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!JVRSJ Vol.21 No.2 June, 201620 周年記念特集　世界の VR

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! 20 周年記念特集　世界の VR21 2 2016 6

1 INTRODUCTION!"#$%&'(#)*+% $,--&'#.+$%+/&-0*+$%12%3#'(,&*45,6-+7(+8%9+&*#(:% ;39459<%=1'>% $,001'(+8% ?:% ("+%@7#(+8%A(&(+$%B22#)+%12%C&D&*%9+$+&')"% ;BC9<%8,'#76% ("+%0&$(%8+)&8+E%#7%0&'(#),*&'%=1'>%)&''#+8%1,(% #7%&%0&'(#),*&'%“F--+'$#D+%A)#+7)+$”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̶=1'>%("&(% #$%#78#)&(#D+%12%$1-+%),''+7(%('+78$%#7%F--+'$#D+%A)#+7)+$H

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

V'1-%WXX_`WXXX% F% )1Z*+8%&%G+2+7$+%58D&7)+8%9+$+&')"%I'1[+)($%56+7):% ;G59I5<%0'1[+)(% 7&-+8%“a+1$0&(#&**:%9+6#$(+'+8%F721'-&(#17%21'%G#$-1,7(+8%F72&7(':”% ;a9FGA<E%=#("%a&':%R#$"10%&78%3+'717%K"#%&(%&(% ("+%@7#D+'$#(:%12%C1'("%K&'1*#7&%&(%K"&0+*%Q#**H%!"#$%=&$%&% [1#7(%+221'(%=#("%9&:("+17%G+2+7$+%A:$(+-$E%Q,6"+$%9+$+&')"%P&?$E%&78%("+%

@7#D+'$#(:%12%A1,("+'7%K&*#21'7#&%&#-+8%&(%59%1,(811'$H%!"&(%+221'(% *+8% (1%:+&'$%12%59%'+$+&')"%&(% ("+% '+$0+)(#D+%#7$(#(,(#17$̶'+$+&')"% ("&(% )17(#7,+$% (1% ("#$%8&:H%5'1,78%("+%:+&'%bMMME% ("+%@HAH%C&D&*%9+$+&')"%P&?1'&(1':%?+6&7%&%0'16'&-%)&**+8%“R&((*+2#+*8%5,6-+7(+8%9+&*#(:%A:$(+-”%;R59A<% \bW^H%!"+%R59A%0'1[+)(̶#7#(#&**:% *+8%?:%P&'':%91$+7?*,-̶$,001'(+8%&%=#8+%'&76+%12%59%'+$+&')"%&'1,78%("+%@HAH̶#7)*,8#76%$1-+%12% ("+%=1'>%-+7(#17+8% *&(+'% #7%("#$%&'(#)*+H%5$%=#("%a9FGAE%-,)"%12% ("+%R59A%'+$+&')"%)17(#7,+$%(1%("#$%8&:H%

Q+'+%F%$,--&'#.+%$1-+%39459%'+$+&')"%$,001'(+8%?:% ("+%B22#)+%12%C&D&*%9+$+&')"% ;BC9<%8,'#76% ("+%0&$(%8+)&8+E%#7%0&'(#),*&'%59%'+$+&')"%$,001'(+8%,78+'% ("+%“F--+'$#D+%A)#+7)+$”%0'16'&-%*+8%?:%G'H%I+(+'%AJ,#'+%;BC9%K18+%LM<H%!"#$% #7)*,8+$%'+$+&')"%$#-,*&(#76%59%"+&8Z=1'7%8#$0*&:$E%+/0*1'#76%59%21'% (&$>%&$$#$(&7)+E% *1)1-1(#17% #7%39E%&78%&)"#+D#76%59%1,(811'$%21'%('&#7#76%0,'01$+$H

2.1 Simulating AR Head-Worn DisplayscD+7%("+%?+$(%12%(18&:’$%"+&8Z=1'7%59%8#$0*&:$%&'+%*#-#(+8%#7%("+#'%2#+*8%12%D#+=%;VB3<E%)1-0&'+8%(1%("+%",-&7%D#$,&*%$:$(+-H%F78++8E%("+%*#-#(&(#17$%12%("1$+%8#$0*&:$%"&D+%*#-#(+8%="&(%'+$+&')"+'$%)&7%81%;"&D+%817+<̶&78%+D+7%*#-#(+8%1,'%("#7>#76%&?1,(%="&(%=+%-#6"(% ?+%&?*+% (1%81H%I'12H%!1?#&$%Qö**+'+'%+(%&*H%&(% ("+%@7#D+'$#(:%12%K&*#21'7#&%A&7(&%R&'?&'&%;A&7(&%R&'?&'&E%K5<%"&D+%?++7% (&>#76%="&(%-#6"(%?+% ("+%2#'$(% $(+0$% (1=&'8%+/0*1'#76%-+("18$%=+%)1,*8% ,$+% #2%=+%"&8%&%=#8+%VB3H%!1%81%$1% ("+:%&'+%,$#76% ("+#'%17+Z12Z&Z%>#78%5**1A0"+'+ % #7$(',-+7(%\b^H%!"+%5**1A0"+'+% #$%&%$0&)+%)17(&#7#76%&%$0"+'#)&*%2'17(Z0'1[+)(#17%$)'++7%$:$(+-%("&(%#$%WM%-+(+'$%#7%8#&-+(+'E%=#("%$(+'+1%#-&6+':E%"+&8%('&)>#76%21'%17+%,$+'E%&78%-,*(#Z)"&77+*%$,''1,78%&,8#1H%@$+'$%+/0+'#+7)+%("+%5**1A0"+'+%2'1-%&%0":$#)&*%?'#86+%$,$0+78+8%&)'1$$%("+%-#88*+%12%("+%$0&)+H%!"+%?'#86+%)&7%&))1--18&(+%,0%(1%LM%0+10*+H

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20 周年記念特集 ■ 世界の VR　　　　　　　　　　　　 Virtual Reality : A View from Overseas

U.S.A. Gregory F. Welch （The University of Central Florida）

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Highlights of "Immersive Sciences" Research in the U.S.A. : Augmented/Virtual Reality and Human Surrogates

102 日本バーチャルリアリティ学会誌第 21 巻 2 号 2016 年 6 月 20 周年記念特集■世界のＶＲ

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!JVRSJ Vol.21 No.2 June, 201620 周年記念特集　世界の VR

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! 20 周年記念特集　世界の VR21 2 2016 6

1 INTRODUCTION!"#$%&'(#)*+% $,--&'#.+$%+/&-0*+$%12%3#'(,&*45,6-+7(+8%9+&*#(:% ;39459<%=1'>% $,001'(+8% ?:% ("+%@7#(+8%A(&(+$%B22#)+%12%C&D&*%9+$+&')"% ;BC9<%8,'#76% ("+%0&$(%8+)&8+E%#7%0&'(#),*&'%=1'>%)&''#+8%1,(% #7%&%0&'(#),*&'%“F--+'$#D+%A)#+7)+$”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̶=1'>%("&(% #$%#78#)&(#D+%12%$1-+%),''+7(%('+78$%#7%F--+'$#D+%A)#+7)+$H

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

V'1-%WXX_`WXXX% F% )1Z*+8%&%G+2+7$+%58D&7)+8%9+$+&')"%I'1[+)($%56+7):% ;G59I5<%0'1[+)(% 7&-+8%“a+1$0&(#&**:%9+6#$(+'+8%F721'-&(#17%21'%G#$-1,7(+8%F72&7(':”% ;a9FGA<E%=#("%a&':%R#$"10%&78%3+'717%K"#%&(%&(% ("+%@7#D+'$#(:%12%C1'("%K&'1*#7&%&(%K"&0+*%Q#**H%!"#$%=&$%&% [1#7(%+221'(%=#("%9&:("+17%G+2+7$+%A:$(+-$E%Q,6"+$%9+$+&')"%P&?$E%&78%("+%

@7#D+'$#(:%12%A1,("+'7%K&*#21'7#&%&#-+8%&(%59%1,(811'$H%!"&(%+221'(% *+8% (1%:+&'$%12%59%'+$+&')"%&(% ("+% '+$0+)(#D+%#7$(#(,(#17$̶'+$+&')"% ("&(% )17(#7,+$% (1% ("#$%8&:H%5'1,78%("+%:+&'%bMMME% ("+%@HAH%C&D&*%9+$+&')"%P&?1'&(1':%?+6&7%&%0'16'&-%)&**+8%“R&((*+2#+*8%5,6-+7(+8%9+&*#(:%A:$(+-”%;R59A<% \bW^H%!"+%R59A%0'1[+)(̶#7#(#&**:% *+8%?:%P&'':%91$+7?*,-̶$,001'(+8%&%=#8+%'&76+%12%59%'+$+&')"%&'1,78%("+%@HAH̶#7)*,8#76%$1-+%12% ("+%=1'>%-+7(#17+8% *&(+'% #7%("#$%&'(#)*+H%5$%=#("%a9FGAE%-,)"%12% ("+%R59A%'+$+&')"%)17(#7,+$%(1%("#$%8&:H%

Q+'+%F%$,--&'#.+%$1-+%39459%'+$+&')"%$,001'(+8%?:% ("+%B22#)+%12%C&D&*%9+$+&')"% ;BC9<%8,'#76% ("+%0&$(%8+)&8+E%#7%0&'(#),*&'%59%'+$+&')"%$,001'(+8%,78+'% ("+%“F--+'$#D+%A)#+7)+$”%0'16'&-%*+8%?:%G'H%I+(+'%AJ,#'+%;BC9%K18+%LM<H%!"#$% #7)*,8+$%'+$+&')"%$#-,*&(#76%59%"+&8Z=1'7%8#$0*&:$E%+/0*1'#76%59%21'% (&$>%&$$#$(&7)+E% *1)1-1(#17% #7%39E%&78%&)"#+D#76%59%1,(811'$%21'%('&#7#76%0,'01$+$H

2.1 Simulating AR Head-Worn DisplayscD+7%("+%?+$(%12%(18&:’$%"+&8Z=1'7%59%8#$0*&:$%&'+%*#-#(+8%#7%("+#'%2#+*8%12%D#+=%;VB3<E%)1-0&'+8%(1%("+%",-&7%D#$,&*%$:$(+-H%F78++8E%("+%*#-#(&(#17$%12%("1$+%8#$0*&:$%"&D+%*#-#(+8%="&(%'+$+&')"+'$%)&7%81%;"&D+%817+<̶&78%+D+7%*#-#(+8%1,'%("#7>#76%&?1,(%="&(%=+%-#6"(% ?+%&?*+% (1%81H%I'12H%!1?#&$%Qö**+'+'%+(%&*H%&(% ("+%@7#D+'$#(:%12%K&*#21'7#&%A&7(&%R&'?&'&%;A&7(&%R&'?&'&E%K5<%"&D+%?++7% (&>#76%="&(%-#6"(%?+% ("+%2#'$(% $(+0$% (1=&'8%+/0*1'#76%-+("18$%=+%)1,*8% ,$+% #2%=+%"&8%&%=#8+%VB3H%!1%81%$1% ("+:%&'+%,$#76% ("+#'%17+Z12Z&Z%>#78%5**1A0"+'+ % #7$(',-+7(%\b^H%!"+%5**1A0"+'+% #$%&%$0&)+%)17(&#7#76%&%$0"+'#)&*%2'17(Z0'1[+)(#17%$)'++7%$:$(+-%("&(%#$%WM%-+(+'$%#7%8#&-+(+'E%=#("%$(+'+1%#-&6+':E%"+&8%('&)>#76%21'%17+%,$+'E%&78%-,*(#Z)"&77+*%$,''1,78%&,8#1H%@$+'$%+/0+'#+7)+%("+%5**1A0"+'+%2'1-%&%0":$#)&*%?'#86+%$,$0+78+8%&)'1$$%("+%-#88*+%12%("+%$0&)+H%!"+%?'#86+%)&7%&))1--18&(+%,0%(1%LM%0+10*+H

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20 周年記念特集 ■ 世界の VR　　　　　　　　　　　　 Virtual Reality : A View from Overseas

U.S.A. Gregory F. Welch （The University of Central Florida）

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Highlights of "Immersive Sciences" Research in the U.S.A. : Augmented/Virtual Reality and Human Surrogates

20 周年記念特集■世界のＶＲ JVRSVol.21No.2June,2016 103

9

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!JVRSJ Vol.21 No.2 June, 201620 周年記念特集　世界の VR

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3 LOCOMOTION IN VRM,!(/#$'%$#%'!@' +,(#$#0(' +,' (/#'KNO'A77#$0+"#'G)+#,)#0'.!$(@!&+!' +0' (/%('!@'/17%,' &!)!7!(+!,' +,'J+$(1%&'O#%&+(H'9JO:̶/!I'10#$0'7!"#'@$!7'!,#'.&%)#'(!'%,!(/#$'+,'%'"+$(1%&'#,"+$!,7#,(L'M0'%'.%$('!@'(/%('#@@!$(D' (/+0'/%0'7!0('$#)#,(&H'?##,'#4.&!$#5'?H'F$!@L'P!1-'Q!I7%,'#(' %&L' %('J+$-+,+%'R#)/'9Q&%)*0?1$-D'JM:L'A,'.%$(+)1&%$'(/%('-$!1.'/%0'$#)#,(&H'?##,'#4.#$+7#,(%&&H')!7.%$+,-'/H.#$2,%(1$%&' &!)!7!(+!,'(#)/,+S1#0D'0#7+2,%(1$%&' &!)!7!(+!,'(#)/,+S1#0D' ($%5+(+!,%&',!,2,%(1$%& '(#)/,+S1#0'910+,-'%'-%7#')!,($!&&#$:D'%,5'%'@1&&H',%(1$%&'(#)/,+S1#'9$#%&'I%&*+,-:L'

8!$'7%,H'%..&+)%(+!,0D'JO'5#"#&!.#$0'I!1&5'I+0/'@!$'%'$#%&'#,"+$!,7#,(' (/%('I%0'%0' &%$-#'%0' (/#'"+$(1%&'#,"+$!,7#,(D'(/10'%&&!I+,-' (/#'10#$0' (!',%(1$%&&H'I%&*'%$!1,5'%('%'!,#2(!2!,#' 0)%&#L'T!I#"#$'101%&&H' (/%(' +0' ,!(' .!00+?&#D' %,5'0!7#(+7#0',!('5#0+$#5L'B%,H'0#7+2,%(1$%&'%&(#$,%(+"#0'I+(/'7!5#$%(#' +,(#$%)(+!,' @+5#&+(H'/%"#'?##,'#4.&!$#5'!"#$' (/#'

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3.1 Hyper-Natural TechniquesA,' ;W[>'N%?+H!1,+' %,5'Q!I7%,' @!)10'!,'I/%(' (/#H')%&&'/H.#$2,%(1$%& ' &!)!7!(+!,' (#)/,+S1#0̶(#)/,+S1#0' (/%('#,/%,)#'%'10#$’0' $#%&2I!$&5'%?+&+(+#0̶)!7.%$+,-',%(1$%&'I%&*+,-'I+(/'%'.%$(+)1&%$'/H.#$2,%(1$%&' (#)/,+S1#'?%0#5'!,'G#"#,'\#%-1#'Q!!(0'+,($!51)#5'?H'F$!@L'J+)(!$+%'A,(#$$%,(#'#(' %&L' %(' (/#'C,+"#$0+(H'!@'B+,,#0!(%' 9B+,,#%.!&+0D'BN:';<]>L'R/#'G#"#,'\#%-1#'Q!!(0' (#)/,+S1#'0)%&#0' 9(H.+)%&&H'+,)$#%0+,-:' %' 10#$’0'7!"#7#,(D' #,%?&+,-' (/#7' (!'7!"#'@%0(#$'%,5'($%"#&'@%$(/#$'I+(/' (/#'0%7#'./H0+)%&'7!"#7#,(L'N%?+H!1,+'%,5'Q!I7%,'@!1,5'(/%('/H.#$2,%(1$%&'$#%&2"+$(1%&'($%,0@#$' @1,)(+!,')%,' +7.$!"#' &!)!7!(+!,'0.##5'%,5'0!7#'%0.#)(0'!@'10#$' 0%(+0@%)(+!,D'?1(' (/%(' (/+0')%,')!7#'%(' (/#'#4.#,0#'!@'%))1$%)HD'I/+)/')!1&5')%10#'%'.$!?&#7'@!$'(%0*0'+,"!&"+,-'.$#)+0+!,' &!)%&+^%(+!,'!$'.%(/'@!&&!I+,-L' A,' ;W[>'(/#H'%&0!'#4.&!$#5'?+!7#)/%,+)%&' 0H77#($H̶(/#'5#-$##'!@' 0+7+&%$+(H'!@' (/#'"+$(1%&'?!5H'7!"#7#,(0' 910#5' +,' (/#'+,(#$%)(+!,'(#)/,+S1#:')!7.%$#5'(!'(/#'$#%&'?!5H'7!"#7#,(0'@!$'.#$@!$7+,-' (/#' 0%7#' (%0*L'R!'#4.&!$#'?+!7#)/%,+)%&'0H77#($H'(/#H'$%,'%'10#$'0(15H'(/%('#7.&!H#5'?+!7#)/%,+)%&'%00+0(%,)#'"+%' %' 0.#)+@+)' 0.$+,-2?%0#5'%(/&#(+)' 0/!#̶(/#'6%,-!!'_17.0RB'?!!(0L'K,#'!@' (/#' 0(15H'.%$(+)+.%,(0' +0'0/!I,'+,'8+-1$#'VL'F#$/%.0'01$.$+0+,-&HD' (/#'(#)/,+S1#'(/#H'+7.&#7#,(#5'(!'.$!"+5#'?+!7#)/%,+)%&'%00+0(%,)#'#4/+?+(#5'&!I#$'.#$@!$7%,)#'%,5'10#$'%))#.(%,)#'(/%,'(/!0#'?%0#5'!,',%(1$%&'I%&*+,-L'

8+-1$#'Z`'M' $#.$!51)(+!,'!@'8+-1$#'=' @$!7' ;Y[>L'O#.$+,(#5'?H'permission. mages from field tests at the . . arine orps ase in a1%,(+)!'51$+,-'N!"#7?#$'!@'WU<='%,5'B%H'!@'WU<ZL'R/#'(!.'%,5'bottom images re ect augmentation of x and x views (respectively) I+(/' $#,5#$+,-0'!@' (#)/,+)%&'"#/+)&#0'%,5'71,+(+!,'5#(!,%(+!,0L'9A7%-#')$#5+(`'GOA' A,(#$,%(+!,%&D'\!)*/##5'B%$(+,D'%,5' (/#'CLGL'Office of aval esearch.)

8+-1$#'V`'M'$#.$!51)(+!,'!@'8+-1$#'W'@$!7';W[>'?H'N%?+!H1,+'%,5'Q!I7%,'%('J+$-+,+%'R#)/D'b'WU<Z'R/#'31$!-$%./+)0'M00!)+%(+!,L'

eprinted by permission. The figure depicts an experimental sub ect I#%$+,-'%'($%)*#5'/#%52I!$,'5+0.&%H'%,5'%'.%+$'!@'6%,-!!'_17.0RB'?!!(0D'I/+)/' %$#' )&%+7#5' (!' .$!"+5#' %,' #@@#)(+"#'7#(/!5' @!$'+7.$!"+,-'%#$!?+)')%.%)+(H')!7.%$#5'(!',!$7%&'$1,,+,-'0/!#0L

!

! 20 周年記念特集　世界の VR21 2 2016 6

2.3 Outdoor ARThe U.S. Department of Defense has been sponsoring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“/+!%":+1:/+!%"”')!$2121GB'N1'<$!)2%.($!'&"!"'4"'(++K'$)'4+!K'("*'J3'-2%&$!*'C%&$//"!'$)'8+%K&""*'R$!)21'OS+#)+10'R,P'$1*'5!B'-$K"#&'“9"**3”'T.F$!'$)'C-N' N1)"!1$)2+1$('O6!21%")+10'MUPB' 9&"2!' "//+!)#' &$I"' J""1' !"F$!K$J(3'#.%%"##/.(B'-"("I$1)'<.J(2%$)2+1#' 21%(.*"'>VW0'VX0'VV0'V?A0'4&2%&'$!"'%+F<("F"1)"*'J3'$1'+//2%2$('I2*"+'#.FF$!2H21G'<!+="%)'!"#.()#'>XYAB'

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104 日本バーチャルリアリティ学会誌第 21 巻 2 号 2016 年 6 月 20 周年記念特集■世界のＶＲ

10

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!JVRSJ Vol.21 No.2 June, 201620 周年記念特集　世界の VR

!"#$%&&' ($%)*+,-'%..$!%)/'+0' (!'10#'%,'#$$!$20(%(#'34(#,5#5'6%&7%,'8+&(#$'9368:';<=>'(!')!7?+,#'+,.1(0'@$!7'%,'A,#$(+%&'B#%01$#7#,('C,+('9ABC:D'E&!?%&'F!0+(+!,+,-'GH0(#7'9EFG:D'%,5'I+5#' %,5' ,%$$!I'8+#&5' !@'J+#I' 98KJ:' )%7#$%0' (!'#0(+7%(#'(/#',%"+-%(+!,'0(%(#'9&!)%(+!,D'!$+#,(%(+!,D'"#&!)+(+#0D'%))#&#$!7#(#$'%,5'-H$!0)!.#'?+%0#0:'%('%'$#-1&%$'$%(#'-+"#,'0#,0!$'7#%01$#7#,(0'%$$+"+,-'%('5+@@#$#,('(+7#0L

3 LOCOMOTION IN VRM,!(/#$'%$#%'!@' +,(#$#0(' +,' (/#'KNO'A77#$0+"#'G)+#,)#0'.!$(@!&+!' +0' (/%('!@'/17%,' &!)!7!(+!,' +,'J+$(1%&'O#%&+(H'9JO:̶/!I'10#$0'7!"#'@$!7'!,#'.&%)#'(!'%,!(/#$'+,'%'"+$(1%&'#,"+$!,7#,(L'M0'%'.%$('!@'(/%('#@@!$(D' (/+0'/%0'7!0('$#)#,(&H'?##,'#4.&!$#5'?H'F$!@L'P!1-'Q!I7%,'#(' %&L' %('J+$-+,+%'R#)/'9Q&%)*0?1$-D'JM:L'A,'.%$(+)1&%$'(/%('-$!1.'/%0'$#)#,(&H'?##,'#4.#$+7#,(%&&H')!7.%$+,-'/H.#$2,%(1$%&' &!)!7!(+!,'(#)/,+S1#0D'0#7+2,%(1$%&' &!)!7!(+!,'(#)/,+S1#0D' ($%5+(+!,%&',!,2,%(1$%& '(#)/,+S1#0'910+,-'%'-%7#')!,($!&&#$:D'%,5'%'@1&&H',%(1$%&'(#)/,+S1#'9$#%&'I%&*+,-:L'

8!$'7%,H'%..&+)%(+!,0D'JO'5#"#&!.#$0'I!1&5'I+0/'@!$'%'$#%&'#,"+$!,7#,(' (/%('I%0'%0' &%$-#'%0' (/#'"+$(1%&'#,"+$!,7#,(D'(/10'%&&!I+,-' (/#'10#$0' (!',%(1$%&&H'I%&*'%$!1,5'%('%'!,#2(!2!,#' 0)%&#L'T!I#"#$'101%&&H' (/%(' +0' ,!(' .!00+?&#D' %,5'0!7#(+7#0',!('5#0+$#5L'B%,H'0#7+2,%(1$%&'%&(#$,%(+"#0'I+(/'7!5#$%(#' +,(#$%)(+!,' @+5#&+(H'/%"#'?##,'#4.&!$#5'!"#$' (/#'

/+0(!$H'!@'JOD'+,)&15+,-'I%&*+,-2+,.&%)#';=UD'=V>D'(/#'10#'!@'($%,0+(+!,%&'#,"+$!,7#,(0';=W>D'%,5'$#5+$#)(#5'I%&*+,-'01)/'%0'.+!,##$#5'%(' (/#'C,+"#$0+(H'!@'N!$(/'X%$!&+,%'%('X/%.#&'T+&&'9X/%.#&'T+&&D'NX:'%,5'7!$#'$#)#,(&H';YD'YZ>L

3.1 Hyper-Natural TechniquesA,' ;W[>'N%?+H!1,+' %,5'Q!I7%,' @!)10'!,'I/%(' (/#H')%&&'/H.#$2,%(1$%& ' &!)!7!(+!,' (#)/,+S1#0̶(#)/,+S1#0' (/%('#,/%,)#'%'10#$’0' $#%&2I!$&5'%?+&+(+#0̶)!7.%$+,-',%(1$%&'I%&*+,-'I+(/'%'.%$(+)1&%$'/H.#$2,%(1$%&' (#)/,+S1#'?%0#5'!,'G#"#,'\#%-1#'Q!!(0'+,($!51)#5'?H'F$!@L'J+)(!$+%'A,(#$$%,(#'#(' %&L' %(' (/#'C,+"#$0+(H'!@'B+,,#0!(%' 9B+,,#%.!&+0D'BN:';<]>L'R/#'G#"#,'\#%-1#'Q!!(0' (#)/,+S1#'0)%&#0' 9(H.+)%&&H'+,)$#%0+,-:' %' 10#$’0'7!"#7#,(D' #,%?&+,-' (/#7' (!'7!"#'@%0(#$'%,5'($%"#&'@%$(/#$'I+(/' (/#'0%7#'./H0+)%&'7!"#7#,(L'N%?+H!1,+'%,5'Q!I7%,'@!1,5'(/%('/H.#$2,%(1$%&'$#%&2"+$(1%&'($%,0@#$' @1,)(+!,')%,' +7.$!"#' &!)!7!(+!,'0.##5'%,5'0!7#'%0.#)(0'!@'10#$' 0%(+0@%)(+!,D'?1(' (/%(' (/+0')%,')!7#'%(' (/#'#4.#,0#'!@'%))1$%)HD'I/+)/')!1&5')%10#'%'.$!?&#7'@!$'(%0*0'+,"!&"+,-'.$#)+0+!,' &!)%&+^%(+!,'!$'.%(/'@!&&!I+,-L' A,' ;W[>'(/#H'%&0!'#4.&!$#5'?+!7#)/%,+)%&' 0H77#($H̶(/#'5#-$##'!@' 0+7+&%$+(H'!@' (/#'"+$(1%&'?!5H'7!"#7#,(0' 910#5' +,' (/#'+,(#$%)(+!,'(#)/,+S1#:')!7.%$#5'(!'(/#'$#%&'?!5H'7!"#7#,(0'@!$'.#$@!$7+,-' (/#' 0%7#' (%0*L'R!'#4.&!$#'?+!7#)/%,+)%&'0H77#($H'(/#H'$%,'%'10#$'0(15H'(/%('#7.&!H#5'?+!7#)/%,+)%&'%00+0(%,)#'"+%' %' 0.#)+@+)' 0.$+,-2?%0#5'%(/&#(+)' 0/!#̶(/#'6%,-!!'_17.0RB'?!!(0L'K,#'!@' (/#' 0(15H'.%$(+)+.%,(0' +0'0/!I,'+,'8+-1$#'VL'F#$/%.0'01$.$+0+,-&HD' (/#'(#)/,+S1#'(/#H'+7.&#7#,(#5'(!'.$!"+5#'?+!7#)/%,+)%&'%00+0(%,)#'#4/+?+(#5'&!I#$'.#$@!$7%,)#'%,5'10#$'%))#.(%,)#'(/%,'(/!0#'?%0#5'!,',%(1$%&'I%&*+,-L'

8+-1$#'Z`'M' $#.$!51)(+!,'!@'8+-1$#'=' @$!7' ;Y[>L'O#.$+,(#5'?H'permission. mages from field tests at the . . arine orps ase in a1%,(+)!'51$+,-'N!"#7?#$'!@'WU<='%,5'B%H'!@'WU<ZL'R/#'(!.'%,5'bottom images re ect augmentation of x and x views (respectively) I+(/' $#,5#$+,-0'!@' (#)/,+)%&'"#/+)&#0'%,5'71,+(+!,'5#(!,%(+!,0L'9A7%-#')$#5+(`'GOA' A,(#$,%(+!,%&D'\!)*/##5'B%$(+,D'%,5' (/#'CLGL'Office of aval esearch.)

8+-1$#'V`'M'$#.$!51)(+!,'!@'8+-1$#'W'@$!7';W[>'?H'N%?+!H1,+'%,5'Q!I7%,'%('J+$-+,+%'R#)/D'b'WU<Z'R/#'31$!-$%./+)0'M00!)+%(+!,L'

eprinted by permission. The figure depicts an experimental sub ect I#%$+,-'%'($%)*#5'/#%52I!$,'5+0.&%H'%,5'%'.%+$'!@'6%,-!!'_17.0RB'?!!(0D'I/+)/' %$#' )&%+7#5' (!' .$!"+5#' %,' #@@#)(+"#'7#(/!5' @!$'+7.$!"+,-'%#$!?+)')%.%)+(H')!7.%$#5'(!',!$7%&'$1,,+,-'0/!#0L

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20 周年記念特集■世界のＶＲ JVRSVol.21No.2June,2016 105

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4.1 Joint Gaze Behavior2-#$,)#,$63$ 4-=#)#9=$ =6$;9$",9$L##-$ =",=$63$ ="#$ ,<<,)#-=$,A,)#-#99$63$,$04)=;,7$";*,-$=6$#0#-=9$,99654,=#.$A4="$="#$)#,7$";*,-&$2-#$9;5"$#J,*<7#$ 49$ =",=$63$M64-=$>,Q#̶="#$9",)#.$>,Q#$L+$ ="#$ 4-.404.;,79$ =6A,).$,$56**6-$6LM#5=`<64-=$63$4-=#)#9=&$';5"$M64-=$>,Q#$633#)9$4*<6)=,-=$-6-@0#)L,7$5;#9$ =",=$,776A$ 4-=#)765;=6)9$ =6$#9=,L749"$56**6-$>)6;-.$4-$56**;-45,=46-$L#=A##-$567765,=#.$";*,-9&$ a64-=$>,Q#$49$)#7,=#.$=6$L;=$.49=4-5=$3)6*$*;=;,7$>,Q#̶="#$>,Q#$L+$="#$4-=#)765;=6)9$=6A,).9$#,5"$6="#)$9;5"$,9$.;)4->$#+#$56-=,5=F$A"45"$49$,796$,$5)4=45,7$56**;-45,=46-$5;#&$

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106 日本バーチャルリアリティ学会誌第 21 巻 2 号 2016 年 6 月 20 周年記念特集■世界のＶＲ

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!!JVRSJ Vol.21 No.2 June, 201620 周年記念特集　世界の VR

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!" 20 周年記念特集　世界の VR21 2 2016 6

3.2 Natural, Semi-Natural, and Non-Natural Techniques !"#$%&'&$()*+$ ,-.$/,0+$ 123345#$ 63$/,0,7$8#9#,)5":$",0#$,796$ 9;<<6)=#.$ 4-0#9=4>,=46-$63$ ,$.#045#$ 5,77#.$ ="#$?4)=;9<"#)#̶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20 周年記念特集■世界のＶＲ JVRSVol.21No.2June,2016 107

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!"JVRSJ Vol.21 No.2 June, 201620 周年記念特集　世界の VR

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5 CONCLUSIONS<)"'.( $)"/(&#$"0'.(5&/(,-0%/.8(-+(.=&*1'./(-,(“:**.#/"!.(>0".+0./”( #./.&#0)(/%11-#$.8(9;( $).(?4>4(@,,"0.(-,(A&!&'(B./.&#0)( C@ABD3( :(9.'".!.( $)&$( $).(5-#E(-,,.#/(&(8"!.#/.(/&*1'.(-,(FBG6B(#./.&#0)(9."+2(0&##".8(-%$(&$( "+/$"$%$"-+/('-0&$.8(&0#-//( $).(?+"$.8(>$&$./(8%#"+2( $).(1&/$(8.0&8.4(H&0)(-,( $)./.(1#-I.0$/()&/(1#-8%0.8(+.5(#./.&#0).#/(C.4243(J)K(/$%8.+$/D("+($).(1&/$̶&+8(5"''(0-+$"+%.($-(8-(/-("+($).(,%$%#.̶9-$)("+($).(?4>4(&+8("+$.#+&$"-+&'';4(

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108 日本バーチャルリアリティ学会誌第 21 巻 2 号 2016 年 6 月 20 周年記念特集■世界のＶＲ

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!"JVRSJ Vol.21 No.2 June, 201620 周年記念特集　世界の VR

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20 周年記念特集■世界のＶＲ JVRSVol.21No.2June,2016 109

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110 日本バーチャルリアリティ学会誌第 21 巻 2 号 2016 年 6 月 20 周年記念特集■世界のＶＲ

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!"JVRSJ Vol.21 No.2 June, 201620 周年記念特集　世界の VR

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20 周年記念特集■世界のＶＲ JVRSVol.21No.2June,2016 111

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