HÌnh Thái Vi Sinh Vật

8/8/2019 Hnh Thi Vi Sinh Vt

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CH NG 2HNH THI VI SINH VT

Hnh 1: Th nghim bc bthuyt t sinh ca Pasteur

C IM VI SINH VTKch th c nhbHp thu nhiu, chuyn ha nhanhSinh tr ng nhanh v pht trin mnh

Nng l c thch ng mnh m, dpht sinh bin d Phn brng, chng loi nhiu

1980, Woese tch mt s nhm vi khun ra thnh C khun (Archae). Nh vy, hthng phn loi sinh gi i ca

Woese c 3 l nh v c: Sinh vt nhn tht (Eukaryota), Vikhun (Bacteria) v Ckhun (Archae).


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Hnh 2: Hthng phn loi sinh gi i ca Woese (1980)


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VI KHUN

1. HNH THI VI KHUN- Vi khun c nhiu hnh dng (hnh cu, hnh que, hnh

du phy, hnh xon, hnh sao ....)- Kch th c vi khun: ng knh (0.22.0m) x chiu

di (2.08.0m)

2. CU TO

Hnh 3: Cu to tbo prokaryote

2.1 Thnh tbo (Cell wall)V tr:Nhim v:- Duy tr hnh dng tbo- Htr s chuyn ng ca tin mao- Bo vtbo trnh khi mt s iu kin bt l i


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V d: vi khun G+ chu c p sut thm thu 1520atm, vi khun G- chu c p sut thm thu 510 atm.

- Cn thit cho qu trnh phn ct bnh th ng ca t bo.

- Cn tr s xm nhp vo tbo ca mt s cht chi. Chng hn thnh tbo vi khun G- c thngncn s xm nhp ca cc cht khng sinh c khi

l ng phn t v t qu 800.- C lin quan mt thit n tnh khng nguyn, tnh

gy bnh, chng hn nh kh nng sinh ni c t,tnh mn cm v i thth c khun.

Cu tov Peptidoglican:

Hnh 4: Cu to peptidoglycan trong tbo vi khun

- Vi khun G-:


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C 2 l p lipopolysaccharide l p ngoi cng cathnh tbo an xen v i cc phn t protein

Protein ny chng li s xm nhp ca t bokhc C s c khng l n h n v i lysosyme (ch a tronglng trng tr ng, n c mt, n c mui, ui thth ckhun) do c l p LPS dy

Hnh 5: Thnh tbo vi khun Gram(-)

- Vi khun G+: C b c t ng acid teichoic dy h n vi khun G- nn chu c p l c thm thu tt h n

Hnh 6: Thnh tbo vi khun Gram(+)


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v Acid Teichoic Ch c tbo vi khun G+

Acid teichoic l polyme ca ribitol v glycerolphosphate lin kt v i peptidoglycan (PG) hoc mngtbo cht

v L p khng gian chu cht gi a l p mng ngoi v l p PG mng thnh t

bo vi khun G- ; gi a l p thnh tbo v l p mngtbo cht ca cvi khun G- v G+ Trong l p ny c: proteinase, nuclease, proteinvn chuyn qua mng, protein th th(lm chbmca thth c khun)

2.2 Mng tbo cht (cytoplasmic membrane)V tr:Mng tbo cht l l p mng nm k tip thnh tbocht (cell wall) v tr bn trong tbo.Nhim v:- Khng chs vn chuyn cc cht dinh d ng gi a t bo v mi tr ng, cc sn phm trao i cht- Duy tr mt p sut thm thu bnh th ng bn trongtbo- Sinh tng h p cc thnh phn quan trng ca tbo(enzyme, protein ca chui h hp)


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- Cung cp nng l ng cho s vn ng ca tin maoCu to:

- Mng t bo cht dy t 4-5nm, cu to b i 2 l pphospholipid- Mi phn t phospholipid ch a mt u tch inphn c c (u phosphat) v mt ui khng tchin,khng phn c c (u hydrocarbon)

- u phn c c tan trong n c nm pha trong- u phosphate cn gi l u ho n c, uhydrocarbon lu k n c

Hnh 7: Cu to l p phospholipid

2.3 Tbo cht (cytoplasm)


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V tr - L vng dch th dng keo nm bn trong mng t

boNhim v - Tch ly cht d tr cho t bo (trong mi tr nggiu carbon v ngho nit )- Ch a mt s c quan quan trng ca t bo nh :

ribosome, khng boCu to- Trong t bo cht c protein, acid Nucleic,hydrocarbon, lipid, ribosome, ion- Ribosome nm t do trong tbo cht, c ch c nng

tng h p cc protein v protein gn vo pha trong camng tbo cht

Hnh 8: cu to ribosome vi khun- Khng bo kh (vi khun quang h p, thy sinh): cbao bc b i mt l p mng protein dy 2nm;iu tit t


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trng ca t bo t bo ni nh ng tng n c nhtnh

2.4 Thnhn (Nuclear body)V tr - Nm bn trong tbo chtNhim v - Ch a ng thng tin di truyn ca vi khun

Cu to- L mt NST duy nht cu to b i mt s i DNA xonkp. Nh vy phn l n cc tbo ca sv nhn nguyn thyl tbo n bi.2.5 Bao nhy (Capsule)

V tr - L mt l p vt cht dng keo, cdy bt nh baoquanh bn ngoi thnh t bo, ch c mt s loi vikhunNhim v - Bo vvi khun khi tc ng yu tbn ngoi- D tr th c n- Tch ly mt ssn phm trao i chtCu to- Thnh phn ch yu l polysaccharide, ngoi ra cnc polypeptide v protein


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- vi khun Acetobacter xylinum , bao nhy cu to b icellulose. Ng i ta dung bao nhy ny n khi nui cy

A. xylinum trn n c d a.

2.6 Tin mao (Flagella)V tr - Tin mao (lng roi) l nh ng s i lng di, un khc,

mc mt ngoi mt svi khunNhim v - Gip vi khun di ng trong dch lngCu to- Cu to b i cc phn t ca mt loi proteinc bit

gi l flagellin- Vi khun G(-): gm mt tr nh c gn v i 4 atrn c dng vng, k hiu l L, P, MS v C (hnh 9). VngL nm ngoi cng, t ng ng v i l p LPS ca mng ngoi.Vng P nm tip theo v pha trong, t ng ng v i l pPG. Vng MS su h n ngay v tr mng tbo cht vvng C nm trong tbo cht. Rod l trnhxuyn chnhgi a cc vng. Hook l mt bao hnh mc bao bc bnngoi tin mao phn pha ngoi l p LPS.


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- Vi khun G(+) ch c 2 vng (hnh 10) gi l vngprotein ngoi (nm v tr thnh tbo) v vng protein

trong (nm v tr mng tbo)- Hot ng theo cch quay nh kiu vn nt chai.- VK ding trong mi tr ng lng theo kiu no vonhiu l do khc nhau. Nu VK tmn hoc trnh khimt tc nhn ha hc th hin t ng gi l ha h ng

ng (hnh 11).

Hnh 9: cu to tin mao ca vi khun G-

Hnh 10: cu to tin mao ca vi khun G+


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Hnh 11: S chuyn ng ca vi khun theo ha h ng ng. Ha chtc tnh dn dVK c gi l cht dn d(attractant). Ha cht gy

ra ha h ng ng m gi l cht xua ui (repellent).

2.7 Khun mao (Pilus, Fimbria)Nhim v - Gip vi khun bm gi vo c th, tbo ca cc loing vt khc

Cu to- Kch th c rt ngn, rt nhv c bn cht protein


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khun mao gi i tnh (sex pilus). Cng dng ca chngl ni hai tbo khc gi i tnh v nh ng on DNA c

chuyn t tbo ny sang tbo khc qua cu ni ny.

Hnh 12: khun mao gi i tnh2.8 Bo t (Spore)V tr: nm bn trong tbo v xut hin vo cui th i k

sinh tr ng pht trin.Nhim v: duy tr s c sng v c khnng khng nhit,khng b c x, khng ha cht, khng p sut thm thu.Cu to- Gm c mng ngoi (exosprium), o bo t (spore

coat) gm c o ngoi (outer coat) v o trong (inner coat),v bo t (cortex) v li (core) hay cn gi l th chtnguyn sinh ca bo t (protoplast) (thnh, mng, nhn,cht nguyn sinh ca bo t )


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Hnh 13: Bo t vi

Cc b c qu tr nh h

Hnh 14:

14

hun

h thnh bo t :

u trnh hnh thnh bo t


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3. SINH SN VI KHUNSinh sn v tnh (asexual): bng cch phn i t bo

(binary fission). Lcu, phn gi a tbo dn dn thtli, nhn phn ra lmi v kt qu l tbo b tch rathnh hai tbo ring bitCng th c:

Hnh 11: Qu trnh sinh sn v tnh bng cch phni tbo vi khun B. licheniformis

V i

G : th i gian thh n : sthhtrong mt n v th i gian

1n

G=


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HNH DNG MT SVI KHUN

Bacillus Vibrio

Haemophilus Treponema


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NM MEN

1. HNH THI V KCH TH C TBO- Thuc c th n bo- Nm men th ng c hnh dng khc nhau (hnh cu,

hnh elip, hnh bu dc, hnh di ...)- Tbo nm men c kch th c l n gp t 5-10 ln so

v i tbo vi khun. Chiu di 910m x chiu rng27m)

2. CU TO Tbo nm men c cu to chyu t cc phn c

bn sau: thnh t bo, mng nguyn sinh cht, cht

nguyn sinh, nhn, khng bo, ht d tr , ty th, ribosom.

Hnh 13: Cu to t bo nmmen


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Thnh tboV tr: l l p vnm ngoi tboNhim v: (ging v i vi khun)Cu to: c cu to t nhiu thnh phn khc nhau:- Manan- Glucan- Protein: th ng lin kt v i cc thnh phn khc.

- Kitin: th ng nm phn ny chi, chim khong3%. y l cht rt bn v ng khng b enzym ph hy, ctc dng bo vchi trong khi chi cn non.- Phospholipid.

Mng nguyn sinh cht

V tr: d i l p thnh tboNhim v: (t ng t vi khun)Cu to: c cu to t ng t nh mng nguyn sinh chtca vi khun (protein, phospholipid ...)- Hin t ng tr ng nguyn sinh cht: t bo cn

l ng n c nht nh duy tr s sng, nu vi sinh vtsng trong 1 mi tr ng c cht ha tan t h n trong t bo th n c t mi tr ng s i vo trong tbo do mngtbo c khnng thm thu, cht nguyn sinh b p stvo mng tbo lm mng tbo cng ln gi l tr ngnguyn sinh, lc ny tbo vn sng v hot ng.


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- Hin t ng co nguyn sinh cht: nu nng cht tanbn ngoi l n h n bn trong tbo th n c bn trong s

thm thu ra bn ngoi, cht nguyn sinh co rt li gi lco nguyn sinh, tbo ng ng hot ng.

Cht nguyn sinhV tr: nm trong mng tbo chtNhim v: ch a cc cht dinh d ng ha tan, phn ct cc

sn phm phliu, v dch chuyn vt cht trong tbo.Cu to:- C mu xm, cu to t (protein, glucid, lipid,khong, enzym ...)- Khi tbo cn non cht nguyn sinhng nht, khi t

bo gi cht nguyn sinh tr nn kmng nht (xut hinnhiu khng bo v ht volutin)Mng nhn c cu to 2 l p v trn mng c nhiu lnh

NhnV tr: nm trong cht nguyn sinhNhim v: ch a thng tin di truyn DNACu to:- Nm men l vsvin hnh cho nhm nhn tht, nhnth ng c hnh bu dc hay hnh cu.


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- Nhn c bao bc mt l p mng, bn trong l l pdch nhn, trong c mt thrn gi l hch nhn hay

nhn con.Khng bo

V tr - Nu c 1 khng bo th chng nm mt u tbo,c 2 th chng nm 2 u, v nhiu th chng th ng

nm chung quanh.Nhim v:

- D tr cc enzyme thuphn, polyphosphate, ion kimloi, cc sn phm trao i cht trung gian.

- iu ho p sut thm thu ca tbo

Cu to:- Trong mt tbo nm men c mt hoc nhiu khngbo.- Khng bo ch a y dch tbo, bn ngoi c baobc b i mt l p mng hypoprotein gi l mng khng bo.

Ht d tr (volutin)- L cht d tr cc cht dinh d ng ca tbo- Tham gia vo vic iu ha qu trnh sinh tr ng,pht trin ca tbo

Ty th - Cung cp nng l ng cho tbo hot ng


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- Khong cch gi a cc l p l n i xy ra phn ng tothnh ATP

Ribosom- Tham gia mi qu trnh tng h p cc cht trong c th Cu to: 2 loi- Ht 80S tn ti t do

- Ht 70S lin kt v i cu trc mng

3. SINH SN CA NM MEN (c sch ca NguynLn Dng, trang 85-87)

Sinh sn v tnh:

Sinh sn bng cch ny chiSinh sn bng cch phniSinh sn bng bo t v s hnh thnh bo t

Sinh sn h u tnh: bo t ti


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Sinh sn bng hnh th c ph

Hnh 12: Qu trnh sinh sn

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n i v ny chi nm men

ca nm men


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NM MC1. Hnh thi- L loi th c vt khng c cht dip lc, hiu kh 2. Cu trc- T ng t nh cu trc ca tbo nm men. Khc v inm men thmng bin. Thmng bin nm gi athnh t bo v mng t bo cht, bao bc b i mt l p

mng n v c hnh dng bin ha rt nhiu (hnhng,hnh ti, hnh cu).- Cc bo t nm r i vo iu kin mi tr ng thchh p sny mm thnh mt hs i nm gi l khun ti th.C 2 loi khun ti:

o Khun ti dinh d ng: l khun ti khng mang bo t .o Khun ti kh sinh: l khun ti pht trin t do trong

khng kh.3. Phn loi:


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- Hs i khng c vch ngn: nm c cu to n bo(Mucor, Rhizopus)

Mucor Rhizopus

- Hs i c vch ngn: nm c cu to a bo

Aspergillus

Penicillum


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- Chn nm: l n i tip gip gi a mi tr ng dinhd ng v s i nm

- Cung: gi - Nang (bng nm)- Thbnh (s cp, th cp): tbo hnh chai- Bo t nm mc4. Hnh th c sinh sn

Sinh sn v tnh: sinh tr ng nh hoc sinh sn bngbo t Sinh sn h u tnh: s tip h p gi a 2 s i nm


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VIRUS

c im virus- C kch th c v cng nhb (t hng chc n hngtrm nm)- Khng c cu to tbo- Thnh phn ha hc rt n gin, ch gm: protein,acid nucleic (DNA hoc RNA)- Khng c kh nng sinh sn trong mi tr ng dinhd ng- K sinh ni bo1. Hnh thi- Virus c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau (hnh qu cu,hnh gy, hnh tr ng, hnh hp vung, hnh phage )- Kch th c: 10-300 nm

2. Cu to- Cu to n gin: ton b tbo ch c to thnh

t vprotein v li l acid nucleic.- Vprotein: phn t protein tp h p thnh mt n v gi l capsome, cc capsome li lin kt v i nhau to thnhvgi l capside. Capside to thnh 3 kiu v l: vxon,vkhi v vhn h p- Nhim v l p vprotein:


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Bo vvirus chng li cc tcng bn ngoi Ch a enzym ph hy thnh tbo vt ch

- Nhim vca acid nucleic: Quyt nh tnh cht gy bnh Biu hin khnng di truyn, khnng bin d

Hnh: cu to virus

3. Hnh th c sinh sn3.1 S hp ph:

3.2 S xm nhp:3.3 S sao chp:3.4 S thnh thc:3.5 S phng thch:


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Hnh: mt schng virus phbin


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