Hp ng kinh t ch l mt tn gi
Hp ng kinh t ch l mt tn gi
Ng Qu Linh
Hp ng kinh t l loi hp ng c iu chnh bi Php lnh Hp ng kinh t
(HKT), c ban hnh t nm 1989. Theo , HKT l loi hp ng c k gia php nhn
vi php nhn, hoc gia php nhn vi c nhn c ng k kinh doanh.
Nn xc nh c th ni dung ca hp ng k kt t tn cho hp ngHKT l s tha
thun bng vn bn gia cc bn v vic thc hin cng vic sn xut, trao i hng
ha, dch v, nghin cu, ng dng tin b khoa hc - k thut v cc tha thun
khc nhm mc ch kinh doanh. Nh vy, HKT l mt khi nim va rt rng, thm ch
cn c th b coi l mt khi nim m h (v i tng ca hp ng), nhng cng li rt
hp v ch th k kt (cc bn k kt). Mt khc, vi nhng thay i mang tnh tt yu
ca nn kinh t th trng, nhng quy nh ca Php lnh HKT t ra khng cn thch
ng vi mi trng kinh doanh a dng v mi mt, phn nh mt cch c th trnh pht
trin ca nn kinh t th trng nc ta trong giai on hin nay. Do , vic B
Lut Dn s nm 2005 khai t Php lnh HKT khng nm ngoi d on ca gii chuyn
mn, m cn th hin l mt kt thc c hu cho c mt qu trnh tranh lun si ni,
nhm lm thay i c bn v t duy nhn thc ca nh lm lut. Bi vit ny nhm gii
thiu mt s vn c bn lin quan n vic k kt cc giao dch kinh doanh gia cc
bn nh l h qu ca s xa s HKT.
Tn ca cc hp ng c k kt nn th hin r ni dung ca tha thunCho n nay,
khng t doanh nghip vn c thi quen k kt hp ng vi cc i tc lm n ca mnh
vi tn gi l HKT. Thc t ny l h qu ca vic quy nh khi nim v HKT theo
Php lnh HKT. Cc doanh nghip ny cho rng, nu tn ca hp ng m khc vi ci
gi l HKT th c th s khng c vn bn php lut no iu chnh v v vy, khi c
tranh chp xy ra, s khng c c quan th l gii quyt. C th ni, y l mt
quan im li thi, bi l, quan h hp ng xt v bn cht chnh l s t nguyn tha
thun gia cc bn v vic thc hin hoc khng thc hin mt cng vic no . Vy ti
sao tn gi ca hp ng li khng th hin c th ni dung ca cc giao dch do cc
bn k kt vi nhau? Mt khc, nu c tranh chp xy ra, cc c quan nh nc khng
phi cn c vo tn gi ca hp ng m p dng cc quy nh ca php lut gii quyt
tranh chp. Cc tranh chp trc tin phi c xc nh thuc v loi tranh chp g,
do h thng vn bn php lut no iu chnh t c th xc nh chnh xc cc quy phm
php lut iu chnh cc quan h b tranh chp, nhm gii quyt cc tranh chp ng
php lut.Do , li khuyn i vi cc doanh nghip l khi k kt mt hp ng no vi
i tc kinh doanh ca mnh, nn xc nh c th ni dung ca hp ng k kt m t tn
cho hp ng. iu ny va d cho cng tc qun l (do c c s phn loi hp ng theo
tn gi), va l c s cc bn c th tm hiu mt cch c hiu qu cc quy nh ca php
lut v loi hp ng vi ni dung (do gii hn c phm vi ca cc vn bn php lut
iu chnh loi quan h giao dch sp k kt). V d, nu l hp ng gia cng th cc
bn c th t tn cho hp ng ca mnh l hp ng gia cng, mua bn hng ha th ghi
r l hp ng mua bn hng ha
B Lut Dn s, Lut Thng mi hay cc lut khc c u tin p dngSt th ca Php
lnh HKT l B Lut Dn s. Th nhng, ni dung ca B Lut Dn s v Lut Thng mi
li c mt s quy nh trng nhau v mt s loi hp ng thng dng, v d hp ng gia
cng hng ha. Nu xt v mt i tng iu chnh th B Lut Dn s c i tng iu chnh
rng hn Lut Thng mi. Nhng nu xt v mc chi tit ca cc iu lut v mt s loi
hp ng c c hai vn bn lut ny iu chnh th Lut Thng mi li c nhng quy nh
chi tit hn. Lut Thng mi l mt o lut iu chnh cc hot ng thng mi. Do ,
nu tnh cht ca giao dch gia cc bn l hot ng thng mi th cc hot ng thng
mi phi chu s iu chnh ca Lut Thng mi. Trong khi , B Lut Dn s c coi l
mt b lut chung, cha ng rt nhiu quy phm php lut khc nhau. Do , c
nhng hot ng thng mi gia cc cc bn m khng c quy nh trong Lut Thng mi
v cc lut khc th p dng quy nh ca B Lut dn s. Cng tng t nh vy, i vi
nhng hot ng thng mi c th, c quy nh trong cc lut khc th quy nh ca vn
bn lut li c u tin p dng, v d hp ng vn chuyn hnh khch bng ng hng
khng s do cc quy nh ca Lut Hng khng dn dng iu chnh.Ni cch khc, th t
u tin p dng quy nh php lut l i t quy nh php lut c th n quy nh php
lut chung. Nu khng c quy nh c th th mi p dng quy nh php lut
chung.Thi hiu gii quyt cc tranh chp pht sinh t vic k kt hp ngTrc y,
theo quy nh ti Php lnh Th tc gii quyt cc v n kinh t th thi hiu khi
kin v n kinh t ch l 6 thng, k t ngy pht sinh tranh chp. Th nhng, k
t ngy 1/1/2005, ngy c hiu lc ca B Lut T tng dn s, cng l ngy chm dt
hiu lc ca Php lnh Th tc gii quyt cc v n kinh t, th thi hiu khi kin
v n dn s l 2 nm. Theo quy nh ca B Lut T tng dn s, v n dn s bao gm c
cc tranh chp kinh doanh, thng mi. Nh vy, k t thi im u nm 2005, thi
hiu cc bn c th khi kin nhm gii quyt cc tranh chp kinh doanh, thng
mi c ko di n 2 nm thay v ch 6 thng nh trc y. Lut Thng mi mi nm 2005
c hiu lc t ngy 1/1/2006 cng c quy nh thng nht vi B Lut T tng dn s v
thi hiu l 2 nm i vi cc tranh chp thng mi, k t thi im quyn v li ch
hp php b xm phm. Ch c mt ngoi l duy nht trong vic p dng thi hiu khi
kin theo Lut Thng mi l trng hp doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v
logistics sau khi b khiu ni khng nhn c thng bo v vic b kin ti Trng
ti hoc Ta n trong thi hn 9 thng, k t ngy giao hng. Nh vy, thi hiu
khi kin i vi dch v logistics ch c 9 thng, tnh t ngy giao hng.
