Hemija - Zadaci i rešenja sa maturskih ispita.pdf

7/26/2019 Hemija - Zadaci i reenja sa maturskih ispita.pdf

1/239

KEMIJA

OBRAZLOENA RJEENJA ZADATAKA S NACIONALNIH

ISPITA I DRAVNIH MATURA 20072012.

Kristina Kuanda

listopad 2012.


2/239

2

Aut!"

K!#$t#%& Ku'&%(&)

$t!*+*!#,&.-#%&/#&&34&5.,

6!*&"

Z&(&,# $ %&,#%&%#5 #$6#t& # (!&8%#5 &tu!&

20072012.

K*#&)

NCVVO

999.%,88.5!

O+&8*% %&"999.(!/&8%&:&tu!&.,

K%t&t " #%;3(!/&8%&:&tu!&.,

S!#6t& $* * !#$t#t# $& /& #%(#8#(u&%* 6t!*+* !#$%#& u/ 6


3/239

Sadraj

1@ OLEDNI ISPIT .............................................................................................................................

2. (# ............................................................................................................................................ 1

2@ NACIONALNI ISPIT ZA UENIKE 2. RAZREDA IMNAZIJE 2007. ................................................... 2

@ NACIONALNI ISPIT ZA UENIKE . RAZREDA IMNAZIJE 200F. ................................................... 2

2. (# ............................................................................................................................................

@ PROBNA MATURA ZA UENIKE . RAZREDA 200G. .....................................................................

2. (# ............................................................................................................................................ 7

@ DRAVNA MATURA LJETO 2010................................................................................................. F0

2. (# ............................................................................................................................................ G2

@ DRAVNA MATURA JESEN 2010. ............................................................................................. 10

2. (# .......................................................................................................................................... 11

7@ DRAVNA MATURA LJETO 2011............................................................................................... 127

2. (# .......................................................................................................................................... 12

F@ DRAVNA MATURA JESEN 2011. ............................................................................................. 1

2. (# .......................................................................................................................................... 1G

G@ DRAVNA MATURA LJETO 2012............................................................................................... 1F

2. (# .......................................................................................................................................... 1GF

10@ DRAVNA MATURA JESEN 2012........................................................................................... 210

2. (# .......................................................................................................................................... 227


4/239

1'

()*+ S/

D T&&8 #(%# $u$t&8 & t*u?#%& !&$6!& #+#'%@ 6& * $#(&,#$# +! &%-&%& u &%-&%&tu ) u 6*!&%-&%&tu 7 # u &%-&%8>IV@


5/239

$#(u >& 7@ 6& * t $#(&,#&) & 6!# 6!#*&/u &%-&%&t& u &%-&%8>IV@ $#(

$#(&,#$# +! $* $&%u* >@ 6& * t !*(u,#&. Z& %* # 5?* /& 8*+u 6u


6/239

A M*u &t#& 6**%#t- 6#%& (*uu $& 8&% (*! Q&&$8* 6!#8&'%* $#* >*! $u %*%&+#*%# #

%*6&!%#@ * $u &'*


7/239

7

A J*! #& 7 **t!%& u 8&%$ u$,# >N$2N6 $26@.

B N& &t(# $* (8#& !*(u,#& 8(* $* #/u'u* ***%t&!%# 8(# *! * +&!# /*%&$#

*t& 6& #& %*-&t#8&% $t&%(&!(%# !*(u,#$# 6t*%,#& # $t-& $* %* * #/u'#t# u **t!#/#

8(*%* t6#%*.

B L*(#t. 6?*%#t t,u *(&

!& /&-!#&8&t# & +# $* 6!8 t6#& 6& #$6&!#&@) 6& $* 6!# +!%ut# 6!*%&& >ls

'8!


8/239

F

A M*u* (& '#%* *u$# !#$t& >8#(# . 6#t&%*@. J( %#* *t&) %#t# $&(!# 8(#. K8&*%t%*

$u 8*/* #& $u 68*/&%# &t# u *u&& I2) %* *u* *u$+%.

C M*u %&8*(*%# *u&& 6&!%* $u" HC) NO) & %*6&!%*" H2>***%t&!%& t8&!@) CO2

>$#*t!#&" #%*&!%& *u&@) B*2>$#*t!#&" #%*&!%& *u&@) N2>***%t&!%& t8&!@) CC

>$#*t!#&" t*t!&*(&!@.

C T!$t!&%& 6#!(&"

B >8#(# 200G.11F.@


9/239

G

B E##%&,#& (u/#&%* &t& 68*?&%* %*/&$#?*%$t#. P!*t8!+& &5& u &*% * %6!.

CHCH2OH CH2CH2 H2O

B M*u* 8(#& # #$#& $u *u* ***%t&!%#5 t8&!# 6& %* $&(!* 6&!%* 8*/*. Z& 8(#8u

8*/u #/*u (8#* #$t* ## !&/#'#t* *u* %&&%* *(%& ( t#5 *u& !& $&(!&8&t# 8(#

8*/&% u/ **t!%*-&t#8%# ***%t ) O ## N & (!u-& !& $&(!&8&t# %*# ( t#5 **t!%*-&t#8%#5

***%&t& $ %*8*/%# **t!%$# 6&!.

D P/#t#8%& *%t&6#& *%(t*!%& !*&,#&. P!*& 8*) /& %&$t&&%* 1 NO26t!*+% *

)2 J *%*!-#*.

D P!*& 6? 6#%$ *(%&(+# >pVnRT@ # 8*/# %#%* # &$* >nm=M@ 6!* &!%* &$*" V

nRT=p mRT=>Mp@) (&* 8u*% *(%&* &$* 6#%& +!%ut * 6!6!,#%&&% %*-8

&!% &$#. O( %&8*(*%#5 6#%8& 8(# #& %&&%u &!%u &$u 6& /&u/#& %&8*?#

8u*%. >P(!&/u#*8& $* (& $* 6#%8# %&&/* u +&%#& ## 6$u(&& $ 6#'%# #6 t& (&

/&u/#&u 8u*% # # %&+* 6&


10/239

10

D M&$*%& %,*%t!&,#& &$& t6*%* t8&!# = 8u*% t6#%* %#%& t6*%* t8&!#

&!%& &$& t6*%* t8&!# = 8u*% t6#%* &!%& &$& t6*%* t8&!# %#%$&

%,*%t!&,#& GF -= 0)0 =L G -=L.

D E*t!%$& %;#-u!&,#& * * A!($2) /& *(u/#& /&(%& **t!%& >+& $ # *(&% (@.

A J*! * t &t 6**%#t- 6#%& >5*#&@ (&* #& 66u%*%u 8&%$u ># *(#%u@ u$u) u O2* (8$t!u&) & H2# C2*(%$t!u*@.


11/239

11

D NHC * $ &* #$*#%* >HC@ # $&+* +&/* >NH@. N&2CO?* (&t# u%&tu >$ $&+* #$*#%* # &*

+&/*@) & C&C2# N&2SO6!#+#% %*ut!&%* t6#%* >$# &* #$*#%* # &* +&/*@.

A%#*8 %#t!&t * NHNO) %*-8# t*!#'# !&$6&( 8#$% u8*t#& -u %&$t&t# !&/#'#t#

6!(ut#) %&'*


12/239

12

B K%u-#!&%& +&/& #& *(&% H&%*" %u-#!&%& +&/& 5#(!-*%$u;&t%- #%& HSO* $u;&t%#

#% SO2.

C

SO2 #&u +# t!$t!&%* 6#!(* >& *u*

&%#&&) *! $u %& $!*(#& CH@ *! $u %& $!*(#


13/239

1

& CO2$u 6&%&!%* *! $u %& $!*(## 0 $+(%#5 **t!%$#5 6&!8&@"

D

Pu!*&,#* 6!# t **t!#/# $u"

K" Cu2 2*Cu

A" 2H2OO2 * H

>%& &%(# $* $#(#!& 8(& *! $u6! u $u;&t%# #%#& #& $8 %&8*?# $#(&,#$# +! 6& $* %*

* $#(#!&t#) & # 6?*%#t $* u+#'&*%# 8#


14/239

1

D P8#t6*%&

t8&!@=V>t6#%&@) & bn>t6*%& t8&!@=m>t&6&@n>t6*%& t8&!@=>>t&6&@V>t&6&@& *

V>t6#%&@V>t&6&@) %(& * bc=>t&6&@@) K+* %$t&%t& & 8#$# $& t&6&u) 6&

* !*?# (& * T6!6!,#%&%ic) 6!# '*u * i;&t! (#$,#&,#* t. +! '*$t#,& %& *

(#$,#!& *(%& ;!u$& *(#%&) N& C@) *C >* C@) CH12O1

>*u&@) K2SO >2K

SO2

@) KNO2 >K

NO

@) (&* u%& #, (-8&!& % /& /&(&%ut6#%u N&C *(#% ( /&(&%* t6#%* K2SO.

A P /&%u 6!8- !*(& /%&'# (& * +!/#%& !*&,#* u $8& t!*%utu 6!6!,#%&%&

%,*%t!&,## t- !*&t&%t& %& 6!8u 6t*%,#u) (&* 68*?&%* %,*%t!&,#* !*&t&%t& 68*?&8& $*

# +!/#%& !*&,#*. P8*?&%* %,*%t!&,#* !*&t&%t& 68*?&8& $* +!/#%& 8*?#%* !*&,#& >$# %#5

%ut- !*(&@.

B S *t& &%*- >&'* %*-&t#8%-@ $t&%(&!(%- !*(u,#$ 6t*%,#&& ( **/& >'*# *

*-u!& **/&@ & +# !(#!& >$#(#!& $*@ u*$t %*-&. B&&!) $!*+! # /&t #&u 6/#t#8&%

$t&%(&!(%# !*(u,#$# 6t*%,#&) 8! $* t*


15/239

1

B U+&,#8&%* !#$t?& >t* t8&!#) & %&'*


16/239

1

2. dio

var omo&enasmjesa

+lementarna tvar Kemijski spoj etero&enasmjesa

B!%,&

L*(

B#/ut

!&%#t

Ku5#%$# ,&t

*?*!

+!%,& *-u!& >'8!$t& 5-*%& $*$& *t&&@ +&!& # $#t!&

*( H2O

+#/ut B# >***%t +! F@-!&%#t 8!$t& $t#*%* 5*t*!-*%- #/-*(& # $&$t&8&

u5#%$# ,&t # $* 8#(# -# ) 5-*%& $*$& ,t*%* #$*#%*) 8(* # < %*#5 t8&!#

u5#%$#@ $&5&!/& C12H22O11

&-%*/#*8 %#t!&t

&%#*8 (#(

**/8>III@ ;$;&t

KOH

NO2

HIO


17/239

17

I/ *!%#5 *(#%#,& u #& * +!/#%& (&%& 8#(# (& *

HO HOHO

HO HOHO !HO HO!" HO

(&*

!HO !" HO HO #$%&' (%) *+$,#$-./0%) #$$$ 1 '%) 2$ (#3+$, 1 ./0%) # # $)

n>HC@ n1>HC@ n2>HC@ c1V1 c2V2 2)0 =L 0)0 L 0)10 =L 0)1 L 0)11

V V1 V2 0)0 L 0)1 L 0)2 L

c n>HC@ = V 0)11 = 0)2 L 0)7 =L

m>HC@ = V n>HC@M>HC@ = V c M>HC@ 0)7 =L )1 -= 21)0 -=L

c n= V m= MVM m= cV 2)7G - = >0)G00 =L 0)200 L @ 10 -=

>/&!uu* %& +! /%&'&%#5 /%&*%&& # #5 #& 6(&t& /&(&% %& %&&%* /%&'&%#5

/%&*%&&) '#%# $* (& * u 8 /&(&tu t +#t% /+- $*(*?*- 6(/&(&t&@

P!*& !*&t#8%# &t$# &$&& u (&% 6*!#(% $u$t&8u" M>N&2CO@ 10 -=)

M>N&CO@ 10) -=) M>H2SO@ GF)12 -=) M>HPO@ GF)0. D&*) &( t /&!u#

-* +# +#t# # N&2CO# N&CO) (u'#t ?u $* /& N&CO*! *(#% %& #& *(%8&*%t%* &%#%* &


18/239

1F

C >u 8 $u'&u * %#%$* %,*%t!&,#* #/!&/#t# & +! '*$t#,&=8u*%) *! *

%#%$& %,*%t!&,#& %#%& t6*%* t8&!#=8u*%) & %#%& t6*%* t8&!#

6!6!,#%&%& * +!u '*$t#,& t6*%* t8&!#@

B 12 '*$t#,& = 200 L '*$t#,& = 00 L

D >12@ '*$t#,& = >0000@ L G '*$t#,& = 00 L

D D" G '*$t#,& = 00 L 0)01F '*$t#,&=L E" '*$t#,* = 20 L 0)01 '*$t#,&=L

0) L1>& t6#%# 8u*%& 00 L ((& < 00 L t&6&&) 8u*% ?* $*

u(8$t!u'#t# & %#%& t6*%* t8&!# $t&t# #$t&) 6& ?* %#%$& %,*%t!&,#& +#t# u6&

&%&@


19/239

1G

B m>t8&!@ = V>t6#%&@ n>t8&!@M>t8&!@ = V>t6#%&@ cM>t8&!@. Ot6#%& B #&

(8$t!u 8*?u %#%$u %,*%t!&,#u %*- t6#%& C >(8$t!u 8#8*#'#%* $* %* -u %&6&*t

t& t'% 6!*(8#(*t#@.

;u!#(%# #%) &u#%#*8 &t#%) %#t!#(%# #%

T8&! >$&+& !-&%$& #$*#%& ## +&/&@ & #*%& +u 6!# 6!*%# 6H 6!* %**

8!#*(%$t#.

M*t#!&%) +!t# 6&8) ,!8*%# u6u$ >&%t,#&%#%#@) &u$ >,!8*%# # 6&8#@.


20/239

20

D&. S%& #$*#%&) HC) && * #$*#%&) # +&!#*8& u#%&) B&>OH@2) && * u#%& $8&& '*$t#,& HC

(6!#%$# #$*$t# $ *(%# H) & $8&& '*$t#,& B&>OH@2(6!#%$# u%&t$t# $ (8& OH) 6& 6!#

#*OH@2 u t6#%u ($6#*8& (8$t!u 8#*u&@=u 2)0721022- = >1)102-@ 12

A! M!= 1>6-*( u 6*!#(%# $u$t&8@ ;$;! >P@

P>s@ O2>g@PO10>s@

;$;!8>V@ $#(


21/239

21

A CB D >/& +!&/*%& $8#5 !*


22/239

22

A B2C

45 678

6986:8 ; ../0'

# ../0' , ../0' 3

U (!u- $u'&u >%&$t&t ?* 8#


23/239

2

2'!(!* S/ 3! 45+K+ 2. 6!36+! )%!37+ 2008.

C P!*%* &-!*-&t%#5 $t&%& $u ;#/#&%* 6!*%* *! $* 6!# %#& %* #*%& *#$#

$&$t&8 t8&!# >%* (&/# ( 6!*!&$6(** *#$#5 8*/&@) & $t&* %&8*(*%* 6!*%* $u

*#$*) * $* %&6#$&t# *#$& *(%&(+&) %6!. A. C&O>s@ H2O>l@C&>OH@2>aq@) B.

CuSO>s@

CuO>s@ SO2>g@ X O2>g@) D. C12H22O11>s@

12C>s@ 11H2O>g@.

B O( %&8*(*%#5 t8&!# *(#% %&;t&*% $u+##!& >/&-!#&8&%* 6!*&/# #/ '8!$t- #/!&8% u

6#%8#t $t&%*@.

C M*u $8# %&8*(*%# *u&& 6&!%* $u HC # NO *! $&(!* 8*/* #/*u !&/#'#t#5

***%&t& * %#$u u 6!$t!u $#*t!#'% !&$6!**%* t& (& +# $* 6/#t#8%#& ##%*-&t#8%#& 6(!u'& *u$+% 6%#


24/239

2

C S%#*%* t!#$6$&(%$% *+u#$6$&@ & * $8$t8 t&6&&) b&%$t t6*%* t8&!# >%#%&

t6*%* t8&!#=&$& t&6&&@ & * >$# /& t6#%* #/!&/#t 8#$#5 %,*%t!&,#&@

6!6!,#%&%& %#%$ %,*%t!&,## >%#%& t6*%* t8&!#=8u*% t6#%*@) & i;&t! (#$,#&,#* /& *u$* t8&!# & K2SO@.

C O(%$ *%*!-#* 6!#*&/& >t. !&/#* *%*!-#& *%*!-#$#5 %#8& *u #& $* t& 6!#*&/

(8#&@ # 8&%* (u#%* u $6*t!u * Ehfhc=>E6!*%& *%*!-#*) hP&%,8& %$t&%t&)

f;!*8*%,#&) c+!/#%& $8*t$t#)8&%& (u#%&@) (&* !&/#& *%*!-#& +!%ut *

6!6!,#%&%& 8&% (u#%#. V#(# -*(%# #$6#t10.

B M&-& $u $#t%* &6#,* 8(* !&$6!#(%# $u$t&8@. V#(# -*(%# #$6#t11.


25/239

2

B E%t!6#& * *!& /& #'#%u %*$!**%$t#) %&$u#'%$t# !&$6!*(& &t*!#* u 6!$t!u

(%$% !&$6!#(&%* *#$* 8*/* * u8#* *%(t*!%) & # /& ;#/#' !&$t&8&%* %*'*- %&

&(#?* u8#* * 6t!*+%& *%*!-#&@ 6!#& #/ #%* >t6#%& * *%*!-#& & 6!*&/# #/

6(!u'& 8*?* u 6(!u'* &%* t*6*!&tu!*) ( #/*(%&'*%& t*6*!&tu!&@ 6& $* t#*

$&%u* t*6*!&tu!& #%*) & t#* # %*%& *%t!6#& > /& &%# #/%$ %*-


26/239

2

B Z& #$6&!&8&%* 8(* 6t!*+%& * *%*!-#&) & %(*%/&,# & * $u6!t%# 6!,*$

*%*!-#& $* $+&& >$+&&%* *%*!-#* %*-&t#8%& *%t&6#& *-/t*!%& 6!*%&@.

V#(# -*(%# #$6#t11.

A M*u$# !#$t $&$t* $* ( *u& >## &t& 6**%#t#5 6#%8&@ * $u

*u$+% 68*/&%* %*8*/%# **t!&-%&t$# #%t*!&,#&& t. 8&% (*! Q&&$8#

>6&!%* *u* $t&%# (#6#@ (%$% L%(%8# >%*6&!%* *u*) %6!. *u*

***%t&!%#5 t8&!# & N1@( **t!% **t!%$& %;#-u!&,#& * * 1$22$226$26$2(.


27/239

27

C Kutu # /&$@>-@.

T Nu*%# $u '*$t#,* $&(!&%* u */-!# &t& >6!t%# # %*ut!%#@) & %u#(# $u '*$t#,* *

#&u #$t# +! 6!t%& & !&/#'#t +! %*ut!%& >#/t6#@ ## #$t# /+! +!& 6!t%& # %*ut!%&>&$*%# +!@ & !&/#'#t* t* 6*(#%&'%* +!*8* >#/+&!#@.


28/239

2F

E**%t&!%* t8&!#" B) C >;u*!*% * &t!6$& (#;#&,#& u-#&@) ) H

K*#$# $6*8#" D >C&C2@) >CO@

S*$*" A >$*$& u-#8(#&@) E >8(& # u % t6*%* $#@) I >#(%* &6#,* 8(*

!&$6!HO 5#6...#t#) HO2...#t#) HO...&t#) HO6*!...&t# C) B! ## I@ M->IO@2

!!= +

>$$#$?# (

!

>$$#$?# (

!= @ # ( !=>$$#$?

# ( #3 1 *+$,, #$-./0%)>$$#$? #3 1 ./0%)

*+ *> #$))(


29/239

2G

* + * > # $))( # .AB*$ ( # C

*$ .AB # DEB,; C

# 1/DABE2*F DEB ,+ #, #$G1/DABE

t 2)12 10-(#%&

nuu6%>HC@ n1>HC@ n2>HC@ c1V1 c2V2

Vuu6% V1 V2

IJIKLMN7IJIKLM )) P ) P

F$ .' , ./0' P #F$ .' $+# ./0'F$ .' P #F$ .' $+FQF./0

' c 0)F =L

RSET/R/UABE RSETRSET /R/UABE V RSET RSET/R/UABE ,+, 1$+$, ./0' $+,F'

;;$ 1./0M>t8&!@ 0 - 1

C2>g@ H2>g@2HC>g@


30/239

0

n0>H2@ m>H2@ = M>H2@ 10)0F - = 2)01 - 1

n0>C2@m>C2@=M>C2@ 2) - = 70)G0 - 1

#/ *(%&(+* u &@ 8#(# $* (& H2# C2!*&-#!&u u *!u 1"1 6& * H2*!(&8%# !*&t&%t) & (#

C2?* 6!*$t&t# u $u8#HC@ = n0>H2@ 2 = 1n>HC@ 2n0>H2@ 10

m>HC@ n>HC@ M>HC@ 10 ) - 1 ) -

uu6%& &$& $8#5 t8&!# u 6$u(# %&% !*&,#*

muu6% m>C2@ m>H2@ m>HC@ 70)G - 0 ) - ) -

>%&!&8%) uu6%& &$& t8&!# %&% !*&,#* *(%&& * uu6% &$# t8&!# 6!#* !*&,#*

/&% 'u8&%u &$* 6& $* u 8 $u'&u) &( * 6$u(& /&t8!*%&) * # 6u%*(%$t&8%#* #/!&'u%&t# $& /+!# &$* !*&t&%&t& # 6!#&(% /&!u#@

w>H2@ 0

w>C2@ m6!*$t&&>C2@ = muu6% 0)12F 1)2F

w>HC@ m>HC@ = muu6% 0)F72 F)72


31/239

1

C %#%$& %,*%t!&,#& %#%& t6*%* t8&!#=8u*%) & %#%& t6*%* t8&!#

6!6!,#%&%& * +!u '*$t#,& t6*%* t8&!#

B 12 '*$t#,& = 200 L '*$t#,& = 00 L

D >12@ '*$t#,& = 200 L G = 00 L

M-2WN&WN*WO2 *u #/**t!%$# '*$t#,&&) '*$t#,* 8*?*- %&+& */-!* u8#* $u

&%* *! */-!& &'* 6!#8&'# **t!%* &t#%# $u &%#) & &%#%# 8*?# ( &t&


32/239

2

9'

!(!* S/ 3! 45+K+ 9. 6!36+! )%!37+ 200:.

A Su;&t%# #% * SO2) /+! $#(&,#$#5 +!*8& $8#5 &t& u '*$t#,# *(%& * %&+u

'*$t#,*) $#(&,#$# +! #$#& * 8*?#% II.

D *O$* * $58&t#t# & *O *2O. Z+! $#(&,#$#5 +!*8& $8#5 &t& %*ut!&%*

>%*%&+#*%*@ '*$t#,* * 0) /+! $#(&,#$#5 +!*8& $8#5 &t& #$#& 8(* * >2@ F 6&

/+! $#(&,#$#5 +!*8& $8#5 &t& **/& !& +#t# F)


33/239

B A%&-% NH>/& %* # ** /%&t# 8#


34/239

B M*u $8#& %&8*(*%#&) #%$# $6*8# $u" N&2O) C&O) K2O2>$6*8# *t&& # %**t&&)

( $u 8&*%t%# $6*8# $6*8# %**t&&@.

A U $t %&8*(*%# $6*8#& 8*/* $u #%$* >H # $u +& %**t 6& $* -u

*u$+% 68*/&t# 8&*%t% 8*/@.

A J&$t #%$* 8*/* * &$t 6!#8&'%* $#* *u $u6!t% %&+#*%# #%#& #/!&*%&

Cu+8# /&%" \ ]^]_ ) (&* 6!6!,#%&%& %&+#& >& %&+ * *(%&u%& * 6!6!,#%&%& /+!u6u*!& &t#%& # &%#%&@. K& u $u6#%# 8*#'#%& #%& #$t- %&+&) & # 8*#'#%& &t&)

!&$t* 6!*& (*) t& $* ( ( I 68*?&8& u(&*%$t t* $t-& $&%u* &$t #%$*

8*/*.


35/239

B E**%t# 1. $u6#%* >&$# *t@ u $6*8#& #&u $#(&,#$# +! I) & 1. $u6#%*

>5&-*%# ***%t#@ II. M*u$+% /+- 8*#* !&/#* **t!%*-&t#8%$t# %&'*


36/239

D

`/R/UABE `

` /R/UABE ` /R/UABE` /R/UABE

>, 1 #+$3F 1a.'

;* 1 ./0%)

>, P #$$ 1$+$## ./0

.'

D 0 * &$*%# u(# & %* 6#


37/239

7

B Lu%&t& $) $ &* +&/* # $&+* #$*#%*) >8#(# 6!$&%u* %,*%t!&,#u H(%$% 68*?&8& %,*%t!&,#u OH@.

B P!*t6$t&8& (& $* #$# %& 68*?&%* #$*$t# t&6&%* &t$;*!$- CO2>& %&t!#*8 HIDROEN$u;&t * #$*&

$ /+- 5#(!#/* 5#(!-*%$u;&t%- &%#%& %& $u;&t%#@.

B M*u %&8*(*%# 6#%8#& !*&-#!& $ 8( # (&* u#%u > 68*?&8& %,*%t!&,#u OH

$&%u* %,*%t!&,#u H 68*?&8& 6H@ *(#% NH >NH H2O bNH OH@. SO2# H2S!*&,# $ 8( (&u #$*#%* >H2SO>aq@ (%$% H2S>aq@@) & CH%* !*&-#!& $ 8(

(&* %*ut!&&% *.


38/239

F

D H#(!-*%;$;&t%# #% * HPO2) %u-#!&%& #$*#%& %&$t&* $6&&%* $ H>+&/&

6!t%&,*6t! 6!#&%* 6!t%& 6!*&/# u $8u %u-#!&%u #$*#%u@.

A C#&%8(# * HCN) %u-#!&%& +&/& %&$t&* (8&&%* H>#$*#%& 6!t%(%!

t6uOH@ 106OH ( 1010

(.

B J*(%&(+& **t!#/* 8(*" H2O>l@H2>g@ X O2>g@) (&* n>H2@ n>H2O@

m>H2O@=M>H2O@ 1F - = 1F - 1 1 ) 6!# %!&%# u8*t#& 8u*% 1 6#%&

$t&%(&!(%# &!%# 8u*% 6#%& 22) L >## #/!&'u%&t# #/ 6?* 6#%$* *(%&(+*pVnRT@.

Z& %* # ** /%&t# 8#


39/239

G

D V n V !=!A V 101= >)022 1021@ 22) (= )72 10F(

)72 1011

A n m= MM m= n ) - = 0) F7)2 -=M!>*[S4@ F7)2 )F 1)

A!>*@ A!>S@[ 4 1

B M M!-=) M!>SO@ A!>S@ A!>O@ >!*&t#8%* &t$* &$* %&?# u 6*!#(%

$u$t&8u@

B O$#(&,#& 68*?&%* $#(&,#$- +!& >!*(u,#& $&%*%* $#(&,#$- +!&)

(&* $t %&8*(*%# /&6#$# 6!*($t&8&u !*(u,#u@.


40/239

0

A N* #*%& $* $#(&,#$# +! %#*(%- ***%t& >& 8& (-8! %& 8&8 6#t&%*

%#* (&5 &$&%) %&$#-u!%#* * (!*(#t# $#(&,#$* +!*8* $8#5 ***%&t& u !*&t&%t#& #

6!(ut#& u $8# !*&,#&&@.

C R*(u,#$ $!*($t8 * $* $#(#!&t# &tu u $#(u # %#* #$# * $*

68*?&t# $#(&,#$# +! >II /& Cu) III /& A # IV /& C $u %#58# &$#&%# $#(&,#$# +!*8#

6!*& 6&u u 6*!#(% $u$t&8u) $#(&,#$# +! C u CO * II@.

B P!# **t!*#$# 6!,*$#& %& &%(# $* u8#* /+#8& $#(&,#&) u 8 $u'&u

!#(%# #%# t6u


41/239

1

A V(#8* 8*/* t8!* t8&!# # $&(!* 8(# 8*/&% u/ & **t!%*-&t#8%# ***%t ) O ##

N.

C M&%# 6H >6!# #$t %,*%t!&,## #$*#%*@ 8*?& %,*%t!&,#& H &'* (#$,#!&%& #$*#%&

>&'& #$*#%&@ 8*?& %$t&%t& (#$,#&,#* #$*#%* K&

C B&!#*8 $u;&t B&SO* %*t6#8& +#*& $ >N&C # N&2SO$u (+! t6#8# 6& +# u

*(%&(+&& +## aq# %* +# $* t# #/ t6#%*) & B&SO* +&!#*8 $u;it # * t&*!

%*t6#8 u 8(#) % /& %*-8 %&$t&%& 6t!*+%# $u $u;#t%#) & %* $u;&t%# #%#@.

D HA4(#$,#!& 10 6ut& $&+#* %*- HA[*! * %$t&%t& (#$,#&,#* 10 6ut& &%&.

K%$t&%t& (#$,#&,#* * %$t&%t& !&8%t** /& !*&,#u HA bH A


42/239

2

C T& 6&!* t8&!# u $t&%u !&8%t** 8#$# $& t*6*!&tu!#) %* #'#%# 6!#$ut%* t8&!#.

A V#(# 200F.1G. t * #%$& 8*/& &'&) 6t!*+% * 8#


43/239

C E%t&6#* !#$t&%#5 !*t $u

*%*!-#* 6t!*+%* (& $* t& 8*/& !&/!#@) 8#(# 200F.1G. # 200F.1.

C Ot6#%& u $* 6&8# t&- +#& * 6!*/&$#?*%&) %&% #/u'#8&%& t&-& >(&*$u8#


44/239

2. dio

P#t&%* (& %#* 6$8* &$% #$# $* %& 8!$t* !#$t&%#5 !*%*# *t %#$u@ >u '8!$t $t&%u %*@

>%*# *t %*&u@ >%* t&6&u $*@ >%* t&6&u $*) $# &

$ 8( !*&-#!&u # (&uu#%u@


45/239

1. I& 8#


46/239

uu6%& &$& 6t!*+%* t6#%*"

m>t6#%&@1 m>t6#%&@2 00 -

uu6%& &$& %&t!#*8- !#(& u 6t!*+% t6#%#"

m>N&C@1 m>N&C@2 00 - 00 - 0)0 0 -

m>t6#%&@1 0)00G m>t6#%&@2 0)1 0 -

>/%&*" m>t6#%&@1m1) m>t6#%&@2m2) 6(!&/u#*8& &$* u -!&@0)00Gm1 0)1>00m1@ 0

0)11m1

1 12 -

2 00 1

2 1FF -

Pt!*+% * u/*t# 12 - 6!8* t6#%* # 1FF - (!u-* t6#%*.


47/239

7

6!# 20C * +#t# t6*% %&8#


48/239

F

0 %&* %& -!&;u %& $# !(#%&t& >8*!t#&%@ 2) (&* 2 >*! $u +!*8# %& $# !(#%&t&

100&$*%# u(# $# u /&$#?*% t6#%#@) # -*(& t'# %& $# &6$,#$& >5!#/%t&%@(-8&!& t& t'& !#8u*) t * t'% %& 6& 6ut& #/*u 0 # 0 (&* 0C@


49/239

G

I/ .1. * 6!# 0C 9$&t 2

& u ."

clmnopqOG opqOG/R/UABE

opqOG clmnopqOG /R/UABE clmnopqOG 6opqOG P HO8 ropqOG clmnopqOG HO6# j clmnopqOG8 $+,F F$ k#j$+,F #*+Q k

P!# 0C u 0 - 8(* * $* &$#&% t6#t# 1)7 - $#.

N& #$t# %&'#% ('#t& #/ -!&;& w$&t6!# 0C" w$&t 2G W ) t6#%& & $&(!# 8#H@ n0>HC@ 2 10

n0>OH@ 2n0>C&>OH@2@ *! $8 C&>OH@2$&(!# 2 OH

10

%&% %#58* *u$+%* %*ut!/&,#* >6%#


50/239

0

H OHH2O) 6!# '*u $* H$8# 6t!OH@ 2 10

8u*% %&'%* t6#%*" V V1 V2 0)1 L 0)2 L 0) L

Yt6#%* $u 8! &* %,*%t!&,#* 6& %* t!*+& 8(#t# !&'u%& *8*%tu&%# !&/#&& u

-u$t?# %# 8u*%u %&$t&* 8(*

c>OH

@ n>OH

@=V 2 10

= 0) L )7 10

=(

6OH ->,>OH@= (@ 2)1F

6H 1 6OH 11)F2

KOH>aq@ HB!>aq@KB!>aq@ H2O>l@

n0>KOH@ n0>HB!@ cV 0) L 0)02 =L 0)01

u 8 $u'&u %#* 6t!*+% !&'u%&t# *!(&8%# !*&t&%t *! $u 6'*t%* %#%* *(%&* #

!*&-#!&u 1"1 6& $* +& 6$8* 6t!KB!@ n0>KOH@ n0>HB!@ 0)01

V V1 V2 0) L 0) L 1 L

c>KB!@ n>KB!@=V 0)01 =L


51/239

1

OH% OH% ,oEOH

,oEOHoEOH ,2+Q1

Q;+$>,* 1 ./0%) , D.- $+$F$ ./0 D.%-

6OH ->,>OH@= (@ 1)

6H 1 6OH 12)7

"t*!#$# !>*@ q>*@ # n>Cu@ !A $ # n>Cu@ % # m>Cu@=M>Cu@ % 2 100

10

- = >) -

1

@ G F C

1

)0 10

F

C#$!#


52/239

2

>& * #$!#


53/239

1. ('#t&%# %*-&t#8&% %&6% >6t*%,#&@ '&%& /%&'# (& * 8t*t&! $6*% ]+!%ut^" %&

**t!(u) %& **t!(u u **t!*#$# 6!,*$#& %& &%(# $* (8#& $#(&,#&) %&

&t(# !*(u,#& u -&8&%$# '&%,#& &%(& * ) & &t(& ) #%# *t&& # #& 8*?#

$t&%(&!(%# !*(u,#$# 6t*%,#& $* %& &t(# !*(u,#!&u u t& *t&) & %& &%(# $* (!u-#

*t& $#(#!& u $8* #%*) ]6u6**%#t#^ # ]6**%#t#^ *t & &_@ Z%>$@2A->$@ Z%2>&_@

. Z%>$@ ` Z%2>&_@ `` A->&_@ ` A->$@

A. %* 8#$#

B. $&%u* $* 6!&$t t*6*!&tu!*

C. %* 8#$#D. %* 8#$#

KONSTANTA !&8%t** >%* 6& !&8%t**a # 6(!&/#*8& !&8%t*%* %,*%t!&,#*

!*&t&%&t& # 6!(u&t&@ +# * !*&,#* 8#$# $& t*6*!&tu!# >*%(t*!%* $*

68*?&8& 6!&$t t*6*!&tu!*) & *-/t*!%* $* $&%u*@

%&6*%&" 12. /&(&t& !#*


54/239

T8&!# '#& $* %,*%t!&,#& $ 8!**% $&%u* $u !*&t&%t# >8(* A # C@) & t8&!# '#& $* %,*%t!&,#&

68*?&8& 6!(ut# >8(* B # D@.

K& !& !*&,#* t. !&8%t*% $t&%* u/#& t& -(* $* %,*%t!&,#* !*&t&%&t& # 6!(u&t&

8#!&/#& %,*%t!&,#* u !&8%t*% $t&%u # 6'*t%*

%,*%t!&,#*@ u/* & *!%u *(#%#,u $ ?* u$6!*#8&t# $t&* & %#* (!u'#*

/&(&%) %*& t& !*&t&%t ## 6!(ut >8(* !*&t&%t C@ #& $t*5#*t!#$# *;#,#*%t 1 $t

!*&t&%t# # 6!(ut# #&u $t*5#*t!#$* *;#,#*%t* %# # 6ut& * 6!*%& %#58*

%,*%t!&,#* 8*?& ( t* %&&%* 6!*%* >& %* +# +#* ,*+!%*) %# ,#*u *(%&(+u

t& (& +u(u) & & * *(%&(+u 6(#*#t# t& (& # (&* $8# $t*5#*t!#$# *;#,#*%t# +u(u

,*+!%#) (#*# u@. D&*) u 8 $u'&u *(%&(+& !*&,#* *" A CB D >u 8 $u'&u%#* %u% 6#$&t# $t!*#,u /& 68!&t%u !*&,#u *! %& 6'*tu %#* 6!#$ut%& 6&/#8& #'#%& 6!(u&t&

%#t# %& !&u !*&t&%&t&) %* +# t!*+& %#


55/239

Z& %&6#$&t# *(%&(+u 6$tu6& #$t & u 10. 1. 6&/#t# (& $* !&'u%& PROMJENA %,*%t!&,#* >&%* 6'*t%& %,*%t!&,#&@ *! $u 8(* u !&8%t*# 6!#$ut%* # /%&t%* %,*%t!&,#* !*&t&%&t& A # B

(&*"

>2@ A >1@ B>0@ C

2A 2BC = b2 >u /&(&,#& $ !&8%t* u8#* 6!&t#t# *(%&(+u %& %&&%*

,*+!%* *;#,#*%t*a@

A B2C

N&6#%& !&u!*&,#* t& -(* $u !#8u* 8(!&8%*@ %,*%t!&,#* $8#5 t8&!# >+&8*/% u #/!&/ u8!$t#t# #

*!%* *(#%#,* *! %$t&%t& #& # *(#%#,u) & $* $u'&% $8* %* 6!&t* & 8(*@"

45 6o8

6s86t8 ; ../0'

# ../0' , ../0' 3


56/239

;'

/6(t*t!&*(&!@. T!*+& !&/#8&t# 8*/u unutar*u& >8&*%t%&a@ # izmeu*u&

>/&6!&8 %*8*/%* #%t*!&,#* &


57/239

7

D K!#$t&%& !*&t&) #%& ## *u&@ u

6!$t!u >!#$t&u@. V#$ tN&C@=V>t6#%&@ t6#%& * (8% !&/!#**%& (& * V>t6#%&@ V>H2O@

m>N&C@=>M>N&C@V>H2O@@ )F - = >F) - 1 0)1 L@ 1)0 L1


58/239

F

A V#(# 200F.1G. # 200F.1.

C M#$# $* %& #$t!uu &$u u t!*+& !&/!#*(#t# >## 6!#+#% %& #$t!u# 8u*%

-u$t?& %,*%t!#!&%* !8(#'%* #$*#%* * 1)1F -=(!*(%# +!@.

C p/%&'# (& u %*($t&u ( %&+#*- t*t& >s2p@) $u6#%* ***%&t& '## * /&(%#

**t!%p**t!% >***%&t&p+&@ +!# ( 1F >6**%#t# 6#%@ u%&t!&-.


59/239

G

A I(*%t#'% 6#t&%u 200F.1F.

D M*u& /%& * $* 6!#&/&t# !*/%&%t%# $t!utu!&&

(&* %#* #%*&!%& & $t&* %&8*(*%* *u* 6& * 6&!%& >!*/%&%t%* $t!utu!*

6&/uu # & * u % !&/(8*% %&+@ 8*?& * ( %#5 # #& 8*?u &$u.

C I(*%t#'% 6#t&%u 200F.112.

B


60/239

0

C) D M*u$& ;!u& +*%/*%& * CH) *t#%& C2H2) *6#!#$& /& +& CH. M*u$&

;!u& #$#& * O2) /%& O) *6#!#$& /& +& O.

C C"H2"1" >*u 6%u*%# (-8!#& %*& CH) % t %* +# +# t'&% (-8! *!

CH%* * +#t# $t&+#%& *u& *! u % u-# %* +# #& t*t) %*- +# #& %*$6&!*%#

**t!%@.

B

>*! S #& 8&*%t%#5 **t!%&) & C @


61/239

1

D U A$2O&!$*% * t!8&*%t&% >*! * #$# u $6*8#& $ %**t& u8#* (88&*%t&%@)

6!*& t* 6!*t6$t&8& (& * # u $6u $ 8(# t!8&*%t&% # u/#&

%&*(%$t&8%#u -u?%$t.

B Su;it%& #$*#%& #& *(&% &t #$#& &%* %*- $u;at%& >$u6!%&@.

D K! * !#6t%) C! * !a


62/239

2

C w>H@ m>H@=m>N2H@ A!>H@u=>M!>N2H@u@ =>21@ =2 0)12 12)

A R*&,# #$*- $#(& # 8(* %&$t&* #$*#%& u $!*(#t& !*&,#& %#* !*($@.

D Bu(u?# (& 6#%8# t** /&u/*t# 6u% 8*?# 8u*% %*- t*u?#%* # !ut#%*) 6!*%& t&&

6&/#8 ut*'* %& !&8%t*u *(#% & $* u !*&,## #*%& #'#%& 6#%8#t#5 '*$t#,&"

68*?&%* t&& !&8%t*& $* 6#'* 6!*& % $t!&%# *(%&(+* -(* * &%# /+!

$t*5#*t!#$#5 *;#,#*%&t& t8&!# u 6#%8#t $t&%u >$&%*%* t&& +!%ut@ & $*

!*&,#& 6!&t#'# /&u$t&8#) /%&'# (& * !&8%t*& & 6&%ut& 6!*& !*&t&%t#&) & t

(&* 8(* /%&'# (& * 8#


63/239

C V#(# 200G.12.

B I u*$t %*-& 6&8#t ?* $* +#*# t&- $!*+!8& !#(& *! * % 6u% &%* t6#8 >#&

6u% &%# 6!(ut t6#8$t# # * %$t&%t& !&8%t** /& t&6&%*@.

C KCN * $ &* u#%* >KOH@ # $&+* #$*#%* >HCN@) u %*-8 t6#%# (&/# ( 5#(!#/*

CN H2OHCN OH

D *%;t&*#% * #$*+&/%# #%(#&t! # * +*/+&% u #$* # %*ut!&% & !u#'&$t u

u%&t) N&2CO* $ &* u#%* # $&+* #$*#%* 6& * %*-8& t6#%& u%&t& /+-

5#(!#/* CO2>aq@ H2O>l@HCO

>aq@ OH>aq@.


64/239

D H#(!-*%$u;#t%# #% * HSO) 8#(# 200F.120.

C=B P!# t&6&%u N&CN (8#& $* 5#(!#/& CN" CN>&_@ H2O>@HCN>&_@ OH>&_@ /+- *

(&* t6#%& 6$t&* u%&t& $ (!u-* $t!&%*) 6!*%u 6H 6 (*;#%#,## #/&/#8& $& 6!*%&

%,*%t!&,#* HO>u 8 $u'&u) (&&) $&%*%* t* %,*%t!&,#* /+- 68*?&%&

%,*%t!&,#* OH) *! * %#58 u%& %$t&%t&% #%$# 6!(ut 8(*) #/8*(*% #/ %$t&%t*

!&8%t** /& $%#/&,#u 8(* 2H2O

HO

OH

@.

A H#(!-*%&!+%&t%# #% * HCO) &!+%&t%# #% * CO

2) 8#(# 200F.121.

C N&C # B&C2$u %*ut!&%* $# 6& # t6#%& (+#8*%& %#58# #*


65/239

D O( %&8*(*%#5 &%#%& *(#% ;$;&t 6t*'* #/ $&+* #$*#%* 6& * *(#% 8(*%& t6#%& *8&

;$;&t& u%&t&.

B Z+- 5#(!#/* 5#(!-*%$u;&t%- &%#%& HSO>aq@ H2O>l@SO

2>aq@ HO>aq@ $t&*

%&8*(*%* $u $# $&+* #$*#%* # &* +&/* t* $u $t-& u%&t*.

A K& # N&2CO) K2CO* u%&t& $ >8#(# 200G.12G.@) & *t#!&% * #$*+&/%# #%(#&t! # *u u%&t ut >u #$* ,!8*%) +#/u %*ut!&%- %&!&%'&$t@.

D P#t&%* * &%&-% 6#t&%u 200F.10.


66/239

A O$#(&,#& * 68*?&%* $#(&,#$- +!& 6!*%* $#(&,#$#5 +!*8& u %&8*(*%#!*&,#&& $u !*(" S>IV@S>VI@) %*& 6!*%*) C>V@C>I@) Cu>II@Cu>0@.

B R*(u,#$ $!*($t8 $* $#(#!& & +# %*


67/239

7

2. dio

'#$t# 8&!,%# 6#*$& S#O2


68/239

F

2.1. &-%*/#*8 5#(!-*%$u;&t2.2. $!*+!8 6*!!&t >## $!*+!8>I@ 6*!!&t) 6!*(& %&8(#t# 8&*%,#u $!*+!& %#* 6t!*+% *! *u8#* *(%8&*%t%@2.. +&!#*8 $u;#t2.. S!O

2.. N&2O22.. C&C2

C&>s@ 2H2O>l@C&>OH@2>aq@ H2>g@## C&>s@ 2H2O>l@C&

2>aq@ 2OH>aq@ H2>g@

%>H2@ %>C&@iHu< oEoE

H oEuH2@ 0)112 (>+u(u?# (& $u /&(&%# u8*t# t& # t*6*!&tu!& /& * 8!#*(# $t&%(&!(%# &!%# 8u*%6#%& V

0 22) (=) * $* # 6!* % V=V0) u8#* &( $u %&8*(*%# t& #

t*6*!&tu!& +* * !&'u%&t# 6!* 6?* 6#%$* *(%&(+* *! $* & /&+u%#t# /& # t'%t& # t*6*!&tu!u 8!#*(# V

0 22) (=@

C&>OH@2>aq@ CO2>g@C&CO>s@ H2O>l@## C&2>aq@ 2OH>aq@ CO2>g@C&CO>s@ H2O>l@


69/239

G

## +#


70/239

70

t!*+& 6#$&t# *!%* *(#%#,* u !&'u%ua


71/239

71

##>%#* +#t% & * !*%ut & %#* #/!#'#t %&8*(*%) 6!# ,!t&%u L*9#$8* $t!utu!%* ;!u* *$* # %* !& %&/%&'#t# D 6!$t!%# !&$6!*(@

t!#-%$& +#6#!(&

>$8& $u u #$t !&8%#%#) %*8*/%# **t!%$# 6&!8# %& C $u 6 *(&% #$6!*( # #/&@

u +#u $8& T >## +#


72/239

72

## !*/%&%t%* $t!utu!*"

8(* %#$u 6t!*+%*

>6&%&!%&@ ut%& ## u +#u $8& V >## +#


73/239

7


74/239

7

C A +# +#& #%*&!%& ;u%,#& >6&(&u?# 6!&8&,@) B +# +#& 8&(!&t%& ;u%,#& >(*$%& t. 6&(&u?&68#,& %&6&* 6&!&+* t. 6&!&+* u * 8&(!&t%# '&% 6%*% %*-&t#8%# +!*@)

*(#% *$6%*%,#&%& ;u%,#& (-8&!& +#) & D %* +# +#& 6!&8#% !*%ut& >& $* %* *(&5 8#(*t#) 6!+&t# $& $t!&%* %&,!t&t# $8&u ( %*# +# &8#5 8!#*(%$t#@


75/239

7

V!#** 6u!*&,#* * 8!#** 6t!*+% (& $* 6'*t%& %,*%t!&,#& $&%# %& 68#,u.11 #%210 #%

!#8u* $* 6!(u* ( 4$# # -*(& $* -(* u t6!##* $#*u,1)00 L

1,2)0F0 L

1

T2 T1>6!# 8#-*(& $* u 6'*tu !*&,#*@@

>+!/#%& !*&,#* * %&-#+ !#8u*@

J*! $u /+- $+#t 8*#* **t!%*-&t#8%$t# (u*u %#& (*uu %&&'* 6!#8&'%* *u*u$*$#*@.


76/239

7

J*! (8& %*8*/%& **t!%$& 6&!& %& #$#u u *u# 8(* &'* (+#&u (8& 8*/%& **t!%$& 6&!&%*-


77/239

77

B&/*. >6!#&%* 6!t%& 6!*&/# u $8u %u-#!&%u #$*#%u & * ,!8*%* +*@

K#$*#%*. >*! (&u H&!+%&t% &%#%u /& 5#(!#/u &!+%&t%- &%#%& 8#(# 200G.12G.@

NHOH %#* %&$!*t%#* !**! * !8(#'%& #$*#%& && #$*#%& & &%#*8& u#%& $&+& u#%&@

K#$*& >+&- #$*&@.M(!& -,& * CuSOH2O) u 8(*% t6#%# CuSO>aq@) SO

26t*'* #/ &* #$*#%*) & Cu2#/$&+* +&/* 6& (&/# ( 5#(!#/*" Cu2>aq@ 2H2O>l@ bCu>OH@>aq@ HO>aq@ t. Cu2>aq@ H2O>l@ bCu>OH@>aq@ H>aq@ >t& (8& %&'#%& 6#$&%& 5#(!#/* $u u8#* *8#8&*%t%# t. $8**(% *@.

M! m= u 1)01 1022- = >1)0 102-@ )1

A! M!=2 2)076t!t# u 6*!#(% $u$t&8u %&+#u 8!#*(%$t"A!>S@ 2)0$u6!


78/239

7F

$u6! * +#t# # S ## SF>%&!&8% 6!&8#% #/*(%&'*%@) % %* * %&$t&&t# SO

$u6!8>VI@ $#( ## $u6!8 t!#$#(

Z& 6!#%,#6 !*


79/239

7G

45 6:8698 # ../0'

x, ../0' y $+,F '../0

2ABA2B

45 6t8

6s8 x; ../0' y

, ../0' 3 ../0'


80/239

F0

2A BC

45 6o8-6s86t8 x2 ../0' y-

x# ../0' y 2 ../0' >

>'

6?!@! %!46! *7+( 2010.

B M*u %&8*(*%#& HNO* *(#%& && #$*#%&) (&* u 8(*% t6#%# 6t6u% (#$,#!&%&) &8*%* **t!#'%* $t!u* 8#$# +!u #%$#5 '*$t#,& u t6#%# >H2CO# H2S $u $&+* #$*#%*) & NH$&+& +&/& 6& $u u 8(*%# t6#%&& $& (*#'% (#$,#!&%*) (&* /%&t&% (# %#58#5 '*$t#,&

* u %*ut!&%) *u$ +#u # %* (6!#%$# 8*%u **t!#'%* $t!u*@.


81/239

F1

A S6*8# (8& %**t&& $u 8&*%t%#) & $6*8# *t&& # %**t&& %&'*


82/239

F2

B Z&(&t& $u6!t&% /&(&tu 200F.1G.

B I%$# $6*8# u 6!&8#u #&u %&8#


83/239

F

A

D U B&t +!& #& $& 8&*%t%#5 **t!%&.

B V#(# 200F.11.

A U $%8% $t&%u Ns6(u$& $* 6$8* 66u%# 6!#* %*- H2@ W M>O2@) nm=M!=!A! m !A= M+!%$t * +!%ut 6!6!,#%&%& &!%&$# & $u &$* *(%&*


84/239

F

B O6?& 6#%$& *(%&(+&pVnRTVnRT=p8u*% 6#%& 6!6!,#%&&% * t*6*!&!&tu!# #+!%ut 6!6!,#%&&% t&u.

D >%&?# P u 6*!#(% $u$t&8u...@

B I/+&!# $u 6 (*;#%#,## '*$t#,* #$t- &$*%- +!& t. /+!& +!& 6!t%& # %*ut!%& u */-!#.

D z {|}|~MnMKLm {MnMKLm|}|~MnMKLm /R/UABE coH-oOOH #+$#F 1.- $+#,$+#,,

1.-

#$$$ .-# D.-


85/239

F

D M*u&) %* &t&a M>H2@ 2)02 - 1) m nM 2)02 - 1

C n>H2O@ m=M 1 ) n>N&2CO@ m=M 0)1 ) n>H2O@ " n>N&2CO@ 10 " 1

D n>C@=n>A@=1n>C@ n>A@ ) V>C@ n>C@ V0 22) L= >*! $u %&8*(*%#

$t&%(&!(%# u8*t# /& * 8!#*(# V022) L= ## #/ 6?* 6#%$* *(%&(+* V>,@n>C@RT=p@

B 6OH 1 6H G) c>OH@ ->6OH@ (


86/239

F

C J*(%& * '*$t#,& 6#%8& $ *(%* # (!u-* $t!&%* *(%&(+* 6& t& %* ut*'* %& !&8%t*%*%,*%t!&,#*) !'W0 /%&'# (& * !*&,#& *-/t*!%& 6& $* !&8%t*& 6#'* 6!*& 6!(ut#&$%#*%* t*6*!&tu!*.

B Pt!*+% * (8*$t# *%*!-#u /& t&*%* # 8!*%* >& t#* # $u+#&,#u & * %#58&+#%&,#&@) & u +!%ut# 6!,*$#& >'8!


87/239

F7

A !'W0 /%&'# (& * !*&,#& *-/t*!%& 6& $* !&8%t*& 68*?&%* t*6*!&tu!* 6#'* 6!*&!*&t&%t#&

A N& 6'*tu !*&,#* 6!#$ut%* $u %&8*?* %,*%t!&,#* !*&t&%&t& 6& * +!/#%& !*&,#* %&8*?&>%&8*?*


88/239

FF

C M*u !*&t&%t#& # 6!(ut#& *(%& * +! 6#%8#t#5 '*$t#,& 6& t& %* ut*'*) u(#>6!6!,#%&&% * %,*%t!&,##@ 6!(u&t& 68*?&8& $* ((&8&%* >68*?&%* %,*%t!&,#*@

*(%- !*&t&%t& *! %$t&%t& !&8%t** !& $t&t# %$t&%t%&.

B K&t/&t! u+!/&8& *#$u !*&,#u t& (& #*%& !*&,#$# *5&%#/& >$u6 *(%$t&8%#5!*&,#$#5 !&& u #& $* !*&,#& & * %#58 /+! $t8&!% (8#&@ u *%*!-*t$# 68%##>t&&8 (& * *%*!-#& &t#8&,#* /& !& $ %&8*? *%*!-# &t#8&,#* &%&@.

C P!# 8*?# %,*%t!&,#&& !*&t&%&t& !*&,#& * +!& *! $u 8*?*


89/239

FG

A M*u %&8*(*%# t6#%&& *(#% t6#%& ,t& * #$*& >8(& 8&6%*%#,& t. 8&6%*%& 8(&)C&>OH@2>aq@ # 8(*% $t&) N&2S#O>aq@) $u u%&t*) & t6#%& &u$& * 6!#+#% %*ut!&%&@.

C P8*?&t# 6H /& 1 /%&'# !&/!#*(#t# #$*u t6#%u %& 10 6ut& 8*?# 8u*% 10 6ut& &%u%,*%t!&,#u) *! * 6H (*&($# -&!#t& %,*%t!&,#* H6%*% $ 1 >& %#* (&5&t*&t#'# &$%) 6!*t8!#t# u %,*%t!&,#* H# #/!&'u%&t# 6!* n1n2c1V1c2V2) V2 V1V>((&%& 8(&@@.

B S8* $u %&8*(*%* $# &* %&t!#*8* u#%* t* #$*#%& ( #5 * *(#% HNO&&) (&* t&6&%*$8#5 $t %&8*(*%#5 $# 68*?&t ?* 6H /+- 5#(!#/* &%#%&.

A 6H * $u6!t%# >t. 6%*% $ 1@ -&!#t& %,*%t!&,#* H>& * u 6!&8#u &%& ( 1@) (&*


90/239

G0

D N*ut!/&,#& * !*&,#& #/*u #$*#%* # +&/* 6!# %&$t&* $ # 8(&.

!*


91/239

G1

D B!/#%& !*&,#* 1=$t*5#*t!#$# *;#,#*%t 6!&t!&%* t8&!# 6!*%& %,*%t!&,#*6!&t!&%* t8&!#=6!*%& 8!**%&

St*5#*t!#$# *;#,#*%t# !*&t&%&t& $u %*-&t#8%# (%$% /& !*&t&%t* %# $ 1 *! *

6!*%& %#58* %,*%t!&,#* %*-&t#8%& >%,*%t!&,#* !*&t&%&t& $&%uu $* & !*&t&%t#!*&-#!&u@ & +!/#%& !*&,#* * (-8!% u8#* 6/#t#8%&) (&* /& 8u !*&,#u $8# #/!&/# /& +!/#%u6!* 6!*%& %,*%t!&,#& +## +#"

j#2s

jt

#,

o

#;

C U 1 *u# &%#&& #& &t& 8(#&) m>NH@=M>NH@ !>NH@=!A!>NH@ m>NH@!A=M>NH@!>H@ !>NH@ m>NH@!A=M>NH@ 17 - )0210

21=17 - 11F102 1)F102.


92/239

G2

2. dio

>/& 8& (# !#$t# t*$t # $& $ &$#&% t'%


93/239

G

Z*%&$# ***%t . 6*!#(* > N* s2@.

Pu*! u 6*!#(# 6!&$t &t$- +!& 6&(& *! */-!& 8*?*- %&+& $8* &'* 6!#8&'# **t!%*

#$t#5 u$&&.

P**%#t# 6#%8# #&u %&8*?u *%*!-#u #%#/&,#* >*%*!-#& #%#/&,#* * $* (!*(#t# $8#

'*$t#,&& *! $* * (!*(#t# # (*8&%* **t!#'%# 6*) & %* $& 6!* *#$*

!*&,#*@.

C$ ## !) 8#$# 6!#/%&* # !&(#&t#8%* ***%t* '#& $8$t8& /+- t*


94/239

G

O('#t& $* $ -!&;& 8!#*(%$t %& $# !(#%&t& >8*!t#&%@ 6!# 8!#*(%$t# F0 %& $# &6$,#$&

>5!#/%t&%@.

## F ## G) 6*% * +#t# &!*%* (&*@) %#* -& %u% 6#$&t# >& # * $* u*$t t-&

6#$&t# ## /& &!*%* @. A-!*-&t%& $t&%& *$u %u%&.


95/239

G

!*&,#$& *%t&6#& *%t&6#& $t8&!&%& $8#5 6!(u&t& *%t&6#& $t8&!&%& $8#5 !*&t&%&t&

>!*&t&%t# $* ($t8&!&u@. D& $t*5#*t!#$# *;#,#*%t# %#$u 1) t!*+& +# $8&u 8!#*(%$t %#t#

(-8&!&u?# $t*5#*t!#$# *;#,#*%t.

U *%t&6#$ (#&-!&u) & $* %* $6#%* *%*!-#& &t#8&,#*) %#* 6t!*+% !&(#t# +!*u& /&

*%*!-#u &t#8&,#*. Pt!*+% * 6#$&t# SVE


96/239

G

D8% * %&8*$t# %*


97/239

G7

N&t!#) & # $t &$# *t) +u!% !*&-#!& $ 8( # (&* u#%u >;*%;t&*#% $* +# u

u%&t@) !u# 6 68!


98/239

GF

+#!&t%# #%>#@ C!2O72

C!>&_@ (&u /**%u +u.


99/239

GG

O*! %#%& * !*&-#!&u *(%& * *!u $t*5#*t!#$#5 *;#,#*%&t& u *(%&(+#.

m>K2C!2O7@ " m>H2S@ n>K2C!2O7@M>K2C!2O7@ " n>H2S@M>H2S@ M>K2C!2O7@ " M>H2S@

Bu(u?# (& * $t&%(&!(%# !*(u,#$# 6t*%,#& &%# >%*-&t#8%##@ /& ,#% %*- /& **/) /%&'# (& * /&+!%utu !*&,#u >$#(&,#u@ 8*?# >6/#t#8%##@ >/& !*&,#u u +!%ut $*!u $& $* 6!#*%#

6!*(/%& 6t*%,#&&) &%&-% 6!*%# 6!*(/%&& !*&,#$* *%t&6#*@) 6& * $#(&,#& ,#%&

$6%t&%#& >*%*!-*t$# 6-(%#& @ %*- $#(&,#& **/&) $t-& $* ,#% $#(#!& & %* !*(u,#!&

>u8#* $* u *(% 6u'&%u (8#& $#(&,#&) & u (!u- !*(u,#&@.

A%&-% 6!*t5(% 6&/#t# ( **/& * # /&(&% *2## *


100/239

100

K& +# %*t6u


101/239

101

1 G

!*


102/239

102

P!# $tu6%*8* (#$,#&,#* /%&'# 6!#&/&t# $8 $tu6&% 6$*+% & %* $& H2SO>aq@2H>aq@

SO2>aq@.

>## #/!&*% u *8#%#& T 272)F K) $8**(%@


103/239

10

J*! * N&PO$ &* u#%* # $&+* #$*#%*.

5#(!#/& ;$;&t%- &%#%& >(8% * %&6#$&t# *(&% $tu6&%@

5#(!#/& 5#(!-*%;$;&t%- (%$% (#5#(!-*%;$;&t%- &%#%& # $* 6!#t 6%&+& $* u !&/%# $#tu&,#&& -u 6%&/&

u%&tu t6#%u@ ## HO>/& #$*u t6#%u@

U $#$*#%&& >*(%$t&8%* &%!-&%$* #$*#%* * $&(!* #$#@ ***%t # %#* #$# %# 8(#

u8#* * u $!*(#%#) /& %*-& $u 8*/&%# &t# #$#&) & /& &t* #$#& &t# 8(#& >#$# *

(88&*%t&%) 8(# *(%8&*%t&%) 8&*%,#& $!*(#


104/239

10

A'

6?!@! %!46! 7+S+ 2010.

C A %&-!#/&u?* >!/#8%@) B !&(#&t#8%) C & /&6) D t!8%t&8# 6!#/8(# u$6!*u & 6t#$%# 6#% $&(!* /&6* ># *$6/#8%*@ u-#8(#*


105/239

10

B &%&-% *t 2010.110.

B +! %*ut!%& &$*%# +! +! 6!t%& F1

A P!*%& &-!*-&t%- $t&%& * ;#/#&%& 6!*%&) $t&* %&8*(*%* $u *#$* 6!*%*" B.CHCHCH2 H2>u/ &t/&t!@CHCH2CH) C. 2KB!>l@2K>l@ B!2>g@) D. NHC>s@NH>g@ HC>g@.

A t#/& * !&$t&8&%* $6& %& ***%t* ## *(%$t&8%#* $6*8* (*8&%* $8*t$t# >6#!#/&

(*8&%* 8#$* t*6*!&tu!*) **t!#/& (*8&%* **t!#'%* $t!u*@.


106/239

10

C V#(# 200G.12F.

C M*u* &5& >+ut&%1@ $u 6&!%*) & *u* u-#8(#& >6*%t&%) *t#+ut&%@ # *t*!&>(#*t#*t*!@ %#$u >(%$% /&%*&!#8 $&+@.

A M*u #/**t!%$# '*$t#,&&) &t#% %&8*?*- %&+& * %&&%# 8#(# 2007.2.

B U/ #%$u) # 8&*%t%u 8*/u $&(!* $# * $&(!* $*%# &%#% >#=## $*%# &t#%) 6?*%#t@ *!$u &t# u%ut&! t- &%#%& 68*/&%# 8&*%t% 8*/. S& 8&*%t%u 8*/u $&(!*" I2) CO2)H2CO) NH) & $& #%$u KI.


107/239

107

B V#(# *t 2010.11.

B O$t $u t/8. 6**%#t# *t # !*&,# $ #$*#% %* $+&&u 8(# $& !*&,#*t&& # #&u %*-&t#8&% $t&%(&!(%# !*(u,#$# 6t*%,#& >u Vt#% %#/u@ $ #$*#% $+&&$* 8(#.

B I%5#+#t!#) +!%ut ( &t/&t!&) u$6!&8&u *#$u !*&,#u t&


108/239

10F

D R*&,#& *" C&>s@ H2O>l@C&2>aq@ 2OH>aq@ H2>g@.

C M*t#!&% #*%& +u u utu u u%&t. O,&t $&(!# *t&%$u #$*#%u) 8#% $&(!# 8#%$u#$*#%u) *u'&%# $ $&(!# !8(#'%u #$*#%u) & 8&6%*%& 8(& * C&>OH@2>aq@ >&,#*8& u#%&@.

B T#* 6!*%* &-!*-&t%- $t&%& t*6*!&tu!& * %$t&%t%& ( $8& t8&! %* 6!#** u %8&-!*-&t% $t&%* *! $* t6#%& t!*%t&6#& #$6&!&8&%&@.

C Z+- &%* 8(*) -u$t?& *(& &%& * ( -u$t?* 8(* 6& 6!# 8*?* t&u *( &6!#%# t*6*!&tu!#@ 6!*&/# u 8(u.


109/239

10G

A R*&,#* $t $ 8( $u" CO2>g@ H2O>l@HCO>aq@ H>aq@) SO2>g@ H2O>l@HSO

>aq@ H>aq@) SO>s@ H2O>l@HSO

>aq@ H>aq@. O$#( (&* $ 8( #$*#%u & 6$t# $#$*#%&>&%!-&%$& #$*#%& & $&(!# #$#@ u $!*(#(%$% 6!#!(%& $&%& 8(& #&%* u(** (!u-#5 $#) $8* $u 6!#+#% %*ut!&%*@.

C N*-&t#8%& *%t&6#& /%&'# * t&6&%* *-/t*!%) %#* $* $+&& *%*!-#&) 6& * 6-(%#*>!&8%t*& 6&%ut& 6!*& 6!(ut#&) t. t6*% $#@ 6!# %# t*6*!&tu!#.


110/239

110

A m=M!=!A!m!A=M) & &!%& &$& 8(* %&&%& * *u %&8*(*%#&.

B V#(# 200G.12.

D

D 6!*(& s0%*& 6u% $#$& 6#$&t# $# & $* +&< 5?* %&-&$#t# (& u t >6(@u$# %*&**t!%& 8#(# 2007.12.


111/239

111

B E**%t# *;#,#*%&t& **t!%*-&t#8%$t# %&&/* $* %& #*8 $t!&%# 6*!#(%- $u$t&8&) t$u *t.

D I/+&!# #&u #$t# &$*%# +!.

C U !-&%$ $6u # $&(!# $& C) H # O) /& $8&u (8$t!uu 8*/u %*($t&&t ?* 2 &t&8(#& u (%$u %& %# # +# #5 +# u &&%u $ #$t# +!* &t& u-#&.

A N& &t(# $* (8#& !*(u,#&" Cu2>aq@ 2*Cu>s@ >


112/239

112

D R*&,# 5&-*%&&%& # &$#(& %&$t&* *t*! # $&(!# (-8&!&u?* u-#8(#'%* &%,* #/t#5 !*&t&%&t&) (&* u 8 $u'&u *t$#6!6&% *t#6!6#*t*! CHCH2CH2OCH2CH

D I/*(%&'*%& !*&,#& *" CH12 FO2CO2 H2O

A I/*(%&'*%& !*&,#& *" H2SO 2N&OHN&2SO 2H2O) (&* H2SO# N&OH !*&-#!&u u *!u1"2 >%*# +! ;!u$#5 *(#%# N&OH %*ut!/#!& (8$t!u &%# +! *u& H2SO@.

A CH2CHCH2CH HB!>6!*& M&!8%#8*8 6!&8#u H $* 8** t& -(* #& 8#


113/239

11

C

D M*u %&8*(*%# *u&& %*6&!%* $u" C2>%*6&!%& 8*/&@) CO2>$#*t!#&@) H2>%*6&!%&8*/&@.


114/239

11

B V#(# 200F.10.

A 5&*%* $&%*%* t*6*!&tu!* u !*&,## $* t!8**@ *%*!-#& 6/#t#8%& *%t&6#&

*%(t*!%& !*&,#&

A O$t&* $u %6!t%$* >-u t6u$t#t# $& 1 6!t%) ( ;$;!%& #$*#%& HPO* @>!&8& #$*#%& *t&%$& HCOOH (u,>H@= (@ >&& *(%6!t%$& #$*#%&@ ->,>HC@= (@ 2) 6OH 1 6H


115/239

11

2. dio

&*!$ '*$t#,* !ut* t8&!# ## t*u?#%* !&$6!


116/239

11

A2S) C&>CO@2) NHHSO

&,#*8 ,#&%#( = &,#*8 ,#&%#() **/8>III@ ;$;&t (#5#(!&t) *8 %#t!#t+&8*/% %&8*$t# 8&*%,#u **/& *! * +#t# # II

C&2WKWA!WCWS2 >8#(# 2007.2.@

+! **t!%& = **t!%$& %;#-u!&,#&


117/239

117

>$6!*#t* $* #-%!#!&t# /#( ( t*$t& # u$!*(t'#t# $* %& %* 6(&t* # $u 8& (#$t&+#t%#) 8(* $& +#t&% (# /&(&t& u8#!#&@

C&S


118/239

11F

A u %* *t* 6$8* &$% (!&t# u -&8#) u8#* * (+! *(#%#'%u ?*#u %*-(* $& $t!&%*%&,!t&t# >& * 6t!*+% /& !(#%&,#$# +! # (,!t&t# < (#*8* $u$*(%#5@ # %(& +!&t#6 ,!t*u.


119/239

11G

&,#*8 $#(

u-#8>IV@ $#( >## u-#8 (#$#(@


120/239

120

## C&O>s@ H2O>l@C&2>aq@ 2OH>aq@

>(& 8(& %#* u 8*# $u8#s@ *! * &,#*8 5#(!$#( t*u*!*% t6#8 u 8(#@

## C&2>aq@ 2OH>aq@ 2H>aq@ SO2>aq@C&SO>s@ H2O>l@


121/239

121

&,#*8 $u;&t

## +#


122/239

122

2.>!'W0 *-/t*!%& !*&,#& 68# 6#%8#t* '*$t#,* u *(%&(+# %& $t!&%# !*&t&%&t&) 2 %& $t!&%# 6!(u&t&@)

.>68*?&%* 6&!,#&%- t&& *(%- ( !*&t&%&t& !& $* 68*?&t# # 6&!,#&%# t&6!(ut& & +# %$t&%t& $t&& %$t&%t%& t. %*6!#*%*%&@

K&t/&t! %* ut*'* %& 6& !&8%t** >!&8%t*%* %,*%t!&,#* !*&t&%&t& #6!(u&t&@) %*- $& u+!/&8& !*&,#u 6& -u?u* 6$t#/&%* !&8%t** u !&?*8!**%u.


123/239

12

S& /+!#t# $8* &t* u-#&) #$#& # 8(#& %& $t!utu!% ;!u# >%& $8& $6#


124/239

12

w>H@ m>H@ = m>CHFO7@ FA!>H@ = M!>CHFO7@ FA!>H@ = A!>C@ FA!>H@ 7A!>O@

>8#(# $t!utu!%u ;!uu %& 6'*tu /&(&t&" #u%$& #$*#%& #& t!# &!+$#%* $u6#%*>COOH@ 6& * t!#6!t%$& #$*#%& * t6u$t#t# H) 6& t# OHt!*+& /& %*%u6t6u%u %*ut!/&,#u) 6!# '*u 6$t&%* CHO7

&%#%@

E$t*!#;#&,# #/ >&!+$#%*@ #$*#%* # &5& %&$t&* *$t*! # 8(&. R*&,#u * -u?*)/&6!&8 # 6*%) %&6#$&t# & !&8%t*%u *! *$t*!#;#&,#* t u 6!&8#u *$u. A $* t

6$*+% %* t!) u !-&%$# !*&,#&& %#* %u% 6#$&t# &-!*-&t%& $t&%&.


125/239

12

*t#*t&%&t >## *t#;!#&t) +* $* (!&t# $t&%(&!(%-@

*>$@ ` *2>&_@ `` A->&_@ ` A->$@

6?& $5*& u+#'&*%#5 *(%$t&8%#5 -&8&%$#5 '&%&&"*t& &%(* >$@ ` &t#% &%(%- *t&& >&_@ `` &t#% &t(%- *t&& >&_@ ` *t& &t(* >$@>6#%& &%(# $* t6u6!# /+!&&%u $* **t!%# 6!&t*@ & &( $* !*


126/239

12

V#(# 200G.27..

**/ #/ '*#& ?* !(#!&t# >$#(#!&t# $* u **/8* #%* # t8!* '8!$t* **/8* $#(* (%$%5!u@) # t +!* %*-


127/239

127

8'

6?!@! %!46! *7+( 2011.

D A !/#8% >%&-!#/&u?*@) B !&(#&t#8%) C /&6@

D I%t*%/#8%* 8*#'#%* $u %* * %* 8#$* t* # # ## (# u/!& 6!&t!&) %6!. 6#%u u

6$u(# (!*(#t ?* #$t# t& +*/ +/#!& 6!&t!& # 1 ,#/ *(%- ut& ## 2 ,#/ (!u-- ut&)( ?* 8u*%# 6& t#* # &$* # %#%* t& (8& /


128/239

12F

*%*!-#&@) & t&*%* *(& * < 6u% &'* *%(t*!% % 6#t&%* %#* $&$8# (+! 6$t&8*% *!

& +# *(& +# #/!&/#t &) & $# #/!&/#t 6u%) t*6*!&tu!& +# !&& +#t# 8#8! 6&!% t&6&@ # (#*t#*t*! >$! %*6&!% t&6&@ $* %* #*


129/239

12G

B A#(%& $u6#%& * R1CONR2RR) 6!# '*u $u #$# # (u#$# (8$t!u

8*/) (u


130/239

10

B * &!+$#%& $u6#%& >COOH@ 8& $6 * t&*! *$t*! >/+-

@ # &!&t$# $6 >/+- @ t %#* 6%u*%

A N& $8# !&*8#& # 8#& ,!t#,& %&&/* $* &t# u-#& $ (-8&!&u?# +!* &t&

8(#& (& u-# +u(* u8#* '*t8*!8&*%t&% (8$t!u& ,!t#,& /%&'# (8$t!uu 8*/u.

D **/) *) #& &t$# +! 2) (&* **t!%$u %;#-u!&,#u 1s22s22p9s2p;s2*) (&*

2F s**t!%&.


131/239

11

D M&-%*/#) M-) #& &t$# +! 12. D88&*%t%# #% M-2#& 2 **t!%& &%*) (&*

**t!%$ %;#-u!&,# (-8&!& %&+#* 6**%#t 6#%u %*%u # #& &t$# +! 10.

B $t!utu!* $u" A ) B ) C ) D

) uu6%# +!*8# %*8*/&%#5 **t!%$#5 6&!8&

>6&!8& t'#,&@ u %#& $u !*(" A ) B 12) C G) D 11


132/239

12

D U & #$* *(#u %#$*#%* ># *u* 6?*%#t@ $u &$#&% 6!t%#!&%* H$*

$6# -(* -( #& $#$& (& $* $6# *! t#5 Hu & #$* #& & 6u% +!%ut) u &

u%&t +#* +# #%#&% 6!t%#!&%* >$t!utu!& B@ *! #& 6u% OH# u/#& $8 !&$6#8# H

$*+#.

B V(#8* 8*/* $u %&&'& 8!$t& *u*u$#5 #%t*!&,#& >*u %*ut!&%# *u&&@ 6&

$u 8!*#%*!*&t#8%$t@) & %*& 8*/* $ 8!*#& t * /+! +!& 6!t%& # +!& %*ut!%& u */-!# *(%- &t&@.


133/239

1

D S8* t* '*$t#,* #&u 10 **t!%& >F2) 10) 111) 122@) t $u #/**t!%$* '*$t#,*.

A S6*8# $ !&/#'#t# +!* +# #5 &t& # !&/#'#t* *u$* &$* %#$u %#&8# #/*!#

>%*&u %#


134/239

1

C M&$t# # u& $u *$t*!# -#,*!& >6!6&%1)2)t!#&@ # t!#u #$t#5 ## !&/#'#t#5 *u& 8#&!+$#%#5 #$*#%& $ 8#(&* t $u /&$#?*%* 8#& #& t#5 8#F$ 1 D.%-;*+$* 1 ./0%) Q+$F ./0 D.%-

D


135/239

1

OoHG ,# @ O ,oHG ; ./0 @ O

u* .- 3>+* D.-+

A0A { ; ./0 ,,+; D.-

./0%)

3>+* D.-T (p EDEBA pSRA UTA /A.E BE./ DE { ,,+; D.-./0%)

C

) HqOG HqOGz)) z z))z

#,$ 1 D.%- ,$$ .-F$ 1 D.%- ;3$ .-

C

op P ,% op \ @ \ \

, 2, 1 >+*F #$Gs ( ./0%)*2+F 1 ./0%) 2 2*$$ ( >+$ s

A

OH% ,oEOH/R/UABE

,oEOHoEOH /R/UABE

, $+2Q 1Q;+#, 1 ./0%) F D.-


136/239

1

U O Hj0 / 1 OH%./0 D.%- , + Q U H # ; j U O H # # + 2

A I%# $!*+!& $ !#(%# #%#& t8!* %*t6#8# $!*+!8 !#() A-C. S8* (!u-* $# * -u

%&$t&t# +#%&,# $!*+!8#5) %#t!&t%#5 # #%& #/ $t 6%u*%#5 $# $u t6#8>#@*.

B B!2 2I2B! I2 B! >5&-*%# ***%t # $* %&&/# 8#6-(%#* * (& &%* !*&t#8&% ***%t +u(* u

***%t&!% $t&%u@.

A R*(u,#& &(*5#(& >%#* +#t% $ '#) L#AH* $& *(&% #/!&/#t & !*(u,*%$ # !*(u,#!& $8

!-&%$# $6 # #& &!+%#%u >CO@ $u6#%u@" S6#&

$u $* 2 ((&t%& &t& 8(#& >*(&% %& u-#) (!u-# %& #$#@) (&* t * &(#,#&.


137/239

17

C E%t&6#& t&6&%& * 6/#t#8%& >#/ (#&-!&&) t6*%# #%# #&u 8#


138/239

1F

C P!# *%(t*!% 6!,*$u t!8**@ $* *%*-#&) 6& u 6-(u* &( #& 8#


139/239

1G

A K%,*%t!&,#& !*&t&%&t& $* $&%u* >A # C@) 6!(u&t& 68*?&8& >B@) 6!*%* %,*%t!&,#&

>!&/#& 8#$#%* !#8u* %& 6'*tu # %& !&u@ A) C # B (%$* $* & "1"2.

A M!&! * C&CO) #$** #


140/239

10

C B!%$t*(L9!4*8* +&/* $u 6!t%&,*6t!# '*$t#,* * u !*&,## 6!#&u H>#$*+&/%*

!*&,#* 6!&t!&t* & !&8%t*%*) u +& $*!&@.

C CN* &%#% $&+* #$*#%* HCN 6& (&/# ( %*-8* 5#(!#/*" CN H2O HCN OH

>*(%&(+& u 6!*t5(% /&(&tua@ t* %&$t OH 68*?&8&u u%&t$t. K*8 &t#% # $t

%&8*(*%# &%#%# 6t*'u #/ &* +&/* (%$% #$*#%& 6& %* 6(#*u 5#(!#/# # $t-& %* ut*'u

%& 6H.

A

&t!6%& ***%t&!%& t8&! & #& 8#


141/239

11

D

1 H jOG /(ADEA(A T/ v $ j ; j, P # P ,>*! * /+! $#(&,#$#5 +!*8& $8#5 &t& u %*ut!&% *u# 1@

C N& &%(# $* u8#* (8#& $#(&,#& >&%#%# 6utuu 6!*& &%(#) &t#%# 6utuu 6!*& &t(#@. U

8&8 **t!#/# !#(%# #%# C-u $* $& $#(#!&t# >t6u$t#t# **t!%*@ *! $u &$#&%

%*-&t#8%# >C u %#& #& $8 #%#&&% $#(&,#$# +!@) & +&!8# #%# Cu2-u $* $&

!*(u,#!&t# >6!##t# **t!%*@ *! $u &$#&% 6/#t#8%# >Cu u %#& #& $8 &$#&&% $#(&,#$#

+!@.

A M*t& $ %*-&t#8%## !*(u,#$# 6t*%,#& t** $* !*(u,#!&) (&* &6!*&/# u

$8* &t#%* u t6#%u@. M*t& $ 6/#t#8%## !*(u,#$# 6t*%,#& &


142/239

12

2. dio

K#$*# $#(# $ 8( (&u #$*#%* >SO2 H2O H SO

@) +&/#'%# u#%* >K2O H2O2K 2OH@) &

%*ut!&%# %* !*&-#!&u $ 8( >(&u %*ut!&%* t6#%* ## $* u 8(# u6?* %* t&6&u@. K#$*## $u$#(# ***%&t& # $u 8#%**t&&@) & +&/#'%## 8#*t&&@.

T!*+& !&/8!$t&t# #(%* $u$t&8*" &*!$ $u '*$t#,* !ut#%* ## t*u?#%* !&$6!6!8& 8*/& & %&$t&* * +) &


143/239

1

K%t#%u#!&%# $6*t&! 6t*'* #/ +#'%#5 #/8!& $8*t$t# >Su%,*) &!u&) $8#*?&...@) & #%#$# #/

u&!*%- 6#%& ***%t&!%* t8&!# >%6!. %*%) 6&!* #8*...@.

K#$*+&/%# #%(#&t!# !&u +#t# SLABE #$*#%* ## +&/* & +# t6#%& N&C * %*ut!&%&) & L#OH u%&t&@.


144/239

1

>*! $* 6!*t6$t&8& 6t6u%& !*&,#&) % %#* +#& -!*%* %&$t&* ***%t&!%# #t# *! *

6!*!*&t#8&%@ %#t# SO2>%# HSO

@ $#(#!&t# >$u6! #& $8 &$#&%# $#(&,#$# +! /&

!&$t&8&%* $*%#5 #%& 6t!*+%& * 6u% 8*?& *%*!-#&@) 6& $* (8#& **t!#/& 8(*) %&$t&u

6#%8# 8(# # #$#) 8#(# (&*.

N& &t(# $* (8#& !*(u,#&) & %& &%(# $#(&,#& 8(*. Ot6#%& * %*ut!&%& >L#2SO* $ &*

#$*#%* # &* +&/*@ 6& $* -u 6!*& 6t!*+# 6#$&t# # H# OH.

Ot8!*%# $u$t&8 #/*%u* t8&!# # *%*!-#u $ #%) /&t8!*%# #/*%u* $& *%*!-#u) & #/#!&%#

%# t8&!# %# *%*!-#u) (&* /&t&*%& *6!u8*t& >%#&8* '*$t#,* %* -u #/&?# #/ %* %#t# u?# u %u@ $&

$t#*%&& * %#$u ( #/!&/#t (+!- t6#%$- #/&t!& * /&t8!*%# $u$t&8.


145/239

1

Z&-!#&8&%* >68*?&%* t*6*!&tu!*@ 6-(u* (8#&%u !*&,#* u $*!u u * * *%(t*!%&

>u * $* t!'W0@ p nRT=V !RT=>!AV@ @.


146/239

1

n1>OH@ n>N&OH@ c>N&OH@V>N&OH@ 1)10 ( )10( )710G

n2>OH@ n>KOH@ c>KOH@V>KOH@ 2)10 ( )10( F)710G

n>H@ n>HC@ 1)10 ( 1)10( 2)210G

n>$u8#OH@ n2>OH

@ n>H@ 1)210F

V>uu6%#@ V1 V2 V G) , G)10(

c>OH@ n>$u8#uu6%#@

6OH ->,>OH@= (@

6H 1 6OH F)1

R*/ut&t" 6H F)1

J*! * t6#%& u%&t& >OH$u u $u8#


147/239

17

l

2->Cu@n>Cu@!A 2 12F 1012 0)2 )02 1021 )F 101

R*/ut&t" l )F 101

##" 6


148/239

1F

N&&%# >%&8#


149/239

1G

P#$#(&,#&@ 6!*& &t(# >!*(u,#&@. ` * -!&%#,&**t!(* # **t!#t& >t6#%* u u * u!%*%&@) `` * **t!#t$# $t >-* # $&(!# %*u #%$u

t8&! '## $* #%# -u -#+&t# !/& %) & %* $u(*uu u **t!*#$ !*&,## # 68*/u* &%(u #

&t(u & +# $* /&t8!# $t!u%# !u-@. R&/#& 6t*%,#&& * *(%$t&8% E>8*?#@ E>&%#@ >

E>&t(&@ E>&%(&@@) !& +#t# 6/#t#8%& & +# $* !*&,#& u -&8&%$ '&%u (8#&&.

N& &t(# $* (8#& !*(u,#& #%& *t&& $ 8*?# !*(u,#$# 6t*%,#&.

D&*) %* +# $* #/u'# &u#%#a >+!%ut) (& $* A 6'#,& u!%# u t6#%u Cu2#%&) #/u'#8& +# $* Cu)

& A 6!*&/# u t6#%u) (&* %& 6'#,# +# $* 6&8#8& ,!8*%$*# *t&%# $@

Au#%# $* * /&8#(# G..@) & %* * 6$6*


150/239

10


151/239

11

$+>j$+Q./0 D.%-

,3j#*( $+$#*Q ./0 D.%-(%)

I/ *u* $* u&%& H # B! # %&$t&* (8$t!u& 8*/&

oH-oHtToHoH- P OH% foH-oHoHoH- P tT% P HO UTRB/oH oHoHoH- P tT% P HO .EB

OH oH-oHoHoH-|} O oH-ooHoH-

L#AH* & !*(u,*%$) !*(u,#!& $6*8* # $&(!* &!+%#%u $u6#%u >&(*5#(*) *t%*) &!+$#%*

#$*#%*...@ u &5*) 8#(# 2. /&(&t& u 1. (#*u.


152/239

12

(%$% H2 2H2O

K& # (!u-# %#) &%##% !*&-#!& & $&+& +&/& >5#(!#/&@.

6OH 1 6H 1 F)FG )11

c>OH@ 106OH ( 7)72 10 (

c>CHNH@ ,>OH@ 7)72 10 (

c>CHNH2@ 0)1 ( 7)72 10 (0)1 (>7)72 10* 6!*& u


153/239

1

(%$u %& 0)1 (& +# $* 8#(*& !&/#& &( $* /&!u#@

> c>H2O@ 1 = 0)01F ( ) (@

Q+Q*,#$%&./0 D.%-$+#FjQ+Q*,#$%&./0 D.%- ;+$#Q#$%)./0 D.%-

J*! * %$t&%t& &%& ( 1.

K& # $8&& $&+ +&/#'%& t6#%&) $ 8!**% $* %*ut!/#!& u-#8# (#$#( #/ /!&& # *

#$*# $#( 6& 6$t&* $8* &%* +&/#'%&.

n>C@ " n>H@ " n>O@ =12 " 1)=1)01 " 21)=1 ) " 1) " 1) )G " G)G2 " 1 " 10 " 1

E! 12 101)01 1 7)1 7 M!>(&* *u$& # *6#!#$& ;!u& $u *(%&*@

M*u$& ;!u& * CH10O.


154/239

1

>8(*) & # $8u-(* (!u-(* & $* #/!#'#t %* t!) * # 6u%& $t!utu!%& ;!u&) %* !& 8&

8*/%# ,!t#,&&@

>$&$t&8&'# #$6#t& /&+!&8## $u (& u #/*!# -u +#t# # *t*!# 6& %#$u 6!#&(% -!&%#'## 6#t&%*)

t!*+& * %&8*$t# $& 6!8& t!# #/*!& %* # $u &5#@

>*! +# 6!# t* !&& 6u,&t# CC 8*/&) /& !*&,# &5& # #$*#%* %&$t&* *$t*! # 8(& < +# t'%#* +# $t&8#t# $t!*#,* /& 68!&t%u

!*&,#u) & * # &t/&t! >H2SO@ #/%&( $t!*#,*@

>## >1)1(#*t#@*t# 6!6&%&t@


155/239

1

:'

6?!@! %!46! 7+S+ 2011.

C N&t!#*8 !#( t6#8 * u 8(#) & &,#*8 &!+%&t %#*. N&% t&6&%& # ;#t!&,#* %& ;#t*!6&6#!u

>t&-@ $t&%* %*t6*% &,#*8 &!+%&t) & !/ %*-& 6!* >;#t!&t@ 8(*%& t6#%& %&t!#*8&

!#(&) #/ * $* %&t!#*8 !#( * (+#t# #$6&!&8&%* 8(*. N# *(%& ( %&8*(*%#5 $# %*

$u+##!& 6!# u8*t#& # $* -u & 6$t#?# %#t# * &-%*t#'%& >&-%*t#'% * $& %*#

*t&&) ( #5 $u '*$t# *(#% *) C) N#) & $u+##!&u u 6!&8#u t8&!# * $* $&$t* ( *u$#5

!#$t&&) & *t&@ # >%**t&@) & $t& %&8*(*% $u 8&*%t%# $6*8# #/*u %**t&&) (&* *u*.


156/239

1

A (&* !u %& !&t-!&u %& #$t *$tu & &&%#% >2.@.

A M&%* '*$t#,* >+#'% '*$t#,* t&6&&) t*u?#%*@ 6!&/* !/ 6!* ;#t!& >%6!. ;#t*!6&6#! ## -&/&@)

& 8*?* '*$t#,* >+#'% '*$t#,* !ut* t8&!#@ %* -u 6!?# 6& $t&u %& ;#t!u.


157/239

17

C +! %*ut!%& +! %u*%& +! 6!t%& &$*%# +! !*(%# +! 10G 7 2

B *! u $& /&(&tu t& 6#/&(&t& * 6%#


158/239

1F

C V(#8& 8*/& * %*8&*%t%& 8*/& #/*u &t& 8(#& 8&*%t% 8*/&%- u/ %*#

**t!%*-&t#8%# &t >) O ## N@ # %*- (!u-- **t!%*-&t#8%- &t& ># #& %& $*+# %*8*/%#

**t!%$# 6&!@. O/%&'&8& $* $ t!# ,!t#,*. T * %&&'& 8!$t& *u*u$#5 6!#8&'%#5 $#& >*

+#t# # *u !&/#'#t# (#*8#& #$t* *u*@.

B N&**t!%*-&t#8%## ***%t# %&&t8!* &%#%*@) t $u ***%t# #

#&u 8*#u 6!8u *%*!-#u #%#/&,#* >t*


159/239

1G

69%8N9 , # $%G./0aD.-# # $%-./0aD.- $+,

D M-2

B T*u?#%& !&$6!%6!. &%*/& u* u 8(#@.

C


160/239

10

D K&t/&t!# -u?uu *5&%#/& !*&,#* >%#/ !&& %&'*


161/239

11

C T! $* !*&,#$& *%t&6#& /& !*&,#u" C&CO>s@CO2>g@ C&O>s@.

R*&,#$& *%t&6#& /+! *%t&6#& $t8&!&%& 6!(u&t& /+! *%t&6#& $t8&!&%& !*&t&%&t&

;'CO2>g@ ;'C&O>s@ ;'C&CO>s@ G J 1 J 1 >120 J 1@ 17 J

1

B R*(u,#!& $* *(#%& '## &t#& $* $&%u* $#(&,#$# +!" $#(&,#$# +! #$#& #*%& $*

#/ 0 u O2) u 2 u *2O# SO2

B N& &%(# $* u8#* (8#& $#(&,#&) & $#(&,#& * t6u2CC2 2*@ #

68*?&%* $#(&,#$- +!& >#/ 1 u Cu 0 u C2@. N#* +#t% /& !*


162/239

12

C R&/#& 6t*%,#&& E E!*(u,#& E$#(&,#& E8*?# E&%# 0)2 V >0)7 V@ 0)1 V

B N& &%(# $* u8#* (8#& $#(&,#& >& %#&( !*(u,#&@) $#(#!&t# $* * $& % &u#%#*8# #%#) A) 8*? $u t6u$t## &$#&&% +! **t!%& t. $8* **t!%*

#/ 8&%$* u$*) %* -u 6$t&t# A@) &%(%& 6u!*&,#& #$t& * & u 20. /&(&tu >2CC2 2*

@.

A D&%#*8 '&%& $&$t# $* ( +&!& # ,#%&.

C S*%# &%#%# ># $* $&$t* ( 8#


163/239

1

A I%$# 6!(ut 8(* * u%& !&8%t*%#5 %,*%t!&,#& H# OHt. %$t&%t& !&8%t** /&

!*&,#u H2O H OH>u u $* %* u!&'u%&8& %,*%t!&,#& H2O@ # 6!# 2C u $8& 8(*%

t6#%# #/%$# 1012(>& # (!u-* %$t&%t* !&8%t** u t6#%&&) 8#$# $&

t*6*!&tu!#@.

B A /&-!#&8&%* /&$#?*%* t6#%* (&/# ( t&*%&) /%&'# (& $* t6#8$t $&%u*

68*?&%* t*6*!&tu!* >u$6ut) t $* (-&& & * t&6&%* & *-/t*!%@.

D C!8*%# &u$ 66&8# u u%&t t6#%#) &8& * 8(*%& t6#%& &%#&& >& 6&8# &u$6,!8*%# u #$* t6#%#@. O,&t * #$* >,t*%& #$*#%&@ 6& +# u %*u 6&8# &u$ 6,!8*%#) &

8(& # *t&% $u >6!#+#%@ %*ut!&%# 6& u %#& %#*(&% &u$ %* +# 6!#*%# +u.


164/239

1

C 6OH ->c>OH@= (@ ->c>N&OH@= (@ - 10 ) 6H 1 6OH 1

10

B A $* u !*&,## $+&& t6#%& >t&8& !*&,#& $* /8* */-t*!%&@) 6-(u* %#&

t*6*!&tu!&) & 68*?&%* t*6*!&tu!* !&8%t*& $* 6#'* 6!*& !*&t&%t#&) 8#(# 2. /&(&t&.

B 6H G * u%&t) ;*%;t&*#% #*%& +u u !u#'&$tu u u%&t t. 6!# 68*?&%u 6H #/%&( FG.

P&8# &u$ #*%& +u u ,!8*%u # t#$ 6&8 u utu u #$*.

B U $u6!8(#'% #$*#%# >8(*%& t6#%& #%&'* 6#%8#t- $u6!8(#&) H2S>&_@@ $u6!

#& $8 %&&%# -u?# $#(&,#$# +! 2. U $u6!% #$*#%# >H2SO@ $#(&,#$# +! $u6!&

* ) u $u6!&$t >H2SO@ * ) & u 6*!$(#$u6!% >H2S2OF@ t&*! >u 6*!$(#$u6!%

#$*#%# $#(&,#$# +!*8# &t& S !&u $* (!*#8&t# #/ $t!utu!%* ;!u*" *u&

6*!$(#$u6!%* #$*#%* $&$t# $* ( (8#* *u* $u6!%* #$*#%* 68*/&%* 6!* (8&

&t& #$#& # $u #/-u+## $8* &t* 8(#& /-(% * u'#t# (& * $#(&,#$# +! u

&%!-&%$ (##$*#%# *(%& $#(&,#$ +!u u (-8&!&u? ]+#'%^ #$*#%#@


165/239

1

D B!8(# * HB!) %u-#!&%& +&/& $* (+#* (8&&%* H

C w>H@ m>2H@ = m>H2O@ A!>2H@ u= M!>H2O@ u 2A!>H@ = >2A!>H@ A->O@@ 2)02 = 1F)02

0)112

B >-!*H2SO@

c>N&OH@ V>N&OH@ 2c>H2SO@ V>H2SO@

EOH ,HqOGNgGEOH , # ./0 D.%- , D.-

, D.- , ./0 D.%-


166/239

1

B K%u-#!&%& #$*#%& $&(!# *(&% H8#%u-#!&%& +&/&@ %& $u6!t% $t!&%#

*(%&(+*.

A K$&%t6!t*#%$& !*&,#& * !*&,#& $ %,*%t!#!&% HNOu 6!t*#%# (&u ut +*%*

>/+- %#t!#!&%& &!&t$#5 %#$*#%&@.

D P!#&/&%* *u* #&u #$tu *u$u ;!uu >+! C # H &t&@) & !&/#'#t* $t!utu!%*

;!u* >u 6!8 $6u $u %& *(&% C u (8$t!u 8*/# *(%$t!u 8*/ 8*/&%* $u6#%* CH#

C2H) & %& (!u-# t&&8 C $u6#%* H # CH) & u (!u- $6u $u %& *(&% C u (8$t!u 8*/#

*(%$t!u 8*/ 8*/&%* (8#* $u6#%* CH) & %& (!u-# H # C2H@. Su$t&8%# %&/#8# t#5 $6*8& +## +#"

*t#6*%t2*%) 2*t#6*%t2*%.

B H2CCHCH HCHCCHCCH>6!*& M&!8%#8*8 6!&8#u) 8(# $* &(#!& t& -(* 8*?

#& 8#


167/239

17

D P#t&%* * 6& %*$6!*t% 6$t&8*%) #$# $*" $6 $ ( %&8*(*%#5 *u$#5

;!u& 6$t# u (8& -**t!#$& #/*!%& +#& >cis# -ans@. S6 D 6$t# u +#,#&"

cis1+!2!*t*%>+& 8(#& $ #$t* $t!&%*@

-ans1+!2!*t*%>8(#,# $ !&/#'#t#5 $t!&%&@

S6*8# A) B # C +&!* %& *(% ( 2 C &t& *u$+% 68*/&%& (8$t!u 8*/ #&u

8*/&%& (8& #$t& &t& >6?*%#t" ## $u6#%* &t&@ 6& %* 6$t* & -**t!#$# #/*!#) %*-6$t# $& 6 *(&% $6 $ t&8 *u$ ;!u.

B S6*8# %& $#,# B 8#(#8 $* (%$* & 6!*(*t # /!,&%& $#&. A $u $t!utu!%# #/*!# >!&/#'#t*

$t!utu!%* ;!u* # +*/ (& u/* u +/#! 6!$t!%# !&$6!*(@) C $u -**t!#$# >cis-ans@ #/*!#>66ut %#5 u 6!*t5(% /&(&tu@) & D $u #(*

Documents

Hemija - Zadaci i rešenja sa maturskih ispita.pdf