loms~, uwodebdnen. am saxeliT winaswarmetyvelebi
xSirad ixseneben ierusalims, romlis emblema lomi iyo. rogorc
vxedavT, ierusalimis RvTis mTavar samsxverplos arili, anu
,,RvTis lomi~, ewodeboda. amasTan TviT wminda qalaqis emblemac
lomia. Zvel wyaroebSi moixsenieba arian-qarTli, zogi am termins
sparseTis Zvel saxelTan akavSirebs, e.i. sparseTis _ saqarTveloTi
xsnian. magram, Tu gavixsenebT zemoT moyvanil prokofi kesarielis
sityvebs da qarTvelTa qristianuli rwmenisadmi erTgulebas, aq
ufro ,,RvTis lomi _ saqarTvelo~ unda igulisxmebodes da ara
sparseTis _ saqarTvelo. Tu asea, saqarTvelos sxva dampyrobnic
axsovs da ratom ar icnobs istoria aseT terminebs: selCukTa-
saqarTvelo, monRolTa-saqarTvelo, rusTa saqarTvelo da sxva.
aq qarTveli eris oraswlovani sulieri genocidis mavne gavlenac
unda davinaxoT. unda gavixsenoT, rom TviT qristec lomis
saxiT aris warmodgenili ,,gamocxadebaSi~: ,,nu stiri, gaimarjva
lomma, iudas tomidan, daviTis fesvidan, raTa gaixsnas wigni da
misi Svidi beWedi~ (gamocxadeba 5-5).
fustelTa Teogeografiuli zonis umTavres karibWes
warmoadgenda, istoriuli fu(s)tas cixe, mogvianebiT kiriescixe
anu kvaracixe. am cixis mTavar koSks ,,lomis koSki~ ewodeboda.
fustis raindTa gadaadgilebis da bazirebis obieqtebi
saqarTvelos teritoriis sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi dRes kidev SemorCa.
magaliTad, fuTi-ilemi imereTSi, ,,lomis karielis~ wm. giorgis
mTa guriaSi, ,,ilma jvari~ kaxeTSi ierusalimis metoqe sofelSi
_ kisisxevSi da sxva. Tu gaviazrebT fu(s)telTa funqcias da
damsaxurebas qarTuli eklesiis winaSe, sulac ar aris sakvirveli,
rom ,,lemis~ arsSi zemoT ukve aRniSnuli ,,RvTis lomis~ simbolika
38
davinaxoT. aq igulisxmeba RvTisadmi, anu qristianobisadmi, lomiviT
Zlieri erTgulebis gamoxatva. miT umetes, rom ,,lems~ sxeulze
amoqarguli aqvs jvrebi, rac mis udavo qristianul simbolikas
asaxavs es droSa wm. giorgis taZarSi iyo dabrZanebuli da misi
taZris bunikic qristiani wmindanebiTa da saTanado qristianuli
teqstebiT aris Semkuli. droSa ,,lemi~ warmoadgens qristian-
meomar raindTa TavdroSas, anu bavrays, misi warmoSobac da
funqciac Zirfesvianad aris dakavSirebuli fustelTa
Teogeografiul funqciasTan. dRes Cvens azrovnebas uWirs Tavi
daaRwios oraswlovani sulieri genocidis mavne fsiqologiur
gavlenas. amis gamo xSirad WeSmarit Rirebulebas saTanadod
veRar aRviqvamT. ,,ise ki nu ganvsjiT, rogorc geCvenebaT, aramed
marTali msjavriT gansajeT~, gvaswavlis wminda werili.
dasadgenia, Tu ra droidan gaxda ,,lemi~ fustis raindTa
sawinamZRvro bavrayi (droSa)? rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT
fu(s)tobis tradicias Zalian Zveli fesvebi aqvs. is TiTqmis
religiis dabadebasTan erTad gaCenili Cans. is Tavis funqcias
qristianobis damkvidrebamde didi xniT adre asrulebda. (magaliTad,
ras akeTebda is argonavtebis epoqaSi, amasac zemoT SevexeT).
ivane javaxiSvili qarTvelebis winaprebs warmarTobidanve erTiani
religiuri mrwamsis matarebel xalxad miiCnevda. bunebrivia, erTiani
warmarTuli mrwamsis mqone qarTvelebSic, arsebobda sakulto
taZrebis mtrisgan dacvis aucilebloba, rasac rogorc tavrebis
istoriidan davinaxeT, kidevac asrulebdnen fustis raindebi. aq
ibadeba meore kiTxvac: ra droidan iwyeba fustelTa qristianuli
Rvawli da rodis Sewyda maT mier warmarTuli taZrebis dacva?
e.i. gvainteresebs, rodis gaxda da rodidan dafuZnda qristianuli
sawinamZRvro bavrayi (droSa) ,,lemi~? aseve gasarkvevia, ra emblema,
anu droSa, hqondaT fustel raindebs qristianobamde? am rTul
kiTxvebze pasuxi isev svaneTis sinamdvileSi unda vipovoT. cnoilia
meore svanuri droSa, lurji feris, romelzec mwvane mTebis
39
fonze TeTri daTvia gamosaxuli. es svaneTSi qristianobamde
arsebuli fustelTa droSa unda iyos. TeTri daTvi mTvaris
warmarTuli RvTaebis, suvenis _ sinis, totema Cans. daTvi rom
mTvaris totemaa, amis mtkicebis safuZvels gvaZlevs is, rom
svanurSi da megrulSi daTvi mTvare da orSabaTi, romelic mTvaris
dRed iTvleba, saerTo fuZis mqone sityvebiT gamoiTqmis. svanurad:
daTvi _ daSTv, mTvare _ doST, orSabaTi _ doSTiS; megrulad:
daTvi _ TunTi, mTvare _ TuTa, orSabaTi _ TuTaSxa. ase rom,
fustelTa winare qristianul droSaze Cven gvaqvs mTvaris
warmarTuli kultis simbolika, romlis damajerebel arsebobasac
warmarTul samyaroSi xazs usvams ivane javaxiSvilic
(iv.javaxiSvili, ,,qarTveli eris istoria~, t.I., 1960w., gv.50-52).
Tumca momavlis saqmea imis garkveva, rodis moxda mTvaris RvTaebis,
suvenis, mzis RvTaebaze win dayeneba, radgan rogorc zemoT arvniSneT,
argonavtebis epoqaSi upiratesi mzis kultia.
sur 20. sur 20. sur 20. sur 20. sur 20. warmarT fustelTa sawinamZRvro
bavrayi ,,daSTv~.
40
rac Seexeba qristianobas, dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba
mas I saukunidan icnobs wminda andria pirvelwodebulis
moRvaweobis wyalobiT. (,,georgika~, t.IV, Tb., 1941w., gv.38,57),
magram gasarkvevia, rodis moxda qristianobis oficialur religiad
aRiareba fustelTa Teogeografiul mxareSi, saqarTveloSi vaxtang
gorgaslis moRvaweobam Zireulad gardaqmna da ganamtkica saero
da sasuliero struqturebi. am didma reformatorma mefem Seqmna
damoukidebeli qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis struqtura,
daaarsa saepiskoposoebi. aseT viTarebaSi bunebrivia, dadgeboda
im droisaTvis yvelaze ufro strategiuli obieqtebis, qristianuli
taZrebis samxedro dacvis sakiTxic. safiqrebelia, rom swored
vaxtang gorgaslis dros unda momxdariyo fustelTa Zveli
warmarTuli droSis Canacvleba qristianuli ,,lemiT~. im epoqis
zogierT taZarSi dRemde Semonaxulia daTvis gamosaxulebiani
simbolika fustelTa Teogeografiul mxareSi, magaliTad, zemo
krixis eklesiis kankelze da raWis agaris wm. giorgis eklesiis
trapezis qvis sayrdenze. mZlavri saxelmwifo da religiuri
reformebis wyalobiT warmarT fustelTa funqcia Seicvala
qristian fustelTa funqciiT, rasac Tan sdevs fustelTa
sawinamZRvro droSis Secvlac. mTavris warmarT TayvanismcemelTa
droSas enacvleba qristianuli simbolikiT datvirTuli ,,lemis~
droSa. amgvarad, qristesi da ierusalimis simbolo _ lomi,
xdeba fustel raindTa droSa. SesaZloa, fustelTa Teogeografiul
mxareSi qristianoba oficialuri religia yofiliyo ufro adrec,
magaliTad, wminda ninos Semosvlamde. vinaidan, mTels dasavleT
saqarTveloSi, sofel sxvavaSi, sadac mdebareobs istoriuli
fustascixe anu momdevno xnis kvaracixe arsebobs wminda ninos
41
taZris naSTebi. magram mainc xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom ZiriTadi
reformebi qristianul cxovrebaSi mainc vaxtang gorgaslis dros
moxda.
fustelTa Teogeografiuli regioni, romelic dasavleT
saqarTvelos didi kavkasionis mTianeTs moicavs, istoriulad
yovelTvis svanebiT dasaxlebul teritorias warmoadgenda. es
regioni warmarTobidan moyolebuli da Semdgom qristianobis
epoqaSi wamyvan funqcias asrulebda religiuri obieqtebis dacvaSi.
erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos periodidan sagulisxmoa erTi
istoriuli faqti, romelic Seiswavla da gamoamzeura mecnierma,
istorikosma, profesorma geronti gasvianma. arsebobs Zveli sabuTi,
romlis mixedviTac droSa ,,lemis~ mepatroned, anu ,,melomed~,
dasaxelebulia bendan vaxtangiani. rogorc am sabuTiT irkveva,
mas ,,melomed~ arCeva sagvareulo memkvidreobiT hrgebia. gvari
vaxtangianis geneziss udavod mivyavarT vaxtang gorgasalTan.
cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo droSas ,,vaxtangians~
da ,,gorgaslians~ uwodeben. sagulisxmoa vaxtang gorgasalze
xalxSi dRemde Semonaxuli Tqmuleba:
,,vaxtang mefe RmerTs uyvarda,
cidan Semoesma reka,
myinvarwverze fexi Sedga,
ialbuzma iwyo dreka~.
mTaTa momdrek mefes, qristianuli avtokefaluri eklesiis
damfuZnebelsa da eklesiuri da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis
did reformators unda ukavSirdebodes fustis warmarTuli
samxedro ordenis qristianul poziciaze gadayvana. swored mis
dros unda momxdariyo daTvis gamosaxulebiani warmarTuli droSis
42
,,lemis~ qristianuli droSiT Secvla. amasve amtkicebs profesor
geronti gasvianis gamokvlevebic, romelTa Tanaxmad, ,,melomeoba~,
anu ,,lemis~ medroSeoba, svanuri dokumenturi wyaroebiT,
vaxtangianTa gvaris memkvidreobiTi kuTvnileba yofila. vaxtang
gorgaslis mefobis periods unda davukavSiroT fustis, anu
sameba-suliwmindis mofenis, marTlmadidebluri taZrebis aSeneba,
Zveli warmarTuli umaRlesi RvTaebis _ fustis (mzis) taZrebis
fuZeze. e.i. fustobis warmarTulidan qristianul funqciaze
gadasvlis periodad unda miviCnioT V saukunis meore naxevari,
mefe vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis xana. miT umetes, rom vaxtang
gorgaslis cxovrebis aRweraSi aRniSnulia misi Zlevamosili
laSqroba dasavleT saqarTveloSic da yvela cixis dapyroba.
juanSeris mier vaxtangis xelqveiT erisTavTa CamoTvlisas egrisis
garda dasaxelebuli arian fustelTa Teogeografiul kuTxeSi
Semavali svaneTisa da Takveris (raWa-leCxumis) erisTavebic.
amis safuZvelze SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom vaxtang gorgasals
mtkiced hqonda fexi mokidebuli dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSic
da misi saeklesio Tu saxelmwifo reformebi am mxareSic iseve
mtkiced gatardeboda, rogorc yvelgan.
43
fustelTa samxedrofustelTa samxedrofustelTa samxedrofustelTa samxedrofustelTa samxedro-----organizaciuliorganizaciuliorganizaciuliorganizaciuliorganizaciuli
sistmis moSla erTiani qarTuli sa-sistmis moSla erTiani qarTuli sa-sistmis moSla erTiani qarTuli sa-sistmis moSla erTiani qarTuli sa-sistmis moSla erTiani qarTuli sa-
xelmwifos darRvevis gamo _ 1503 wlisxelmwifos darRvevis gamo _ 1503 wlisxelmwifos darRvevis gamo _ 1503 wlisxelmwifos darRvevis gamo _ 1503 wlisxelmwifos darRvevis gamo _ 1503 wlis
imerTa mefis aleqsandre IIimerTa mefis aleqsandre IIimerTa mefis aleqsandre IIimerTa mefis aleqsandre IIimerTa mefis aleqsandre II
,,sasisxlo sigeli~,,sasisxlo sigeli~,,sasisxlo sigeli~,,sasisxlo sigeli~,,sasisxlo sigeli~
,,did arian saqmeni RmrTisani, gamosaZiebel
arian yovelsa Sina nebani misni.~
/fsalmuni daviTisa 110_2/
fustebis kulturuli memkvidreobis SeswavlisaTvis
mniSvnelovania erTi istoriuli sabuTi, es aris imerTa mefis
aleqsandre II 1503 wlis sigeli.
qarTuli istoriografia am sabuTs icnobs meore saxeliTac
,,svanTa da feodal jafariZeTa sasisxlo sigeli~. es sabuTi
mari broses aRmoCenilad iTvleba da Semdeg garemoebebs asaxavs:
raWis feodalebs jafariZeebs, mkacr blokadaSi mouqceviaT svanebi,
rasac svanebsa da jafariZeebs Soris dausrulebeli SfoTi da
sisxlis Rvra gamouwvevia. amas mohyolia jafariZeTa mkvlelobac.
(s.kakabaZe, ,,svanebi XV saukuneSi~. ,,aRwerilobani da masalebi
saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis~ wigni I, 1914 w., gv. 126-131). mecnierTa
nawilma es SemTxveva SecdomiT daukavSira saqarTvelos mefes
aleqsandre dids. amis gamo, am sigelis gacemis TariRad didxans
mcdarad 1432 weli miaCndaT. es Secdoma Semdgom iv. javaxiSvilma
aRmoaCina da daadgina, rom es sabuTi ukavSirdeba imerTa mefes
aleqsandre II, romelic 1484-1510 wlebSi mefobda. amasTan sabuTis
gacemis TariRic dazustda da 1503 wliT daTariRda. am sabuTidan
irkveva, rom aleqsandres samefo karis SuamdgomlobiT svanebs
jafariZeTaTvis sisxlis safasurad gadauciaT cxeniswylis xeobis
zemo welis teritoria (laSxeTi) da rionis zemo welis
teritoria, romelic moicavs dRevandeli raWis soflebs Rebs,
Wiorasa da glolas.
44
sur 21. sur 21. sur 21. sur 21. sur 21. aseTi tipis cixe-saxls raWaSi duroianisaxli ewodeba. 1930-ian wlebSi sof. RebSi aseTi
tipis 50-mde nageboba aRricxa cnobilma eTnografma
sergi makalaTiam.
samwuxarod, dRemde am tragikuli movlenis mecnieruli
kvlevisas, ar iTvaliswineben imdroindel sagareo movlenebs, ris
Sedegadac am istoriuli movlenis Sesaxeb mcdari daskvnebia
gamotanili. am garemoebam damangrevlad imoqmeda fustelTa mrval-
aTaswlovan samxedro-organizaciul da saxelmwifoebriv sistemaze.
dRemde ucnobi am unikaluri samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi kulturuli
memkvidreobis srulyofilad SeswavlisaTvis saWiroa obieqturi
saRvTismetyvelo da mecnieruli gamokvleva. oraswlovani sulieri
genocidis Sedegebis aRmofxvra dRevandeli damoukidebeli da
demokratiuli saxelmwifos aRmSeneblobis sasicocxlo interesebs
warmoadgens. amitom piruTvneli istoria unda gaxdes swori
gzis maCvenebeli yoveli movlenis axsnis dros.
45
am istoriis dokumentis gaanalizebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT
is garemoebebi, romlebSic aRmoCnda saqarTvelo XV saukuneSi.
am periodSi daemxo bizantiis imperia, aRmoCenil iqna amerika,
ramac evropas interesi daukarga aRmosavleTis mimarT. aRmosavleT
qristianobis ukiduresi bastioni _ saqarTvelo, martodmarto
darCa mahmadianur garemocvaSi. XV saukuneSi mZlavri gareSe
Zalebis gavleniT samefo-samTavroebad daSlili saqarTvelo
mahmadianuri garemocvis mtkice alyaSi aRmoCnda: samxreTidan
irani da TurqeTi, CrdiloeTidan maTi mokavSireebi saSamxlo da
yirimis saxano. Sav zRvas erTpirovnulad akontrolebda TurqeTi.
yovelive aman saqarTvelos evropasTan yovelgvari kavSiris
saSualeba mouspo. gare samyarosgan izolaciaSi myofi saqarTvelos
erTaderT imeds kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeTSi yabardo anu
CerqezeTi warmoadgenda, romelic dasavleTidan yirimis saxanos,
xolo aRmosavleTidan saSamxlos marwuxebSi iyo moqceuli.
saerTo mtris garemocvaSi myofi qarTveli da yabardoeli
xelisufalni gamosavals am droisTvis sakmaod momZlavrebul
ruseTis saxelmwifoSi xedavdnen. ruseTis gaZlierebuli
saxelmwifo am periodSi Tergze cixes agebs da yabardos uSualo
mosazRvre xdeba. alyaSi myof saqarTvelos uCndeba misi garRvevis
Sansi yabardos gavliT. yabardo pirveli iyo kavkasieli xalxebidan,
vinc im epoqaSi ruseTTan SeerTebis aqti gaaforma. saqarTvelos
daqucmacebuli samefo-samTavroebis xelisufalni aqtiur kavSirs
amyareben yabardosTan, rogorc gare samyarosTan kavSiris erTaderT
saSualebasTan. yabardos anu CerqezeTis uSualo qarTulma
mezobelma, svaneTma, uaRresad mniSvnelovani strategiuli funqcia
SeiZina. rogorc 1503 wlis ,,sasisxlo sigelidanac~ kargad Cans,
svanebi mWidro urTierTobaSi arian kaxeTis samefosTan. (s.
makalaTia, ,,mTis raWa~, Tb., 1978w.) daqucmacebuli saqarTvelos
samefo-samTavroebs Soris kaxeTis samefo yvelaze dawinaurebuli
iyo rogorc ekonomikurad, ise politikurad. kaxeTis samefo
46
pirveli iyo saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebs Soris, romelmac
oficialuri di plomatiuri urTierToba daamyara ruseTis
saxelmwifosTan. 1483 wels moskovSi Cavida kaxeTis mefis
aleqsandre I elCoba, romelSic Sediodnen narimani, damiane da
Saqeli xozemarumi. 1492 wels moskovs ewvia kaxeTis samefos
meore elCoba. XVI saukuneSi kaxeTsa da saSamxlos Soris
arsebulma daZabulma viTarebam kaxeTis mefe levani aiZula
dakavSireboda Samxalis mowinaaRmdege yabardos, anu CerqezeTs.
urTierTobis gasamtkiceblad man colad moiyvana yabardos mTavris
qaliSvili. XVI saukuneSi man aRadgina politikuri kavSirebi
ruseTTan. kaxeTis ganapira cixeebSi Cayenebul iqna rus meTofeTa
razmebi, magram iranisa da osmaleTis zewoliT es jari
1572 wels ruseTma ukan gaiwvia. saSamxlosTan gamwvavebuli
urTierTobis gamo kaxeTs gza gadaeketa Tergisa da astraxanis
mimarTulebiT. 1585 wels kaxeTSi Camovida ruseTis elCi rusin
danilovi. sapasuxod kaxeTidan gaigzavna elCoba ioakime mRvdlis
meTaurobiT, romelic kaxeTis samefos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi
miRebas iTxovda. amas mohyva rusTa elCobis Camosvla rodion
birkinis meTaurobiT. 1587 wlis 28 seqtembers xeli moewera
,,ficis wigns~, romliTac kaxeTis samefom ruseTis qveSevrdomad
aRiara Tavi, xolo ruseTma ikisra kaxeTis dacva yvela gareSe
mtrisagan. am faqtma ufro gaaZliera iran-osmaleTisa da maTi
mokavSire CrdiloeT kavkasielebis saaalyo marwuxebi saqarTveloze.
aseT viTarebaSi gasagebia, ra mniSvneloba mieniWa yabardosa da
mis mosazRvre svaneTs gare samyarosTan urTierTobaSi.
saqarTvelos yvela samefo-samTavro cdilobda imereTis samefos
kuTvnil yabardoSi gadasasvlel am karibWeze Tavisi gavlenis
mopovebas. rogorc am sigelidan irkveva, svaneTs yvelaze mWidro
urTierToba kaxeTis samefosTan hqonda. ramac imereTis samefo
karis savsebiT samarTliani guliswyroma gamoiwvia. Tavisufali
svaneTi imereTis samefo karis interesebis gauTvaliswineblad,
47
iyenebda Seqmnil mdgomareobas, rac 1503 wlis ,,sasisxlo
sigelidanac~ naTlad gamosWvivis, romelSic aRwerilia svaneTsa
da kaxeTs Soris mWidro urTierToba. es diplomatiuri Secdoma
iyo, romelmac sabolood gaamwvava urTierToba Tavisufal svaneTsa
da imereTis kars Soris.
imereTis mefe aleqsandre II romlis samefoSic Sedioda
svaneTi, Tavis uerTgules da upirveles moxeleebs, raWa-leCxumis
feodalebs jafariZeebs, farulad uWerda mxars svanTa blokadaSi.
am dapirispirebis mTavar mizezad dRemde mcdarad miCneulia
jafariZeTa feodalur-teritoriuli ambiciebi. gavixsenoT nugzar
aragvis erisTavis istoria. mefe Teimurazma Tavis siZes sicocxlis
fasad dausva fSav-xevsureTis dapatronebis survili. aleqsandre
mefis uerTgulesi vazirebi, jafariZeebi, am aqcias misive faruli
mxardaWeriT axorcielebdnen. bunebrivia, mefe aleqsandre
ukmayofilo iqneboda, rom misi samefos qveSevrdomni, svanebi, mas
angariSs ar uwevdnen da misgan damoukideblad urTierTobas
amyarebdnen sxva samefo-samTavrosTan, anu mis kontrols ar
eqvemdebareboda misi qveSevrdomi, saqarTvelos gare samyarosTan
damakavSirebeli erTaderTi da umTavresi sagzao arteria, romelic
rion-cxeniswylis saTaveebsa da kavkasionis qedis gadasasvlelebs
moicavda. am garemoebiT unda aixsnas konfliqtis warmoSobis
umTavresi mizezi. aleqsandre mefe, am Svidwliani konfliqtis
faruli Tanamzraxveli, TviTonve gvevlineba mTavar mosamarTle-
momrigeblad da saqmesac ise warmarTavs, rogorc sakuTari
interesebi karnaxobs. am movlenis gaSuqebas meore Secdomac
axlavs. mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom mosaxleoba, romelic iq
saxlobda 1503 wlis ,,sasisxlo sigelis~ dadebis Semdeg aiyara
da svaneTSi gadasaxlda, rac zerele mecnieruli kvleviT
gamowveuli uzustobaa an ganzrax sicrue, romlis mizania
fustelTa uZvelesi samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi kulturis dafarva-
tabuireba. unda vivaraudoT, rom es yovelive erovnul
48
saxelmwifoebrivi sulis, arakeTilmosurne farul ZalTa
interesebSi unda yofiliyo, radgan am istoriuli procesebis
swori mecnieruli interpretaciisTvis saWiro masalebi rTuli
misakvlevi ar iyo. mecnierulad dadasturebulia, rom svaneTSi
am dros miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis ganviTarebis gamo Tavisufali
miwebi aRar iyo (g. jalabaZe, ,,memindvreoba svaneTSi~, Tb., 1970w.).
aseT viTarebaSi miuRebelia imis mtkiceba, rom svaneTi aseTi
didi raodenobis damatebiT mosaxleobas Seikedlebda rion-
cxeniswylis zemo welidan. garda amisa, ,,sasisxlo sigelis~
Tanaxmad, es mosaxleoba jafariZeTa xelSi gadadioda, ase rom
maTi iqidan TviTneburi ayra da umiwawylo ltolvilobaSi
gadasaxleba gamoricxulad unda CaiTvalos. amas ar dauSvebda
ara marto imdroindeli feodaluri, aramed saxalxo samarTalic
ki. am uaRresad mniSvnelovani strategiuli gadasasvlelebis
myarad Semomtkicebis mizniT imereTis samefo kari am
teritoriebidan, rogorc Cans, deportacias ukeTebs adgilobriv
svanur mosaxleobas qvemo raWaSi da leCxumSi da maT magivrad
asaxlebs Tavis erTgul, ufro saimedo mosaxleobas. aqve isic
unda aRiniSnos, rom XV saukuneSi saqarTvelom dakarga teritoriis
erTi mesamedi samxreT saqarTvelos saxiT, romelic qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis da kulturis fundamenturi kera iyo. es
teritoria TurqTa xelSi gadavida. iqidan ltolvili qarTuli
mosaxleoba moawyda saqarTvelos Siga regionebs da maT Soris
raWa-leCxumsac. aseT pirobebSi imereTis samefo karis, rion-
cxeniswylis xeobaSi Sesasaxlebeli erTguli mosaxleobis
problema, TavisTavad cxadia, ar eqneboda. sainteresoa, rom imereTis
samefoSi Semavali Tavisufali svaneTis teritoria garkveul
periodSi niqozis saepiskoposos ekuTvnoda. ram gamoiwvia gelaTis
sakaTalikoso taxtis iurisdiqciis SeWra mcxeTis sakaTalikosoSi?
erTi ram cxadia, iq moxvda ltolvili an sxva mosaxleoba,
romelic mcxeTis sakaTalikosos samwyso iyo. garda amisa, rogorc
49
davinaxeT, qarTl-kaxeTis mefeTa interesebSic Sedis gare
samyarosTan erTaderT damakavSirebel teritoriaze gavlenis
mopoveba. rogorc Cans, isinic cdilobdnen iq fexis mokidebas,
rasac asabuTebs 1503 wlis sigelSi iseTi aznauriSvilebis
moxseneba TavianTi mravalricxovani ymebiT, rogorebic arian
xoxagiZe, areSiZe, gagaSvili da sxv. svanebis diplomatiurma
Secdomam, sxva samefo-samTavroTa mcdelobam, TavianTi gavlenis
qveS moeqciaT imereTis samefoSi Semavali Tavisufali svaneTis
strategiuli mniSvnelobis karibWis teritoria, imereTis samefo
kari, savsebiT logikurad, iZulebuli gaxada, moemoqmedebina is,
rac kargad aris asaxuli 1503 wlis imerTa mefis aleqsandre II
mier gacemul “svanTa da jafariZeTa sasisxlo sigelSi” asaxuli.
XV saukuneSi saerTo qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlam gaaZliera
feodaluri Sida dapirispirebani, rasac ewireboda saerTo qarTuli
saxelmwifos sasicocxlo interesebi. mefe mTavarTa separatistul-
feodaluri ambiciebi ulmoblad angrevda saerTo saxelmwi-
foebriobis arsebobisaTvis saWiro erovnul Rirebulebebs. rTuli
sagareo pirobebiT gamowveulma Sida socialur-politikurma
rRvevam saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis damcveli fustobis
samxedro-sarwmunoebriv mravalsaukunovan organizaciul sistemas
Seutia da moSala. XV saukunidan fustis saidumlo samxedro-
organizaciuli sistema, romelic saqarTveloSi da mis sazRvrebs
gareT mdebare eklesia-monastrebis damcveli iyo, am funqcias
eTiSeba. am tradiciis centrSi mdgomi svaneTi ara marto kargavs
am saxelmwifoebriv-saeklesio funqcias, aramed eqspansiis
msxverplic xdeba, riTac mniSvnelovnad zaraldeba fustobis
mravalaTaswlovani erovnuli da kulturuli memkvidreoba. am
periodidan SeiniSneba calkeul samefo-samTavroebSi avtonomiuri
fustobas mimsgavsebuli sistemebis Seqmnis mcdeloba, rac Tavisi
winamorbedis aCrdilsac ar warmoadgenen. am istoriulma procesebma
ganapiroba is, rom svanurma yofam dRemde moitana fustobis
50
Sinaarsi, magram misi daniSnuleba mexsierebaSi TandaTan Sesustda.
samagierod raWaSi, sofelma futieTma, romelic am tradiciis
erT-erTi mTavari forposti iyo, eTnografiul mexsierebaSi mkafiod
Semoinaxa fustobis daniSnuleba, magram miiviwya Sinaarsi. am
mniSvnelovani erovnuli da kulturuli Rirebulebebis
srulyofilad aRdgena swored futieTisa da svaneTis
saRvTismetyvelo eTnografiuli sinTeziT xdeba SesaZlebeli. es
naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs erisa da zogadad
xalxTa konsolidaciisaTvis warsulis kulturuli memkvidreobis
swor gacnobierebas. 1503 wlis `sasisxlo sigelis~ dadebis
Semdgom sadavo teritoriidan deportirebuli giorgobianebis
gvaris moxvedram sofel futieTSi ganapiroba is, rom fustobis
daniSnulebis maxsovroba raWaSi ufro sicocxlisunariani
aRmoCnda, vidre, vTqvaT, svaneTSi. gelaTis monastris 1578 wlis
erTi sabuTi, romelic sakaTalikoso Rirsebis mqone saeklesio
sofel futieTs exeba, mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens fustelTa
istoriasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis gasarkvevad, romlebic
ganviTarda erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis Semdgom. vinaidan
es ordeni ̀ graalis mcvelTa~ samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi saidumlo
organizacia iyo, masze dokumenturi werilobiTi wyaroebi arc
SeiZleboda Seqmniliyo. am movlenis kvlevisas gvmarTebs Rrmad
dakvirveba, istoriul wyaroebSi asaxuli movlenis namdvili,
dafaruli Sinaarsis amosacnobad. amis nimuSebs warmoadgens
1503 da 1578 wlebis zemoT xsenebuli ori sabuTi.
mecnieruli gamoZieba imisa, Tu ra bedi ewia rion-cxeniswylis
zemo welis mosaxleobas ‘sasisxlo sigelis~ gaformebis Semdgom,
uaRresad mniSvnelovania qarTuli sulieri kulturis Sedevris,
fustobis, srulyofili SeswavlisaTvis. iqidan gamomdinare, rom
svaneTi yovelTvis warmoadgenda erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos
sulieri kulturis zesaidumlo sacavs, am funqciis moSliT
erovnul mexsierebas garkveulwilad waerTva SesaZlebloba, sruli
51
warmodgena iqonios misTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone
istoriaze. cnobilma mecnierma eqvTime TayaiSvilma sofel Rebis
macxovris eklesiis jvarcmis erT-erT Wedur xatze, romelic
mixeil boWoriZem mogvianebiT quTaisis saxelmwifo muzeums
gadasca, waikiTxa: ,,qriste mogviWedinebia Cven giorgobianebsa
daegresa, kilsa da nikolsa, samunosa, cxazosa, seqosa dRegrZelobiT
vnebiTa. amin ufalo.~ xolo xatis Sua adgilze eqvTimem waikiTxa
Semdegi: ,,macxovaro gaumarjve Rebis xevsa. amin. ufalo RmerTo
da macxovaro, gaumarjve giorgisa, daviTsa da SiaoSsa; amin.
ufalo RmerTo.~ xati TariRdeba ara ugvianes XV saukunisa (e.
TayaiSvili, ‘raWaSi arqeologiuri mogzauroba~, 1919-1920w.w.,
gv.15), rac win uswrebs svanTa da jafariZeTa 1503 wlis sigels.
am xatze CamoTvlil saxelebSi moxsenebuli arian miqaelis da
Sios Camomavlebi. 1990 wlis 3 ivniss qarTulma sazogadoebam,
ruseTis imperiis batonobis periodSi pirvelad farTod aRniSna
gmiruli saeklesio ajanyebis 170 wlisTavi, romelic farTod
gaSuqda sainformacio saSualebebiT. am dros giorgobianebis
zemoT aRniSnuli sagvareulo xatis asli mobrZanebul iqna
sofel futieTSi. amJamad es xati daculia fustelTa skola-
muzeumSi. am xatTan erTad madlierma gvarma mxatvar irina
razmaZis mier Sesrulebuli eqvTime TayaiSvilis xatic miuZRvna
sofel futieTis sameba-suliwmindis, anu fustobis, dResaswauls.
maSin jer kidev ar iyo eqvTime RvTiskaci wmindanad Seracxuli.
irina razmaZis jer kidev 1990 wels dawerili xati pirvelia
sadac eqvTime RvTiskaci wmindanad gamoisaxa. mxatvarma wminda
eqvTime am xatze gamosaxa Zveli koSkebiT damSvenebuli Rebis
fonze. giorgobianebis sagvareulos es uwmindesi reliqvia,
jvarcmis xati, wm. eqvTime RvTiskacis xati, fasdaudebelia ara
marto imitom, rom igi gvaris siwmindea, aramed imiTac, rom Cven
naTeli warmodgena gveqmneba fustelTa sulier kulturul
memkvidreobaze. am xatebis aslis miReba, romelic dawera
52
1990 wels, SeuZlia yvela msurvels sofel futieTSi arsebuli
fustelTa skola-muzeumisagan da wignis avtorisagan. ra ziani
moutana feodaluri separatizmiT gamowveulma ngrevam, romelic
asaxulia 1503 wlis aleqsandre mefis sigelSi, fustis samxedro,
saxelmwifoebriv, erovnul tradicias, imiT vigrZnobT, rom 1819-
1820 w.w. saeklesio ajanyebis dros istoriuli svaneTis am
teritoriaze mcxovrebma Rebis, Wiorisa da glolis mosaxleobam
kategoriuli uari Tqva rusebis winaaRmdeg gamosvlaze. (n. maxaraZe,
,,1819-1820w.w. imereTis ajanyeba~. rusul enaze 1942w. gv.81.) es
imis momaswavebelia, rom feodaluri separatizmiT gamowveulma
SuRlma istoriuli svaneTis regionSi 1503 wlis ‘sasisxlo
sigelis~ gaformebis Semdeg Zirfesvianad amoZirkva fustobis
samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi cnobiereba.
amgvarad irkveva, rom giorgobianebi, imdroindeli Rebis
ZiriTadi gvari, romlebic TavianT salocavs avedrebdnen Tavis
samkvidro Rebis xevis gamarjvebas, zemoT naxseneb 1578 wliT
daTariRebul sabuTSi, moxsenebuli arian rogorc futieTSi
gadmosaxlebuli, gadmoxvewili, ucxoobaSi myofni. (,,qarTuli
samarTlis Zeglebi~, i. doliZe. 1870, Tb. t.III gv.309) am sabuTiT
dasturdeba, rom 1503 wlis sigelis gacemis Semdgom rion-
cxeniswylis zemo welidan marTlac momxdara mosaxleobis
deportireba am teritoriis saimedod Semomtkicebis mizniT. am
versiis siswores asabuTebs xalxuri Tqmulebebic. 1930 wels
90 wlis Rebeli markoz gobejiSvilisagan folkloristebma
aseTi cnoba Caiweres: ,,svaneTis mTavarma dadeSqelianma gogriWi
da giorgi misca sisxlSi, Rebelebo is ar gegonosye, rom Tqveni
iyos aqaobao~ (S. ZiZiguri. ‘qarTuli dialeqtologiuri masalebi~,
Tb., 1974w., gv.191) amasve adasturebs egnate gablianic: ,,vinme
giorgi svanma Rebidan moitaca Rebis xevis mTavari siwminde,
didi jvari, da svaneTSi gadaitana~ (e. gabliani. ,,Zveli da axali
svaneTi~, Tb., 1921w.) am cnobis mixedviT giorgis qmedebaSi imis
mcdeloba Cans, rom gvar-xevis mTavari sakulto simbolos
dabrunebiT isev daibrunon uwindeli teritoria da fustis
53
tradiciiT kuTvnili Rirseba. giorgobianebis gvaris moxseneba
raWa-leCxumis werilobiT ZeglebSi XVI saukunis dasawyisidan
iwyeba. (‘pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni~, 1991w.,Tb.,T.I gv.663-
665). rac udavod amtkicebs imas, rom 1503 wlis ‘sasisxlo
sigelis~ gaformebis Semdeg mefe aleqsandre II samoxeleo
samsaxurma ganaxorciela mosaxleobis deportacia am mxridan.
amis Semdgom giorgobianebi saxloben raWa-leCxumis Semdeg
soflebSi: bari, futieTi, ximSi, patara oni, Txmori, RadiSi, gorisubani,
lacoria, RviriSi, surmuSi, spaTagori.
saxeli giorgoba, adreuli qristianuli xanis xalxur yofaSi
gavrcelebuli unda yofiliyo. erT Zvel saeklesio sabuTSi
moxsenebulia vinme giorgoba baxtaZe. giorgi, rogorc cnobilia,
berZnulad miwaT Semoqmeds niSnavs. amas exmianeba saxeli Rebi.
aseve erqva jer kidev qristianobamde cnobil warmarTul miwis
RvTaebas. erTi XVIII saukunis erT-erT dokumentSi gvxvdeba
vinme ivane RebaZe manTxojis mcxovrebi (s. kakabaZe, ,,saistorio
krebuli~, wigni I, gv.39). rogorc Cans religiuri msoflmxedve-
lobis ganviTarebis raRac etapze miwaTmoqmedis aRmniSvnel
uZveles termins _ Rebs Caenacvla berZnuli warmoSobis giorgoba.
Rebis toponimsa da giorgobianebis gvaris anTrotoponims Soris
aseTi kavSiri, asabuTebs imas, rom Cveni erovnuli sulieri kultura
Tavisi sawyisebidan dRemde viTardeboda mwyobri kanonzomieri
aRmavali xaziT, sadac kargad Cans warmarTobidan umtkivneulo
gadasvla qristianobaSi da misi Semdgomi ganviTareba. warmarTuli
miwaTmoqmedebis RmerTi Rebi da qristianuli miwaTmoqmedi giorgoba
erTi da imave arsis mqone Teonimebia. ris gamoc qristianul
yofaSi damkvidrda anTrotoponimi giorgoba. svaneTi am mxriv
warmoadgens erovnuli saRvTismetyvelo saganZuris unikalur
sacavs, romelSic dRemde daculia erovnuli sulieri kulturis
fasdaudebeli informacia. fustelTa skola-muzeumis mizania
Seiswavlos da eris cnobierebas daubrunos es sulieri codna.
amiT SevZlebT gamovasworoT eris oraswlovani sulieri genocidis
Sedegebi.
54
rion-cxeniswylis saTaveebi saqarTvelosaTvis mahmadianuri
garemocvis garRvevisaTvis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo am kritikul
droSi. am gziT Camodis da brundeba ruseTis didi elCoba 1652-
1653 wlebSi ivlievisa da toloCanovis meTaurobiT; ruseTSi
midis vaxtang VI Tavisi mravalricxovani amaliT; midi-modis
besik gabaSvili da sxva qarTul-rusuli elCoba moskovSi; gadmodis
ruseTis elCi sokolovi saqarTveloSi; solomon II elCoba
ruseTSi; ase midi-modis samegrelos mTavris elCoba ruseTSi; am
gziT amgzavrebs ruseTSi Teimuraz I Tavis mcirewlovan SviliSvils,
erekle I, dediTurT ruseTis mefis karze aRsazrdelad. erekle
I rusuli dokumentebi icnobs, rogorc david nikalaeviCs, xolo
iranuli _ rogorc nazarali xans. es is pirovnebaa, vinc petre
I namdvil mamad iTvleba. am gziT waabrZanes ruseTis elCebma
qeTevan wamebulis wminda nawilebi moskovs. am gziT urTierToben
kaxeTis mefeni yabardo-CerqezeTTan, am gzis saWiroebam ganapiroba
kaxeTisa da svaneTis mWidro urTierToba im periodSi.
es faqtebi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom raoden SezRuduli
unda yofiliyo qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis gare samyarosTan
damakavSirebeli sagzao-sakomunikacio qseli, radgan centraluri
kavkasionis yinulovani sauReltexilo gzebi aseTi maRali rangis
diplomatiuri urTierTobebisaTvis uvargisi iyo. kavkasionis arc
erTi uReltexili 3000 metreze dabla ar aris: maCxafari anu
SariTaus gadasasvleli_ 3407 m, geziTau _ 3435 m, Rebivceki _
3463 m. karagomi anu gurZivceki _ 3346 m. yvela es uReltexili
alpinisturia, amiT Cven sruli warmodgena gveqmneba imaze, Tu
rogor blokadaSi iyo saqarTvelo da ra didi strategiuli
mniSvneloba SeiZina svaneTis am teritoriam mocemul istoriul
periodSi. erTi ram faqtia, rion-cxeniswylis zemo weli im
droSi gare samyarosTan erTaderTi damakavSirebeli geografiuli
kvanZi xdeba. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis dainteresebam svaneTis
sauReltexilo gzebiT, bunebrivia, daZaba svaneTis urTierToba
imereTis samefo karTan, romelsac svaneTi samarTlianad miaCnda
Tavisi samefos nawilad an, ufro sworad, amis pretenzia yvelaze
55
metad hqonda. miT umetes Tavisufal svaneTze, romelic, rogorc
1503 wlis ,,sasisxlo sigelidanac~ Cans, im dros enguris zemo
welis garda rion-cxeniswylis saTaveebsac moicavda. es teritoria
ki imereTis samefos iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda yovelTvis.
ar iqneboda urigo, Tu gavarkvevdiT, ras niSnavda es
Tavisufleba. dRemde misi arsi mcdarad aris axsnili feodaluri-
patronymuri TvalsazrisiT. qarTuli sulieri cxovrebis moSlis
gamo bevr yofiT kulturul movlenas mcdari axsna moeZebna.
ramac safuZveli daudo qarTveli eris sulier gadagvarebas.
erTi ram udavoa, svaneTi, gansakuTrebiT ki Tavisufali svaneTi,
yovelTvis iyo qarTuli sulieri kulturis zesaidumlo sacavi.
rogorc dRemde moRweuli fustis samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi
kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlam aCvena, statusi ,,Tavisufali~
am mxares religiuri movaleobis gamo unda mieRo jer kidev
qristianobamdel xanaSi, vinaidan, mkacrad dadgenili religiuri
kanonebiT, zeciuri meufis kuTvnil xalxze miwier meufeebs xeli
ar hqondaT. msgavs damokidebulebas vxedavT bibliaSic: levis
STamomavalTaTvis miniWebul privilegiebSi. levianebsa da
fu(s)tielebs identuri funqciebi hqondaT. am movlenis Sesaxeb
saubaria Zvel aRTqmaSi (gamosvla 6-25). qarTul sinamdvileSi
svaneTis garda sxvaganac gvxvdeba am faqtis gamovlinebis magaliTi:
I saukunis mogzauris, strabonis, cnobiT, ubatono qiziyi sataZro
anu uflis kuTvnilebas warmoadgenda. qiziys es statusi
qristianobis periodSic mtkiced SerCa. ufro metic, am statusma
ganapiroba masze gadmosuli gansakuTrebuli madli: qiziySi, sofel
bodbeSi wminda ninom moRvaweobis bolo wlebi gaatara da
samudamodac ganisvena. 1503 wlis sigeli asaxavs degradaciis
gzaze damdgar daqucmacebul feodalur qarTul saxelmwifos,
romelSic gaformda fustis samxedro-sarwmunobrivi movaleobis
gauqmeba erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis gamo. radgan
qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs saerTo saxelmwifoebriv interesebze maRla
feodalur-separatistuli interesebi hqondaT dayenebuli. aman
seriozulad daazarala fustis samxedro, organizaciuli da
56
saxelmwifoebrivi sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofda maT
gadaadgilebas qveynis SigniT da mis farglebs gareT mdebare
saeklesio-samonastoro kompleqsebSi. fustelTa gadaadgile-
bisaTvis saWiro sabaziso forpostebis qseli moiSala, Tumca
maTi kvali dRemde SeiniSneba imereTSi _ sazano (Zveli skande),
fuTi-ilemi, qarTlSi _ winarexi, guriaSi _ lomiskarielis mTa.
aWaraSi _ futrevi sxalTis maxloblad, kaxeTSi _ kisisxevi,
ilmajvari da sxva. am obieqtebis naSTTa mokvleva momavlis
saqmea. miyenebuli zianis miuxedavad kidev erTxel am uZvelesma
samxedro-organizaciulma sistemam Tavisi movaleoba brwyinvaled
Seasrula 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebis dros, roca
zemo svaneTSi 1820 wlis 3 ivnisis futieTis tragikuli brZolis
Semdeg gaixizna qarTuli eklesiis wminda ganZi.
amerikis aRmoCenam evropis interesebi mTlianad Seabruna
dasavleTisaken. bizantiis dacemam SeuzRudavi gaxada mahmadianuri
qveynebis agresia saqarTvelos mimarT. dasustebuli saqarTvelo
XV saukunidan mahmadianuri qveynebis agresiis Sedegad daqucmacda
da calkeul samefo-samTavroebad danawevrebuli mtrul alyaSi
moeqca. gare samyarosTan damakavSirebel erTaderT gzad
erTmorwmune ruseTTan mosazRvre yabardo anu CerqezeTi daisaxa.
svaneTis yabardoSi gasasvlelad qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa interesTa
sferoSi rion-cxeniswylis saTaveebi eqceva. imereTis samefo
kari, aleqsandre II faruli TanadgomiT, jafariZeebis meSveobiT
zRudavs mis samefoSi Semaval svaneTs. mediatoris rolSi gamosuli
mefe rion-cxeniswylis saTaveebs arTmevs svaneTs da am
strategiuli karibWis erTxel da samudamod Semomtkicebis mizniT
axdens svanTa deportacias raWa-leCxumSi, sanacvlod iq Tavis
erTgul mosaxleobas amkvidrebs. aseTia is obieqturi istoriuli
wanamZRvrebi, ramac warmoSva svanTa da jafariZeTa 1503 wlis
,,sasisxlo sigelSi~ asaxuli garemoebebi. ramac saboloo jamSi,
erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis fonze fustis samxedro-
organizaciuli sistemis funqciis gauqmeba gamoiwvia, erTiani
qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg.
57
koSkuri kultura-rogorckoSkuri kultura-rogorckoSkuri kultura-rogorckoSkuri kultura-rogorckoSkuri kultura-rogorc
fu(s)tielTa titulisfu(s)tielTa titulisfu(s)tielTa titulisfu(s)tielTa titulisfu(s)tielTa titulis
gamoxatulebagamoxatulebagamoxatulebagamoxatulebagamoxatulebaA
svanuri muryvamis (koSkis) tipis nagebobebis gavrcelebis
zona warsulSi moicavda mTel fustelTa Teogeografiul arials
raWa-leCxumsa da svaneTs. mas vxvdebiT kavkasionis gadaRmac, iq,
sadac warsulSi qarTvelebi saxlobdnen. am tipis nagebobebs
dRemde mxolod TavdacviTi da sabrZolo TvalsazrisiT ganixilaven,
xolo rac Seexeba mis umTavres da umniSvnelovanes sulier
maxasiaTebels, romelic xalxur Rrma sarwmunoeriv Sinaarss
Seicavs, dRemde TiTqmis ucnobia. (a. qaldani, ,,centraluri
kavkasionis koSkuri kultura, Tb., 1990w.).
koSkuri kulturis mkvlevarTa daskvniT da xalxuri
TqmulebebiT, svanuri tipis koSkebi ZiriTadad XI-XII saukuneebSia
aSenebuli. es epoqa ki qarTuli saxelmwifos Zlierebis zenitia.
erTiani, Zlieri, centralizebuli qristianuli qarTuli
saxelmwifo mtkiced iyo daculi rogorc gareSe mtrebis, ise
Sina aSlilobisagan. koSkebis ase masobrivad agebas im epoqaSi
TavdacviTi da sabrZolo Sinaarsi TiTqmis arHhqonda. koSkebis
Seneba im momentSi ganpirobebuli iyo sulierad Rrmad
ganviTarebuli sazogadoebis yofiTi moTxovnilebiTa da
qristianuli azrovnebis maRali doniT. upirvelesad Cven aq
unda davinaxoT imdroindel yofa-cxovrebaSi adamianis sulieri,
qristianuli inteleqtis aRmavloba, romlis materialur
gamoxatulebad iqca uaRresad ganaTlebul sarwmunoebriv
safuZvelze koSkuri kulturis yofaSi danergva da ganviTareba.
gavixsenoT saxareba: ,,kaci vinme iyo saxlisa ufali, romelman
daasxa venaxi, da zRude gare mosdva mas, da hqmna mas Sina
sawnaxeli, da aRaSena godoli da misca igi moqmedTa qveynisaTa.~
58
(maTe 21-33). wm. gabrieli (qiqoZe) ase ganmartavs koSkis anu
godolis arss: ,,igi moaswavebs yovelTa maT xorcielTa da
sulierTa sikeTeTa, mSvidobasa, simdidresa. rjulsa, madlsa,
romliTa RmerTman SezRuda da Seamko qveyana (gabriel episkoposi
t.2. gv.190-191). im droisTvis koSki uflis erTgulebis, uflis
Tayvaniscemis, gandidebis da misken siyvaruliT miswrafebis
simboloa. aq ufro sainteresoa is, rom koSkis aSenebis pativi
da ufleba aqvs mxolod mas, vinc aris fustis laSqris, anu
uflis (wm. samebis) laSqris wevri, e.i. saeklesio obieqtebis
samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi ordenis wevri, rasac fusteli ewodeba.
misi mimsgavsebuli movlena berZnul ,,ikonomosSi~ ido. rogorc
didi mecnieri iv. javaxiSvili ganmartavs: ,,samonastro wesdebis
Tanaxmad, ikonomosi monastris mTeli sameurneo nawilisa da
dawesebulebaTa gamged iTvleboda.~ Tumca saxelovani mecnieri
iqve dasZens: ,,gabmiT dalagebuli cnobebi ikonomosis ufleba-
movaleobis Sesaxeb arsad mogvepoveba.~ Tumca arsebuli wyaroebis
safuZvelze mecniers erTi sagulisxmo daskvna gamoaqvs:
,,ikonomosad bermonazvnis daniSvna sastikad akrZaluli iyo da
am Tanamdebobaze mxolod eriskacebis arCeva SeiZleboda.~ (iv.
javaxiSvili TqmulebaTa VII t. gv.48-50). istoriuli, yofiTi
mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, CvenSi miRebuli fustis funqcia
ufro samxedro, dacvis Sinaarsis matarebeli iyo. rogorc irkveva,
,,ikonomosi~ berZnuli terminia da saxlis gamges anu
saxlTuxucess niSnavs. XV saukunis Semdeg erTiani qarTuli
saxelmwifos daqucmacebis gamo fustelTa Teogeografiuli mxare
(raWa-leCxum-svaneTi) gamoeTiSa am saerTo erovnul-
saxelmwifoebriv saqmes. rogorc Cans, am periodidan calkeuli
samefo-samTavroebi da eparqiebi iZulebuli xdebian, am tradiciaSi
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba CarTon. amis damajerebeli dasturia
qarTlSi, winarexSi (kaspis r-ni) papua maRalaZis koSki. es koSki
tipuri svanuri gubandis anu raWuli duroiani saxlis tipzea
59
nagebi. koSkis mTavar fasadze, meore sarTulis doneze, Casmulia
firuzisferi qva wm. giorgis reliefuri gamosaxulebiT. aseve
samxreT-aRmosavleT fasadze, SedarebiT patara agurisfer qvaze
gamosaxulia wm. giorgi, romelic gveleSaps Trgunavs. warweris
mixedviT, es koSki sveticxovlis saxlTuxucess, (ikonomoss) anu
fustel rainds papua maRalaiZes augia 1679 wels (,,saqarTvelos
istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba~, t.5, Tb., 1990w., gv.
214-218).
sur. 22.sur. 22.sur. 22.sur. 22.sur. 22. sveticxovlis saxlTuxucesis papuamaRalaiZis koSki sof. winarexSi (qarTli),
agebulia 1679 wels.
arada, erTiani saqarTvelos dros, rogorc zeviT ukve vaxseneT,
sveticxovlis dacvis pativi svaneTis sofel ecers hqonia, ris
Sesaxebac vaxuSti bagrationi wers. am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis
60
mTavari imis dasabuTebaa rom svanuri tipis koSkuri nagebobani
namdvilad gamoxataven im didsa da sapasuxismgeblo pativs, romelic
fustelTa samxedro-saeklesio samsaxurSi ido. oraswlovani
sulieri genocidis gadasaxedidan, rodesac bevri Zvirfasi
sarwmunoebrivi tradicia moiSala da daviwyebas mieca, Zneli
aRsaqmeli xdeba bevri marTlmadidebluri zne-Cveuleba. bulgareTSi,
petriwonis monastris XI saukunis erT freskaze gamosaxulia
fusteli raindi. freskaze gamosaxulia koSki, romlis qveS marjvena
xelze dayrdnobiT wamowolilia Suaxnis kaci. es kaci
SaravandediT mosili wmindanebis garemocvaSia warmodgenili.
koSkis Tavidan am kacs mze dahnaTis (mze muryvamis anu koSkis
simboloa. aq es ar aris sakvirveli, petriwis monasteri xom
RvTismSoblis miZinebis saxelobisaa), mis TavTan aris berZnuli
warwera ,,madliT misiT.~ am freskaze warmodgenilia aRniSnuli
samonastro kompleqsis, Tanamedrove eniT rom vTqvaT, ,,dacvis
ufrosi~ (saxlTuxucesi, ikonomosi) anu fustelTa gvardiis
ufrosi. koSki, fusteli raindis titulis maCvenebelia (gavixsenoT
zemoT naxsenebi sveticxovlis saxlTuxucesi papua maRalaZe).
misi mxar-TeZoze wamowolili figura simSvidis, saimedoobis
maCvenebelia, rac ,,madliT misiT~ uzrunvelyofili dacvis xarisxze
miuTiTebs. imdroindel yofaSi xSiri sagareo da saSinao
SinaaSlilobebis dros monastris saimedo da myudro cxovrebis
uzrunvelyofas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda, rac kidevac
brwyinvaled aisaxa am freskaze. sayuradReboa rom petriwonis
monastris erT-erTi xelnaweri svaneTSi moxvda, aSkarad Cans,
rom dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis, fustelTa Teogeografiuli
mxare, qveynis gareT arsebuli samonastro kompleqsebis dacvasac
eweoda da maT Soris iseT uSoresi obieqtisac, rogoric iyo
bulgareTSi mdebare es monasteri.
fustelTa Teogeografiul regionSi koSkis ti pebis
gansxvavebas mivyevarT im daskvnamde, rom koSkis tipi gansazRvravda
61
fusteli raindis funqciur adgils eklesia-monastrebis samxedro
dacvis rTul sistemaSi.
svanurad koSkis saxeli _ muryvami _sicocxlis xea, qveynis
zecasTan makavSirebeli kibea; es kargad vlindeba qarTul xalxur
leqsikaSi, magaliTad, qarTl-kaxur dialeqtSi murqani xes aRniSnavs
(qarT. xalxuri poezia Tb. 1988 w. t.X gv.156 gv.542). aseve
raWaSi maRal xes (alvis xes), koSki-xesac uwodeben (S. ZiZiguri
qarTuli dialeqturi Ziebani. Tb. 1970w. gv.219). muryvami xalxur
cnobierebaSi zecisken aRmarTuli kibea, romelic ufalTan
gvakavSirebs. RvTismSoblis daujdomelSi RvTismSobeli zecasTan
makavSirebeli kibea: ,,gixaroden hoi, dedofalo, soflisa
salxinebelo, da qveyniT zecad amaRlebulo kibeo~ _ koSki, anu
muryvami, swored miwis da zecis SemaerTebeli kibea, romlis
simboloc deda-RvTismSobelia. (Jur. ,,xelovneba~ #2 1993w.
gv.80-86 ,,raWuli duroiani saxli~). es movlena xalxur sarw-
munoebriv azrovnebas dRemde axasiaTebs fustelTa Teogeografiul
mxareSi. raWaSi, sofel RebSi, koSki-salocavi ,,dedaRvTisas~ saxiT
da leCxumSi sofel TaborSi koSki eklesiis saxiT.
sur 23.sur 23.sur 23.sur 23.sur 23. raWaSi, sofel RebSi SemorCenili koSki-
salocavi ,,deda RvTisa~.
62
koSkze, anu muryvamze, midgmuli maCubi (sacxovrisi),
RvTismSoblis mkerdze mityupebul Cvil macxovars ganasaxierebs.
marCbivi-tyupia saxarebiseulad; svanur leqsikas es termini
saxarebidan SemorCenia. koSki-RvTismSobeli, maCubi-mis mkerdze
mityupebuli Cvili macxovari. raWaSi sof. Rebis erT-erT Zvel
ubans sadac Zvelad bevri koSki idga, tyubi ewodeboda. (l.
fruiZe ,,iq sadac ibadeba rioni~, Tb. 1990 w. gv.83). aqve sainteresoa
isic, rom ivane javaxiSvili eyrdnoba ra sulxan-sabas leqsikons,
am termins ase ganmartavs: tyubi zogadi saxeli iyo da marto
erT budeSi oris mdgomarebis gamomxatvelia, anu sabas sityviT
,,orTa erTsa budesa Sina ewodeba tyubi~ (iv. javaxiSvili t. X
gv.397). Rebi, rogorc cnobilia, svanTa namosaxlia. aq termini
,,tyubi~ maCubis (marCbivis) Semcvlelad Cans. ase mSvenivrad
cxovrebiseul yofaSi gadatana RvTismSoblisa da macxovris
arsisa, mxolod sulierad maRalganviTarebul sazogadoebas SeeZlo
(gaz. ,,lileo,, #6 (25)-2003w. gv.3-4).
sur 24.sur 24.sur 24.sur 24.sur 24. svanuri muryvamis (koSki), maCubiT(sacxovrisi) ganasaxierebs RvTismSobels
Cvili ufliT.
63
meore tipis koSki, romelsac fustelTa Teogeografiul
mxareSi vxvdebiT, aris gubandi anu raWaSi duroiani saxli.
aseTi tipis nageboba wm. giorgis simbolos matarebelia, oTxi
sarTuliT. mTvaris samyofel meoTxe cas Wirana ewodeba (sulxan-
saba leqsikoni t.II gv. 403, gv. 323) mTvare rom wminda giorgis
simboloa, amas iv. javaxiSvilic amtkicebs (qarTveli eris istoria
1928 w., t. I. gv.46). koSkTa Sesaxeb me bevri publikaciebi maqvs
da maT dawvrilebiT aRweras aq aRar Sevudgebi. (gazeTi ,,raeo~
Tebervali~, 2000w. gv. 16-17; gaz. ,,raeo~ #6 (25)-2003w. gv.3-4;
Jurn. ,,xelovneba~ #2-1993 w. gv. 80-86).
sur 25.sur 25.sur 25.sur 25.sur 25. fustelTa yofaSi koSkis zeda sarTuli
sakurTxevlis rangSi iyo ayvanili.
koSkuri kulturis Soreuli fesvebi jer kidev maxlobeliaRmosavleTis xalxebSi iCenda Tavs, rogorc religiuri msofl-mxedvelobis gamovlineba (z. kiknaZe, ,,Sua mdinaruli miTologia~,Tb., 1979w., gv. 115).
kolxeTSi koSkuri nagebobebis religiasTan kavSirs aSkaradasabuTebs Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi aRwerili mosinikuri koSkurinagebobebic. qsenofontes cnobiT, mosinikebis xis koSkebi warmarTmosinik qurumTa samyofels warmoadgenda. (saqarTvelos istoriis
narkvevebi, t.I gv. 420).
64
sur .26 .sur .26 .sur .26 .sur .26 .sur .26 . uZ v eles b erZ nulwyaroebSi aRwerilia mosinikurikoSki kolxeTSi (rekonstruqciagela gamyreliZisa). aRniSnuli xiskoSkebi analogiuria svanurimuryvam-maCubisa.
sur. 27.sur. 27.sur. 27.sur. 27.sur. 27. am suraTebze warmodgenilia uZvelesikolxuri xis koSkebiani dasaxlebebi; maT sabrZo-
losTan erTad sarwmunoebrivi daniSnuleba hqondaT.
65
qristianul yofaSi es tradicia gagrZelda mesvete berebis
yofaSic. (S. amiranaSvili, ,,damiane~, Tb., 1980w., gv.9)
yovelive zemoT Tqmuli gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom fustelTa
Teogeografiul mxareSi, koSkuri kultura ganuyoflad aris
dakavSirebuli marTlmadideblur yofiT cnobierebasTan. warsulSi
fustel raindTa titulis gamoxatvis erT-erT umTavres formas
koSkuri nagebobebis zemoT aRniSnuli tipebi warmoadgendnen,
rasac safuZveli winare qristianul epoqaSi hqonda. aseTi
marTmadidebluri tradiciebis gamomzeureba mtkice safuZvels
uqmnis erovnuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis aRdgenas da
qarTveli eris oraswlovani sulieri genocidis damRupveli
movlenis aRmofxvras.
fustelTa xalxurifustelTa xalxurifustelTa xalxurifustelTa xalxurifustelTa xalxuritradiciebitradiciebitradiciebitradiciebitradiciebi
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, fu(s)ti momdinareobs
uZvelesi mzis Tayvaniscemis epoqidan, kolxTa umaRlesi qalRvTaebis
futis arsidan. svanuri qristianuli fenomenis Tavisebureba is
aris, rom saqarTvelos yvelaze maRalmTian mxareSi qristianobas
noyieri niadagi daxvda, ramac ganapiroba qristianobamde bevri
kulturuli memkvidreobis, qristianobis mier ise Sesisxlxorceba
da ganviTareba, rom masSi Zveli warmarTobis naSTebi TiTqmis
SeumCnevelia. kolxTa uZvelesi warmarTuli mzis umaRlesi RvTaeba,
futi, aq qristianuli umaRlesi dogmatis fu(s)tSi, anu samebis
arsSi, gardaisaxa. saqarTvelos sxva maRalmTiani regionebiviT aq
qristianobas ara Tu winaaRmdegoba, mwyobri, zeaRmavali, ganviTarebis
uwyveti kvali naTlad atyvia. uZvelesi sulieri kulturuli
66
Rirebulebebi qristianobas ki ar wauSlia, ise bunebrivad mourgia,
iseTi srulyofileba miucia, rom Tu ara TviT RvTis gangeba, amas
adamiani ver SeZlebda. albaT, marTlac, RmerTs sWirdeboda es
mxare, rom adamianebisTvis Zveli da axali aRTqmis burjebze
mtkice xidi gaedo.
fu(s)tis, anu samebis, Sesaxeb Cvens mecnierebsa da
sasuliero pirebsac, samwuxarod, jerovani warmodgena ar aqvT.
amis mizezi oraswlovani sulieri genocidis movlenaa (1. gazeTi
,,saqarTvelo XXI-e~ #3 2009 w. gv.19; ,,cerkovni bunt~-i aTvlis
wertili, saidanac ruseTis imperiam saqarTvelos sulieri ganocidi
daiwyo. 2. gazeTi ,,ambrolauris moambe~ #9-10, 2008 w. gv.2
,,rusuli agresiis yvelaze mZime memkvidreoba-qarTveli eris
sulieri genocidi). saerTod svaneTi is mxarea saqarTvelosi,
romelmac oazisiviT Semoinaxa erovnuli marTlmadidebluri
tradiciebi. svanurma yofam qristianul kanonikaSi fusti samebis
simbolod gardasaxa, garda amisa, mas hqonda agreTve meore,
istoriulad Camoyalibebuli erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi funqcia
_ saeklesio-samonastro obieqtebisa da maTi qonebis dacva da
gadarCena mtris xelyofisagan. svaneTma es funqcia pirnaTlad
Seasrula. aq calke unda ganvixiloT, rom fusti svanurSi aris
qristianuli sarwmunoebis uzenaesi dogmati _ sameba, umaRlesi,
gonebisTvis miuwvdomeli uflis arsis amsaxveli termini. is
ganasaxierebs sameba-sulTmofenobis arss. Tumca mas Tavisi Sinaarsi
hqonda qristianobamdel epoqaSic, rogorc futielTa (kolxTa)
umaRles mzis RvTaebas. saRvTismetyvelo evoluciis es cikli
naTlad asaxavs im fasdaudebel sulier-kulturul memkvidreobas,
rac qarTvelTa mravalaTaswlovan istoriaSi aisaxa. imperiis
mier movlenili sulieri genocidi ki aseT erovnul Rirebulebas
cecxliTa da maxviliT ebrZoda da spobda. im donemdec ki
davediT, rom umaRlesi rangis sasuliero ierarqi fusts, anu
sameba-suliwmindas, sajarod gmobs. ufro metic, mas amis mere
67
sinodi mitropolitis xarisxSi amaRlebs. ruis-urbnisis krebis
istoriuli magaliTi asabuTebs, rom eris sulieri genocidisagan
Tavis daRwevas, xelisuflebisa da xalxis mxridan, ruis-urbnisis
krebis msgavsi RonisZieba sWirdeba.
fustis dResaswauls emTxveoda, rotaciis periodi. yvela
soflisTvis is individualuri iyo. rogorc cnobili mkvlevari
g. gasviani aRniSnavs, is iwyeboda qvemo soflebSi gazafxulis
bolos da mTavrdeboda zemo soflebSi gvian zafxulSi. fustis
dResaswaulis rituali micvalebulTa moxsenebiT iwyeboda, Semdeg
modioda samxedro-sportuli TamaSobaTa cikli, sul bolos ki
trapezi da lxini imarTeboda da samxedro sportuli sanaxaobebiT
mTavrdeboda.
fustis raindTa uZveles dResaswaulad unda miviCnioT
,,huliSis~ dResaswauli. es dReoba petre-pavlobis marxvas erTi
kviriT uswrebs win da mas sxvadasxva sazogadoebebSi sxvadasxva
xangrZlivobiT (1-5 dRemde) dResaswauloben. masSi Zvelad, rogorc
Cans, fustelTa mTeli Teogeografiuli mxare monawileobda.
magram XV saukuneSi, erTiani saqarTvelos daSlisa da 1503
wlis svanTa da jafariZeTa sasisxlo sigelis Semdgom, igi mxolod
balszemour svanur dResaswaulad iqca. termini ,,huliSi~ unda
modiodes ,,hunidan~, rac, sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, ,,keTilad
xednil cxens~ niSnavs. micvalebulTa pativsacemad cxenebiT
jiriTi xevsureTSic ician da mas ,,cxenni~ ewodeba. ,,huliSic~
gmirulad daRupuli fustis raindebis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili
ritualis samxedro-sportuli doRi unda yofiliyo. miT umetes
am dResaswaulze aucileblad gamodis fustelTa mTavari droSa
anu bavrayi ,,lemi~.
uSgulSi, fustis (samebis) taZarSi, Rvinobis (oqtomberi)
Tvis pirveli orSabaTi ,,Rvinoba doSTiS~ (Rvinis orSabaTiT)
idResaswauleboda. Tu CavTvliT, rom fustis taZris mTavari
dResaswaulebi iyo: pirveli fustoba (dRe, roca xdeboda saeklesio
68
jarebis rotacia) meore _ suliwmindis mofena-sameboba, mesame _
Rvinoba doSTiS; meoTxe _ Soba, mexuTe _ aRdgoma. am dResaswaulebs
Soris Cven ganvixilavT Rvinis dResaswauls, vimsjelebT ra sofel
uSgulis magaliTze, igive unda vigulisxmoT svaneTis sxva
soflebSic, sadac fustis (samebis) taZrebi idga. yvela am
SemTxvevaSi Rvinis pativiscema da sadResaswaulo rangSi ayvana
dakavSirebulia qristes sisxlis pativiscemasTan, im sisxlisa,
romelic CvenTvis daanTxia qveynis mxsnelma ufalma-macxovarma.
svaneTSi da, saerTod, dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi ludi ar
icodnen, vinaidan igi warmarTuli kerpebis sasmelad iTvleboda
da qristianul yofaSi misi moxmareba sastikad ikrZaleboda.
adre aq, rogorcMmTel saqarTveloSi, arayic ar iyo farTo
moxmarebis sasmeli. aryis moxmarebis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi
rusTa Semosvlis Semdeg daiwyo. Rvinisa da vazis kulturasTan
svanTa damokidebulebis brwyinvale sabuTia 1503 wliT
daTariRebuli svanTa da jafariZeTa sasisxlo sigeli. Sua
saukuneebis periodSi raWis mflobel feodal jafariZeTa mtrobis
Sedegad svaneTi mkacr blokadaSi aRmoCnda. am mtrobis gamo
svaneTma dakarga teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili da gadaixada
didi kontribucia raWis feodal jafariZeTa sasargeblod.
mniSvnelovania, rom es dokumenti ase iwyeba: ,,Svids weliwads
asre viyveniT, rome sruliad svaneTis qveyanasa saziarebels veRar
viSovebdiTo.....~ e.i. Rvino, romelic svaneTs garedan Semohqonda
rogorc qristianuli yofis aucilebeli elementi, veRar SeutaniaT
jafariZeTa mtrobis gamo, ris Sedegad 7 weli mTeli svaneTi
uziarebeli iyo. rogorc am dokumentidan irkveva, qristianuli
cxovrebis wesis Rrmad pativismcemeli svanebisTvis umTavresi
satkivari is iyo, rom jafariZeTa blokadis gamo saziarebeli
Rvinis uqonlobam moSala umTavresi qristianuli rituali.
svaneTis Rvinis dResaswaulis magaliTi naTlad metyvelebs imaze,
Tu rogori qristianuli wesebiT cxovrobda qarTveli xalxi da
69
ra rols TamaSobda qarTveli xalxis yofiTi tradiciebis Casaxva-
ganviTarebaSi imdroindeli qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia.
,,Todrakelis Zlevas~ _ am xalxur rituals, analogi moeZebneba
svaneTSi, laSTxveris mTavarangelozis da uSgulis macxovris
taZris gare kedlebis freskebze. am freskebze warmodgenilia
amiran darjelanis da bay-bay devis brZola.
sur. 28. sur. 28. sur. 28. sur. 28. sur. 28. laSTxveri, wm. mTavarangelozTa eklesia.CrdiloeTis fasadis freska: amiran darjelani
ebrZvis baybay devs.
sur. 29.sur. 29.sur. 29.sur. 29.sur. 29. fustelTa skola-muzeumis erT-erTi ba-taluri scena. amiran darjelani da misi Tanamebr-Zolebi ebrZvian borotebis simbolos _ baybay devs.
70
am samxedro-sarwmunoebrivi ritualis daniSnuleba iyo,
fustis raindTa fsiqologiuri samxedro momzadeba. isini
SemarTebulni da uSiSarni unda yofiliyvnen nebismier borot
da uZlevel ZalasTan brZolaSi. am rituals atarebdnen fustelTa
uZvelesi da umTavresi forpostis sof. futieTis mkvidrebi. igi
tardeboda soflis mTavari dResaswaulis suliwmindis mofenis
(meergase dRis) dResaswaulis meore dRes, e.i. samebobis anu
fustobis dRes. soflis mcxovreblebi aRmarTavdnen Tivisagan
damzadebul bay-bay devs, misi simaRle zogjer 10 metrsac ki
aRemateboda. Semdeg am devis irgvliv Tavs iyrida mTeli sofeli.
mas windawin SurduliT qvebis tyorcnas uwyebdnen, meSurduleebi
cdilobdnen, misTvis SublSi gaertyaT qva. aRniSnuli qmedeba
Wabuki daviTisa da goliaTis brZolis, Zveli aRTqmis istoriis
mibaZva iyo. vinaidan meSurduleebi yovelTvis soflis WabukTa
wridan iyvnen, masSi ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi ar
monawileobdnen. am ritualis Semdgom winaswar gamorCeuli
uxucesi cecxlian isars styorcnida bay-bay devs. pirvel isarze
ase daiZaxebda: ,,aseT kupris cecxlSi daiwvas (isars kuprSi
avlebdnen) Cveni sarwmunoebisa da qveynis mteri~; mas xalxi
,,aminiT~ upasuxebda. meore isarze _ ,,ase daiwvas kupris cecxlSi
eklesiis qonebis xelmyofeli~; xalxi kvlav amins SesZaxebda.
momdevno isrebzec uaryofiT personaJebs Trgunavdnen. amis Semdgom
Tivis devs cecxli uCndeboda. kacebi cecxlmodebul devis irgvliv
,,amiranis ferxuls~ abamdnen, ferxuli safexurebianic scodniaT.
Zvelad, rogorc amboben, 7 sarTuliani ferxulis Cabmis SemTxvevac
yofila.
marTalia ,,Todrakelis Zleva~ ZiriTadad samebobas anu
fustobas icodnen, magram gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi mas sxva
drosac marTavdnen, roca qveyanas gareSe mtris saxiT gansacdeli
daatydeboda Tavs. magaliTad, pirveli msoflio omis monawileni
sofel futieTidan am ritualiT gaucilebia sofels.
71
rogorc Cans aRniSnuli rituali uZvelesi samxedro-
fsiqologiuri momzadebis sulier-mistikuri meTodia. Cans. sityva
,,Todrakeli~, sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, ,,utifrad borotis
moqmeds~ niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs mtris borotmoqmedebis
ZlevasTan. am Zlevis da mtris sastikad damarcxebis maCvenebelia
isic, rom bolos ukve Camwvar devs gamarjvebis omaxiani SeZaxilebiT
axtebodnen zevidan.
sur.30.sur.30.sur.30.sur.30.sur.30. ,,Todrakelis Zlevis~ rituali sakaTa-
likoso Rirsebis mqone saeklesio sofel futieTSi.
sakacebo _ es iyo sofel futieTSi mamakacTa TavSesayreli
adgili. zogadad saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, warsulSi
cnobili iyo soflis mcxovrebTa TavSesayreli, anu soflis
sazogadoebriv-saxalxo mmarTvelobis formebi, magaliTad,
xevsureTSi safexno; TuSeTSi saanjamo; xevSi eroba; lazeTSi
oRinRale; svaneTSi lanyavi da lalxori; raWaSi sanaxSo (r.
xaraZe, al. robaqiZe, mTiuleTis sofeli Zvelad. Tb. 1965 weli).
72
sakacebo sofel futieTSi soflis centrSi mdebareobda.
gza-Saris orive mxares Zvelad mowyobili iyo skamebi. sadac
sxdebodnen soflis uxucesi mamakacebi. dasxdoma skamebze
ZvelTaganve asakis mixedviT xdeboda. centrSi mdebare skamebi
ufrosi asakis warmomadgenlebs eTmobodaT, xolo ganapira nakleb
xnovanebs. TiToeul maTgans, rogorc wesi, xelSi rkinis bunikiani
xeljoxebi, mujirebi, epyraT. mujira ise rogorc saojaxo
saufroso skami _ sakarcxuli, aq mxcovani adamianis titulis
maCvenebeli iyo. amiT unda avxsnaT albaT isic, rom sakacoboze
uxucesebi mujiris gareSe ar midiodnen. sakacebo warmoadgenda
sakrebulo-saTaTbiros (parlamentis msgavss). aq ixileboda da
wydeboda soflis yvela mimdinare sakiTxi. aq miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebis Sesruleba soflis TiToeuli mcxovrebisaTvis
savaldebulo iyo. sakacebos gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebas
Tvalyurs adevnebda, e.w. ,,Zalovani struqtura~ _ xelosnebi.
xelosnebad sakacebo irCevda jan-Ronian axalgazrda kacebs, maTi
movaleoba iyo Tvalyuri edevnebinaT da sisruleSi moeyvanaT
sakacebos gadawyvetilebebi. sofel futieTis yofis fesvebi unda
veZeboT mefe aietis droindeli kolxTa umTavresi salocavis
mzis (futis) istoriidan. rodesac mefe aietma Seityo ,,oqros
sawmisis~ da medeas gatacebis ambavi, man kolxebi saTaTbirod
Seyara. es saTaTbiro, ar aris gamoricxuli, dRevandelamde
moRweuli sakacebo iyos. mTaSi uZvelesi mzis (futis) taZris
maxloblad dResac arsebobs ezokrebis toponimi. ezokreba
ewodeboda sayovelTao-saxalxo TaTbirs, roca qveyanaSi gansakuTrebuli
ram xdeboda. ezokrebaze ikribeboda beri da jeeli, qali da kaci, didi
da patara. ,,oqros sawmisis~ gatacebis eqo, ezokrebis zurgis saxeliT
cnobili toponimi dRemde arsebobs uZvelesi mzis (futis) taZris
gverdiT. rogorc utyvi mowme am Soreuli istoriuli movlenisa.
(gazeTi ,,raeo~ aprili 1996 w. sakacebo).
xoCala kaci _ ase iwodeboda sofel futieTSi, kargi
vaJkaci, kaci janRoniani, moxerxebuli, kargi cxenosani, kargi
meomruli TvisebebiT dajildoebuli. am sapatio saxelis mqone
pirovneba, akaki grigolis Ze arCvaZe, dResac cxovrobs sofelSi.
axla igi 80 welze meti xnisaa, man es wodeba WabukobaSi daimsaxura.
73
,,fustis raindTa nakvalevi~,,fustis raindTa nakvalevi~,,fustis raindTa nakvalevi~,,fustis raindTa nakvalevi~,,fustis raindTa nakvalevi~
da 1819-1820 wlebisda 1819-1820 wlebisda 1819-1820 wlebisda 1819-1820 wlebisda 1819-1820 wlebis
saeklesio ajanyeba saeklesio ajanyeba saeklesio ajanyeba saeklesio ajanyeba saeklesio ajanyeba
qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebam,
freskebis gadaRebvam, saeklesio qonebisa da siwmindeebis xelyofam,
eklesia-monastrebis didi nawilis gauqmebam da Rirseuli sasuliero
pirebis gandevnam, eparqiebis gauqmebam da gamsxvilebam, rac mTavaria
qarTuli erovnuli saRvTismetyvelo mecnierul-filosofiuri
swavlebis Zirfesvianma mospobam safuZveli daudo qarTveli eris
sulier genocids. am arnaxulma, erovnuli sulisTvis
momakvdinebelma movlenam warmoSva 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio
ajanyeba (,,cerkovni bunt~). qarTuli erovnuli sulieri
Rirebulebebis damcveli samxedro-saekleso ordeni ,,fustebi~
imTaviTve am sisxlismRvreli ajanyebis avangardSi aRmoCndnen.
1820 wlis gazafxulze ruseTis imperiis sadamsjelo samxedro
SenaerTebi gadamwyvet ieriSze gadavidnen, vinaidan fustelma
raindebma saidumlod didZali saeklesio ganZi Seagroves da
Cveuli gziT, svaneTisken, daZres gadasamalad. (Jurnali ,,arsenali~
#4, 2008 w. gv. 12-14 ,,tabu dadebuli samxedro kulturuli
memkvidreoba~; Jurnali ,,arsenali~ #6 2008 w. ,,futieTis brZola~).
pirveli Setakeba 1820 wlis 30 maiss moxda imereTSi, sofel
zemo sazanosTan, (istoriuli skandes cixis maxloblad). aq
dRemde arsebobs am movlenis utyvi mowme ,,damwvari eklesia~.
oTxi dRis Semdeg, 1820 wlis 3 ivniss, fexdafex adevnebul
rusTa jars fustelTa mxedrobam gmiruli brZola gaumarTa
raWaSi, fustelTa uZveles forpostTan, sofel futieTTan. es
sofeli uxsovari droidan fustelTa garnizons warmoadgenda
74
da, garda siwmindeTa evakuaciis funqciisa, uZveles droSi mis
maxloblad mdebare xixamTis masivze arsebuli uZvelis mzis
(futis) taZris, kolxTa umTavresi sakulto obieqtis dacvac
evalebodaT. (gazeTi ,,axali ganaTleba~ 22-28 marti 2007 w.
,,sad iyo uZvelesi kolxeTis sulieri centri~). saRvTismetyvelo-
samecniero mtkicebulebiT da xalxuri TqmulebebiTac, argonavtebma
,,oqros sawmisi~ swored aqedan gaitaces.
sur.31. sur.31. sur.31. sur.31. sur.31. saeklesio ajanyebis gmirebma am uZvelesifustelTa marSrutiT gaxiznes 280 jorze akide-
buli saeklesio qoneba zemo imereTidan zemo
svaneTSi.
1819-1820 w.w. saeklesio ajanyebis istoriasa da fustelTa
gmirul Rvawls orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi umkacresi tabu edo.
uaxlesi istoriis manZilze pirvelad 1990 wlis 3 ivniss sofel
futieTSi aRiniSna am tragikuli ajanyebis 170 wliTavi, 2000
wels ki _ 180 wlisTavi.
75
sur.32.sur.32.sur.32.sur.32.sur.32. 1990 wels futieTSi pirvelad aRiniSna
saeklesio ajanyebis 170 wlisTavi.
orsave SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebis mxridan
aqtivoba didi iyo. (gazeTi ,,komunisti~ 27 aprili 1990 w. gv.2.
,,sicocxle Tavisufleba erTia). rac Seexeba eklesias, man am
movlenis xmauriT aRniSvnas orsave SemTxvevaSi dumiliT upasuxa.
(gazeTi ,,saqarTvelo XXI-e~ #3, 2009w. gv.19 ,,cerkovni bunt~-
aTvlis wertili, saidanac ruseTis imperiam saqarTvelos sulieri
genocidi daiwyo; gazeTi ,,ambrolauris moambe~ #9-10, 2008w.
gv.2 ~rusuli agresiis yvelaze mZime memkvidreoba _ qarTveli
eris sulieri genocidi~; gazeTi ~axali ganaTleba~ #18(317),
2006w. ,,vin moxsnis oraswlovan tabus futieTis tragikul
brZolas~. eklesiis mxridan es tabu kidev 18 weli gagrZelda!
2008 wels dekemberSi sandro axmetelis Teatrma warmoadgina
guram qarTveliSvilis mier ,,cerkovni buntis~ istoriul Temaze
76
Seqmnili piesa. batoni gurami amis Sesaxeb Jurnal ,,gzaSi~
werda: ,,Cvens sazogadoebaSi rom warsulis totaluri
ucodinarobaa, es faqtia, samwuxarod, Zalian kargma qarTvelebmac
ki bevri ram ar ician. am piesaSi aRwerili epoqa TviTon rusebma
gansakuTrebulad miCqmales, radgan swored maTi istoriis
samarcxvino furcelia, rogor moeqcnen qarTvel marTlmadideblur
eklesias~. piesis damdgmeli reJisori giorgi SulutaSvili ase
axasiaTebs am ajanyebis istoriul periods: ,,am amboxis winapiroba
iyo ruseTis egzarxosis gadawyvetileba, aRewera saqarTvelos
saeklesio ganZi, gaetana da fulad eqcia. es is periodia, rodesac
saqarTvelos aRarc samefo taxti aqvs da aRarc kaTalikosi
hyavs. erTobisaken mowodebis ufleba ki mxolod mefes aqvs.
maSin erTiani xdeba glexic, Tavadic da aznauric. es iyo
saqarTvelos istoriaSi erTaderTi SemTxveva, rodesac dampyroblis
winaaRmdeg omi eklesiam gamoacxada. amas mitropolitebi _
dosiTeos quTaTeli da eqvTime gaenaTeli xelmZRvanelobdnen.
qarTvelebma moaxerxes 280 joris sapalne oqro-vercxlis svaneTSi
gadamalva, magram es Zalian Zvirad daujdaT. marto bolo brZolaSi
futieTTan 2000-ze meti raWveli, imereli da mTeli dasavleT
saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli daiRupa. es iyo usastikesi xocva-
Jleta. saqarTveloSi am faqtis Sesaxeb Zalian cotam icis,
arada es aris daaxloebiT Samqoris da basianis brZolebis dari
magaliTi. komunistebma istoriidan es furceli amogvixies, radgan
sinamdvileSi, sabWoTa imperiac xom rusuli imperiis gagrZeleba
iyo! mas CvenTvis unda Seeqmna iluzia, TiTqos es saerTo saxalxo
ajanyeba mxolod patara bunti iyo. sxvaTa Soris 30-ian wlebSi
eqvTime TayaiSvili buenos-airesSi werda papavebs, rogorme sandro
axmetelisaTvis miewvdinaT xma, rom am ajanyebis Temaze speqtakli
daedga~ (Jurnali ,,gza~ #51(445)-2009w. gv.26-28).
77
sur. 33. sur. 33. sur. 33. sur. 33. sur. 33. fustelTa skola-muzeumSi warmodgenilia1819-1920 ww.-is saeklesio ajanyebis droindeli
sabrZolo iaraRi.
am tragikuli istoriis scenaze gadmotana did miRwevad
unda CaiTvalos, vinaidan amiT iwyeba qarTveli eris oraswlovani
sulieri genocidis yinulis dnoba. Tumca fustelTa
mravalaTaswlovani fasdaudebeli erovnuli kulturuli
memkvidreoba jer kidev saTanadod ver aris warmodgenili piesaSi.
aq mainc kidev Zalumad igrZnoba oraswlovani sulieri genocidis
marwuxebSi moqceuli dRevandeli qarTuli eklesiis gavlena. es
marwuxebi jer kidev zRudavs da gzas uxSobs erovnuli
marTlmadidebluri cnobierebis gaRviZebas. erovnuli marTlma-
didebluri tradiciebis miRma bevri unikaluri erovnuli sulier-
kulturuli Rirebulebaa. aseTTa Soris aris fustobis
ZvelTaZveli gmiruli samxedro-saeklesio tradicia. fu(s)tis
tradicias, amas Zveli aRTqmac gvidasturebs, bibliuri noes
78
SviliSvilis eTnarq futisgan eyreba safuZveli protoqarTvelTa
samyaroSi (esaia 66-19). daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi qarTvel
graalis mcvelTa anu fu(s)telTa samxedro-saeklesio tipikons
gaecnen evropeli jvarosnebi da 1119 wels ierusalimSi mibaZviT
Seqmnes fu(s)telTa msgavsi tamplierTa ordeni. es ordeni rom
qarTvel fu(s)telTa mibaZviT Seiqmna, amis Tqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs
is, rom evropel rainds kurTxevis bolos, gadaecemoda satitule
maxvili, romelsac evropaSi ,,fustaki~ ewodeboda. (ala
iastrebickaia. ,,XI-XIII s.s-is dasavleTi evropa~. Tb. 1981w.
gv.128). sxvaTa Soris, isic saTqmelia, rom saqarTvelos mTaSic
igive tipis vadajvrian orlesul maxvils ,,franguli~ ewodeboda.
rogorc cnobilia, saqarTveloSi ,,frangi~ _ kaTolikobasac
aRniSnavda. amrigad es faqti damajereblad asabuTebs, rom qarTvel
da evropel qristianebs daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi mWidro
kontaqtebi hqondaT. rusulma imperiulma interesebma qarTveli
eris maxsovrobidan ganzraxulad amoZirkva fustobis uZvelesi
samxedro-saeklesio memkvidreobac 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio
ajanyebasTan erTad. oraswlovas sulier genocids oazisiviT
gadaurCa mxolod svanuri qristianuli fenomeni.
Zvel droSi, omianobis dros saeklesio siwmindeTa
gadarCenis mizniT, gaxizvnis valdebuleba dasavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTis mcxovrebTa tradicia iyo. am mxriv svanebma gamorCeulad
erTgulad SeinarCunes es fasdaudebeli erovnuli tradicia.
rusulma imperiam kargad icoda, Tu ra Zlieri iyo svanuri
qristianuli fenomeni, amitom es SesaniSnavi mxare TiTqmis oras
weliwads iyo mokveTili erovnul qristianul samyaros, raTa
rogorme daemuxruWebinaT qarTveli eris sulieri cxovrebis
79
gaRviZebis procesi da Cvens erSi safuZvelSive CaeklaT sulieri
damoukideblobis aRdgenis SesaZlebloba.
2003 wels, saeklesio ajanyebis Semdeg pirvelad,
1-7 agvistos moewyo grandiozuli momlocvelobiTi laSqroba
saCxeridan-mestiamde im uwmindesi da uZvelesi gziT, romelzedac
fustis raindebma TavianTi bolo vali moixades saeklesio ajanyebis
dros. am laSqrobaSi sul 120 momlocveli monawilerobda, maT
Soris 70 samxedro piri. igive gza ganmeorebiT gaiares 2005
wlis agvistoSi sasazRvro departamentis samxedroebma. amis
Semdeg am wminda gzaze gavla TiTqmis tradiciad iqca samxedro
da saero piligrimebisaTvis. yoveli eqpediciis dros Cvens
cnobierebas emateba meti da meti codna fustelTa samxedro-
saeklesio Rvawlis Sesaxeb. bolo eqspediciis dros mopovebul
iqna metad mniSvnelovani informacia fustis mxedarTa sagzao-
savele yofis Sesaxeb. sof. futieTSi aRmovaCineT 365-fuTiani
qvevri (5840 litri tevadobis), romelic futieTSi bazirebis
dros svaneTidan wamosul fustelTa mxedrobas sasmeliT
umaspinZldeboda. gadmocemiT davadgineT, rom TiToeuli mebroli
dRe-RameSi or Careqa Rvinos iRebda, rac daaxloebiT 1,5 litrs
udris. dazustda Tamar mefis saxelTan dakavSirebuli toponimebis
zusti mdebareoba WiSkaras uReltexilis midamoebSi. eqspediciam
gamoikvlia toponimebi, romlebic kavSirSia fustelTa tradiciul
gzasTan. raWidan svaneTisken gadasasvlel monakveTze dasturdeba
didi samonastro kompleqsis, soxasteris arseboba, aris informacia
rom aq arsebobda wminda mefis Tamaris saxelze agebuli taZari.
xolo zed uReltexilze SemorCenilia e.w. ,,Tamaris qva~ (,,Tamari
baC~) romelic TiTqmis samsarTuliani saxlis simaRlisaa da
rogorc Cans, mis ZirSi mowyobili iyo Ramis saTevebi fustis
mxedrebis mimosvlis dros. iqve aris cxenze akidebuli bargis
80
Sesasworebeli ori qvis koridori. monaxulebul iqna ,,qalaqolis~
uZvelesi nangrevebi, sadac xdeboda qvemo svaneTSi gadasuli
fustis raindebis bazireba. 1820 wlis futieTis tragikuli
brZolis Semdeg qalaqoli iyo pirveli svanuri dasaxleba, sadac
280 jorze akidebuli saeklesio siwmindeebi iqna mitanili. sofeli
sxvava da iq mdebare kvaracixe Camket karibWes warmoadgenda
fustelTa mTavar gzaze, romelic iwyeba saCxereSi da mTavrdeba
mestiaSi (149km). sainteresoa sofel sxvavaSi cnobili mkvlevaris
kondakovis mier dafiqsirebuli ,,mefeTa sasaxlis~ da ,,erisTavTa
sasaxlis~ adgilmdebarebis dadgenac.
dRes am istoriuli wminda gzis Seswavla-aTvisebis
mniSvnelovan centrs warmoadgens sof. futieTSi arsebuli
saprezidento daTvaliereba festivalis laureati fustelTa
skola-muzeumi. es muzeumi 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebis
gmirTa memorial-muzeumic aris.
sur.sur.sur.sur.sur. 3434343434. qarTuli eklesiis Tavdadebuli qomagi da
mxardamWeri, erovnebiT rusi nikoloz durnovi.
81
fustel-tamplierTa kavSirebi,fustel-tamplierTa kavSirebi,fustel-tamplierTa kavSirebi,fustel-tamplierTa kavSirebi,fustel-tamplierTa kavSirebi,
uZvelesi fesvebi evropuli dauZvelesi fesvebi evropuli dauZvelesi fesvebi evropuli dauZvelesi fesvebi evropuli dauZvelesi fesvebi evropuli da
qarTuli qristianuli samyarosqarTuli qristianuli samyarosqarTuli qristianuli samyarosqarTuli qristianuli samyarosqarTuli qristianuli samyaros
urTierTobis istoriaSiurTierTobis istoriaSiurTierTobis istoriaSiurTierTobis istoriaSiurTierTobis istoriaSi
Tavis droze zviad gamsaxurdiam mecnierul gamokvlevebSi
gamorCeuli adgili dauTmo qarTul-evropuli qristianuli
urTierTobis istoriis sakiTxebs. amasTan man gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba gaamaxvila tamplierebis sakiTxze: ,,tamplieroba iyo
moZraoba, romelmac gaaerTiana dasavluri da aRmosavluri sibrZne,
dasavluri da aRmosavluri iniciacia. tamplieroba marto
dasavleTis sakuTreba ar aris. Cven gvaqvs monacemebi umWidroesi
kavSirebisa qarTvel raindebsa da tamplierebs Soris~ (z. gamsa-
xurdia, saqarTvelos sulieri misia. Tb. 1990w. gv.26).
am periodSi evropeli jvarosnebi, rogorc Cans, mWidro
kavSirs amyareben aRmosavluri qristianuli bastionis damcvel
qarTvelebTan. im saerTo miznis misaRwevad, romelsac uflis
saflavis ganTavisufleba edo safuZvlad, es ori samyaro erTmaneTs
mWidrod daukavSirda. sakramentumi, romelic am epoqaSi Caisaxa
evropel da qarTvel qristianebs Soris, Semdgomma istoriulma
garemoebebma daviwyebis bindiT dafara. es unikaluri sakramentumi
dRes, marTlac, moiTxovs Zireul mecnierul-saRvTismetyvelo
Seswavlas da kvleva-Ziebas, vinaidan igi aSkarad asabuTebs im
saerTo arqauli fundamentis arsebobas, romelzec idgnen
kaTolikuri da marTlmadidebluri samyaroebi gardasul epoqaSi.
miT umetes dRes, roca CvenSi arseboben Zalebi, romelTac
dasavlur civilizaciasTan Cveni integracia mizanSeuwonlad
82
miaCniaT. amas xSirad safuZvlad udeben ,,marTlmadideblobis~
faqtors, romelic ZiriTadad Cveni yofili mepatrone-imperiasTan
Tanacxovrebis gavleniTac aixsneba. unda aRiniSnos is istoriuli
realoba, rac qarTuli erovnuli marTlmadidebluri cnobierebis
eklesias daatyda Tavs rusuli imperiis wyalobiT. 1819-1820w.w.
saeklesio ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, rusulma imperiam safuZveli
daudo yvelaze did damRupvel movlenas _ qarTveli eris sulier
genocids, romlis damRupveli zemoqmedebisTvs dRemde ver
dagviRwevia Tavi, me araerTxel gamovTqvi Cemi mosazreba am mavne
movlenisagan Tavis daRwevis mizniT gasatarebeli RonisZiebebis
Sesaxeb; romelTa Sesaxeb am wignis Sesaval nawilSic aris
saubari.
z. gamsaxurdias Tavis droze gamoTqmuli mecnieruli
varaudebi misaRebia. mas samarTlianad miaCnda volfram fon
eSenbaxis parcifali graalis moZraobis simbolod. graalis
moZraobis fuZemdeblebad ki, am SemTxvevaSi, fustel tamplierTa
qarTul-evropuli samxedro-saeklesio qristianuli ordenebi
ikveTebian. am orma ordenma warsulSi saTave daudo aRmosavlur
da dasavluri sibrZnis Serwymas da ganviTarebas, romelic
garkveuli istoriuli movlenebis gamo srul daviwyebas mieca.
am daviwyebis fardis gadaweva dRevandel epoqas arguna ufalma.
am istoriis cnobierebaSi dabruneba gzas gauxsnis, ganamtkicebs
da ganaviTarebs Cvens Semdgom urTierTobebs, rac Tavis droze
arsebobda saqarTvelos da dasavleT qristianul samyaros Soris.
rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, 1119 wels jvarosanTa mefe bolduini
idumal Camovida mefe daviT aRmaSenebelTan samxedro daxmarebis
saTxovnelad. man es daxmareba miiRo. am daxmarebis Sedegia is,
83
rom evropelma jvarosnebma qarTuli samxedro-saeklesio saidumlo
raindTa ordenis sruli asli gadaiRes da Seqmnes tamplierTa
samxedro-saeklesio raindTa ordeni. ala iastrebickaias avtorobiT
gamocemul wignSi zustad aris aRwerili samxedro-saeklesio
raindis kurTxevis ceremoniali, rac fustis raindTa tipikoniT
iyo miRebuli: ,,mTeli Rame kurTxevis win rainds samrekloSi
unda gaeTia, gamTeniisas Tavisi iaraRi sakurTxevelze unda daewyo,
RmerTisaTvis mieZRvna da wirvis mosmenis Semdeg ziarebuliyo.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi kurTxevis ZiriTad elements-xmlis welze
Semortymas-raindi ki aRar aRasrulebda, aramed episkoposi.
kurTxevis ritualSi udides rols TamaSobda ferisa da sagnebis
simbolika. rainds tilos an abreSumis TeTr perangs acmevdnen
misi umwikvlobis simbolod, zemodan ki alisfer siuroks, niSans
sisxlisas, romelic eklesiis saxeliT unda daeRvara. Sosi
yavisferi ecva, rameTu kaci miwas unda dabruneboda; qamari
TeTri ekeTa, ,,welis siwmindis~ dasturad; xmlis tari jvriT
iyo damSvenebuli, orlesuli piri ki im simtkicisa da erTgulebis
simbolod iTvleboda, romelic rainds sustis Zlierisagan da
Raribis mdidrisagan dacvisas unda gamoemJRavnebina~ (ala
iastrebickaia. ,,XI-XIII s.s.-is dasavleTi evropa~, Tb., 1981w.,
gv.127). aq gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom satitule iaraRis
simbolo, romelic kurTxevis ceremonials agvirgvinebda, fustakad
(fustuca) iwodeboda (igive naSromi gv. 128). tamplieris satitule
maxvils evropaSi Tu fustaki ewodeboda (gavixsenoT zemoT
naTqvami, Zvel aRTqmaSi da Zvel aRmosavleTSi protoqarTvelTa
Zveli saxeli futieli), saqarTvelos mTaSi igive vadajvrian
orlesul maxvils franguli ewodeboda. xom ar aris aqac im
84
uZvelesi qristianul-rainduli kavSirebis kvali? am azrs momavali
kvlevebi gaarkvevs da gaaRrmavebs.
tamplierTa da fustelTa urTierTobis gardasuli
istoriis Semdgomi Seswavla da gamomzeureba warmoaCens im
dafarul fesvebs, romelic arsebobda qarTvel da evropel
qristianebs Soris Soreul warsulSi. evropel tamplierTa
istoriiT dainteresebuli sazogadoebebi aucileblad unda
daumegobrdnen qarTvel fustelTa istoriiT dainteresebul
sazogadoebebs. amiT Cven safuZvels CavuyriT da ganvamtkicebT
progresuli integraciis safuZvlebis ganviTarebas Cvens Soris.
Cvens qristianul istorias amiT eZebneba saerTo Tanacxovrebis
ZvelisZveli fesvebi, rac ase saWiroa dRes Cveni momavali
urTierTobis ganviTarebisaTvis. rogorc Sevityve, student-
axalgazrdaTa jgufma, giorgi cinaZis iniciativiT, saqarTveloSi
ukve daafuZna ,,fustelTa sazogadoeba~. am axalgazrdul
organizacias gaaCnia droSa ,,lemi~, gerbi da himni. imedia, es
axalgazrdebi megobrobis xels male CamoarTmeven evropel
tamplierTa sazogadoebebs da momavalSi saerTo ZalisxmeviT
ecdebian gaaRrmavin is codna, romelic naTels mohfens tamplierTa
da fustel raindTa uZveles, CvenTvis jer kidev ucnob istoriebs.
SesaZloa, amas gulisxmobda zviad gamsaxurdia Tavis gamokvlevebSi,
roca ambobda: ,,Cven gvaqvs monacemebi umWidroesi kavSirebisa
qarTvel raindebsa da tamplierebs Soris~.
85
risTvis dasWirda stalinsrisTvis dasWirda stalinsrisTvis dasWirda stalinsrisTvis dasWirda stalinsrisTvis dasWirda stalins
fustel raindTa ukanaskneli didifustel raindTa ukanaskneli didifustel raindTa ukanaskneli didifustel raindTa ukanaskneli didifustel raindTa ukanaskneli didi
sabrZolo epopeis, 1819-1820 wlebissabrZolo epopeis, 1819-1820 wlebissabrZolo epopeis, 1819-1820 wlebissabrZolo epopeis, 1819-1820 wlebissabrZolo epopeis, 1819-1820 wlebis
saeklesio ajanyebis istoriasaeklesio ajanyebis istoriasaeklesio ajanyebis istoriasaeklesio ajanyebis istoriasaeklesio ajanyebis istoria
1942 welia didi samamulo omi kritikul fazaSi Sevida.
faSizmi da komunizmi samkvdro-sasicocxlod iyo Serkinebuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom hitleris elviseburi omis gegma CaiSala,
germanel faSistTa upiratesoba aSkara iyo. mteri Seuferxeblad
moiwevda qveynis siRrmisaken. mTavroba kuibiSevSi gaixizna. TviT
stalini moskovSi, kremlSi darCa. aseT viTarebaSi stalini xSirad
iZaxebda berias sxvadasxva sapasuxismgeblo davalebebisaTvis.
erTxel erT-erTi aseTi gamoZaxebis dros, beladma berias daavala,
moeZebna Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis mecnieri, raTa SeeswavlaT 1819-
1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebis istoria.
lavrenti beriam kargad icoda beladis xasiaTi, magram am
SemTxvevaSi, roca qveyana yofna-aryofnis gardauvali safrTxis
winaSe idga, ver aexsna stalinis es survili. ukvirda, risTvis
sWirdeboda stalins saukuneze meti xnis win saqarTveloSi
momxdari es istoriuli movlena da amas sasuliero seminariis
studentis morig axirebad miiCnevda. miT umetes, rom am ambavs
win uswrebda misive brZanebiT yazanis RvTismSoblis xatiT moskovis
frontis xazis Semovla sasuliero pirebis mier.
berias moadgiles, gogliZes, uSualod daevala stalinis
am davalebis Sesruleba. saqarTvelos istoriis institutis niWier
da erudirebul mecnier-TanamSromels, n. b. maxaraZes, daevala
mokle droSi Seeqmna es naSromi. amisTvis mas saSualeba eZleoda
86
Seuferxeblad esargebla yvela arqiviT Tu sacaviT, maT Soris,
alyaSi myof leningradSic ki.
rusul arqivebSi daculi istoriografiuli masalebi am
ajanyebas icnobda rogorc 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebas,
(,,cerkovni bunt~), magram beladis survili iyo, am ajanyebas
,,1819-1820 wlebis imereTis ajanyeba~ darqmeoda. daTqmul vadaSi
rusul enaze Sesrulebuli naSromi beriam gogliZis TanxlebiT
stalins warudgina. stalinma naSromi gadafurcla da gogliZes
mimarTa qarTulad: ,,Tqven raWidan xarT, me raWvelebis siZe
viyavi. iq xSirad mixdeboda yofna da kargad vicnob bevr maT
zne-Cveulebas. aba miTxariT, ratom ityvian raWaSi, roca kaci
magidas miujdeba, ra futieTeliviT Sorsa zixaro.~ gogliZes
amaze upasuxia: ,,es ki gamigonia, magram amis mizezi namdvilad ar
vicio.~ maSin sasuliero seminariis yofil students TviTon
auxsnia maTTvis: ,,Zvelad saqarTveloSi arsebobda saeklesio
siwmindeebisa da qonebis damcveli da gadamnaxveli raindTa
jari, romelTa umTavres movaleobas mtris Semosevebis dros
saeklesio qonebis da saeklesio-samonastro personalis usafrTxo
adgilebSi evakuacia Seadgenda. eseni ZiriTadad dasavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTs, raWa-leCxum-svaneTis mkvidrni iyvnen da
fustelebi ewodebodaT. svanur yofaSi es tradicia dRemde
cocxlobs. am tradiciis erT-erTi mTavari forposti warsulSi
raWaSi sofeli futieTi iyo. fustelTa sabrZolo ganawesi
moiTxovda mudamJam meomrul mzadyofnas. ai, swored amitom
SemorCaT sof. futieTis mkvidrT es zne-Cveuleba~.
SemdgomSi gogliZes igive kiTxva dausvams sof. futieTis
mkvidris lavrenti svanisaTvis, romelic wignis palatis narkomatSi
muSaobda da gogliZis naTesavi iyo. ra Tqma unda, lavrenti
svansac futieTelebis am zne-Cveulebaze veraferi uTqvams. maSin
uambnia gogliZes stalinis mier misTvis moTxrobili istoria
futieTelebis am zne-Cveulebis Sesaxeb.
87
Tavisi maxasiaTeblebiT, funqciiT da arsiT fustis raindTa
(RvTis lomTa) es gamZle da sicocxlisunariani uZvelesi manqana
zustad iqna kopirebuli da gamoyenebuli didi samamulo omis
periodSi sabWoTa saevakuacio sistemis mier. swored am uZvelesi
sistemis analogiiT sabWoTa kavSiris evropuli nawilidan
umsxviles samrewvelo kompleqsebs personalTan erTad xiznavdnen
urals gadaRma cimbirSi, ramac gadmwyveti roli iTamaSa sabWoTa
armiis Zlevamosil gamarjvebaSi. rogorc irkveva, stalinma kargad
icoda fustobis svanuri tradiciis istoriuli funqciis misi
moqmedebis meqanizmisa da tragikuli dasasrulis Sesaxeb,
dawvrilebiT flobda informacias 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio
ajanyebis detalebzec, magram am informaciis gamJRavneba
sazogadoebis winaSe dauSveblad miaCnda sabWoTa-rusuli
imperiuli interesebidan gamomdinare. es iyo ZiriTadi mizezi,
rom es naSromic, 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebisa da
fustobis istoriac yovelTvis mkacrad tabudadebuli iyo. aravin
icoda isic, Tu ratom ar amJRavnebdnen am gmiruli da oraswlovani
erovnul-gamanTavisuflebel moZraobaSi sworupovari masStabis
ajanyebis gamomwvev namdvil mizezebs. tabu edo am didi istoriuli
movlenis warmarTvel fustis ZvelisZvel qarTul samxedro-
saeklesio tradiciasac. gasaidumloebuli iyo sazanos da fustis
tragikuli da gmiruli brZolebis ambavi. aravin icoda isic, Tu
ratom da ra gziT xvdeboda svaneTSi auracxeli saeklesio
siwminde saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan da qveynis gareT
mdebare eklesia monastrebidan. maT Soris gaugebari iyo, Tu
rogor moxvda svaneTSi xelnawerebi bulgareTSi mdebare
petriwonis qarTuli monastridan.
dRes ukve dadga dro oraswlovani umkacres tabudadebul
fustobis tradiciasa da futieTis da zemo sazanos tragikul
brZolebs dRis Suqi moefinos, droa Cvenma xalxma, marTlmorwmune
erovnuli marTlmadidebluri cnobierebis mqone mrevlma da
xelisuflebamac, mondomebiT iRvawos am tragikuli istoriis
dRis sinaTleze gamosatanad.
88
svanuri qristianuli fenomeni,svanuri qristianuli fenomeni,svanuri qristianuli fenomeni,svanuri qristianuli fenomeni,svanuri qristianuli fenomeni,
misi roli erovnuli marTl-misi roli erovnuli marTl-misi roli erovnuli marTl-misi roli erovnuli marTl-misi roli erovnuli marTl-
madidebluri cnobierebismadidebluri cnobierebismadidebluri cnobierebismadidebluri cnobierebismadidebluri cnobierebis
gadarCenaSigadarCenaSigadarCenaSigadarCenaSigadarCenaSi
qarTveli eris oraswlovani, sulieri genocidis aRmofxvris
saqmeSi, svanuri qristianuli fenomenis da 1819-1820 wlebis
saeklesio ajanyebis gmirTa Rvawli Seufasebelia. dRes arnaxulad
uWirs qarTvel xalxs. amis umTavresi mizezi ki sulieri
Rirebulebebis dakargvaa. qarTulma marTladidebelma istoriulma
yofam Seqmna eris uaRresad jansaRi da sicocxlisunariani sxeuli,
romelic 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebis marcxTan erTad
dasamarda.
sur.35.sur.35.sur.35.sur.35.sur.35. ajanyebulebs kazakTa regularuli
nawilebi daupirispirdnen.
erovnuli marTlmadidebluri cnobierebis ukanasknel da
mtkice bastions _ svaneTs am mxriv wamyvani funqcia akisria
dRes. svaneTi Tavisi myarad Camoyalibebuli qarTveli xalxis
sulieri saganZuris dacvisa da gadarCenis istoriuli funqciiT,
89
bolomde erTguli darCa Tavisi movaleobisa. is, rac svanuria,
zogadqarTulia, Cveni erovnuli sakuTrebaa.
svaneTis roli da funqcia, rogorc Cans, kargad icoda im
Zalam, romelmac qarTveli eris sulier genocids daudo safuZveli.
amitom mTeli Zalisxmeva mimarTulia iqiT, rom ar moxdes svanuri
qristianuli fenomenis gavrceleba qarTul sivrceSi, radgan es
gamoiwevs saqarTvelos sulier aRorZinebas da mis mkvdreTiT
aRdgomas. svaneTis daqucmaceba administraciulad Tu sulierad,
misi istoriuli maxasiaTeblebis yalbad warmodgena, emsaxureba
imas, rom qarTvelma xalxma mocemul etapze ver miagnos
TviTgadarCenis swor gzas.
Tu Cvens istorias gadavxedavT, Znelbedobis Jams
saqarTvelos romelime mxare iRebda avangardis funqcias. ase
magaliTad, Sah-abasis Semosevebis dros avangardul poziciaSi
Cadga kaxeTi, arabTa Semosevebis dros _ imereTi, monRolTa
batonobis dros _ cotne dadiani da samegrelo, raRac etapze
tao-klarjeTi da sxva. dRes ki, roca Cveni yofna-aryofnis dRe
dadga, umTavresia sulieri erovnuli faseulebebis aRdgena. aq
ki svaneTma unda ikisros avangardis roli. ,,.... da nu geSiniaT
misi, vinc xorciT klavs, geSinodeT misi, vinc suliT klavs,~ _
gvaswavlis wminda werili. svaneTis roli qarTuli
marTmadidebluri eklesiis cxovrebaSi sworupovaria. svanebi
qristianobas gaecnen I saukuneSi. igi Rrmad SeiTvises da dRemde
moitanes yvela im niSan-TvisebiT, rac erovnul marTlmadideblur
yofas axasiaTebs. mas sxva maRalmTiani kuTxeebis msgavsad mtruli
brZola ar gamoucxadebia qristianobasTan, piriqiT, igi Rrmad da
SemoqmedebiTad Seisisxlxorca, ganaviTara yvela im niSniT, rac
zogadqarTul marTmadideblur yofas axasiaTebda. bolSevikebis
batonobis pirobebSic ki svanuri eklesiebi xelSeuxebeli da
90
Seuryvneli darCa, didi saeklesio locva-ziarebebi xalxis mier
ukve mRvdlebis gareSe aResruleboda. svaneTis sulieri
cxovrebisaTvis niSandoblivia is, rom mas ar gauwyvetia uZvelesi
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis civilizaciis akvnad cnobil kulturebTan
memkvidreobiTi kavSiri. aq qristes moZRvrebas sisxlxorceulad
Seerwya am uZvelesi civilizaciebis WeSmaritebebic. noes epoqis
arqeologiuri eqsponatebi inaxeba mestiis mxareTmcodneobis
muzeumSi. aman ganapiroba, rom andria pirvelwodebulisa da
simon kananelis SemosvlisTanave I saukuneSi svaneTis didi nawili
moeqca qristianobaze da qristianuli funqcia miiRo yovelivem,
rac qristianuli Teologis SesabamisobaSi movida. amiT svaneTma
SeinarCuna ara marto uZvelesi materialuri, aramed sulieri
memkvidreobiToba da umaRlesi rangis sarwmunoebis,
marTlmadidebluri qristianobis xarisxSi aiyvana igi. amitomac
dafuZnda aq mzis uZveles salocavebze fu(s)tze, qristianobis
umTavresi dogmatis samebis anu fu(s)tis salocavebi.
mteri gvitevs daxvewili meTodebiT , , , y albi
marTmadideblobis~ niRabs amofarebuli, rogorc es batonma
prezidentma gamoaaSkarava. 2009 wlis 20 ivniss parlamentSi
gamosvlis dros. amitomac aris, rom Cveni eris arakeTilmosurneTa
wyalobiT, svaneTis qristianuli fenomenis Sesaxeb Cvenma
sazogadoebam araferi icis. svaneTi sarwmunoebis TvalsazrisiT
yovelTvis gaigivebuli iyo sxva maRal mTianeTis kuTxeebTan,
rogorc qristianobis mteri da warmarTobis motrfiale. svaneTi
xelovnurad aris izolirebuli mtkice gamyofi kedliT saerTo
qarTul qristianul sivrcidan. svaneTidan mcire informaciac
Tu gamoaRwevda, moxdeboda erovnuli marTlmadidebluri
cnobierebis aRdgena da saqarTvelos sulieri gacocxleba, es
91
kargad uwyodnen sulieri geocidis avtorebma, visac Cveni damoneba,
dabeCaveba hqonda Cafiqrebuli.
niSandoblivia, rom Zalian cotaa svanuri warmomavlobis
mRvdelmsaxuri, arada svaneTSi dRemde xeluxleblad aris daculi
da Semonaxuli bevri taZari, romelic elodeba Rirseul mRvdelsa
da wirva-locvas. svaneTi, romelmac unikaluri freskebi, xatebi,
oTxTavi, sagaloblebi, ferxuli da mravali sarwmunoebrivi saunje
Semoinaxa, TiTqmis upatronod aris mitovebuli. arada Tu
sulierebas veZebT, is jer kidev uxvad aris daculi da Semonaxuli.
Tu qarTvel marTlmadidebel sazogadoebas surs Tavi daaRwios
oraswlovan sulier genocids, man sworad unda gaacnobieros
svaneTis qristianuli fenomeni qarTul marTlmadidebluri
cxovrebis istoriaSi. sakiTxavia, ratom moxvda svaneTSi amdeni
siwminde? ratom ebrZvian fustobis tradicias, ,,pusta-pustebi~?
ratom adevs tabu 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebis movlenebs
da gmirebs? ratom Semoinaxa svaneTma bolomde daurbeveli taZrebi?
ratom ar aris qristiaobis winaSe aseTi damsaxurebis mqone
kuTxidan qarTuli eklesiis ierarqiaSi svanuri qristianuli
fenomenis matarebeli pirovnebebi? ratom cdiloben svaneTis
istoriuli funqciis damalvas? ras niSnavda sasvano gadasaxadi,
romelic arsebobda qristianul saqarTveloSi? ratom evalebodaT
fustobis madliT svanebs ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mis
gareT mdebare eklesia-monastrebis dacva? ratom dainteresda
stalini 1819-1820 wlebis saeklesio ajanyebis istoriiT? ra
arsiT da funqciiT Sendeboda svanuri koSkebi, iyo Tu ara masSi
Cadebuli qristianuli msoflmxedveloba? ra daniSnuleba hqonda
dRemde moRweul saeklesio droSas anu bavrays ,,lems~? vis da
ratom ar surs samzeoze gamovitanoT erovnuli marTlmadidebluri
cnobiereba, anu svanuri qristianuli fenomeni? ratom ar gvinda
92
aRsdges erovnuli saRvTismetyvelo Teosofiuri tradiciuli
codna. Tu Cven gvsurs Tavi davaRwioT oraswlovan sulier
genocids, swored am kiTxvebs unda gavceT pasuxi da
vixelmZRvaneloT am pasuxebiT. ,,mtroba nu geqneba gulSi Seni
moZmisadmi, amxile Seni axlobeli da codva ar iqneba Senze~
(levianni 19-17).
93
s a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v i
Sesavali ............................................................................................ 3
fustebi ............................................................................................. 7
fustelTa Teogeografiuli areali _
kolxeTis didi kavkasionis mTianeTi .................................... 15
fu(s)tebi ucxour werilobiT wyaroebSi .......................... 22
futieTi _ fustelTa garnizoni, romelic icxavda
uZvelesi kolxeTis umTavres sakulto centrs ............... 30
bavrayi _ fustis raindTa sawinamZRvro droSebi ........... 34
fustelTa samxedro-organizaciuli sistmis moSlaerTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos darRvevis gamo _1503 wlis imerTa mefis aleqsandre II
,,sasisxlo sigeli~ ..................................................................... 43
koSkuri kultura-rogorc fu(s)tielTa
titulis gamoxatuleba ............................................................. 57
fustelTa xalxuri tradiciebi ........................................... 65
,,fustis raindTa nakvalevi~ da 1819-1820 wlebis
saeklesio ajanyeba ....................................................................... 73
fustel-templierTa kavSirebi, uZvelesi fesvebievropuli da qarTuli qristianuli samyaros
urTierTobis istoriaSi ............................................................ 81
risTvis dasWirda stalins fustel raindTaukanaskneli didi sabrZolo epopeis, 1819-1820 wlebis
saeklesio ajanyebis istoria ................................................... 85
svanuri qristianuli fenomeni, misi roli erovnuli
marTlmadidebluri cnobierebis gadarCenaSi ...................... 88